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歡迎來到西雅圖陳彤的博客！
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class='column-center-inner'> <div class='main section' id='main' name='主体'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='blog-posts hfeed'> <div class="date-outer"> <h2 class='date-header'><span>2025年2月15日星期六</span></h2> <div class="date-posts"> <div class='post-outer'> <div class='post hentry uncustomized-post-template' itemprop='blogPost' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <meta content='https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2KUZTBKGVq0/hqdefault.jpg' itemprop='image_url'/> <meta content='7268469202218286368' itemprop='blogId'/> <meta content='3422735833796971445' itemprop='postId'/> <a name='3422735833796971445'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://usstamps.blogspot.com/2025/02/22.html'>【现代以色列演义】第22节 回归锡安：犹太复国主义运动的众先驱(三)</a> </h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content' id='post-body-3422735833796971445' itemprop='articleBody'> <div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> </span><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="347" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2KUZTBKGVq0" width="637" youtube-src-id="2KUZTBKGVq0"></iframe></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>阿尔卡莱的思想在世时影响力有限，但他的著作在20世纪初被重新发现，仍被犹太复国主义者视为他们思想的先驱之一，因为学者们发现，他的许多理念除了影响了上面提到的“政治犹太复国主义”的创始人赫茨尔，也影响了“宗教犹太复国主义”(Religious Zionism)的创始人兹维·赫希·卡利舍(Zvi Hirsch Kalischer)和“劳工犹太复国主义”(Labor Zionism)的创始人摩西·赫斯(Moses Hess)。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>兹维·赫希·卡利舍是德国犹太教正统派拉比。1795年，卡利舍出生在波兰的莱什诺Leszno)，当时该地属于普鲁士王国。他成长于一个严格的犹太教传统家庭，接受了经典的《塔木德》教育，后来成为一名受人尊敬的拉比和学者。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>尽管卡利舍是一名正统派犹太人，并深受传统犹太宗教思想影响，但他的思想中也带有某种程度的实用主义，他关注当时欧洲的政治发展。在19世纪，欧洲的犹太人正在经历社会和经济变革，哈斯卡拉运动(Haskalah，就是犹太人的启蒙运动)，推动了一部分犹太人与主流社会的融合，但也导致了许多犹太人的宗教信仰淡化。在此背景下，卡利舍坚持传统犹太教义，并提出了犹太民族复国的宗教必要性。他强调复国运动的宗教基础，认为犹太人返回巴勒斯坦是神圣的使命，符合圣经的预言。卡利舍的思想核心在于，他认为犹太人的弥赛亚时代不应仅仅依靠神迹，而应该通过人类自身的努力逐步实现。他提出，犹太人应当主动返回巴勒斯坦，不应依赖慈善机构，而应该发展农业和经济，建立自给自足的社区。他特别支持犹太人在巴勒斯坦建立农业殖民地，以创造一个稳固的经济基础，并最终实现犹太民族的复兴。他的这一观点打破了传统犹太教的消极等待弥赛亚的模式，在当时的正统犹太教内部引起了较大的争议。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1862年出版的《以色列救赎的探索》(Drishat Zion)是卡利舍最重要的著作，在这本书中，他系统地阐述了自己的犹太民族复国理念。他在书中强调：弥赛亚的降临需要人类的努力，犹太人不能只是被动等待；而在以色列土地上建立农业殖民地是实现弥赛亚时代的第一步；同时，犹太人在以色列恢复献祭制度，重建圣殿，这是未来犹太民族复兴的重要标志。这本书在19世纪的犹太知识分子圈子里引起了广泛讨论，并影响了后来的现代犹太复国主义者。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>为实现他的理想，卡利舍积极与当时的犹太慈善家、政治家和银行家建立联系，以争取他们的支持。他曾试图说服富有的犹太人(如罗斯柴尔德家族)资助犹太人在巴勒斯坦的定居点。1874年，卡利舍在波兰的托伦(Toruń)去世。</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU6tuOVHnT5uh4PRHDMKEsQPxnyELaHgLuTk8ddnaVdKPEhniKrpVLJJQTWHYSJmfibZH0M18TgnFjBtcKWRpT3WUxxj6sg2iXHb4ZbzpEfQiyOLMRgPfiWvsgQ0nqfOFHybSmGE_ganhpMJzUUafZr01MXBmKPE2VT6sxd5U6y332hruitvjE00GUA9Y/s863/022-%E2%80%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E2%80%9D(Religious%20Zionism)%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%B9%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E8%88%8D.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="486" data-original-width="863" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU6tuOVHnT5uh4PRHDMKEsQPxnyELaHgLuTk8ddnaVdKPEhniKrpVLJJQTWHYSJmfibZH0M18TgnFjBtcKWRpT3WUxxj6sg2iXHb4ZbzpEfQiyOLMRgPfiWvsgQ0nqfOFHybSmGE_ganhpMJzUUafZr01MXBmKPE2VT6sxd5U6y332hruitvjE00GUA9Y/w640-h360/022-%E2%80%9C%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E2%80%9D(Religious%20Zionism)%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%B9%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E8%88%8D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">“宗教犹太复国主义”(Religious Zionism)的创始人兹维·赫希·卡利舍</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>在所有现代犹太复国主义的先驱当中，还有一位有趣的、富有争议的复杂人物，他就是前面已经被点过名的、“劳工犹太复国主义”的创始人摩西·赫斯。他是一位德国的犹太人哲学家、社会活动家和政治理论家，除了是劳工犹太复国主义的奠基人之外，他也被认为是社会主义的早期奠基人之一，因为他的思想融合了马克思主义、共产主义和犹太民族主义，对19世纪欧洲的政治、哲学和社会运动产生了重要影响。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>赫斯于法国统治时期出生在波恩。虽然他的父亲被任命为拉比，但从未实际从事这一职业。赫斯早年在祖父的指导下接受了传统的犹太宗教教育，后来进入波恩大学攻读哲学，但最终未能完成学业。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>作为一位思想家，赫斯是社会主义的早期倡导者，同时也是后来被称为犹太复国主义运动的先驱。他在担任莱茵报记者期间定居巴黎，与卡尔·马克思建立了深厚的友谊和合作关系。正是在赫斯的推荐下，马克思接任了莱茵报主编一职。赫斯的思想对马克思和恩格斯产生了重要影响，他最早向马克思介绍了共产主义理论，并鼓励他深入研究经济学。事实上，马克思主义的“历史唯物主义”概念在一定程度上受到赫斯的启发。赫斯曾与马克思和恩格斯合作，并帮助他们建立了《德法年鉴》(Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher)，促进德国和法国革命思想的交流。1845年，赫斯与马克思、恩格斯一同在布鲁塞尔避难，三人居住在同一条街上。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>在个人生活方面，赫斯与一位贫穷的天主教女裁缝结婚，他声称这是为了“纠正社会的不公”。尽管他们的婚姻生活一直很幸福，直到赫斯去世，但这段关系中却发生了一件令人不快的插曲：</span>某次，当恩格斯协助赫斯太太从比利时前往法国与赫斯团聚时，赫斯太太声称遭到了恩格斯的强暴。这一事件直接导致赫斯日后与共产主义运动渐行渐远、分道扬镳。</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1846年，马克思和恩格斯在《德意志意识形态》中对赫斯的“哲学社会主义”提出了尖锐的批评，认为他过于理想化，没有深入研究现实的经济结构。他们指责赫斯仍然受到黑格尔和费尔巴哈的影响，没有完全接受“科学社会主义”的方法论。赫斯虽然认同马克思的经济理论，但他始终认为道德价值和人道主义在社会主义革命中起着核心作用，而不仅仅是经济规律的决定作用。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1848年公社运动遭到镇压后，赫斯暂时逃往瑞士避难。在1870-1871年普法战争期间，他再次离开故土。值得注意的是，在19世纪50年代，赫斯通过自学投入到自然科学研究中，为他的思想体系奠定了科学基础。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>由于跟马克恩恩格斯的分歧，赫斯逐渐远离了马克思的共产主义运动，并开始更多关注犹太民族问题。赫斯开始重新关注自己的犹太身份。他观察到，尽管许多犹太人试图通过同化融入欧洲社会，但反犹太主义仍然普遍存在，特别是在德国。他在1862年出版了《罗马与耶路撒冷：最后的民族问题》(Rom und Jerusalem: Die letzte Nationalitätsfrage)，这本书被认为是现代犹太复国主义的奠基之作之一。在书中，赫斯详细地阐述了他的“反对犹太人同化”的观点。赫斯认为，欧洲社会的反犹情绪不会因犹太人放弃自己的民族身份而消失，反而会导致犹太人失去自己的文化和传统。犹太人是一个民族，而不仅仅是一个宗教信仰的共同群体，更是一个有着独特历史和文化的民族。所以，赫斯主张，犹太人应当在巴勒斯坦地区建立自己的国家，借着恢复犹太民族的独立地位来摆脱来自欧洲的迫害和歧视。因为赫斯的思想混合着大量的社会主义思想元素，所以，一般被称为“劳工犹太复国主义”或者“社会主义犹太复国主义”(Socialist Zionism)，不同于主流政治上的犹太复国主义的观念，算是犹太复国主义运动的左翼派别。这个派别还主张，犹太国家的建立并不依赖于英国、德国或奥斯曼帝国的支持，而是要靠居住在巴勒斯坦的犹太工人阶级，通过建立农村的集体公社和城市的无产阶级组织，逐步实现这一目标。他们主张，只有依靠自身的劳动和团结，才能奠定国家的基础，而非依赖外部势力的干预或扶持。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>赫斯的犹太民族主义思想在当时并未得到广泛认可，许多犹太知识分子仍然倾向于德国和法国的自由主义和马克思主义。然而，赫斯的思想在后来成为犹太复国主义运动的重要理论基础，影响了赫茨尔的犹太建国理论。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>1875年，赫斯在巴黎去世。法国激进民主派、德国社会主义者和巴黎的德国工人代表为他举行了一场非宗教性的追悼会。遵照他的遗愿，他最初被安葬在科隆的犹太公墓。1961年，他的遗体被迁往以色列的基尼烈(Kvuzat Kinneret)公墓，与他的劳工犹太复国主义的同志们一起长眠于此。</span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: x-large; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm36JH7DJEviIYZ8Hh1GNhcSA33Gczim9qK_C8upCKHzfcspd8SeiplxwrqO4Ch5dSHI6YchQvcf3RNKXUDZl4LVUzzbcahE-Ekf6JxITTSyYd2QV9TSKizoIx3R4K7z9cVchQpI3lCbEP0HlK_d63ik6nEcJjVKKM5fS6RjXQAqX1OhUDIBppbamX2Ho/s800/022-%E2%80%9C%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E2%80%9D(Labor%20Zionism)%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="800" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm36JH7DJEviIYZ8Hh1GNhcSA33Gczim9qK_C8upCKHzfcspd8SeiplxwrqO4Ch5dSHI6YchQvcf3RNKXUDZl4LVUzzbcahE-Ekf6JxITTSyYd2QV9TSKizoIx3R4K7z9cVchQpI3lCbEP0HlK_d63ik6nEcJjVKKM5fS6RjXQAqX1OhUDIBppbamX2Ho/w640-h362/022-%E2%80%9C%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%A4%8D%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E2%80%9D(Labor%20Zionism)%E7%9A%84%E5%88%9B%E5%A7%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">“劳工犹太复国主义”(Labor Zionism)的创始人摩西·赫斯</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>前面介绍了五位犹太复国主义运动的最突出的先驱性人物：蒙蒂菲奥里、克雷米厄、阿尔卡莱、卡利舍、赫斯，这五位“原始犹太复国主义者”在19世纪中期所推出的犹太复国理念及其零星的实践对塑造现代犹太复国主义的模式和规范做出了很大的贡献。<br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>遗憾的是，当时的原始犹太复国主义运动大多流于纸上谈兵，在推动犹太人回归巴勒斯坦的过程中面临着诸多重大的挑战。这一困境主要源于其主要活动范围局限于西欧。当时的西欧，犹太人已经获得了相当完善的政治权利，并且得益于工业革命带来的经济繁荣，他们的生活条件相对优越。这使得他们缺乏迁移到巴勒斯坦的动力。<br /></span><span><span style="white-space: pre;">///////////省略181字???</span><br /></span><span style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>到了1870-1880年代，一个显而易见的事实浮出水面：要想实现真正的大规模犹太人回归运动，需要这样一个特殊的群体，他们既要对民族复兴事业抱有坚定不移的信念，同时也要在走投无路时敢于破釜沉舟、果敢行动。这种认识为后来犹太复国主义运动的发展方向提供了重要启示，也为现代以色列的复国迎来了一位提倡“自我解放”的开路先锋。</span></span></div> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/07440907668020586671' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/07440907668020586671' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>西雅图陈彤</span> </a> 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