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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innhold" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Amalgam_som_tannfyllingsmateriale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amalgam_som_tannfyllingsmateriale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Amalgam som tannfyllingsmateriale</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Amalgam_som_tannfyllingsmateriale-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Amalgam som tannfyllingsmateriale</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Amalgam_som_tannfyllingsmateriale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norske_rapporter_om_amalgam_og_helse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norske_rapporter_om_amalgam_og_helse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Norske rapporter om amalgam og helse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norske_rapporter_om_amalgam_og_helse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bivirkninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bivirkninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bivirkninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bivirkninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amalgam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 60 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgaam" title="Amalgaam – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amalgaam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملغمة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملغمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-m%C3%A1-k%C3%A1ng" title="A-má-káng – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-má-káng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амальгама – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амальгама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амалгама – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амалгама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Amalgama (química) – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amalgama (química)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalg%C3%A1my" title="Amalgámy – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amalgámy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αμάλγαμα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμάλγαμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry) – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Amalgam (chemistry)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Amalgama (química) – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amalgama (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamo" title="Amalgamo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amalgamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama_(kimika)" title="Amalgama (kimika) – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amalgama (kimika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%87" title="ملغمه – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملغمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgame_(m%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="Amalgame (métallurgie) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amalgame (métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malgam" title="Malgam – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Malgam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1lgama_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Amálgama (química) – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amálgama (química)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%90%EA%B0%90" title="아말감 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아말감" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամալգամներ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամալգամներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="संलय – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संलय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(kemija)" title="Amalgam (kemija) – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amalgam (kemija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamo" title="Amalgamo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amalgamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(kimia)" title="Amalgam (kimia) – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amalgam (kimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama" title="Amalgama – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amalgama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82" title="ಅಮಾಲ್ಗಂ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮಾಲ್ಗಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ამალგამა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამალგამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амальгама – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амальгама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Амальгамалар – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Амальгамалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalg%C3%A1m" title="Amalgám – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amalgám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Амалгам (хемија) – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амалгам (хемија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അമാൽഗം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമാൽഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Амальгамась – moksja" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Амальгамась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgaam" title="Amalgaam – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amalgaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A0" title="アマルガム – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマルガム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama_(quimica)" title="Amalgama (quimica) – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amalgama (quimica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama" title="Amalgama – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amalgama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%85" title="املغم – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="املغم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamat" title="Amalgamat – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amalgamat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1lgama_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Amálgama (química) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amálgama (química)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgama" title="Amalgama – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Amalgama" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амальгама – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амальгама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalg%C3%A1m" title="Amalgám – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amalgám" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Амалгам – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амалгам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam_(hemija)" title="Amalgam (hemija) – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amalgam (hemija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgaami" title="Amalgaami – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amalgaami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="இரசக்கலவை (வேதியியல்) – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரசக்கலவை (வேதியியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgam" title="Amalgam – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amalgam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Амальгама – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амальгама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%85" title="املغم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="املغم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%97n_h%E1%BB%91ng" title="Hỗn hống – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hỗn hống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%90" title="汞齐 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汞齐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="汞齊 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="汞齊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%BD%8A" title="汞齊 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汞齊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182574#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Amalgam&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amalgam" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182574" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Amalgam-200675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Amalgam-200675.jpg/250px-Amalgam-200675.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Amalgam-200675.jpg/375px-Amalgam-200675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Amalgam-200675.jpg/500px-Amalgam-200675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Amalgam</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Amalgam</b> er en <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">legering</a> med <a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">kvikksølv</a>. Den er mest kjent for bruk i tannfyllinger. Det har lenge vært mistanker om at amalgamfyllinger kan utløse helseplager hos pasienter, men det foreligger ikke vitenskapelig støtte for en slik sammenheng.<sup id="cite_ref-forskningno_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forskningno-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amalgam_som_tannfyllingsmateriale">Amalgam som tannfyllingsmateriale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Amalgam som tannfyllingsmateriale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Amalgam som tannfyllingsmateriale"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amalgam for tannfyllinger er en <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">legering</a> av <a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">kvikksølv</a> (ca. 50 vektprosent) og flere andre <a href="/wiki/Metall" title="Metall">metaller</a>; sølv, tinn og gjerne noe kopper og sink. Etter blanding stivnet massen i løpet av 1-2 timer. Amalgam var et rutinemateriale for fyllinger for tenner i jekselområdet fra tidlig på 1900-tallet. </p><p>I Norge er det i praksis et forbud mot å lage nye amalgamfyllinger fra 1. januar 2008. Dette følger av restriksjoner på bruk av kvikksølvholdige produkter, gitt av <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B8verndepartementet" class="mw-redirect" title="Miljøverndepartementet">Miljøverndepartementet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/md/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2007/Forbyr-kvikksolv-i-produkter.html?id=495138">(se pressemelding)</a>. </p><p>Bruken av amalgam for tannfyllinger har gått jevnt nedover i mange år, både i Norge og flere andre land.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helsemyndigheten (daværende Sosial- og helsedirektoratet, nå <a href="/wiki/Helsedirektoratet_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsedirektoratet (2008)">Helsedirektoratet</a>) anga i 2003 at amalgam ikke skulle være førstevalgs-materiale for tannfyllinger.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norske_rapporter_om_amalgam_og_helse">Norske rapporter om amalgam og helse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Norske rapporter om amalgam og helse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Norske rapporter om amalgam og helse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Helsemessige aspekter ved amalgam til tannfyllinger har vært gjenstand for flere utredninger og rapporter fra helsemyndigheter og organisasjoner. Den første større norske utredningen var fra <a href="/wiki/Statens_helsetilsyn" title="Statens helsetilsyn">Statens helsetilsyn</a> i 1998: “Bruk av tannrestaureringsmaterialer i Norge".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denne rapporten la grunnlaget for senere retningslinjer fra 2003 om restriktiv bruk av amalgam (IS 1086). <a href="/wiki/Nasjonalt_kunnskapssenter_for_helsetjenesten" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten">Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten</a> gjorde i 2006 en medisinsk metodevurdering av effekten av utskiftning av amalgamfyllinger.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det ble vist at det var dokumentasjon for at plager i munnen bedret seg ved amalgamutskiftning, men at bedring i generell helse ikke kunne dokumenteres. Helsedirektoratet ba om en ny vurdering på grunn av usikkerhet om kunnskapsgrunnlaget <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tannlegetidende.no/pls/dntt/pa_dtdm.xpnd?vp_seks_id=270509&b_start=1">(se melding i Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup>. En oppsummering av data for pasienter som er vurdert av Bivirkningsgruppen for odontologiske biomaterialer i perioden 1993-2005 viste at mange hadde udiagnostiserte tilstander som kunne behandles, og at de som hadde skiftet ut tannmateriale hadde reduksjon av plager i munnen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En rapport fra <a href="/wiki/Nasjonalt_forskningssenter_innen_komplement%C3%A6r_og_alternativ_medisin" title="Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin">Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin</a> (NAFKAM) behandlet opplevde sammenhenger mellom amalgam og helse.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resultatene viste blant annet at mange har et annet syn på sammenhengene enn det som «skolemedisinen» har. </p><p>I 2005 satte <a href="/wiki/Brennpunkt_(NRK)" title="Brennpunkt (NRK)">NRK Brennpunkt</a> fokus på kvikksølvrelaterte yrkessreaksjoner blant tannhelsesekretærer («Kvikksølvjentene», «Kvikksølvbarna»). Blant annet på grunn av dette engasjerte <a href="/wiki/Arbeids-_og_inkluderingsdepartementet" title="Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet">Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet</a> <a href="/wiki/Norges_teknisk-naturvitenskapelige_universitet" title="Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet">Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet</a> og <a href="/wiki/St._Olavs_hospital" title="St. Olavs hospital">St. Olavs hospital</a> for å undersøke sammenhengen mellom kvikksølveksponering i yrkessammenheng og helsetilstand.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Statens_arbeidsmilj%C3%B8institutt" title="Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt">Statens arbeidsmiljøinstitutt</a> (STAMI) har publisert en rapport som viste at urin-kvikksølv hos tannhelsepersonell var forhøyet i 1960-årene, men at snittverdiene har sunket til normalverdier etter det.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I 2008 gjorde <a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> en vurdering av risiko ved amalgamfyllinger og alternative materialer, for både pasienter og helsepersonell.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapporten legger ikke opp til så strenge restriksjoner på amalgam som det er i Norge i dag. </p><p>Det publiseres jevnlig artikler om helseeffekter av amalgam på bakgrunn av ulike studier. Disse blir ofte omtalt i <a href="/wiki/Den_norske_tannlegeforenings_Tidende" title="Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende">Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I januar 2009 ga <a href="/wiki/Helsedirektoratet_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsedirektoratet (2008)">Helsedirektoratet</a> ut retningslinjer for klinisk utredning av pasienter med mulige skader etter tannfylling.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bivirkninger">Bivirkninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Bivirkninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Bivirkninger"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ved tannbehandling benyttes det kroppsfremmede materialer (<a href="/wiki/Biomaterialer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomaterialer">biomaterialer</a>) som ofte er i langvarig kontakt med organismen. Tannmaterialer omfatter alt som kan erstatte tannsubstans. De fleste materialene inneholder stoffer som kan lekke ut fra materialene og som i varierende grad har potensial til å gi bivirkninger. </p><p>Studier har vist at ulike kjemiske substanser blir frigitt fra tannmaterialer, og det er diskutert om og i hvilken grad de kan ha skadevirkninger. På den annen side betraktes forekomsten av bivirkninger fra tannmaterialer som lav, den er blitt anslått til å ligge mellom 1: 700 og 1: 2 600. </p><p>Bekymring i befolkningen om mulige negative helseeffekter forårsaket av kvikksølv fra amalgamfyllinger er en av hovedårsakene til at norske helsemyndigheter har satt søkelys på mulige bivirkninger av tannmaterialer. Som en konsekvens av dette opprettet det daværende Helsedirektoratet Bivirkningsgruppen for odontologiske biomaterialer (Bivirkningsgruppen) i 1992. Aktiviteten, som ble lagt til UNIFOB AS ved Universitetet i Bergen, er landsomfattende og finansiert over statsbudsjettet. Hovedoppgavene er bivirkningsregistrering og utredning av pasienter der man mistenker bivirkninger fra tannmaterialer, i tillegg til informasjonsvirksomhet og forskning. </p><p>To tredjedeler av <a href="/wiki/Pasient" title="Pasient">pasientene</a> som fikk skiftet ut <a href="/wiki/Tannmateriale" class="mw-redirect" title="Tannmateriale">tannmaterialer</a>, i de fleste tilfeller amalgam, fikk ifølge dem selv færre <a href="/wiki/Helseplage" class="mw-redirect" title="Helseplage">helseplager</a>. Dette går fram av en studie som er utført av <i>Bivirkningsgruppen for odontologiske biomaterialer</i> ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Bergen" title="Universitetet i Bergen">Universitetet i Bergen</a>, og som er presentert i <a href="/wiki/Tidsskrift_for_Den_norske_l%C3%A6geforening" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening">Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening</a> og <a href="/wiki/Den_norske_tannlegeforenings_Tidende" title="Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende">Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende</a>. Grundigere undersøkelser har imidlertid påvist at den opplevde forbedringen er forbigående og at det sannsynligvis dreier seg om <a href="/wiki/Placeboeffekt" title="Placeboeffekt">placeboeffekt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forskningno_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forskningno-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kobberamalgam" title="Kobberamalgam">Kobberamalgam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-forskningno-1"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-forskningno_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forskningno_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forskning.no/helse-tenner/2008/02/hvor-farlig-er-amalgam">Hvor farlig er amalgam?</a> forskning.no</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tannlegetidende.no/pls/dntt/pa_dtdm.xpnd?vp_seks_id=96963&b_start=1">Gimmestad A.L. og medarb. Exit amalgam? - Amalgambruk i tannhelsetjenesten i Norge 2002. Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende 2004; 114: 284</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/nasjonale_faglige_retningslinjer/retningslinjer_for_bruk_av_tannrestaureringsmaterialer_2762">Sosial- og helsedirektoratet. Retningslinjer for bruk av tannrestaureringsmaterialer (IS 1086 – 2003)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924010727/http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/nasjonale_faglige_retningslinjer/retningslinjer_for_bruk_av_tannrestaureringsmaterialer_2762">Arkivert</a> 24. september 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsetilsynet.no/upload/publikasjoner/utredningsserien/bruk_tannrestaureringsmaterialer_norge_ik-2652.pdf">Bruk av tannrestaureringsmaterialer i Norge. IK-2652 Statens helsetilsyn 1998 (pdf – 2MB.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunnskapssenteret.no/Publikasjoner/984.cms?threepage=1">Helseeffekt av å skifte ut amalgamfyllinger ved mistanke om plager eller helseskader fra amalgam. Rapport fra Kunnskapssenteret Nr 10–2006</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1956/3100">Unifob helse - Bivirkningsgruppen for odontologiske biomaterialer. Tannmaterialer og helse: Erfaringer fra klinisk utredning av pasienter med mistanke om bivirkninger fra tannmaterialer. 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uit.no/munin/handle/10037/353">Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin – NAFKAM. Opplevde sammenhenger mellom amalgam og helse i den norske befolkning. Skriftserie nr 2. Tromsø 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/aid/tema/arbeidsmiljo/midtspalte-2/kvikksolv-i-tannhelsetjenesten.html?id=505877">Arbeids- og inkluderingsdepartementet. Kvikksølv i tannhelsetjenesten 02.04. 2008.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tannlegetidende.no/pls/dntt/pa_dtdm.xpnd?vp_seks_id=194110&b_start=1">Lenvik K. og medarb. Kvikksølveksponering blant tannhelsepersonell. En presentasjon av historiske måledata. Den Norske Tannlegeforenings Tidende 2006; 116: 350.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_016.pdf">The safety of dental amalgam and alternative dental restoration materials for patients and users. Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) 2008. (pdf – 430KB)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tannlegetidende.no/pls/dntt/pa_dtdm.xpnd?vp_seks_id=289107&b_start=1">Gjerdet N.R. Nytt om amalgam Nor Tannlegeforen Tid 2008; 118: 379</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title=" siden juli 2017" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:D%C3%B8de_eksterne_lenker" title="Wikipedia:Døde eksterne lenker">død lenke</a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/nasjonale_faglige_retningslinjer/nasjonale_retningslinjer_for_utredning_og_behandling_ved_mistanke_om_bivirkninger_fra_odontologiske_biomaterialer___319454">Helsedirektoratet. Nasjonale retningslinjer for utredning og behandling ved mistanke om bivirkninger fra odontologiske biomaterialer. IS-1481. Publisert 20. januar 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301102541/http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/publikasjoner/nasjonale_faglige_retningslinjer/nasjonale_retningslinjer_for_utredning_og_behandling_ved_mistanke_om_bivirkninger_fra_odontologiske_biomaterialer___319454">Arkivert</a> 1. mars 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsedirektoratet.no/tannhelse">Helsedirektoratet – Tannhelse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunnskapssenteret.no">Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205104814/http://www.kunnskapssenteret.no/">Arkivert</a> 5. desember 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214145910/http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Amnesord/tandvard/KDM">Kunskapscenter för dentala material – KDM (fra svenske Socialstyrelsen)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niom.no">Nordisk institutt for odontologiske materialer – NIOM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tannlegetidende.no">Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uni.no/nb/uni-helse/bivirkningsgruppen-for-odontologiske-biomaterialer/">Bivirkningsgruppens hjemmeside</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801004923/http://uni.no/nb/uni-helse/bivirkningsgruppen-for-odontologiske-biomaterialer/">Arkivert</a> 1. august 2015 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noen artikler som omhandler bivirkninger fra tannrestaureringsmaterialer: </p> <ul><li>Geurtsen W. Biocompatibility of resin-modified filling materials. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000; 11: 333 – 55.</li> <li>Ferracane JL. Elution of leachable components from composites. J Oral Rehabil 1994; 21: 441 – 52.</li> <li>Geurtsen W. Toxicology of dental materials and «clinical experience». J Dent Res 2003; 82: 500.</li> <li>Michelsen V, Lygre H, Skålevik R et al. Identification of organic eluates from four polymer-based dental filling materials. Eur J Oral Sci 2003; 111: 263 – 71.</li> <li>Geurtsen W. Biocompatibility of dental casting alloys. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002; 13: 71 – 84.</li> <li>Kallus T, Mjör IA. Incidence of adverse effects of dental materials. Scand J Dent Res 1991; 99: 236 – 40.</li> <li>Jacobsen N, Hensten-Pettersen A. Occupational health problems among dental hygienists. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1995; 23: 177 – 81.</li> <li>Wang NJ, Gjerdet NR. Befolkningens oppfatninger om tannfyllingsmaterialer. Nor Tannlegeforen Tid 1995; 105: 656 – 8.</li> <li>NAFKAM. Opplevde sammenhenger mellom amalgam og helse i den norske befolkning. Tromsø: Nasjonalt forskningssenter innen komplementær og alternativ medisin, 2006.</li> <li>Lygre GB, Gjerdet NR, Björkman L. A follow-up study of patients with subjective symptoms related to dental materials. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 227 – 34.</li> <li>Lygre GB, Gjerdet NR, Grønningsæter AG et al. Reporting on adverse reactions to dental materials – intraoral observations at a clinical follow-up. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 200 – 6.</li> <li>Malt UF, Nerdrum P, Oppedal B et al. Physical and mental problems attributed to dental amalgam fillings: a descriptive study of 99 self-referred patients compared with 272 controls. Psychosom Med 1997; 59: 32 – 41.</li> <li>Vamnes JS, Lygre GB, Grønningsæter AG et al. Four years of clinical experience with an adverse reaction unit for dental biomaterials. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004; 32: 150 – 7.</li> <li>Tillberg A, Berglund A, Mårell L et al. Changes in health over time in patients with symptoms allegedly caused by their dental restorative materials. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 427 – 37.</li> <li>Bergdahl J, Anneroth G. Burning mouth syndrome: literature review and model for research and management. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22: 433 – 8.</li> <li>Blomgren J, Axéll T, Sandahl O et al. Adverse reactions in oral mucosa associated with anterior composite restorations. J Oral Pathol Med 1996; 25: 311 – 3.</li> <li>Tvinnereim H, Lundekvam BF, Morken T et al. Allergic contact reactions to dental gold. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48: 288 – 9.</li> <li>Helseeffekt av å skifte ut amalgamfyllinger ved mistanke om plager eller helseskader fra amalgam. Rapport nr. 10/2006. Oslo: Nasjonalt kunnskapssenter for helsetjenesten, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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