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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Inleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Biografie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jonge_jaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jonge_jaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Jonge jaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jonge_jaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kwantumelektrodynamica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantumelektrodynamica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kwantumelektrodynamica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwantumelektrodynamica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feynmandiagram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feynmandiagram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Feynmandiagram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feynmandiagram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Feynman Lectures on Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanotechnologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanotechnologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nanotechnologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanotechnologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laatste_jaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laatste_jaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Laatste jaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laatste_jaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persoonlijk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persoonlijk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Persoonlijk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persoonlijk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Feynman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 110 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8D%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95" title="ሪቻርድ ፋይንማን – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪቻርድ ፋይንማን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ريتشارد فاينمان – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد فاينمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ريتشارد فاينمان – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد فاينمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰিচাৰ্ড ফাইনমেন – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰিচাৰ্ড ফাইনমেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Feynman" title="Riçard Feynman – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="ریچارد فاینمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد فاینمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рычард Філіпс Фейнман – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Філіпс Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Файнман – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Файнман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड फेयनमन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिचर्ड फेयनमन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রিচার্ড ফাইনম্যান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড ফাইনম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕیچارد فاینمان – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد فاینمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρίτσαρντ Φίλιπς Φάινμαν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίτσαρντ Φίλιπς Φάινμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="ریچارد فاینمن – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد فاینمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ריצ'רד פיינמן – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד פיינמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड फिलिप्स फाइनमेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिचर्ड फिलिप्स फाइनमेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռիչարդ Ֆեյնման – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ Ֆեյնման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%96%D5%A7%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Ռիչըրտ Ֆէյնմըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռիչըրտ Ֆէյնմըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BBP%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="リチャード・P・ファインマン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・P・ファインマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ ფეინმანი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ ფეინმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Фейнман – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ричард Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಫೇನ್ಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಿಚರ್ಡ್ ಫೇನ್ಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%8C" title="리처드 파인만 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 파인만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Feynman" title="Ricardus Feynman – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Feynman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_Fainmens" title="Ričards Fainmens – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards Fainmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Фајнман – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард Фајнман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഫെയ്ൻമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഫെയ്ൻമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Филлипс Фейнман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ричард Филлипс Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचर्ड फाइनमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड फाइनमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရစ်ချတ်ဖိန်းမန်း – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရစ်ချတ်ဖိန်းမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="ریچارد فاینمن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد فاینمن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचार्ड फेञम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रिचार्ड फेञम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رچرڈ فائنمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ فائنمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="ريچارډ فاينمن – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ريچارډ فاينمن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Фейнман, Ричард – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фейнман, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Річард Фейнман – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Річард Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="रिचार्ड फैनमन – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रिचार्ड फैनमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Phillips_Feynman" title="Richard Phillips Feynman – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Phillips Feynman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Фајнман – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Фајнман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரிச்சர்டு பெயின்மான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிச்சர்டு பெயின்மான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="రిచర్డ్ ఫేన్‌మాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రిచర్డ్ ఫేన్‌మాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ричард Фейнман – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ричард Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ริชาร์ด ไฟน์แมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชาร์ด ไฟน์แมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ричард Файнмен – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ричард Файнмен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Річард Філіпс Фейнман – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Філіпс Фейнман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رچرڈ فلپ فائنمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ فلپ فائنمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·费曼 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查德·费曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ ფეინმანი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიჩარდ ფეინმანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ריטשארד פיינמאן – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריטשארד פיינמאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·費曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理察費曼 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="理察費曼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Feynman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理察費曼 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理察費曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39246#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Richard Phillips Feynman </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/11_mei" title="11 mei">11 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/15_februari" title="15 februari">15 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Feynman_at_Los_Alamos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Shinichiro Tomonaga</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Nikolaj Basov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Aleksandr Prochorov</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Phillips Feynman</b> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_mei" title="11 mei">11 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_februari" title="15 februari">15 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Amerikaans</a> <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_natuurkundigen" title="Lijst van natuurkundigen">natuurkundige</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde">Nobelprijswinnaar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inleiding">Inleiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Inleiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard Feynman was zeer invloedrijk op met name het gebied van de <a href="/wiki/Kwantumelektrodynamica" title="Kwantumelektrodynamica">kwantumelektrodynamica</a> (QED). In <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> won hij de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde</a>. </p><p>Hij stond ook bekend als <a href="/wiki/Brandkast" title="Brandkast">brandkastkraker</a>, nachtclubgast, tekenaar, <a href="/wiki/Bongo_(Cubaanse_trommel)" title="Bongo (Cubaanse trommel)">bongospeler</a> en kenner van de <a href="/wiki/Mayacultuur" title="Mayacultuur">Mayacultuur</a>. Daarnaast schitterde hij kort voor zijn dood tijdens de openbare hoorzittingen na het ongeluk met de <a href="/wiki/Challenger_(ruimteveer)" title="Challenger (ruimteveer)">ruimteveer Challenger</a>. </p><p>Niet in de laatste plaats was hij beroemd als <a href="/wiki/Didactiek" title="Didactiek">didacticus</a>. Door de meeste van zijn vakgenoten wordt hij zodanig vereerd, dat er veel uitspraken aan hem worden toegeschreven die waarschijnlijk niet van hem afkomstig zijn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jonge_jaren">Jonge jaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Jonge jaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Jonge jaren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard P. Feynman werd in <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> in New York geboren als zoon van Lucille Phillips en Melville Arthur Feynman (een fabrikant van uniformen). Zelf zag hij in het beroep van zijn vader - die zag de dragers ook zonder hun uniformen - de verklaring voor zijn eigen gebrek aan respect voor autoriteit – een eigenschap die hem in zijn latere loopbaan regelmatig van pas kwam. Na de Far Rockaway High School in Queens volgde hij een studie <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> aan het MIT (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>) die hij in 1939 met een bachelordiploma afsloot. Als student behaalde hij de maximale score voor het toelatingsexamen van <a href="/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit">Princeton</a>, waarbij hij de aandacht trok van stafleden als <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. </p><p>In de oorlogsjaren werd hij voor een onderhoud uitgenodigd door <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>. Bohr was op bezoek in <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> in de VS, waar geprobeerd werd een <a href="/wiki/Kernwapen" title="Kernwapen">atoombom</a> te maken (bekend als het <i><a href="/wiki/Manhattanproject_(operatie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattanproject (operatie)">Manhattan Project</a></i>). Feynman werkte daar en viel bij Bohr in de smaak doordat hij niet onnodig beleefd was. In die tijd was Feynman net student-af en niet beroemd. </p><p>Behalve met het natuurkundige werk, dat hij geacht werd te doen, vermaakte hij zich in Los Alamos met het openen van kluizen van collega's. In zijn boek <i>Surely you're joking, Mr. Feynman (Adventures of a curious character)</i> (1985), dat zich het best laat omschrijven als een verzameling sterke verhalen, verklapt hij dat daar weinig virtuositeit voor nodig was. Hij kwam erachter dat veel bezitters van kluizen in Los Alamos niet de moeite namen een andere cijfercombinatie in te stellen dan die waarmee de brandkasten standaard uit de fabriek kwamen. In 1988 kwam hier het vervolg op uit: <i>What do you care what other people think: further adventures of a curious character</i>. </p><p>Na de oorlog kwam Feynman terecht op <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> te <a href="/wiki/Pasadena_(Californi%C3%AB)" title="Pasadena (Californië)">Pasadena</a> waar hij genoot van het lesgeven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kwantumelektrodynamica">Kwantumelektrodynamica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Kwantumelektrodynamica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Kwantumelektrodynamica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een ander succesvol werk van Feynman is het boek <i>QED</i>. Behalve voor '<a href="/wiki/Quod_erat_demonstrandum" title="Quod erat demonstrandum">quod erat demonstrandum</a>' staat dat voor <i>quantum electrodynamics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kwantumelektrodynamica" title="Kwantumelektrodynamica">kwantumelektrodynamica</a>). Zo heet de theorie over het gedrag van geladen deeltjes waarmee Feynman zijn <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> verdiende. Het vernieuwende van Feynmans versie van deze theorie is, dat hij van een deeltje de baan berekende door alle (oneindig veel) mogelijke bewegingen van het deeltje in de berekening te gebruiken. Voor elke mogelijke beweging is het deeltje te beschrijven als een golf – en deze golven kunnen elkaar uitdoven. Als je het effect hiervan uitrekent, dan blijkt doorgaans dat ze elkaar overal in de ruimte nagenoeg uitdoven behalve in een relatief klein gebied: het meest waarschijnlijke pad van het deeltje. Maar overal waar de uitdoving van golven niet volledig is – en dat is bijna overal – is nog een heel kleine kans om het betreffende deeltje te vinden. Deze theorie voorspelt verschijnselen met een ongeëvenaarde nauwkeurigheid; tien significante cijfers is geen uitzondering.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het bijzondere van de QED is dus dat deeltjes zich voortdurend bewust lijken van de omstandigheden in de ruimte om hen heen. Een mogelijk pad heeft invloed op de beweging van het deeltje, alleen door er te zijn. </p><p>Feynman noteert het totale effect van alle mogelijke tijdsevoluties van het systeem ("paden") met het wiskundige <a href="/wiki/Integraalrekening" title="Integraalrekening">integraalsymbool</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∫</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca732e5519cd2210bd59f1ab281b4e8f5a6a4413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:2.194ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int }"></span>. Hij heeft beschreven hoe met dergelijke <a href="/wiki/Padintegraal" title="Padintegraal">padintegralen</a> een consistente herformulering van de kwantummechanica mogelijk is. De padintegralen van Feynman hebben ook aanleiding gegeven tot veel wiskundig onderzoek. Het is historisch interessant dat Feynman zijn padintegralen ongeveer gelijktijdig uitvond met de ontwikkeling van de <a href="/wiki/Functionaal" title="Functionaal">functionaal</a>-integratie door <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a> met betrekking tot de <a href="/wiki/Brownse_beweging_(wiskunde)" title="Brownse beweging (wiskunde)">brownse beweging</a>, naar verluidt zonder dat beide geleerden aanvankelijk van elkaars werk op de hoogte waren. Het later gepubliceerde <a href="/wiki/Feynman-Kac-formalisme" title="Feynman-Kac-formalisme">Feynman-Kac-formalisme</a> toont het verband tussen beide theorieën. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feynmandiagram">Feynmandiagram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Feynmandiagram" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Feynmandiagram"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Feynmandiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Feynmandiagram.svg/260px-Feynmandiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Feynmandiagram.svg/390px-Feynmandiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Feynmandiagram.svg/520px-Feynmandiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Een Feynmandiagram gebruikt in de QED: interactie tussen twee elektronen door middel van een foton</figcaption></figure> <p>Als iets Feynman onsterfelijk heeft gemaakt, dan is het niet zijn QED, niet zijn levendige colleges en niet zijn buitenwetenschappelijke escapades, maar zijn uitvinding van het <a href="/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram">Feynmandiagram</a>. Feynmandiagrammen zijn vreemd ogende <a href="/wiki/Visualisatie" title="Visualisatie">visualisaties</a> die Feynman aanvankelijk gebruikt moet hebben om zelf beter zicht te krijgen op de capriolen van elementaire deeltjes. De diagrammen laten schematisch zien hoe botsingen en andere processen tussen elementaire deeltjes verlopen. Ze bleken zó handig te zijn, vooral om na te gaan welke mogelijke gebeurtenissen de uitkomst van een berekening bepalen, dat iedere natuurkundige die actief is in het betreffende vakgebied ze tegenwoordig gebruikt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feynman_Lectures_on_Physics">Feynman Lectures on Physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Feynman Lectures on Physics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Feynman Lectures on Physics"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>QED</i> is net als <i>Surely you're joking...</i> een uitgetypte vertelling, maar dan een met een educatief doel: het was een lezing voor een lekenpubliek. Op een vergelijkbare manier zijn de <i>Feynman Lectures on Physics</i> tot stand gekomen. Begin <a href="/wiki/1960-1969" title="1960-1969">jaren 60</a> wist het <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">California Institute of Technology</a>, waar Feynman werkte, hem over te halen een reeks colleges te geven aan eerstejaarsstudenten. Er moest iets gebeuren, want de aantallen studenten liepen terug. Dat Feynman zoiets zou doen was bijzonder, want hij was weliswaar nog geen Nobelprijswinnaar, een gevestigde naam was hij wel. Ondanks zijn faam als didacticus gaf Feynman niet vaak college en zeker niet aan eerstejaars. Daarom werd besloten de lessen op te nemen en later uit te werken tot leerboeken. De colleges waren geen doorslaand succes. De eerstejaars voor wie ze bedoeld waren konden het niet volgen en bleven steeds vaker weg. Daarvoor in de plaats kwamen oudere studenten en collega's van Feynman, zodat de zaal goed gevuld bleef. Helemaal perfect als didacticus was de man dus niet. Maar toch maakte zijn aanpak school. De <i>Feynman Lectures</i> zijn er gekomen en staan bij massa's <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_natuurkundigen" title="Lijst van natuurkundigen">fysici</a> op de plank. Zijn met voorbeelden doorspekte stijl heeft een generatie docenten beïnvloed. </p><p>Tussen september 2013 en augustus 2014 werkten Caltech en The Feynman Lectures Website samen om <i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i> ter beschikking te stellen op het web. Het derde en laatste deel van de lezingenreeks werd in augustus 2014 ter beschikking gesteld.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotechnologie">Nanotechnologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nanotechnologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nanotechnologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959 gaf hij voor de <i><a href="/wiki/American_Physical_Society" title="American Physical Society">American Physical Society</a></i> een lezing: <i>There is plenty of Room at the Bottom</i> waarin hij het idee opperde om atomen te gebruiken als bouwstenen voor structuren. Daarmee werd hij de grondlegger van de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsysteem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsysteem (de pagina bestaat niet)">microsysteemtechnologie</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnologie" title="Nanotechnologie">nanotechnologie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Drexler" title="Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a> bouwde dit idee later uit in zijn boek <i>Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology</i> met het concept van minuscule fabrieken die zichzelf dupliceren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laatste_jaren">Laatste jaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Laatste jaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Laatste jaren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg/260px-RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg/390px-RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/RichardFeynman-PaineMansionWoods1984_copyrightTamikoThiel_bw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Richard Feynman in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard Feynman leed al geruime tijd aan <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> toen hem werd gevraagd zitting te nemen in de regeringscommissie (<i>Rogers Commission</i>) die onderzoek deed naar de oorzaak van het ongeluk met de <a href="/wiki/Challenger_(ruimteveer)" title="Challenger (ruimteveer)">Challenger</a> (28 januari 1986). Hij stemde toe en bracht zijn mede-commissieleden tot wanhoop met zijn eigenwijsheid (zie ook zijn <i>What do you care what other people think</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Hij ging op eigen houtje met ingenieurs praten en ontdekte zo dat waarschuwingen van technici de <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>-top niet eens hadden bereikt. Tijdens een openbare hoorzitting doopte hij een stukje van een <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> uit een hulpraket in ijswater en liet met een hamer zien dat het ding niet meer flexibel was: de (technische) oorzaak van de ramp. Toen met zijn bevindingen onvoldoende rekening werd gehouden schreef hij een minderheidsstandpunt, en toen dat buiten het eindrapport werd gehouden dreigde hij zijn ondertekening terug te nemen. Hij kreeg zijn zin. </p><p>Richard Feynman overleed in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> op <a href="/wiki/15_februari" title="15 februari">15 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persoonlijk">Persoonlijk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Persoonlijk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Persoonlijk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feynman was driemaal gehuwd. In 1941 huwde hij schoolliefde Arline Greenbaum die in 1945 overleed aan tuberculose. In 1952 trouwde hij met de geschiedenislerares Mary Lou Bell, maar dit huwelijk strandde twee jaar later. Zijn laatste huwelijk was in 1960 met Gweneth Howarth. Uit dit huwelijk werd een zoon, Carl Richard, geboren. Ook adopteerden ze een dochter, Michelle Catherine.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feynman had nog een jongere zus, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Feynman" class="extiw" title="en:Joan Feynman">Joan Feynman</a>, een astrofysicus die werkzaam was geweest bij NASA, het <i>National Center for Atmospheric Research</i> en het <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. Zij werd door haar 11 jaar oudere broer ingewijd in de geheimen van de natuur. Hun moeder vond een wetenschappelijke studie niet geschikt voor een vrouw.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bibliografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Quantum Electrodynamics</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>The Theory of Fundamental Processes</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i> (1963-65; drie delen)</li> <li><i>The Character of Physical Law</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Photon-Hadron Interactions</i> (1972)</li> <li><i>QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter</i> (1985)</li> <li><i>Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!</i> (1985)</li> <li><i>Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics</i> (1987, met <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a>)</li> <li><i>What Do You Care What Other People Think?</i> (1988)</li> <li><i>Six Easy Pieces: Essentials of Physics Explained by Its Most Brilliant Teacher</i> (1994, postuum)</li> <li><i>Six Not So Easy Pieces: Einstein's Relativity, Symmetry and Space-Time</i> (1997, postuum)</li> <li><i>The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen Scientist</i> (1998, postuum)</li> <li><i>The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman</i> (1999, postuum)</li> <li><i>Selected papers of Richard Feynman</i> (2000, postuum)</li> <li><i>Perfectly Reasonable Deviations from the Beaten Track</i> (2005, postuum)</li> <li><i>Don't You Have Time to Think?</i> (2005, postuum)</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><b>Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</b></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFR.P._Feynman1948"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">R.P. Feynman</span> (1948). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367">Space-Time Approach to Non-Relativistic Quantum Mechanics</a></cite>. <i>Rev. Mod. Phys.</i> <b>20</b> (2): 367-387. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0034-6861">0034-6861</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367">10.1103/RevModPhys.20.367</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Culture: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/09/the-famous-feynman-lectures-on-physics-now-online-in-html5.html">The Famous Feynman Lectures on Physics: The New Online Edition (in HTML5)</a>", 14 september 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Open Culture: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/08/the-feynman-lectures-on-physics-the-most-popular-physics-book-ever-written-now-completely-online.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i>, The Most Popular Physics Book Ever Written, Now Completely Online</a>", 26 augustus 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Feynman, Richard P., <i>What Do You Care What Other People Think?</i>, 1988, W W Norton, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-393-02659-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-393-02659-0">ISBN 0-393-02659-0</a></span>, 2001 paperback: <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-393-32092-8" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-393-32092-8">ISBN 0-393-32092-8</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/584/000026506/">Biografie Richard Feynman</a> op Notable Names Database (NNDb)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMargriet_van_der_Heijden2022"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/Margriet_van_der_Heijden" title="Margriet van der Heijden">Margriet van der Heijden</a></span> (2022). <cite><i>Ongekend. Over vrouwen in de natuurwetenschap die over het hoofd werden gezien.</i></cite>. Uitgerij Nieuwezijds. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789057125683" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789057125683">ISBN 9789057125683</a></span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <hr /> <p><b>Externe links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardfeynman.com/">Richard Feynman</a>: officiële website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feynmanonline.com">Feynman.com</a>: website gewijd aan Richard Feynman.</li> <li>The Vega Science Trust: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/8">Richard Feynman - Science Videos</a>.</li> <li>Microsoft Research: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/apps/tools/tuva/index.html">Project Tuva</a>: project dat belangrijke wetenschappelijke concepten en theorieën aan de hand van videos, waaronder de Messenger Lectures van Richard Feynman aan Cornell University in 1964.</li> <li>California Institute of Technology: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/">The Feynman Lectures on Physics</a>: volledige HTML-versie.</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>1901–1925:</b></td><td class="rechts">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_Lenard" title="Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard">Lenard</a> · <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann">Lippmann</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> · <span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></span> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> · <span class="nowrap">1913 <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a></span> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span> · <span style="color:">1916</span> · 1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles-Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1923:<a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1924 <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1926–1950:</b></td><td class="rechts">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Raman</a> · <span style="color:">1931</span> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> · <span style="color:">1934</span> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Carl Anderson (natuurkundige)">C. Anderson</a></span> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.P. Thomson</a></span> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> · <span style="color:">1940</span> · <span style="color:">1941</span> · <span style="color:">1942</span> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> ·</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1951–1975:</b></td><td class="rechts">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Brattain</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></span> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsjerenkov" title="Pavel Tsjerenkov">Tsjerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Jensen</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Prokhorov</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feynman</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1976–2000:</b></td><td class="rechts"><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Philip Anderson (natuurkundige)">P. Anderson</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_van_Vleck" title="John van Vleck">van: Vleck</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.W. Wilson</a></span> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K.G. Wilson</a></span> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Müller</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(natuurkundige)" title="Richard Taylor (natuurkundige)">R. Taylor</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a></span> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.C. Richardson</a></span> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman_(natuurkundige)" title="Martinus Veltman (natuurkundige)">Veltman</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap">2000–heden:</span></b></td><td class="rechts">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_jr." title="Raymond Davis jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(natuurkundige)" title="John Hall (natuurkundige)">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63829521">.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten{padding:0;font-size:90%;clear:both;margin:1em 0 -0.5em 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