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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakhmid_dynasty_and_its_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakhmid_dynasty_and_its_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lakhmid dynasty and its descendants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lakhmid_dynasty_and_its_descendants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lakhmid dynasty and its descendants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lakhmid_dynasty_and_its_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lakhmid_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakhmid_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lakhmid rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakhmid_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbadid_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbadid_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abbadid dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbadid_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachmiede" title="Lachmiede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lachmiede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مناذرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناذرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%99xmil%C9%99r" title="Ləxmilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ləxmilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="لخمیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لخمیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="লাখমিদ রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাখমিদ রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лахмиди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лахмиди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0khmides" title="Làkhmides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Làkhmides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachmovci" title="Lachmovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lachmovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachmiden" title="Lachmiden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lachmiden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Λαχμίδες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαχμίδες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1jmidas" title="Lájmidas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lájmidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmidarrak" title="Lakhmidarrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lakhmidarrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لخمیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لخمیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmides" title="Lakhmides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lakhmides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="लख़मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लख़मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmid" title="Lakhmid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lakhmid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmidi" title="Lakhmidi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lakhmidi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლახმიდები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლახმიდები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Lachmidarum" title="Regnum Lachmidarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Lachmidarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmid%C3%A1k" title="Lakhmidák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lakhmidák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مناذره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مناذره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Lakham" title="Kerajaan Lakham – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Lakham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmiden" title="Lakhmiden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lakhmiden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmider" title="Lakhmider – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lakhmider" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachmidzi" title="Lachmidzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lachmidzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacmidas" title="Lacmidas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lacmidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahmizi" title="Lahmizi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lahmizi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Лахмиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лахмиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahmidi" title="Lahmidi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lahmidi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лахмиди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лахмиди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahmidi" title="Lahmidi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lahmidi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhmidit" title="Lakhmidit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakhmidit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachmiderna" title="Lachmiderna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lachmiderna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Давлати Лахмиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлати Лахмиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahm%C3%AEler" title="Lahmîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lahmîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Лахміди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лахміди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="مملکت لخمیون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت لخمیون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E5%A7%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="拉赫姆王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉赫姆王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q943191#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22">"Lakhmid kingdom"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lakhmid+kingdom%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Lakhmid Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المناذرة</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>268–602<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakhmid_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids"><img alt="Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lakhmid_Kingdom.png/250px-Lakhmid_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lakhmid_Kingdom.png/375px-Lakhmid_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lakhmid_Kingdom.png/500px-Lakhmid_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the Lakhmid Kingdom in the 6th-century. Light green is Sasanian territory governed by the Lakhmids</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Dependency of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">Al-Hirah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> (Dynastic, Spoken, Literature)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> (Spoken, Literature)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (court poetry)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">Official</a>: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a><small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unofficial: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arab Paganism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>268</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">602<span class="nowrap"> </span>AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Historical Arab states and dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_Alhambra_I_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Arte_Alhambra_I_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Arab states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Kingdom of Qedar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Kingdom of Lihyan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600 BC–100 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BC–106 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 132 BC–244 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 64 BC–300s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 100s–241 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 196–1100 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 220–638 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Salihids" title="Salihids">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–500s AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lakhmids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 300s–602 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kinda" title="Kingdom of Kinda">Kingdom of Kinda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 450 AD–550 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arab empires and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 632–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 909–1171</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Eastern dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Emirate of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 654–884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 736–1122</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 824–961</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dulafid_dynasty" title="Dulafid dynasty"> Dulafids </a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbarids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 854–1011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kaysites" title="Kaysites">Kaysites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 860–964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 861–1538</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 864–928</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashimids_(Darband)" title="Hashimids (Darband)"> Hashimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 869–1075</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 890–1004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 955–1071</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Mazyad" title="Banu Mazyad">Mazyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 961–1150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarrahids" title="Jarrahids">Jarrahids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 970–1107</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uqaylid_dynasty" title="Uqaylid dynasty">Uqaylids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1096</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Numayrid_dynasty" title="Numayrid dynasty">Numayrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 990–1081</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1024–1080</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Munqidh" title="Banu Munqidh">Munqidhites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1025–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Ma'nids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1697</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turabay_dynasty" title="Turabay dynasty">Turabays</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1480–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harfush_dynasty" title="Harfush dynasty">Harfushs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1517–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihabs</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1697–1842</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Western dynasties and caliphates</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nekor" title="Emirate of Nekor">Salihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">710–1019</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrid Emirate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">745-757</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">756–1031</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muhallabids" title="Muhallabids">Muhallabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">771–793</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">788–974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanid_dynasty" title="Sulaymanid dynasty">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">814–922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Sicily" title="Muslim Sicily">Muslim Sicily</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">831–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Kanz" title="Banu Kanz">Kanzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1004–1412</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Salt%C3%A9s_and_Huelva" title="Taifa of Saltés and Huelva">Bakrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1012–1051</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Tujib" title="Banu Tujib">Tujibids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1013–1039</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Valencia" title="Taifa of Valencia"> Amirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1020–1086</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Abbadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Niebla" title="Taifa of Niebla">Yahsubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1023–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="Taifa of Málaga">Hammudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1026–1057</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Silves" title="Taifa of Silves">Muzaynids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1027–1063</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Taifa of Córdoba">Jawharids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1031–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hud" title="Banu Hud">Hudids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1039–1110</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sumadih" title="Banu Sumadih">Sumadihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1041–1091</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Murcia" title="Taifa of Murcia">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1049–1078</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Nasrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1230–1492</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1554–1659</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1837–1969</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Arabian Peninsula</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oman_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Oman proper">Imamate of Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 751–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 819–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yufirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Yufirids">Yufirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 847–997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ukhaidhir" title="Banu Ukhaidhir">Ukhaidhirds</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 865–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Rassids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 897–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 899–1077</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Wajihids" title="Wajihids">Wajihids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 926–965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 968–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1047–1138</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sulaymanids" title="Sulaymanids">Sulaymanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1063–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyunid_Emirate" title="Uyunid Emirate">Uyunids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1076–1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1083–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1154–1624</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1159–1174</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1229–1454</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Usfurids" title="Usfurids">Usfurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1253–1320</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jarwanid_dynasty" title="Jarwanid dynasty">Jarwanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1305–1487</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1395–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1454–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jabrids" title="Jabrids">Jabrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1463–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rassids#The_Qasimid_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassids">Qasimids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1597–1872</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Ya'arubids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1624–1742</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1820–1970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_dynasty" title="Rashidi dynasty">Rashidids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1836–1921</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aitids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Beihan" title="Emirate of Beihan">Emirate of Beihan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1903–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Idrisids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1906–1934</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1926–1970</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">East Africa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Makhzumi dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 896–1279</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Pate" title="List of rulers of Pate">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pate_Island" title="Pate Island">Pate Island</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1203–1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate#Mahdali_era" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Mahdali dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilwa">Kilwa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1277–1495</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mazrui" title="Mazrui">Mazrui dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1746–1828</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1856–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Witu" title="List of rulers of Witu">Nabahani dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1858–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tippu_Tip%27s_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Tippu Tip's State">Tippu Tip's State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1860–1887</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-left:0.5em;;color: var(--color-base)">Current monarchies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/%27Alawi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="'Alawi dynasty">'Alawis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1631–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Khaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al Khaymah">Ras al Khaymah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1727–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Al Saud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1744–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Busaid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Busaid">Al Said</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1749–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sabah" title="House of Sabah">Al Sabah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1752–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nahyan" title="House of Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Emirate of Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1761–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Mualla" title="Al Mualla">Al Mualla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Umm_al-Quwain" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Umm al-Quwain">Umm al-Quwain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1775–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Khalifa" title="House of Khalifa">Al Khalifa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1783–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Nuaimi" title="Al Nuaimi">Al Nuaimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Ajman" title="Emirate of Ajman">Ajman</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Maktoum" title="House of Maktoum">Al Maktoum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai" title="Emirate of Dubai">Dubai</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1833–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Thani" title="House of Thani">Al Thani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1868–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharqi" title="Al Sharqi">Al Sharqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Fujairah" title="Emirate of Fujairah">Fujairah</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1921–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Template talk:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_Arab_states_and_dynasties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical Arab states and dynasties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lakhmid Kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اللخميون</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Lakhmiyyūn</i></span>), also referred to in Arabic as <b>al-Manādhirah</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المناذرة</span></span>, <small>romanized as:</small> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Manādhira</i></span>) or <b>Banu Lakhm</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بنو لخم</span></span>, <small>romanized as:</small> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Banū Lakhm</i></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Southern Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Al-Hirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hirah">al-Hirah</a> as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Current_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Lakhmid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhmid dynasty">Lakhmid dynasty</a> and were generally but intermittently the allies and clients of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, and participant in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Roman–Persian Wars">Roman–Persian Wars</a>. While the term "Lakhmids" has also been applied to the ruling dynasty, more recent scholarship prefers to refer to the latter as the <b>Naṣrids</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nasrid dynasty authority extended over to their Arab allies in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Al-Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer2017275_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017275-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> deposed and executed <a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_III_ibn_al-Mundhir" title="Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir">Al-Nu'man III</a>, the last Nasrid ruler, his Arab allies in <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> rose in arms and defeated the Sasanians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhi_Qar" title="Battle of Dhi Qar">battle of Dhi Qar</a>, which led to the Sasanians losing their control over Eastern Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer2017275_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017275-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victory at Dhi Qar roused confidence and enthusiasm among the Arabs seen as the beginning of a new era.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Master's thesis are not generally considered reliable sources, see WP:SCHOLARSHIP (October 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_problems_of_Lakhmid_history">Nomenclature and problems of Lakhmid history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and problems of Lakhmid history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature and identity of the Lakhmid Kingdom remains mostly unclear. The ruling Nasrid family emerges with "<a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Adi" title="Amr ibn Adi">Amr</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Lakhm" title="Banu Lakhm">Lakhm</a>", mentioned in the late 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Paikuli_inscription" title="Paikuli inscription">Paikuli inscription</a> among the vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. From this, the term "Lakhmid" has been applied by historians to the Nasrids and their subjects, ruled from al-Hirah. However, as historian Greg Fisher points out, there is "very little information about who made up the people who lived in or around al-Hirah, and there is no reason to suppose that any connection between Nasrid leaders and Lakhm that may have existed in the third century was still present in the sixth, or that the Nasrids ruled over a homogeneous Lakhmid kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation is exacerbated by the fact that the historical sources—mostly <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>—start dealing with the Lakhmids in greater detail only from the late 5th century, as well as by the relative lack of archaeological work at al-Hirah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258–259_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258–259-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg/220px-Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg/330px-Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg/440px-Hira_Ruined_Entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of a building in <a href="/wiki/Al-Hira" title="Al-Hira">al-Hira</a>, the Lakhmids' capital city,</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg/220px-Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg/330px-Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg/440px-Kamal-ud-din_Bihzad_-_Construction_of_the_fort_of_Kharnaq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="4906" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> manuscript from the 15th century describing the constructing of al-Khornaq Castle in al-Hirah.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lakhmid Kingdom was founded and ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Lakhm" title="Banu Lakhm">Banu Lakhm</a> tribe that emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in the second century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The founder of the dynasty was 'Amr, whose son <a href="/wiki/Imru_al-Qays_I_ibn_Amr" title="Imru al-Qays I ibn Amr">Imru' al-Qais I</a> (not to be confused with the poet <a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qais" title="Imru' al-Qais">Imru' al-Qais</a> who lived in the sixth century) is claimed to have converted to Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, there is debate on his religious affinity. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> noted that Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr was not a Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd" title="Irfan Shahîd">Irfan Shahîd</a> noted a possible Christian affiliation, suggesting that Imru'al Qays' Christianity may have been "orthodox, heretical or of the <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean type</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Shahid asserts that the <a href="/wiki/Namara_inscription" title="Namara inscription">funerary inscription</a> of Imru' al Qays ibn 'Amr lacks Christian formulas and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imru' al-Qais dreamt of a unified and independent Arab kingdom and, following that dream, he seized many cities in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. He then formed a large army and developed the Kingdom as a naval power, which consisted of a fleet of ships operating along the <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahraini</a> coast. From this position he attacked the coastal cities of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> - which at that time was in civil war, due to a dispute as to the succession - even raiding the birthplace of the Sasanian kings, <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a>. </p><p>Imru' al-Qais escaped to Bahrain, taking his dream of a unified Arab nation with him, and then to <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> seeking the promised assistance from <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a> which never materialized, so he stayed there until he died. When he died he was entombed at al-Nimarah in the Syrian desert. </p><p>Imru' al-Qais' funerary inscription is written in an extremely difficult type of script. Recently there has been a revival of interest in the inscription, and controversy has arisen over its precise implications. It is now certain that Imru' al-Qais claimed the title "King of all the Arabs" and also claimed in the inscription to have campaigned successfully over the entire north and centre of the peninsula, as far as the border of <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Two years after his death, in the year 330, a revolt took place where Aws ibn Qallam was killed and succeeded by the son of Imru' al-Qais, 'Amr. Thereafter, the Lakhmids' main rivals were the <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a>, who were vassals of the Sasanians' arch-enemy, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Lakhmid Kingdom could have been a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which was nurtured by the Sasanians, as it opposed the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> of the Romans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Lakhmids remained influential throughout the sixth century. Nevertheless, in 602, the last Lakhmid king, <a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_III_ibn_al-Mundhir" title="Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir">al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir</a>, was put to death by the Sasanian emperor <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> because of a false suspicion of treason, and the Lakhmid Kingdom was annexed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Coupled with increasing instability in Persia proper after the downfall of Khosrow in 628, these events heralded the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qadisiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Qadisiyya">Battle of Qadisiyya</a> in 636 and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahîd1995120_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahîd1995120-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19833–4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19833–4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believed that the annexation of the Lakhmid Kingdom was one of the main factors behind the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Sasanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Sasanian Empire">fall of the Sasanian Empire</a> and the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Sasanians were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hira" title="Battle of Hira">Battle of Hira</a> by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(October 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At that point, the city was abandoned and its materials were used to reconstruct <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, its exhausted twin city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah (scholar)">Abu ʿUbaidah</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 824), Khosrow II was angry with the king, al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, for refusing to give him his daughter in marriage, and therefore imprisoned him. Subsequently, Khosrow sent troops to recover the Nu'man family armor, but Hani ibn Mas'ud (Nu'man's friend) refused, and the Arab forces of the Sasanian Empire were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhi_Qar" title="Battle of Dhi Qar">Battle of Dhi Qar</a>, near al-Hirah, the capital of the Lakhmids, in 609.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hira stood just south of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> city of Kufa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lakhmid_dynasty_and_its_descendants">Lakhmid dynasty and its descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lakhmid dynasty and its descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakhmid_rulers">Lakhmid rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lakhmid rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%27Amr_ibn_Adi" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr ibn Adi">'Amr I ibn Adi</a></td> <td>268–295 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qays_ibn_%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr">Imru' al-Qays I ibn 'Amr</a></td> <td>295–328 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%27Amr_II_ibn_Imru%27_al-Qays" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr II ibn Imru' al-Qays">'Amr II ibn Imru' al-Qays</a></td> <td>328–363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aws_ibn_Qallam" title="Aws ibn Qallam">Aws ibn Qallam</a> (non-dynastic)</td> <td>363–368 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imru%27_al-Qays_II_ibn_%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Imru' al-Qays II ibn 'Amr">Imru' al-Qays II ibn 'Amr</a></td> <td>368–390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_I_ibn_Imru%27_al-Qays" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qays">al-Nu'man I ibn Imru' al-Qays</a></td> <td>390–418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_I_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man">al-Mundhir I ibn al-Nu'man</a></td> <td>418–462 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aswad_ibn_al-Mundhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aswad ibn al-Mundhir (page does not exist)">al-Aswad ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>462–490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mundhir_II_ibn_al-Mundhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mundhir II ibn al-Mundhir (page does not exist)">al-Mundhir II ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>490–497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_II_ibn_al-Aswad" title="Al-Nu'man II ibn al-Aswad">al-Nu'man II ibn al-Aswad</a></td> <td>497–503 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27fur_ibn_Alqama" title="Abu Ya'fur ibn Alqama">Abu Ya'fur ibn Alqama</a> (non-dynastic, uncertain)</td> <td>503–505 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_III_ibn_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man">al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man</a></td> <td>503/5–554 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%27Amr_III_ibn_al-Mundhir" class="mw-redirect" title="'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir">'Amr III ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>554–569 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qabus_ibn_al-Mundhir" title="Qabus ibn al-Mundhir">Qabus ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>569–573 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Suhrab (Persian governor)</td> <td>573–574 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Mundhir_IV_ibn_al-Mundhir" title="Al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir">al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>574–580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Nu%27man_III_ibn_al-Mundhir" title="Al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir">al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir</a></td> <td>580–602 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iyas_ibn_Qabisah_al-Ta%27i" title="Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i">Iyas ibn Qabisah al-Ta'i</a> (non-dynastic)<br />with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakhiragan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakhiragan (page does not exist)">Nakhiragan</a> (Persian governor)</td> <td>602–617/618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azadbeh" title="Azadbeh">Azadbeh</a> (Persian governor)<br />followed by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></td> <td>617/618–633 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbadid_dynasty">Abbadid dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abbadid dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abbadid_dynasty" title="Abbadid dynasty">Abbadid dynasty</a>, which ruled the <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville" title="Taifa of Seville">Taifa of Seville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> in the 11th century, was of Lakhmid descent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poets described al-Hira as paradise on earth; an Arab poet described the city's pleasant climate and beauty thus: "One day in al-Hirah is better than a year of treatment". The ruins of al-Hirah are located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a> on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hatra" title="Kingdom of Hatra">Kingdom of Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Amr" title="Zayd ibn Amr">Zayd ibn Amr</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "ḤIRA". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hira"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3</i></a>. pp. 322–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4IRA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.pages=322-323&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2003). "ḤIRA". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hira"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 3</i></a>. pp. 322–323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4IRA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XII%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.pages=322-323&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafażżolī" class="citation web cs1">Tafażżolī, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arabic-ii">"ARABIC LANGUAGE ii. Iranian loanwords – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i>. Encyclopedia Iranica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>Some of the Arab poets of the Lakhmid court, including ʿAdī b. Zayd and Aʿšā, were well versed in Middle Persian and acquainted with Iranian culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ARABIC+LANGUAGE+ii.+Iranian+loanwords+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Tafa%C5%BC%C5%BCol%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farabic-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaalouf2005" class="citation book cs1">Maalouf, Tony (2005). <i>Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line</i>. Kregel Academic. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825493638" title="Special:BookSources/9780825493638"><bdi>9780825493638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs+in+the+Shadow+of+Israel%3A+The+Unfolding+of+God%27s+Prophetic+Plan+for+Ishmael%27s+Line&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780825493638&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lakhmid-dynasty">"Lakhmid dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lakhmid+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FLakhmid-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Ward-PerkinsMichael_Whitby2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bryan Ward-Perkins; Michael Whitby (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=PA692"><i>The Cambridge ancient history</i></a>. Vol. 14: Late antiquity: empire and successors, A.D. 425–600. Cambridge University Press. p. 692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521325912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521325912"><bdi>9780521325912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.pages=692&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521325912&rft.au=Bryan+Ward-Perkins&rft.au=Michael+Whitby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQf8mrHjfZRoC%26pg%3DPA692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher2011">Fisher 2011</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESauer2017275-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer2017275_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESauer2017275_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSauer2017">Sauer 2017</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1913" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Edmond (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30082945">"The Prehistory of Islam"</a>. <i>Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>2</b> (7). Messenger Publications: 204–221. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30082945">30082945</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>The Persians were soon to discover their fatal mistake in not continuing to govern Arabs by Arabs when they sustained a crushing defeat from the nomad army of the Bakr tribes at the battle of Dhu Qar about 610 AD This victory roused the self-consciousness of the Arabs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies%3A+An+Irish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Prehistory+of+Islam&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=204-221&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30082945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30082945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1976" class="citation thesis cs1">Ahmad, Nawawi (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602231222/http://theses.gla.ac.uk/72280/1/10646097.pdf"><i>Arab Unity and Disunity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Master's thesis). University of Glasgow. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/72280/1/10646097.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Despite the small number of troops involved, the decisive victory of the Arabs is seen as the beginning of a new era, since it gave the Arab tribes a new confidence and enthusiasm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Arab+Unity+and+Disunity&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Nawawi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F72280%2F1%2F10646097.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258–259-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher2011258–259_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher2011">Fisher 2011</a>, pp. 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöldeke" class="citation book cs1">Nöldeke, Theodor. <i>Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden</i>. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Perser+und+Araber+zur+Zeit+der+Sasaniden.&rft.pages=47&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6ldeke&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Irfan Shahid. pp. 33–34</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Fourth+Century%2C+Irfan+Shahid.+pp.+33%E2%80%9334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Irfan Shahîd. p. 32. Although Imru' al-Qays was considered christian [...] there is not a single christian formula or symbol in the (Namarah) inscription</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Fourth+Century%2C+Irfan+Shah%C3%AEd.+p.+32.+Although+Imru%27+al-Qays+was+considered+christian+%5B...%5D+there+is+not+a+single+christian+formula+or+symbol+in+the+%28Namarah%29+inscription.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahîd1995120-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahîd1995120_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahîd1995">Shahîd 1995</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth19833–4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth19833–4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1983">Bosworth 1983</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iraq After the Muslim Conquest By <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Morony" title="Michael G. Morony">Michael G. Morony</a>, pg. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu Ja‘far Muhammad ibn Jarir Al-Tabari, <i>Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk</i>, Vol. 1. (Beirut: Dar Sader, 2003 ed.), pp. 286-293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ali ibn Al-Athir, <i>Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh</i> (Beirut: Maktaba al-Asriyya, 2009 ed.), pp. 339-334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoravia2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Soravia, Bruna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/search?s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&search-go=&s.q=ʿAbbādids">"ʿAbbādids (search results)"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbb%C4%81dids%26%2332%3B%28search+results%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Soravia&rft.aufirst=Bruna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fs.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26search-go%3D%26s.q%3D%CA%BFAbb%C4%81dids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakhmid_kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1983). "Iran and the Arabs Before Islam". In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 593–612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20092-X"><bdi>0-521-20092-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+and+the+Arabs+Before+Islam&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+Periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=593-612&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-20092-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKo_RafMSGLkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SdrtpZQphYUC"><i>The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen</i></a>. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4355-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4355-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-4355-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%AB%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+S%C4%81s%C4%81nids%2C+the+Byzantines%2C+the+Lakhmids%2C+and+Yemen&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Near+Eastern+Studies.&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4355-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSdrtpZQphYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Greg (2011). "Kingdoms or Dynasties? Arabs, History, and Identity before Islam". <i>Journal of Late Antiquity</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 245–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjla.2011.0024">10.1353/jla.2011.0024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56136927">56136927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+or+Dynasties%3F+Arabs%2C+History%2C+and+Identity+before+Islam&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-267&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjla.2011.0024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56136927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Martindale" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Martindale">Martindale, John R.</a>, ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-III-A/"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8"><bdi>0-521-20160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%3A+Volume+III%2C+AD+527%E2%80%93641&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-20160-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosopography-later-roman-empire%2FPLRE-III-A%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>History of the kings of Hirah, in <i>The Fields of Gold</i> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Masudi_(ca._896–956)1871" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> (ca. 896–956), Abu al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī (1871) [1861], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesprairiesdor03masuuoft/page/180">"44"</a>, <i>Kitab Muruj adh-Dhahab wa-Ma'adin al-Jawhar (Les Prairies d'or)</i>, vol. III, translated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier_de_Meynard" title="Charles Barbier de Meynard">de Meynard</a>, Charles Barbier; <a href="/wiki/Abel_Pavet_de_Courteille" title="Abel Pavet de Courteille">de Courteille</a>, Pavet, Paris: Imprimerie imperiale, pp. 181–213</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=44&rft.btitle=Kitab+Muruj+adh-Dhahab+wa-Ma%27adin+al-Jawhar+%28Les+Prairies+d%27or%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=181-213&rft.pub=Imprimerie+imperiale&rft.date=1871&rft.aulast=Al-Masudi+%28ca.+896%E2%80%93956%29&rft.aufirst=Abu+al-%E1%B8%A4asan+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+ibn+al-%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesprairiesdor03masuuoft%2Fpage%2F180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothstein1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rothstein, Gustav (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diedynastiederla00rothuoft/"><i>Die Dynastie der Lahmiden in al-Hîra. Ein Versuch zur arabisch-persichen Geschichte zur Zeit der Sasaniden</i></a> [<i>The Dynasty of the Lakhmids at al-Hira. An Essay on Arab–Persian History at the Time of the Sasanids</i>] (in German). Berlin: Reuther & Reichard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Dynastie+der+Lahmiden+in+al-H%C3%AEra.+Ein+Versuch+zur+arabisch-persichen+Geschichte+zur+Zeit+der+Sasaniden&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Reuther+%26+Reichard&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiedynastiederla00rothuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer2017" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Eberhard (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=djRWDwAAQBAJ&q=false"><i>Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia</i></a>. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474401012" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474401012"><bdi>978-1474401012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanian+Persia%3A+Between+Rome+and+the+Steppes+of+Eurasia&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1474401012&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdjRWDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahîd1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd" title="Irfan Shahîd">Shahîd, Irfan</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mvQ8MKpVtqkC"><i>Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century</i></a>. Dumbarton Oaks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884021162" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884021162"><bdi>978-0884021162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Arabs+in+the+Fourth+Century&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0884021162&rft.aulast=Shah%C3%AEd&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmvQ8MKpVtqkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahîd1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahîd, Irfan (1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5979">"al-Nuʿman (III) b. al-Mund̲h̲ir"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>.</i> Volume VIII:<i> Ned–Sam</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Nu%CA%BFman+%28III%29+b.+al-Mund%CC%B2h%CC%B2ir&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Shah%C3%AEd&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_5979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToral-Niehoff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Toral-Niehoff, Isabel (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4695526">"Late Antique Iran and the Arabs: The Case of al-Hira*"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Persianate Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1–2). Brill: 115–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18747167-12341252">10.1163/18747167-12341252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Persianate+Studies&rft.atitle=Late+Antique+Iran+and+the+Arabs%3A+The+Case+of+al-Hira%2A&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=115-126&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18747167-12341252&rft.aulast=Toral-Niehoff&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4695526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrinkub1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Zarrinkoob" title="Abdolhossein Zarrinkoob">Zarrinkub, Abdolhossein</a> (1975). "The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Frye" title="Richard N. Frye">Frye, Richard N.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20093-8"><bdi>0-521-20093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Arab+conquest+of+Iran+and+its+aftermath&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+4%3A+From+the+Arab+Invasion+to+the+Saljuqs&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-521-20093-8&rft.aulast=Zarrinkub&rft.aufirst=Abdolhossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvx9jq_2L3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALakhmid+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118725807">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118725807">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/lahmiler">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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