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id="toc-Power_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steam-powered_wheeled_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam-powered_wheeled_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Steam-powered wheeled vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-powered_wheeled_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_automobiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_automobiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electric automobiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_automobiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_combustion_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_combustion_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internal combustion engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_combustion_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gas_mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Gas mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasoline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasoline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Gasoline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasoline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eras_of_invention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eras_of_invention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eras of invention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eras_of_invention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Eras of invention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eras_of_invention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horseless_carriage_or_veteran_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horseless_carriage_or_veteran_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Horseless carriage or veteran era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horseless_carriage_or_veteran_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass/Edwardian_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass/Edwardian_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brass/Edwardian era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass/Edwardian_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vintage_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vintage_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vintage era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vintage_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-war era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Postwar era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the automobile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تاريخ السيارات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ السيارات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtomobilin_tarixi" title="Avtomobilin tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtomobilin tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="История на автомобила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на автомобила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27autom%C3%B2bil" title="Història de l'automòbil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'automòbil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_des_Automobils" title="Geschichte des Automobils – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte des Automobils" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_automoci%C3%B3n" title="Historia de la automoción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la automoción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27automobile" title="Histoire de l'automobile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'automobile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_do_autom%C3%B3bil" title="Historia do automóbil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia do automóbil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավտոմեքենայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտոմեքենայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="मोटरगाड़ी का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोटरगाड़ी का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27automobile" title="Storia dell'automobile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'automobile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="היסטוריה של המכונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של המכונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobi%C4%BCu_v%C4%93sture" title="Automobiļu vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Automobiļu vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilio_istorija" title="Automobilio istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Automobilio istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Историја на автомобилот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Историја на автомобилот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_auto" title="Geschiedenis van de auto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de auto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilens_historie" title="Bilens historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bilens historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="د موټر تاريخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د موټر تاريخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_samochodu" title="Historia samochodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia samochodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_autom%C3%B3vel" title="História do automóvel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do automóvel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_automobilului" title="Istoria automobilului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria automobilului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="История автомобиля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История автомобиля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_automobilit" title="Historia e automobilit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e automobilit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="History of the automobile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_avtomobila" title="Zgodovina avtomobila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina avtomobila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilens_historia" title="Bilens historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bilens historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomobilin_tarihi" title="Otomobilin tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomobilin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg/220px-Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg/330px-Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg/440px-Ford_Model_T_and_VW_type_11_Luxus%2C_Technisches_Museum_Wien%2C_Juni_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>The Ford Model T (foreground) and Volkswagen Beetle (background) are among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">most mass-produced car models</a> in history.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crude ideas and designs of <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a> can be traced back to ancient and medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker1987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1649, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hautsch" title="Hans Hautsch">Hans Hautsch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> built a clockwork-driven carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker1987_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker1987-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1672, a small-scale <a href="/wiki/Steam-powered" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-powered">steam-powered</a> vehicle was created by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Verbiest_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbiest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a> in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inventors began to branch out at the start of the 19th century, creating the <a href="/wiki/De_Rivaz_engine" title="De Rivaz engine">de Rivaz engine</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an early <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-factoidz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factoidz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)" title="Samuel Brown (engineer)">Samuel Brown</a> later tested the first industrially applied internal combustion engine in 1826. Only two of these were made.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development was hindered in the mid-19th century by a backlash against large vehicles, yet progress continued on some internal combustion engines. The engine evolved as engineers created <a href="/wiki/Two-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-cycle">two-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-cycle">four-cycle</a> combustion engines and began using <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>. The first modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—and the first car in series production appeared in 1886, when <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> developed a gasoline-powered automobile and made several identical copies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, inventor of the high-speed liquid petroleum-fueled engine, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a> formed <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a>. In 1926, the company merged with <a href="/wiki/Benz_%26_Cie." class="mw-redirect" title="Benz & Cie.">Benz & Cie.</a> (founded by Carl Benz in 1883) to form <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Group#History" title="Mercedes-Benz Group">Daimler-Benz</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> automobile brand. </p><p>From 1886, many inventors and entrepreneurs got into the "horseless carriage" business, both in America and Europe, and inventions and innovations rapidly furthered the development and production of automobiles. <a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> in 1897, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash" title="Oldsmobile Curved Dash">Curved Dash Oldsmobile</a> in 1901. Olds pioneered the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> using identical, <a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">interchangeable parts</a>, producing thousands of Oldsmobiles by 1903. Although sources differ, approximately 19,000 Oldsmobiles were built, with the last produced in 1907. Production likely peaked from 1903 through 1905, at up to 5,000 units a year. In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> further revolutionized automobile production by developing and selling its <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> at a relatively modest price. From 1913, introducing an advanced moving assembly line allowed Ford to lower the Model T's price by almost 50%, making it the first mass-affordable automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-History.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_sources">Power sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Power sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early automobile history concentrated on searching for a reliable portable power unit to propel the vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam-powered_wheeled_vehicles">Steam-powered wheeled vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steam-powered wheeled vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles" title="History of steam road vehicles">History of steam road vehicles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers,_Paris_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg/220px-Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg/330px-Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg/440px-Joseph_Cugnot%27s_1770_Fardier_%C3%A0_Vapeur%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers%2C_Paris_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5576" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Cugnot's steam wagon, the second (1771) version</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiest" title="Ferdinand Verbiest">Ferdinand Verbiest</a>, a member of a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit mission in China</a>, built a <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>-powered vehicle around 1672 as a toy for the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>. It was small-scale and could not carry a driver, but it was, perhaps, the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile').<sup id="cite_ref-Verbiest_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbiest-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Setright2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Setright2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles large enough to transport people and cargo were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his <i>fardier à vapeur</i> ("steam <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dray#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:dray">dray</a>"), an experimental steam-driven <a href="/wiki/Artillery_tractor" title="Artillery tractor">artillery tractor</a>, in 1770 and 1771. Cugnot's design proved impractical, and his invention was not developed in his native France. The center of innovation shifted to Great Britain. By 1784, <a href="/wiki/William_Murdoch" title="William Murdoch">William Murdoch</a> had built a working model of a steam carriage in <a href="/wiki/Redruth" title="Redruth">Redruth</a><sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan1958_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan1958-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1801 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Trevithick" title="Richard Trevithick">Richard Trevithick</a> was running a full-sized vehicle on the roads in <a href="/wiki/Camborne" title="Camborne">Camborne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg/170px-Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg/255px-Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg/340px-Trevithick_Road_Loco_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A replica of Richard Trevithick's 1801 road locomotive 'Puffing Devil'</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, attempts were made to introduce steam-powered vehicles. Innovations such as hand brakes, multispeed <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmissions</a>, and better steering developed. Some successful vehicles provided <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> until a backlash against these large vehicles resulted in the passage of legislation such as the UK <a href="/wiki/Locomotives_Act_1865" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotives Act 1865">Locomotives Act 1865</a>, which required many self-propelled vehicles on public roads to be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. This effectively halted road auto development in the United Kingdom for most of the 19th century; inventors and engineers shifted their efforts to improvements in <a href="/wiki/Railway_locomotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway locomotive">railway locomotives</a>. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878. </p><p>In 1816, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Prague" title="Czech Technical University in Prague">Prague Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Bozek" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Bozek">Josef Bozek</a>, built an oil-fired steam car.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hancock" title="Walter Hancock">Walter Hancock</a>, builder and operator of London <a href="/wiki/Steam_bus" title="Steam bus">steam buses</a>, in 1838 built a two-seated car <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">phaeton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1867, Canadian jeweler Henry Seth Taylor demonstrated his four-wheeled "steam buggy" at the Stanstead Fair in <a href="/wiki/Stanstead,_Quebec" title="Stanstead, Quebec">Stanstead, Quebec</a> and again the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-google3436_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3436-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis of the buggy, which he began building in 1865, was a high-wheeled carriage with bracing to support a two-cylinder steam engine mounted on the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Boll%C3%A9e" title="Amédée Bollée">Amédée Bollée</a> built self-propelled steam road vehicles to transport groups of passengers. </p><p>The first automobile suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the United States was a steam-powered vehicle invented in 1871 by Dr. J.W. Carhart, a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in <a href="/wiki/Racine,_Wisconsin" title="Racine, Wisconsin">Racine, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It induced the state of Wisconsin in 1875 to offer a <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$10,000</span> (equivalent to $277,455 in 2023) award to the first to produce a substitute for the use of horses and other animals. They stipulated that the vehicle would have to maintain an average speed of more than 8 km/h (5 mph) over a 320 km (200 mi) course. The offer led to the first city-to-city automobile race in the United States, starting on 16 July 1878 in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>, and ending in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waupun" class="mw-redirect" title="Waupun">Waupun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watertown_(town),_Wisconsin" title="Watertown (town), Wisconsin">Watertown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin" title="Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin">Fort Atkinson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville</a>. While seven vehicles were registered, only two started competing: the Green Bay and Oshkosh entries. The vehicle from Green Bay was faster but broke down before completing the race. The Oshkosh finished the 323 km (201 mi) course in 33 hours and 27 minutes and posted an average speed of 9.7 km/h (6 mph). In 1879, the legislature awarded half the prize.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pre-WWII</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg/220px-1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg/330px-1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg/440px-1924_Doble_Model_E_at_Henry_Ford_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>1924 Doble Model E</figcaption></figure> <p>Steam-powered road vehicles, both cars and wagons, reached the peak of their development in the early 1930s with fast-steaming lightweight boilers and efficient engine designs. Internal combustion engines also developed considerably during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, becoming easier to operate and more reliable. The development of the high-speed diesel engine from 1930 began to replace them for wagons, accelerated in the UK by <a href="/wiki/Steam_wagon#Disappearance" title="Steam wagon">tax changes</a> making steam wagons uneconomic overnight. Although a few designers continued to advocate steam power, no significant developments in the production of steam cars took place after <a href="/wiki/Doble_steam_car" title="Doble steam car">Doble</a> in 1931. </p> <dl><dt>Post-WWII</dt></dl> <p>Whether steam cars will ever be reborn in later technological eras remains to be seen. Magazines such as <i><a href="/wiki/Light_Steam_Power" title="Light Steam Power">Light Steam Power</a></i> continued to describe them into the 1980s. The 1950s saw interest in steam-turbine cars powered by small nuclear reactors<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this was also true of aircraft). Still, the fears about the dangers inherent in nuclear fission technology soon killed these ideas. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_automobiles">Electric automobiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electric automobiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/220px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/330px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg/440px-1888_Flocken_Elektrowagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The German <a href="/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen" title="Flocken Elektrowagen">Flocken Elektrowagen</a> of 1888, perhaps the first electric car in the world<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Roth_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Roth_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle" title="History of the electric vehicle">History of the electric vehicle</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century_2">19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1828, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a>, a Hungarian who invented an early electric motor, constructed a tiny model car powered by his new motor.<sup id="cite_ref-factoidz_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factoidz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1834, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a>, the inventor of the first American <a href="/wiki/DC_electric_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="DC electric motor">DC electric motor</a>, installed his motor in a small model car, which he operated on a short circular electrified track.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a>, the Netherlands and his assistant Christopher Becker created a small-scale electrical car, powered by non-rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Primary_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary cell">primary cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Robert Davidson</a> built an electric locomotive that attained a speed of 6.4 km/h (4 mph). In England, a patent was granted in 1840 for using tracks as conductors of electric current, and similar American patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847. </p><p>Sources point to different creations, such as the first electric car. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(inventor)" title="Robert Anderson (inventor)">Robert Anderson</a> of Scotland invented a crude electric carriage powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. In November 1881, French inventor <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Trouv%C3%A9" title="Gustave Trouvé">Gustave Trouvé</a> demonstrated a working three-wheeled car powered by electricity at the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Electricity" title="International Exposition of Electricity">International Exposition of Electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English inventor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parker_(inventor)" title="Thomas Parker (inventor)">Thomas Parker</a>, who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel <a href="/wiki/Coalite" title="Coalite">coalite</a>, built an electric car in London in 1884, using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some others regard the <a href="/wiki/Flocken_Elektrowagen" title="Flocken Elektrowagen">Flocken Elektrowagen</a> of 1888 by German inventor Andreas Flocken as the first actual electric car.<sup id="cite_ref-Hans_Roth_2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hans_Roth_2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th_century_2">20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric cars enjoyed popularity between the late 19th century and the early 20th century when electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion. Advances in internal combustion technology, especially the electric starter, soon rendered this advantage moot; the greater range of gasoline cars, quicker refueling times, and growing petroleum infrastructure, along with the mass production of gasoline vehicles by companies such as the Ford Motor Company, which reduced prices of gasoline cars to less than half that of equivalent electric cars, led to a decline in the use of electric propulsion, effectively removing it from markets such as the US by the 1930s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increased concerns over the <a href="/wiki/Automobile#Environmental_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">environmental impact of gasoline cars</a>, higher gasoline prices, improvements in battery technology, and the prospect of <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a> have brought about renewed interest in electric cars, which are perceived to be more environmentally friendly and cheaper to maintain and run, despite high initial costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_combustion_engines">Internal combustion engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internal combustion engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gas_mixtures">Gas mixtures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gas mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benz-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Benz-1.jpg/220px-Benz-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Benz-1.jpg/330px-Benz-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Benz-1.jpg/440px-Benz-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>1885-built <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent-Motorwagen</a>, the first modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg/220px-TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg/330px-TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg/440px-TMW_Marcuswagen_links_2018-07-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3334" /></a><figcaption>The second Marcus car of 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>The lack of suitable <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a>, particularly liquids, hampered early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines—therefore, some of the earliest engines used gas mixtures. In 1806, the Swiss engineer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz" title="François Isaac de Rivaz">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> built <a href="/wiki/De_Rivaz_engine" title="De Rivaz engine">an engine</a> powered by internal combustion of a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1826, Englishman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brown_(engineer)" title="Samuel Brown (engineer)">Samuel Brown</a> tested his hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up <a href="/wiki/Shooter%27s_Hill" title="Shooter's Hill">Shooter's Hill</a> in southeast London.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Lenoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Lenoir">Etienne Lenoir</a>'s automobile with a hydrogen-gas-fueled <a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">one-cylinder internal combustion engine</a> made a test drive from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Joinville-le-Pont" title="Joinville-le-Pont">Joinville-le-Pont</a> in 1860, covering some 9 km (5.6 mi) in about three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-H2Mob_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2Mob-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later version was propelled by <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Delamare-Deboutteville" title="Delamare-Deboutteville">Delamare-Deboutteville</a> vehicle was patented and trialed in 1884. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gasoline">Gasoline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gasoline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Langen" title="Eugen Langen">Eugen Langen</a> had built a working engine in 1867. About 1870, in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, inventor <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Marcus" title="Siegfried Marcus">Siegfried Marcus</a> put a liquid-fueled internal combustion engine on a simple handcart which made him the first man to propel a vehicle using gasoline. Today, this is known as "the first Marcus car" but would be better described as a cart. His second car, built and run in 1875 according to some sources, was the first gasoline-driven car and is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Technical_Museum" title="Vienna Technical Museum">Vienna Technical Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the latest research shows that it was not built until 1888/89.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, Marcus secured a German patent for a low-voltage <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition system</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">magneto</a> type; this was his only automotive patent. During his lifetime, he was honored by some as the originator of the motorcar, but the Nazis all but erased his place in history during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Nixon of the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="London Times">London Times</a></i> in 1938 considered Marcus' development of the motor car to have been experimental, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Carl_Benz" title="Carl Benz">Carl Benz</a> who took the concept from experimental to production. Nixon described Marcus' cars as impractical.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benz built his first automobile, the <a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent-Motorwagen" title="Benz Patent-Motorwagen">Benz Patent Motorcar</a>, in 1885 in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>. It is considered the first modern car—a practical, marketable automobile for everyday use—and the first in series production.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a>, his wife, had proved—with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back—that the horseless coach was capable of extended travel. Since 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz_Memorial_Route" title="Bertha Benz Memorial Route">Bertha Benz Memorial Route</a> commemorates this event.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited with inventing the first <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycle</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Lambert" title="John William Lambert">John William Lambert</a> built a three-wheeler in Ohio City, Ohio, which was destroyed in a fire the same year, while <a href="/wiki/America_On_Wheels#Collection_&_exhibits" class="mw-redirect" title="America On Wheels">Henry Nadig</a> constructed a four-wheeler in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>The first four-wheeled gasoline-driven automobile in the United Kingdom was built in <a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bremer" title="Frederick Bremer">Frederick Bremer</a> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was made in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in 1895 by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Lanchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Lanchester">Frederick William Lanchester</a>, who also patented the <a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">disc brake</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">electric starter</a> was installed on an <a href="/wiki/Arnold_(automobile)" title="Arnold (automobile)">Arnold</a>, an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Benz_Velo" title="Benz Velo">Benz Velo</a>, built in Kent between 1895 and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Foote_Foss" title="George Foote Foss">George Foote Foss</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, Quebec, built a single-cylinder gasoline car in 1896, which he drove for four years, ignoring city officials' warnings of arrest for his "mad antics".<sup id="cite_ref-google3436_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3436-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eras_of_invention">Eras of invention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Eras of invention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseless_carriage_or_veteran_era">Horseless carriage or veteran era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Horseless carriage or veteran era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549,160_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png/220px-George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png/330px-George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png/440px-George_B_Selden_Road_engine_Pat_549%2C160_drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>The Selden Road-Engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentFirstCar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PresidentFirstCar.jpg/220px-PresidentFirstCar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PresidentFirstCar.jpg/330px-PresidentFirstCar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PresidentFirstCar.jpg/440px-PresidentFirstCar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident" title="Präsident">Präsident</a> automobile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan1898Panhard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japan1898Panhard.jpg/220px-Japan1898Panhard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japan1898Panhard.jpg/330px-Japan1898Panhard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Japan1898Panhard.jpg/440px-Japan1898Panhard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>The first automobile in Japan, a French <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard-Levassor</a>, in 1898</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat4HP_front1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fiat4HP_front1.jpg/220px-Fiat4HP_front1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fiat4HP_front1.jpg/330px-Fiat4HP_front1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Fiat4HP_front1.jpg/440px-Fiat4HP_front1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1697" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiat_4_HP" title="Fiat 4 HP">Fiat 4 HP</a>, the first car model produced by Italian manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/George_B._Selden" title="George B. Selden">George B. Selden</a> filed for a patent on 8 May 1879. His application included the engine and its use in a four-wheeled car. Selden filed a series of amendments to his application, which stretched out the legal process, resulting in a delay of 16 years before the patent was granted on 5 November 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selden licensed his patent to most major American automakers, collecting a fee on each car they produced and creating the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Licensed_Automobile_Manufacturers" title="Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers">Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers</a>. The Ford Motor Company fought this patent in court,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually won on appeal. Henry Ford testified that the patent did more to hinder than encourage development of autos in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first automobiles were produced by Carl Benz in 1888 in Germany and, under license from Benz, in France by Emile Roger. There were numerous others, including tricycle builders <a href="/wiki/Egg_(car)" title="Egg (car)">Rudolf Egg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(inventor)" title="Edward Butler (inventor)">Edward Butler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Boll%C3%A9e" title="Léon Bollée">Léon Bollée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–23">: 20–23 </span></sup> Bollée, using a 650 cc (40 cu in) engine of his own design, enabled his driver, Jamin, to average 45 km/h (28 mph) in the 1897 Paris-Tourville rally.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> By 1900, <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. </p><p>The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard et Levassor</a> in France, which is also credited for introducing the first four-cylinder engine.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> Formed in 1889, Panhard was followed by <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> two years later. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry began taking off in Western Europe, especially in France, where 30,204 were produced in 1903, representing 48.8 percent of world automobile production that year.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across the northern US, local mechanics experimented with various prototypes. In Iowa, for example, by 1890, Jesse O. Wells drove a steam-powered Locomobile. There were numerous experiments in electric vehicles driven by storage batteries. The first users ordered the early gasoline-powered cars, including Haynes, Mason, and Duesenberg automobiles. Blacksmiths and mechanics started operating repair and gasoline stations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Springfield, Massachusetts, brothers <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duryea" title="Charles Duryea">Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Duryea" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Duryea">Frank Duryea</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon_Company" title="Duryea Motor Wagon Company">Duryea Motor Wagon Company</a> in 1893, becoming the first American automobile manufacturing company. <a href="/wiki/Autocar_Company" title="Autocar Company">The Autocar Company</a>, founded in 1897, established many innovations still in use<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remains the oldest operating motor vehicle manufacturer in the US. However, it was <a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom E. Olds</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Olds_Motor_Vehicle_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Olds Motor Vehicle Company">Olds Motor Vehicle Company</a> (later known as <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a>) who would dominate this era with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Curved_Dash" title="Oldsmobile Curved Dash">Oldsmobile Curved Dash</a>. Its production line was running in 1901. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Jeffery_Company" title="Thomas B. Jeffery Company">Thomas B. Jeffery Company</a> developed the world's second mass-produced automobile, and 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Rambler_(automobile)" title="Rambler (automobile)">Ramblers</a> were built and sold in its first year, representing one-sixth of all existing motorcars in the US at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a year, <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadillac (automobile)">Cadillac</a> (formed from the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Company" title="Henry Ford Company">Henry Ford Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Winton_automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Winton automobile">Winton</a>, and Ford were also producing cars in the thousands. In South Bend, Indiana, the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> brothers, having become the world's leading manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicles</a>, made a transition to electric automobiles in 1902, and gasoline engines in 1904. They continued to build horse-drawn vehicles until 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Longstreet1952_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longstreet1952-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first motor car in Central Europe was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Austria_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(company)" title="Tatra (company)">Tatra</a> in today's Czech Republic) in 1897, the <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident" title="Präsident">Präsident</a> automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(industrialist)" title="Louis Renault (industrialist)">Louis Renault</a> had a <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a> modified, with fixed <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">drive shaft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">differential</a>, making "perhaps the first <a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">hot rod</a> in history" and bringing Renault and his brothers into the car industry.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, <a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">body styles</a>, construction materials, or controls; for example, many <a href="/wiki/Veteran_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Veteran car">veteran cars</a> use a <a href="/wiki/Tiller" title="Tiller">tiller</a>, rather than a wheel for steering. During 1903, Rambler standardized on the steering wheel<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and moved the driver's position to the left-hand side of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chain_drive" title="Chain drive">Chain drive</a> was dominant over the drive shaft, and closed bodies were scarce. <a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brakes</a> were introduced by Renault in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> The next year, Dutch designer <a href="/wiki/Spyker" title="Spyker">Jacobus Spijker</a> built the first <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> racing car;<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons1988_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons1988-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> it never competed. It would be 1965 and the <a href="/wiki/Jensen_FF" title="Jensen FF">Jensen FF</a> before four-wheel drive was used on a production car.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons1988_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons1988-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> </p><p>On 22 July 1894 <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Rouen_(motor_race)" title="Paris–Rouen (motor race)">Paris–Rouen motor race</a>, which is sometimes described as the world's first competitive motor race, took place. </p><p>Within a few years, hundreds of producers across the Western world were using many <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">technologies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electricity</a>, and gasoline-powered automobiles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance by the 1910s. Dual- and even quad-engine cars were designed, and <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">engine displacement</a> ranged to more than 12 L (730 cu in). Many modern advances, including <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">gas/electric hybrids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-valve" title="Multi-valve">multi-valve</a> engines, <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">overhead camshafts</a>, and four-wheel drive, were attempted and discarded at this time. </p><p>Innovation was not limited to the vehicles themselves. Increasing numbers of cars propelled the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60–61">: 60–61 </span></sup> as well as the development of technology to produce gasoline (replacing <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_oil" title="Coal oil">coal oil</a>) and of improvements in heat-tolerant <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> lubricants (replacing vegetable and animal oils).<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>There were social effects, also. Music would be made about cars, such as "In My Merry Oldsmobile" (a tradition that continues in several genres). At the same time, in 1896, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> would be the first presidential candidate to campaign in a car (a donated Mueller), in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1988_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> Three years later, Jacob German would start a tradition for New York City <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">cabdrivers</a> when he sped down <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Avenue (Manhattan)">Lexington Avenue</a>, at the "reckless" speed of 19 km/h (12 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1988_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> Also in 1899, <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a>, adopted the first self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Police_van" title="Police van">paddy wagon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis1988_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1988-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1900, the early centers of national automotive industry developed in many countries, including Belgium (home to Vincke, that copied Benz; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germain_(carmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germain (carmaker) (page does not exist)">Germain</a>, a pseudo-Panhard; and <a href="/wiki/Linon" class="mw-redirect" title="Linon">Linon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabrique_d%27armes_%C3%89mile_et_L%C3%A9on_Nagant" title="Fabrique d'armes Émile et Léon Nagant">Nagant</a>, both based on the <a href="/wiki/Gobron-Brilli%C3%A9" title="Gobron-Brillié">Gobron-Brillié</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Switzerland (led by <a href="/wiki/Henriod" title="Henriod">Fritz Henriod</a>, Rudolf Egg, <a href="/wiki/Saurer" title="Saurer">Saurer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weber" title="Johann Weber">Johann Weber</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_Popp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenz Popp (page does not exist)">Lorenz Popp</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vabis" title="Vabis">Vagnfabrik AB</a> in Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Hammel_(automobile)" title="Hammel (automobile)">Hammel</a> (by A. F. Hammel and H. U. Johansen at Copenhagen, in Denmark, which only built one car, ca. 1886<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Henningsen_Irgens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Henningsen Irgens (page does not exist)">Irgens</a> (starting in Bergen, Norway, in 1883, but without success),<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25–26">: 25–26 </span></sup> Italy (where <a href="/wiki/FIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FIAT">FIAT</a> started in 1899), and as far afield as Australia (where <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_(Australian_automobile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer (Australian automobile) (page does not exist)">Pioneer</a> set up shop in 1898, with an already archaic <a href="/wiki/Tractor_vaporising_oil" title="Tractor vaporising oil">paraffin</a>-fueled center-pivot-steered wagon).<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the export trade had begun, with Koch exporting cars and trucks from Paris to Tunisia, Egypt, Iran, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Motor cars were also exported to British colonies. For example, the first was shipped to India in 1897. </p><p>Throughout the veteran car era, the automobile was seen more as a novelty than a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for traveling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. Significant breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Benz" title="Bertha Benz">Bertha Benz</a> in 1888, when she traveled more than 80 km (50 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pforzheim" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a>, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured, and after <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson_Jackson" title="Horatio Nelson Jackson">Horatio Nelson Jackson</a>'s successful transcontinental drive across the US in 1903 on a Winton car. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass/Edwardian_era"><span id="Brass.2FEdwardian_era"></span>Brass/Edwardian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brass/Edwardian era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brass_Era_car" title="Brass Era car">Brass Era car</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg/220px-Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg/330px-Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg/440px-Stanley_Woggle-Bug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Steamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Steamer">Stanley Steamer</a> racecar in 1903. In 1906, a similar Stanley Rocket set the world land speed record at 205.5 km/h (127.7 mph) at Daytona Beach Road Course.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg/220px-TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg/330px-TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg/440px-TModel_launch_Geelong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption>Model-T Ford car parked near the <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Geelong Art Gallery">Geelong Art Gallery</a> at its launch in Australia in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brass or Edwardian period lasted from roughly 1905 through 1914 and the beginning of World War I. It is generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a>, but in the United States, it is often known as the <a href="/wiki/Brass_era_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Brass era car">Brass era</a> from the widespread use of brass in vehicles during this time. </p><p>Within the 15 years that make up this era, the various experimental designs and alternate power systems would be marginalized. Although the modern <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring car</a> had been invented earlier, it was not until <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard et Levassor</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_Panhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Système Panhard">Système Panhard</a></i> was widely licensed and adopted that recognizable and standardized automobiles were created. This system specified <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">front-engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> internal combustion-engine cars with a sliding <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">gear transmission</a>. Traditional coach-style vehicles were rapidly abandoned, and buckboard runabouts lost favor with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">tonneaus</a> and other less-expensive touring bodies. </p><p>By 1906, steam car development had advanced, and they were among the fastest road vehicles in that period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout this era, the development of <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive technology</a> was rapid, partly due to hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included the electric <a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">ignition system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a>, and four-wheel brakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf springs</a> were widely used for <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a>, though many other systems were still in use, with angle steel taking over from armored wood as the <a href="/wiki/Frame_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (vehicle)">frame</a> material of choice. <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">Transmissions</a> and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds. However, vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. Safety glass also debuted and was patented by John Crewe Wood in England in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> (It would not become standard equipment until 1926, on a <a href="/wiki/Rickenbacker_(car)" title="Rickenbacker (car)">Rickenbacker</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> </p><p>Between 1907 and 1912 in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/High_wheeler" title="High wheeler">high-wheel motor buggy</a> (resembling the horse buggy of before 1900) was in its heyday, with over 75 makers including <a href="/wiki/Holsman_Automobile_Company" title="Holsman Automobile Company">Holsman</a> (Chicago), <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester" title="International Harvester">IHC</a> (Chicago), and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Motor_Car_Works" title="Lincoln Motor Car Works">Sears</a> (which sold <i>via</i> catalog); the high-wheeler would be killed by the Model T.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Hupmobile" title="Hupmobile">Hupp</a> (in the US, supplied by Hale & Irwin) and <a href="/wiki/BSA_cars" title="BSA cars">BSA</a> (in the UK) pioneered the use of all-steel bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> joined in 1914 by <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> (who produced Model T bodies).<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> While it would be another two decades before all-steel bodies would be standard, the change would mean improved supplies of superior-quality wood for furniture makers.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1908_New_York_to_Paris_Race" title="1908 New York to Paris Race">1908 New York to Paris Race</a> was the world's first circumnavigation by automobile. German, French, Italian, and American teams began in New York City on 12 February 1908, with three competitors ultimately reaching Paris. The US-built Thomas Flyer with <a href="/wiki/George_Schuster_(driver)" title="George Schuster (driver)">George Schuster (driver)</a> won the race covering 35,000 km (22,000 mi) in 169 days. Also in 1908, the first South American automobile was built in Peru, the <i><a href="/wiki/Grieve" title="Grieve">Grieve</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peru_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peru-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, Rambler became the first car company to equip its cars with a <a href="/wiki/Spare_tire" title="Spare tire">spare tire</a> that was mounted on a fifth wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of cars of the period included:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for this list (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1907 Takuri—the first entirely Japanese-made gasoline engine car produced by Komanosuke Uchiyama in April 1907. Also, in Japan, the Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. is formed, which was later renamed in 1951 as <a href="/wiki/Daihatsu" title="Daihatsu">Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha</a>.</li> <li>1908–1927 Ford Model T—the era's most widely produced and available four-seater car. It used a <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary transmission</a> and had a pedal-based control system. Ford T was proclaimed the most influential car of the 20th century in the international <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the Century</a> awards.</li> <li>1909 Hudson Model 20—named after its rated power output and sold on its first market for <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$900</span> (equivalent to $30,520 in 2023).</li> <li>1909 Morgan Runabout—a popular <a href="/wiki/Cyclecar" title="Cyclecar">cyclecar</a>, cyclecars were sold in greater quantities than four-seater cars in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1910 <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Raceabout" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercer Raceabout">Mercer Raceabout</a>—regarded as one of the first sports cars, the Raceabout expressed the exuberance of the driving public, as did the similarly conceived <a href="/wiki/American_Underslung" title="American Underslung">American Underslung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_Alphonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Suiza Alphonso">Hispano-Suiza Alphonso</a>.</li> <li>1910–1920 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_13" title="Bugatti Type 13">Bugatti Type 13</a>—a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.</li> <li>1914–1917 Dattogo—a two-cylinder, 10 hp (7,500 W) "all-Japanese" car manufactured in seven units by the Kaishinsha Motor Works operated by Masujiro Hashimoto in Tokyo, while importing, assembling, and selling British cars. Kaishinsha was the first automobile manufacturing business in Japan.</li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Model_A" title="Mitsubishi Model A">Mitsubishi Model A</a>—an all hand-built car built by Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> in limited numbers for Japanese executives.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vintage_era">Vintage era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vintage era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique car</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cars_in_the_1920s" title="Cars in the 1920s">Cars in the 1920s</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg/220px-Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg/330px-Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg/440px-Bugatti_Typ_35C_Grand_Prix_Racer_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>1926 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_35" title="Bugatti Type 35">Bugatti Type 35</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg/220px-1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg/330px-1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg/440px-1929_Austin_7_-_Flickr_-_111_Emergency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>1929 <a href="/wiki/Austin_7" title="Austin 7">Austin Seven</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg/220px-Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg/330px-Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg/440px-Alfa_Romeo_Super_Sport_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>1929 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_6C" title="Alfa Romeo 6C">Alfa Romeo 6C</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The vintage era lasted from the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1918) until the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash</a> at the end of 1929. During this period, the front-engine car layout dominated, with closed bodies and standardized controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90 percent of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90 percent were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano1985_15-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano1985-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with <a href="/wiki/Multivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Multivalve">multivalve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">overhead camshaft</a> engines produced at the high end, and <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a>, <a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/V16_engine" title="V16 engine">V16 engines</a> conceived for the ultrarich. Also in 1919, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulic brakes</a> were invented by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Loughead" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Loughead">Malcolm Loughead</a> (cofounder of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>); they were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Duesenberg" title="Duesenberg">Duesenberg</a> for their 1921 Model A.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> Three years later, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermann_Rieseler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermann Rieseler (page does not exist)">Hermann Rieseler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(motor_vehicles)" title="Vulcan (motor vehicles)">Vulcan Motor</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a>, which had two-speed <a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">planetary</a> gearbox, <a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">torque converter</a>, and lockup <a href="/wiki/Clutch" title="Clutch">clutch</a>; it never entered production.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> (It would only become an available option in 1940.)<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> Just at the end of the vintage era, <a href="/wiki/Toughened_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Toughened glass">tempered glass</a> (now standard equipment in side windows) was invented in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> In this era, the <a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">pontoon design</a> of cars without fully articulated <a href="/wiki/Fender_(vehicle)" title="Fender (vehicle)">fenders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Running_board" title="Running board">running boards</a>, and other non-compact ledge elements were introduced in small series. Still, mass production of cars with these features began after World War II. </p><p>American auto companies in the 1920s expected they would soon sell six million cars a year but did not do so until 1955. Numerous companies disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-woutat19850106_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woutat19850106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1922 and 1925, the number of US passenger car builders decreased from 175 to 70. H. A. Tarantous, managing editor of "MoToR Member Society of Automotive Engineers", in a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article from 1925, suggested many were unable to raise production and cope with falling prices (due to assembly line production), especially for low-priced cars. The new <a href="/wiki/Pyroxylin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroxylin">pyroxylin</a>-based paints, eight-cylinder engines, four-wheel brakes, and balloon tires were the biggest trends for 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of period vehicles:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for this list (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1922–1939 <a href="/wiki/Austin_7" title="Austin 7">Austin 7</a>—a widely copied vehicle serving as a template for many cars such as <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>.</li> <li>1922–1931 <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Lambda" title="Lancia Lambda">Lancia Lambda</a>—an advanced car for the time, was the first to feature a load-bearing <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent front suspension</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1924–1929 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_35" title="Bugatti Type 35">Bugatti Type 35</a>—one of the most successful racing cars with over 1,000 victories in five years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1925–1928 <a href="/wiki/Hanomag_2/10_PS" title="Hanomag 2/10 PS">Hanomag 2/10 PS</a>—early example of <a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">pontoon styling</a>.</li> <li>1927–1931 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_A_(1927%E2%80%931931)" title="Ford Model A (1927–1931)">Ford Model A (1927–1931)</a>—after keeping the brass-era Model T in production for too long, Ford broke from the past by restarting its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than four million were produced, making it the bestselling model of the era. The Ford Model A was a prototype for beginning Soviet mass car production (GAZ A).</li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_V-16" title="Cadillac V-16">Cadillac V-16</a>—developed at the height of the vintage era, the <a href="/wiki/V16_engine" title="V16 engine">V16</a>-powered Cadillac would join <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Royale" title="Bugatti Royale">Bugatti's Royale</a> as a legendary ultraluxury car of the era.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-war_era">Pre-war era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pre-war era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg/220px-1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg/330px-1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg/440px-1929_Isotta_Fraschini_8A_Commodore_IMG_7260.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isotta_Fraschini_Tipo_8A" title="Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A">Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8A</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg/220px-RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg/330px-RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg/440px-RollsRoycePhantomCirca1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_III" title="Rolls-Royce Phantom III">Rolls-Royce Phantom III</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg/220px-VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg/330px-VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg/440px-VolkswagenBeetle-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic car</a></div> <p>The pre-war part of the classic era began with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed during 1946. It was in this period that integrated fenders and fully-closed bodies began to dominate sales, with the new <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">saloon/sedan</a> body style even incorporating a trunk or boot at the rear for storage. The old open-top <a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">runabouts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">phaetons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring cars</a> were largely phased out by the end of the classic era as wings, running boards, and headlights were gradually integrated with the body of the car. </p><p>By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented, although some ideas were later "re-invented" and credited to others. For example, <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> was re-introduced by André <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant"><i>Traction Avant</i></a> in 1934. However, cars with front-wheel drive were made several years earlier in road cars produced by <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Car_and_Engineering_Company_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvis Car and Engineering Company Ltd">Alvis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cord_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord Automobile">Cord</a> as well as in racing cars by Miller (and may have appeared as early as 1897). In the same vein, the independent suspension was initially developed by <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Boll%C3%A9e" title="Amédée Bollée">Amédée Bollée</a> in 1873, but not put in production until the low-volume <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_380_(1933)" title="Mercedes-Benz 380 (1933)">Mercedes-Benz 380</a> in 1933, and later by other automakers using the design.<sup id="cite_ref-Csere1988_51-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> In 1930, the number of <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">auto manufacturers</a> declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured, thanks in part to the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. </p><p>Examples of pre-war automobiles:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for this list (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1932–1939 <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Speed_20" title="Alvis Speed 20">Alvis Speed 20</a>—the first with all-<a href="/wiki/Synchromesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchromesh">synchromesh gearbox</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1932–1948 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_B_(1932)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Model B (1932)">Ford V-8 (Model B)</a>—introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Flathead_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Flathead engine">flathead V8</a> in mainstream vehicles</li> <li>1934–1938 <a href="/wiki/Tatra_77" title="Tatra 77">Tatra 77</a>—first serial-produced car with an aerodynamical design</li> <li>1934–1940 <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_57" title="Bugatti Type 57">Bugatti Type 57</a>—a refined automobile for the wealthy</li> <li>1934–1956 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a>—first mass-produced front-wheel drive car, built with <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> chassis</li> <li>1936–1955 <a href="/wiki/MG_T-type" title="MG T-type">MG T series</a>—sports cars</li> <li>1938–2003 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>—a design that was produced for over 60 years with over 20 million units assembled in several countries</li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Phantom_III" title="Rolls-Royce Phantom III">Rolls-Royce Phantom III</a>—<a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12 engine</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_era">Postwar era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Postwar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti,_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg/220px-GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg/330px-GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg/440px-GAZ-M-20_%22Pobeda%22_on_CMSh_in_Lahti%2C_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1474" /></a><figcaption>1946 <a href="/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda" title="GAZ-M20 Pobeda">GAZ-M20 Pobeda</a>, one of the first mass-produced cars with pontoon design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/220px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/330px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg/440px-Plymouth_Station_Wagon_1954_two-door.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>1954 <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Savoy" title="Plymouth Savoy">Plymouth Savoy</a> Station Wagon, one of the first US all-metal <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagons</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg/220px-1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg/330px-1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg/440px-1958_Lancia_Appia_fr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2452" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>1958 <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Appia" title="Lancia Appia">Lancia Appia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_(621_AOK).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg/220px-Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg/330px-Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg/440px-Morris_Mini-Minor_1959_%28621_AOK%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>1959 Morris Mini-Minor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_(2011-05-12)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/220px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/330px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg/440px-1973_Citro%C3%ABn_D_Sp%C3%A9cial_sedan_%282011-05-12%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2038" /></a><figcaption>1974 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg/220px-Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg/330px-Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg/440px-Gurgel_Supermini_BR-SL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1451" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gurgel_Supermini" title="Gurgel Supermini">Gurgel Supermini</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic car</a></div> <p>A significant change in automobile design since World War II was the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Ponton_(car)" title="Ponton (car)">pontoon</a> style, in which running boards were eliminated and fenders were incorporated into the body. Among the first representatives of the style were the Soviet <a href="/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda" title="GAZ-M20 Pobeda">GAZ-M20 Pobeda</a> (1946), British <a href="/wiki/Standard_Vanguard" title="Standard Vanguard">Standard Vanguard</a> (1947), US <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Champion" title="Studebaker Champion">Studebaker Champion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frazer_(automobile)" title="Frazer (automobile)">Kaiser</a> (1946), as well as the Czech <a href="/wiki/Tatra_600" title="Tatra 600">Tatra T600 Tatraplan</a> (1946) and the Italian <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia" title="Cisitalia">Cisitalia 220</a> sports car (1947). </p><p>Automobile design and production finally emerged from the military orientation and the shadow of war in 1949, the year <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">high-compression</a> <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engines</a> and modern bodies from <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile" title="Oldsmobile">Oldsmobile</a> and Cadillac brands were introduced. <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company" title="Hudson Motor Car Company">Hudson</a> presented the "step-down" design with the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Commodore" title="Hudson Commodore">Commodore</a>, which placed the passenger compartment down inside the perimeter of the frame, that was one of the first new-design postwar cars made, and it featured trend-setting slab-side styling.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unibody</a>/<a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">strut-suspended</a> 1951 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Consul" title="Ford Consul">Ford Consul</a> joined the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Morris_Minor" title="Morris Minor">Morris Minor</a> and 1949 <a href="/wiki/Rover_P4" title="Rover P4">Rover P4</a> in the automobile market in the UK. In Italy, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a> was beginning his <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_250" title="Ferrari 250">250 series</a>, just as <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> introduced the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/V6_engine" title="V6 engine">V6</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Aurelia" title="Lancia Aurelia">Aurelia</a>. </p><p>Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, designs became more integrated and artful, and automobiles were marketed internationally. <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiat_500" title="Fiat 500">Fiat's 500</a> diminutive cars were introduced in Europe, while the similar <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">kei car</a> class became popular in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> continued production after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and began exports to other nations, including the US. At the same time, Nash introduced the <a href="/wiki/Nash_Rambler" title="Nash Rambler">Nash Rambler</a>, the first successful modern <a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">compact car</a> made in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the standard models produced by the "Big Three" domestic automakers grew larger, featuring increasing amounts of chrome trim, and luxury as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado" title="Cadillac Eldorado">Cadillac Eldorado Brougham</a>. The markets in Europe expanded with new small-sized automobiles, as well as expensive <a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">grand tourers</a> (GT), like the <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_America" title="Ferrari America">Ferrari America</a>. </p><p>The market changed in the 1960s, as the US "Big Three" automakers began facing competition from imported cars, European makers adopted advanced technologies, and Japan emerged as a car-producing nation. Japanese companies began to export some of their more popular cars in Japan internationally, such as the <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corona" title="Toyota Corona">Toyota Corona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Sunny" title="Nissan Sunny">Nissan Sunny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Bluebird" title="Nissan Bluebird">Nissan Bluebird</a> in the mid-1960s. The success of <a href="/wiki/American_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="American Motors">American Motors</a>'s compact-sized <a href="/wiki/Rambler_(automobile)" title="Rambler (automobile)">Rambler</a> models spurred GM and Ford to introduce their own downsized cars in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performance engines became a focus of marketing by US automakers, exemplified by the era's <a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">muscle cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> developed a new market segment, the <a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">pony car</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New models to compete with the Mustang included the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro" title="Chevrolet Camaro">Chevrolet Camaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMC_Javelin" title="AMC Javelin">AMC Javelin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Barracuda" title="Plymouth Barracuda">Plymouth Barracuda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Captive_import" title="Captive import">Captive imports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badge_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Badge engineering">badge engineering</a> increased in the US and the UK as <a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(business)" title="Consolidation (business)">amalgamated</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a> consolidated the market. BMC's space-saving and trend-setting <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transverse engine</a>, front-wheel-drive, <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a> and monocoque bodied Mini, which first appeared in 1959, was marketed under the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Motors" title="Morris Motors">Morris</a> names, until Mini became a <a href="/wiki/Marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marque">marque</a> in its own right in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedgwick1986_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedgwick1986-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competition increased, with <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a>, a pioneering automaker, shutting down. The trend for consolidation reached Italy, where niche makers like <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> were acquired by larger companies. By the decade's end, the number of automobile marques had been greatly reduced. </p><p>Technology developments included the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspensions</a>, wider application of <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">fuel injection</a>, and an increasing focus on safety in automotive design. Innovations during the 1960s included <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a>. Of these, only the last endured, pioneered by General Motors, and adopted by <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a>, later seeing mass-market use during the 1980s by <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mazda" title="Mazda">Mazda</a> continued developing its <a href="/wiki/Mazda_Wankel_engine" title="Mazda Wankel engine">Wankel</a> engine despite problems in longevity, emissions, and fuel economy. Other Wankel licensees, including Mercedes-Benz and GM, never produced their designs because of engineering and manufacturing problems and the need for greater fuel economy after the 1973 oil crisis. </p><p>The 1970s were turbulent years for automakers and buyers, with prominent events reshaping the industry, such as the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, stricter <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">automobile emissions control</a> and safety requirements, increasing exports by the Japanese and European automakers, as well as growth in inflation and the stagnant economic conditions in many nations. Smaller-sized cars grew in popularity. During the <a href="/wiki/Malaise_era" title="Malaise era">Malaise era</a>, the US saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">subcompact</a> segment with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/AMC_Gremlin" title="AMC Gremlin">AMC Gremlin</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Vega" title="Chevrolet Vega">Chevrolet Vega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ford_Pinto" title="Ford Pinto">Ford Pinto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon</a> (estate, break, kombi, universal) body design was popular, as well as increasing sales of noncommercial <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> <a href="/wiki/Off-road_vehicle" title="Off-road vehicle">off-road vehicles</a>. </p><p>Toward the end of the 20th century, the US <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a> (GM, Ford, and Chrysler) partially lost their leading position. Japan became a leader in car production for a time, and cars began to be mass manufactured in new Asian, East European, and other countries. </p><p>Examples of postwar cars: </p> <ul><li>1946–1958 <a href="/wiki/GAZ-M20_Pobeda" title="GAZ-M20 Pobeda">GAZ-M20 Pobeda</a>—Soviet car with full pontoon design</li> <li>1947–1958 <a href="/wiki/Standard_Vanguard" title="Standard Vanguard">Standard Vanguard</a>—British mass-market car with a complete pontoon design</li> <li>1948–1971 <a href="/wiki/Morris_Minor" title="Morris Minor">Morris Minor</a>—an early postwar car exported around the world</li> <li>1953–1971 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Bel_Air" title="Chevrolet Bel Air">Chevrolet Bel Air</a> and 1953–2002 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Eldorado_Brougham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadillac Eldorado Brougham">Cadillac Eldorado Brougham</a>—first generations were representative of <a href="/wiki/Car_tailfin" title="Car tailfin">tailfin</a> design</li> <li>1955–1976 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>—aerodynamic design and innovative technology, awarded third place as <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the 20th Century</a></li> <li>1959–2000 <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>—a radical and innovative small car that was manufactured for four decades; awarded second place as <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the 20th Century</a></li> <li>1960-1990 <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Volkswagen Brasília">Volkswagen Brasília</a></li> <li>1961–1975 <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_E-Type" title="Jaguar E-Type">Jaguar E-Type</a>—a classic sports car design</li> <li>1963–1989 <a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">Porsche 911</a>—a sports car was awarded fifth place as <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Century" title="Car of the Century">Car of the 20th Century</a></li> <li>1964–present <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">pony car</a> that became one of the bestselling cars of the era</li> <li>1966–end of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Fiat_124" title="Fiat 124">Fiat 124</a>—an Italian car that was produced under license in many other countries including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li>1966–1971 <a href="/wiki/Subaru_1000" title="Subaru 1000">Subaru 1000</a>—one of the first Japanese built sedans using a <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Front_wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Front wheel drive">front wheel drive</a> and introducing the "<a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">double offset joint</a>" driveshaft to the front wheels</li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/NSU_Ro_80" title="NSU Ro 80">NSU Ro 80</a>—the basic wedge profile of this design was emulated in subsequent decades,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike its Wankel engine</li> <li>late 1960s–early 1980s <a href="/wiki/Gurgel_BR-800" title="Gurgel BR-800">Gurgel BR-800</a></li> <li>late 1960s–early 1980s <a href="/wiki/Gurgel_Supermini" title="Gurgel Supermini">Gurgel Supermini</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_S30" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan S30">Nissan S30</a>—Japanese sports car<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1977–present <a href="/wiki/Lada_Niva" title="Lada Niva">Lada Niva</a>—the first mass-produced full-time all-wheel drive car</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_automobile" title="Special:EditPage/History of the automobile">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Toyota_Corolla_(MZEA12R)_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_(2018-11-02)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/220px-2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/330px-2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg/440px-2018_Toyota_Corolla_%28MZEA12R%29_Ascent_Sport_hatchback_%282018-11-02%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a> is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">bestselling</a> nameplate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/220px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/330px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg/440px-Tesla_Model_Y_1X7A6211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5481" data-file-height="2965" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_Y" title="Tesla Model Y">Tesla Model Y</a> electric car, the world's best-selling car in the first and second quarters of 2023.</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern era is normally defined as the 40 years preceding the current year.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern era has been one of increasing <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile platform">platform sharing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>—to reduce costs and development time—and of increasing use of electronics for both engine management and entertainment systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some contemporary developments are the proliferation of front- and <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a>, the adoption of the diesel engine, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. Most modern passenger cars are front-wheel-drive monocoque or unibody designs with transversely mounted engines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a>, sedan, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">sport utility vehicle</a>, dominate today's market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All initially emphasized practicality, but have mutated into today's high-powered luxury <a href="/wiki/Crossover_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover SUV">crossover SUV</a>, sports wagon, and two-volume <a href="/wiki/Large_MPV" class="mw-redirect" title="Large MPV">Large MPV</a>. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">pickup trucks</a> in the US and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring, with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world's automobile market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was also the introduction of the MPV class (smaller noncommercial passenger <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivans</a>), among the first of which were the French <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_S_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler S platform">Chrysler minivan</a> versions in the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The modern era has also rapidly improved <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">fuel efficiency</a> and engine output. The <a href="/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile emissions control">automobile emissions</a> concerns have been eased with computerized <a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">engine management systems</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> cut almost a third of light vehicle sales from Chrysler, Toyota, Ford, and Nissan. It also subtracted about a fourth of Honda's sales and a seventh of sales from General Motors.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2009, China has become the world's largest car manufacturer, producing more than Japan, the US, and Europe. Besides the increasing car production in Asia and other countries, there has been growth in transnational corporate groups, with the production of transnational automobiles sharing the same platforms and badge engineering or rebadging to suit different markets and consumer segments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 2010's, electric cars began to become available for the average consumer, and became increasingly popular in the 2020's. Some countries such as Norway and Iceland quickly replaced gasoline cars with EVs, and the charging networks in much of Europe, North America, and China rapidly expanded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the end of the 20th century, several award competitions for cars and trucks have become widely known, such as <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_of_the_Year_Japan" title="Car of the Year Japan">Car of the Year Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Car_of_the_Year" title="North American Car of the Year">North American Car of the Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Car_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="World Car of the Year">World Car of the Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck of the Year">Truck of the Year</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Car_of_the_Year" title="International Car of the Year">International Car of the Year</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of modern cars:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable source needed for this list (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>1966–1992 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado" title="Oldsmobile Toronado">Oldsmobile Toronado</a>—First modern-era American car with front-wheel drive as well as introduced electronic <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">antilock braking system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">airbag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972–present <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class">Mercedes-Benz S-Class</a>—<a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a> pretensioner, and electronic <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control system</a></li> <li>1975–present <a href="/wiki/BMW_3_Series" title="BMW 3 Series">BMW 3 Series</a>—the 3 Series has been on <i>Car and Driver</i> magazine's annual Ten Best list 17 times</li> <li>1977–present <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord</a> saloon/sedan—a Japanese sedan that became popular in the US</li> <li>1983–present <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Caravan" title="Dodge Caravan">Chrysler minivans</a>—the two-box <a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">minivan</a> design nearly pushed the <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagon</a> out of the market</li> <li>1984–present <a href="/wiki/Renault_Espace" title="Renault Espace">Renault Espace</a>—first mass one-volume car of noncommercial MPV class</li> <li>1986–2019 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">midsized</a> front-wheel drive sedan that dominated the US market in the late 1980s</li> <li>1997–present <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Prius" title="Toyota Prius">Toyota Prius</a>—launched in the Japanese market and became a popular <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid electric vehicle</a> in many markets.<sup id="cite_ref-TMC7mi_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMC7mi-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998–present <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus" title="Ford Focus">Ford Focus</a>—a popular <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchbacks</a> and Ford's bestselling <a href="/wiki/World_car" title="World car">world car</a></li> <li>2008–2012 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)" title="Tesla Roadster (first generation)">Tesla Roadster</a>—first highway-capable all-electric vehicle in <a href="/wiki/Serial_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial production">serial production</a> for sale in the US in the modern era. It sold about 2,500 units worldwide.</li> <li>2008–2013 <a href="/wiki/BYD_F3DM" title="BYD F3DM">BYD F3DM</a>—first highway-capable <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a> <a href="/wiki/Plugin_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plugin hybrid">plugin hybrid</a>, launched in China in December 2008, sold over 2,300 units.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009–present, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">Mitsubishi i-MiEV</a>—first highway-capable series production <a href="/wiki/All-electric_car" class="mw-redirect" title="All-electric car">all-electric car</a>, launched in Japan in July 2009 for fleet customers and in April 2010 for retail customers. Rebadged versions of the i-MiEV are sold in Europe by <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> (PSA) as the Peugeot iOn and Citroën C-Zero.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010–present, <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Leaf" title="Nissan Leaf">Nissan Leaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Volt" title="Chevrolet Volt">Chevrolet Volt</a>—all-electric car and plugin hybrid correspondingly, launched in December 2010, are the world's top-selling <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> vehicles of their kind.<sup id="cite_ref-Global1mi_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global1mi-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, global Volt sales totaled over 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-TopPEVs112015_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopPEVs112015-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nissan Leaf global sales achieved the 300,000 unit milestone in January 2018, making the Leaf the world's all-time bestselling highway-capable electric car in history.<sup id="cite_ref-Leaf300k_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaf300k-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2012–present, <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Model_S" title="Tesla Model S">Tesla Model S</a>—Plugin electric vehicle was ranked the world's bestselling plugin electric vehicle in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also named car of the century by <i><a href="/wiki/Car_and_Driver" title="Car and Driver">Car and Driver</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/32px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/48px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg/64px-Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="219" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Cars portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a> – current production and companies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">Motorcycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycles_of_the_1890s" title="List of motorcycles of the 1890s">List of motorcycles of the 1890s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_North_American_automobiles" title="Timeline of North American automobiles">Timeline of North American automobiles</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Beginnings</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Benz Patent Motorwagen">Benz Patent Motorwagen</a> ("patent motorcar"; 1885), a three-wheel vehicle widely regarded as the world's first production automobile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benz_Velo" title="Benz Velo">Benz Velo</a> (1894), follow-up 4-wheel model of the Benz Patent Motorwagen</li></ul> <dl><dt>Early developments essential to the development of automobiles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot</a>, physics of the internal combustion engine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminating_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminating gas">Illuminating gas</a>, first internal combustion engine fuel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligroin" title="Ligroin">Ligroin</a> or heavy naphtha, first liquid automotive fuel, <i>n</i>-hexane</li></ul> <dl><dt>Car and car engine designers, chronologically by first vehicle/engine built</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Otto" title="Nicolaus Otto">Nicolaus Otto</a>, developer of the first successful compressed charge gaseous fueled internal combustion engine (1860s-70s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Maybach" title="Wilhelm Maybach">Wilhelm Maybach</a>, designed engines starting in the 1870s-80s; the first motorbike (1885), the second internal combustion car (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, German engineer, pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development (1870s and on)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barker1987-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker1987_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker1987_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarker1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theo_Barker" title="Theo Barker">Barker, Theo</a> (1987). <i>The Economic and Social Effects of the Spread of Motor Vehicles: An International Centenary Tribute</i> (1st ed.). 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London: Grange-Universal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59084-491-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59084-491-2"><bdi>1-59084-491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cars%3A+Early+and+Vintage%2C+1886%E2%80%931930&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grange-Universal&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=1-59084-491-2&rft.aulast=Georgano&rft.aufirst=G.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofwheels0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3436-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google3436_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google3436_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1986" class="citation news cs1">Coates, Len (18 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19860118&id=G4Y0AAAAIBAJ&pg=3436,3937822">"Canadians were quick to hop on the self-propelled wagon"</a>. <i>The Montreal Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Gazette&rft.atitle=Canadians+were+quick+to+hop+on+the+self-propelled+wagon&rft.date=1986-01-18&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1946%26dat%3D19860118%26id%3DG4Y0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3436%2C3937822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearnyRay2006" class="citation book cs1">Kearny, Mark; Ray, Randy (2006). 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Hounslow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550026542" title="Special:BookSources/9781550026542"><bdi>9781550026542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+First+Automobile%3A+Full+Steam+Ahead&rft.btitle=Whatever+Happened+To...%3F&rft.pub=Hounslow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781550026542&rft.aulast=Kearny&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Ray%2C+Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhateverhappened0000kear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2018" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Sam (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farmcollector.com/equipment/ji-case-co-racing-zmaz18febzhur">"J.I. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJI9AQAAIAAJ&q=replaced+by+a+steering+wheel+and+the+driver+was+moved+to+the+left-+hand+side+of+the">"Nash 600 coupe"</a>. <i>Motor Trend</i>. Vol. 29. p. 109<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motor+Trend&rft.atitle=Nash+600+coupe&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=109&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gottlieb&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZJI9AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dreplaced%2Bby%2Ba%2Bsteering%2Bwheel%2Band%2Bthe%2Bdriver%2Bwas%2Bmoved%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bleft-%2Bhand%2Bside%2Bof%2Bthe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Csere1988-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Csere1988_51-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsere1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Csere, Csaba (January 1988). 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Wayne State University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814334461" title="Special:BookSources/9780814334461"><bdi>9780814334461</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storied+Independent+Automakers%3A+Nash%2C+Hudson%2C+and+American+Motors&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780814334461&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPerGbKxOPZYC%26q%3DRambler%2Bequipped%2Bthe%2B1909%2Bmodels%2Bwith%2Ba%2Bspare%2Btire%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bautomaker%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bso%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britain's Greatest Machines documentary stating that 100 cyclecars were sold for every 4-seater car in 1914</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woutat19850106-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woutat19850106_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoutat1985" class="citation news cs1">Woutat, Donald (6 January 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-01-06-fi-7131-story.html">"High Tech: Auto Makers' History Revisited"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=High+Tech%3A+Auto+Makers%27+History+Revisited&rft.date=1985-01-06&rft.aulast=Woutat&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-01-06-fi-7131-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantous1925" class="citation news cs1">Tarantous, H. A. (4 January 1925). 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Motorbooks. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760323274" title="Special:BookSources/9780760323274"><bdi>9780760323274</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Horsepower&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780760323274&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69qYnoohrMYC%26q%3DIntroduced%2Bin%2B1948%2C%2BHudson%27s%2Bfirst%2Btruly%2Bnew%2Bpostwar%2Bmodel%2Bfeatured%2Btrend-setting%2Bslab-side%2Bstyling%2Bon%2Bthe%2Boutside%2C%2Bsupported%2Bbeneath%2Bby%2Ba%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlory2008" class="citation book cs1">Flory, J. Kelly Jr. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-k3ONS880cC&q=The+first+of+the+modern+postwar+compact+cars,+it+would+become+the+most+successful+compact+car+introduced+prior+to+the+Big+Three's&pg=PA250"><i>American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year</i></a>. McFarland. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786432295" title="Special:BookSources/9780786432295"><bdi>9780786432295</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Toronto, Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>. <q>Rambler's compacts were the industry's best sellers by the decade's end - and a spur to AMC's Big Three rivals, who soon launched small cars of their own.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+Rambler&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fglobe-drive%2Freviews%2Fclassics%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-rambler%2Farticle569329%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotta" class="citation web cs1">Trotta, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classic-car-history.com/muscle-car-history.htm">"Muscle Car History"</a>. <i>Classic Car History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=auto.howstuffworks.com&rft.atitle=1968-1969+AMC+Javelin&rft.date=2007-11-26&rft.au=Auto+Editors+of+Consumer+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauto.howstuffworks.com%2F1968-1969-amc-javelin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedgwick1986-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sedgwick1986_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedgwickGillies1986" class="citation book cs1">Sedgwick, Michael; Gillies, Mark (1986). <i>A-Z of Cars 1945–1970</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Chevy with its stylish Vega, introduced for 1971; Ford with the 1971 Pinto, and AMC with the Gremlin, introduced on April Fool's Day 1970 as the first U.S. subcompact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hemmings+Classic+Car&rft.atitle=Cars+of+the+Fuel-Short+Seventies&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hemmings.com%2Fstories%2Farticle%2Fcars-of-the-fuel-short-seventies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHevesi2008" class="citation news cs1">Hevesi, Dennis (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/business/10luthe.html?_r=2&ref=obituaries&oref=login&oref=slogin">"Claus Luthe, Car Design Innovator, Is Dead at 75"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2015</span>. <q>BYD was the first company in the world to launch a production plug-in hybrid; its F3DM in 2008 was two years ahead of the 2011 Chevrolet Volt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Car+Reports&rft.atitle=2016+BYD+Tang%3A+Plug-In+Hybrid+SUV+Is+First+Of+Four+To+Come&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft.aulast=Voelcker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greencarreports.com%2Fnews%2F1096537_2016-byd-tang-plug-in-hybrid-suv-is-first-of-four-to-come&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon-Bloomfield2014" class="citation web cs1">Gordon-Bloomfield, Nikki (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320083023/http://transportevolved.com/2014/10/15/mitsubishi-recalls-2009-2014-miev-electric-cars-faulty-vacuum-pump-assist/">"Mitsubishi Recalls 2009–2014 i-Miev Electric Cars for Faulty Brake Vacuum Pump"</a>. <i>Transport Evolved</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HybriCars.com&rft.atitle=Plug-in+Pioneers%3A+Nissan+Leaf+and+Chevy+Volt+Turn+Five+Years+Old&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Fplug-in-pioneers-nissan-leaf-and-chevy-volt-turn-five-years-old%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See table with ranking: "World's Top Best Selling Plug-in Electric cars." Accounting for global cumulative sales by early December 2015, plug-in electric car sales are led by the Nissan Leaf (200,000), followed by Volt/Ampera family (104,000), and the Tesla Model S (100,000). As of November 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, ranking next are the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (85,000) and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid (75,000).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaf300k-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaf300k_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.nissan-global.com/releases/release-4a75570239bf1983b1e6a41b7d00d8f5-nissan-delivers-300000th-nissan-leaf">"Nissan delivers 300,000th Nissan LEAF"</a> (Press release). Yokohama: Nissan. 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nissan+delivers+300%2C000th+Nissan+LEAF&rft.place=Yokohama&rft.pub=Nissan&rft.date=2018-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.nissan-global.com%2Freleases%2Frelease-4a75570239bf1983b1e6a41b7d00d8f5-nissan-delivers-300000th-nissan-leaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2015" class="citation web cs1">Cobb, Jeff (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-americas-best-selling-plug-in-car-this-year/">"Tesla Model S is America's Best-Selling Plug-in Car This Year"</a>. <i>hybridcars.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hybridcars.com&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+is+America%27s+Best-Selling+Plug-in+Car+This+Year&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hybridcars.com%2Ftesla-model-s-is-americas-best-selling-plug-in-car-this-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-s">"Tesla Model S Reviews"</a>. <i>Car and Driver</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Car+and+Driver&rft.atitle=Tesla+Model+S+Reviews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caranddriver.com%2Ftesla%2Fmodel-s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2001" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Michael L. (2001). <i>The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313245589" title="Special:BookSources/9780313245589"><bdi>9780313245589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+automobile+in+American+history+and+culture%3A+a+reference+guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313245589&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Edwin (2006). <i>Internal Combustion: How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives</i>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312359089" title="Special:BookSources/9780312359089"><bdi>9780312359089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Combustion%3A+How+Corporations+and+Governments+Addicted+the+World+to+Oil+and+Derailed+the+Alternatives&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780312359089&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2007" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Sally H. (2007). <i>Trust and Power: Consumers, the Modern Corporation, and the Making of the United States Automobile Market</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521868785" title="Special:BookSources/9780521868785"><bdi>9780521868785</bdi></a>. <q>discusses trust, consumerism, and the modern corporation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trust+and+Power%3A+Consumers%2C+the+Modern+Corporation%2C+and+the+Making+of+the+United+States+Automobile+Market&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521868785&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">Halberstam, David</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reckoning00halbrich"><i>The Reckoning</i></a>. Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688048382" title="Special:BookSources/0688048382"><bdi>0688048382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reckoning&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0688048382&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freckoning00halbrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2021" class="citation book cs1">Horner, Craig (2021). <i>The Emergence of Bicycling and Automobility in Britain</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7209-7"><bdi>978-1-4725-7209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Bicycling+and+Automobility+in+Britain&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7209-7&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2011" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Peter D. (2011). <i>Fighting Traffic: The Dawn of the Motor Age in the American City</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262516129" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262516129"><bdi>978-0262516129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Traffic%3A+The+Dawn+of+the+Motor+Age+in+the+American+City&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0262516129&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay1997" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Jane Holtz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asphaltnationhow00kayj"><i>Asphalt nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back</i></a>. Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517587025" title="Special:BookSources/0517587025"><bdi>0517587025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asphalt+nation%3A+how+the+automobile+took+over+America%2C+and+how+we+can+take+it+back&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0517587025&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Jane+Holtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fasphaltnationhow00kayj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_sources">Early sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Early sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrarup1906" class="citation magazine cs1">Krarup, M.C. (November 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3IfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8163">"Automobities for Every Use"</a>. <i>The World's Work: A History of Our Time</i>. Vol. XIII. pp. 8163–8178<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Automobities+for+Every+Use&rft.volume=XIII&rft.pages=8163-8178&rft.date=1906-11&rft.aulast=Krarup&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3IfNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA8163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span> Includes photos of many <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1906</span> special purpose automobiles.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_9YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA9">"New England in Motor History; 1890 to 1916"</a>. <i>The Automobile Journal</i>. <b>41</b>: 9. 25 February 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Automobile+Journal&rft.atitle=New+England+in+Motor+History%3B+1890+to+1916&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1916-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_9YAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1902" class="citation magazine cs1">Norman, Henry (April 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoDNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3304">"The Coming of the Automobile"</a>. <i>The World's Work: A History of Our Time</i>. Vol. V. pp. 3304–3308<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=The+Coming+of+the+Automobile&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=3304-3308&rft.date=1902-04&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoDNAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA3304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+automobile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_automobile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_automobiles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of automobiles">History of automobiles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202214814/http://www.automuseum-dr-carl-benz.de/">Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg/Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bertha-benz.de/indexen.php?inhalt=home">Bertha Benz Memorial Route</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/transportation/searchterm/automobile*/field/subjec/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Transportation photographs</a> Digital collection depicting various modes of transportation (including automobiles) in the Pacific Northwest region and western US during the first half of the 20th century.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709231042/http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarssteama.htm">History of the automobile</a> on About.com:Inventors site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111133623/http://www.nyc.net.au/node/149398">History of Automobile Air Conditioning</a> on NYC.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131044758/http://www.automotivehistoryonline.com/">Automotive History</a> – An ongoing photographic history of the automobile.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/explore/dgexplore.cfm?topic=industry&collection=TakingtheWheelManufa&col_id=153">Taking the Wheel</a>, Manufacturers' catalogs from the first decade of American automobiles</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73790">Automobiles</a> (1915). James Slough Zerbe, New York: Cupples & Leon company.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automobile_history_eras" title="Template:Automobile history eras"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automobile_history_eras" title="Template talk:Automobile history eras"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile_history_eras" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automobile history eras"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Classification_of_Automobile_history_eras" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">U.S. Classification of Automobile history eras</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1890s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1900s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1910s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1920s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1930s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1940s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">2010s </td> <td colspan="10" width="8%">2020s </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Veteran_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Veteran car">Veteran</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Brass_Era_car" title="Brass Era car">Brass or Edwardian</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pre-war_era">Pre-War</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">War era</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-war_era">Post-War</a> </td> <td colspan="27" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a> </td> <td colspan="40" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_era">Modern</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="42" style="background-color:#D0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#D0D0A0">Pre-war classic </td> <td colspan="08" style="background-color:#D0D0D0">War </td> <td colspan="04" style="background-color:#D0D0A0">Post-war classic </td> <td colspan="28" style="background-color:#D0D0A0"><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a> </td> <td colspan="37" style="background-color:#D0D0D0">Modern </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Automotive_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Automotive_industry" title="Template talk:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Automotive industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Automotive_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automotive industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_by_country" title="Automotive industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Egypt" title="Automotive industry in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Kenya" title="Automotive industry in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Automotive industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Automotive industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Africa" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Africa">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_China" title="List of automobile manufacturers of China">manufacturers list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturers_and_brands_of_China" title="Automobile manufacturers and brands of China">manufacturers detailed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_India" title="List of automobile manufacturers of India">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Japan" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Japan">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Malaysia" title="Automotive industry in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Malaysia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Malaysia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_South_Korea" title="List of automobile manufacturers of South Korea">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_automakers" title="List of Taiwanese automakers">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Thailand" title="Automotive industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Turkey" title="Automotive industry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Uzbekistan" title="Automotive industry in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Vietnam" title="Automotive industry in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Asia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Asia">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Belarus" title="Automotive industry in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bulgaria" title="Automotive industry in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Croatia" title="Automotive industry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Automotive industry in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_France" title="List of automobile manufacturers of France">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Germany" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Germany">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Hungary" title="Automotive industry in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ireland" title="Automotive industry in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Italy" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Italy">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Poland" title="Automotive industry in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Poland" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Poland">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Romania" title="Automotive industry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Russia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Russia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Slovakia" title="Automotive industry in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_automobiles" title="List of Spanish automobiles">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Sweden" title="Automotive industry in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Sweden" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Ukraine" title="Automotive industry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Europe" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Europe">List of manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Canada" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Canada">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Automotive industry in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_the_United_States" title="List of automobile manufacturers of the United States">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Argentina" title="Automotive industry in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Argentina" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Argentina">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobiles_manufactured_in_Brazil" title="List of automobiles manufactured in Brazil">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Australia" title="Automotive industry in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_of_Australia" title="List of automobile manufacturers of Australia">manufacturers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Automotive industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_sales_by_model" title="List of automobile sales by model">Automobile sales by model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_automobiles" title="List of best-selling automobiles">Best-selling automobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">Countries by motor vehicle production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">Countries by vehicles per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manufacturers_by_motor_vehicle_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production">Top manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932010" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010">Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of the automobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine" title="History of the internal combustion engine">History of the internal combustion engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle" title="History of the motorcycle">History of the motorcycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_motor_vehicle_brands" title="Timeline of motor vehicle brands">Timeline of motor vehicle brands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers" title="List of automobile manufacturers">Automobile manufacturers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_car_brands" title="List of car brands">marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automobile_manufacturers_by_parent_company" title="List of automobile manufacturers by parent company">by parent company</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bus_manufacturers" title="Category:Bus manufacturers">Bus manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motorcycle_manufacturers" title="List of motorcycle manufacturers">Motorcycle manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_truck_manufacturers" title="List of truck manufacturers">Truck manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_automotive_manufacturing_groups" title="Minor automotive manufacturing groups">Minor automotive manufacturing groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Standardisation_of_Automation_and_Measuring_Systems" title="Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems">Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Automobile_Manufacturers_Association" title="European Automobile Manufacturers Association">European Automobile Manufacturers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Internationale_des_Constructeurs_d%27Automobiles" title="Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles">Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_auto_shows_and_motor_shows_by_continent" title="List of auto shows and motor shows by continent">Auto and motor shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Automotive design</a></li> <li><a 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