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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Geografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geografia_fisica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia_fisica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geografia fisica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografia_fisica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Demografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lengas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lengas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Lengas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lengas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preïstòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preïstòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Preïstòria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preïstòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Mesopotamia_Antica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Mesopotamia_Antica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>La Mesopotamia Antica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Mesopotamia_Antica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_deis_empèris_musulmans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_deis_empèris_musulmans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lo periòde deis empèris musulmans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_deis_empèris_musulmans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lei_periòdes_omeia_e_abbassida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_periòdes_omeia_e_abbassida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Lei periòdes omeia e abbassida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_periòdes_omeia_e_abbassida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_mongòla_e_lo_declin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_mongòla_e_lo_declin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>La conquista mongòla e lo declin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_mongòla_e_lo_declin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_otoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_otoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Lo periòde otoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_otoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_coloniau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_coloniau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lo periòde coloniau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_coloniau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lo_partiment_francobritanic_d'Orient_Mejan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_partiment_francobritanic_d'Orient_Mejan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Lo partiment francobritanic d'Orient Mejan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_partiment_francobritanic_d'Orient_Mejan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_d'influéncia_britanica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_d'influéncia_britanica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Lo periòde d'influéncia britanica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_d'influéncia_britanica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Iraq_modèrne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Iraq_modèrne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>L'Iraq modèrne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Iraq_modèrne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_revolucion_baasista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_revolucion_baasista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>La revolucion baasista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_revolucion_baasista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_Saddam_Hussein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_Saddam_Hussein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Lo periòde Saddam Hussein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_Saddam_Hussein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'invasion_estatsunidenca_e_l'afondrament_de_l'Estat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'invasion_estatsunidenca_e_l'afondrament_de_l'Estat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>L'invasion estatsunidenca e l'afondrament de l'Estat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'invasion_estatsunidenca_e_l'afondrament_de_l'Estat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organizacions politica e territòriala</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Organizacions politica e territòriala</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizacion_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Organizacion politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacion_territòriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_territòriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organizacion territòriala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_territòriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simbòls_nacionaus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simbòls_nacionaus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Simbòls nacionaus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simbòls_nacionaus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_defensa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afaires_estrangiers_e_defensa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Afaires estrangiers e defensa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_defensa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Afaires estrangiers e defensa</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_defensa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afaires_estrangiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Afaires estrangiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fòrças_armadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fòrças_armadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fòrças armadas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fòrças_armadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflictes_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflictes_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conflictes intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflictes_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arquitectura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arquitectura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Arquitectura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arquitectura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Escultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinèma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinèma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cinèma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinèma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iraq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 266 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-266" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">266 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9F" title="Ираҟ - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ираҟ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%89%85" title="ኢራቅ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢራቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A2k" title="Irâk - obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Irâk" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A9" title="ܥܝܪܐܩ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܝܪܐܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="لعراق - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لعراق" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="العراق - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العراق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইৰাক - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="ГӀиракъ - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀиракъ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraka" title="Iraka - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Iraka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Ираҡ - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ираҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraks" title="Iraks - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Iraks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီရတ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལའ་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইরাক - bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরাক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80" title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ - buginés" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ӏиракъ - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏиракъ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎢᎳᎩ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎳᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عێراق - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraccu" title="Iraccu - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iraccu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1k" title="Irák - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irák" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq" title="İraq - Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İraq" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%A4%DE%AA" title="ޢިރާޤު - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢިރާޤު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ιράκ - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako" title="Irako - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - ful" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ful" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1ic" title="An Iaráic - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rak" title="İrak - gagaús" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrak" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0c" title="Ioràc - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ke" title="Iráke - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iráke" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺 - gòtic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌺" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gòtic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95" title="ઈરાક - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Earack" title="Yn Earack - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Earack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%C6%99i" title="Iraƙi - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iraƙi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaka" title="ʻIlaka - hawaià" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlaka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="עיראק - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיראק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="इराक़ - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इराक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Իրաք - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drak" title="Írak - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%95%89%E1%92%83" title="ᐃᕉᒃ - inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᕉᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF" title="イラク - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/raksygu%27e" title="raksygu'e - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="raksygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90iraq" title="Ɛiraq - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛiraq" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Иракъ - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Иракъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak%C9%A9" title="Irakɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irakɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ាក់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾಕ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC" title="이라크 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이라크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%90%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عِراق - cashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عِراق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca" title="Iraca - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irach" title="Irach - ladí" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irach" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakas" title="Irakas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81ka" title="Irāka - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - madurès" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0ka" title="Iràka - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81ki" title="Īrāki - maòri" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maòri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ഇറാഖ്‌ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാഖ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiraque" title="Eiraque - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiraque" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရတ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирак Мастор - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирак Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عیراق - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عیراق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इराक - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इराक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honooj%C3%ADtah_Tooh_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Honoojítah Tooh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraaq" title="Iraaq - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraaq" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95" title="ଇରାକ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC" title="ਇਰਾਕ਼ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਰਾਕ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraek" title="Iraek - alemany pennsilvanià" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraek" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="alemany pennsilvanià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ईराक - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईराक" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraak" title="Eraak - Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eraak" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraque" title="Iraque - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irac" title="Irac - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D" title="इराक् - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इराक्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ираак - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱠ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ - xan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၵ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="xan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරාක ජනරජය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරාක ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki - samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - sami d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraki" title="Iraki - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Iraki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciraaq" title="Ciraaq - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciraaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraku" title="Iraku - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iraku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irakhi" title="I-Irakhi - swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irakhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஈராக்கு - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈராக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాక్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irake" title="Irake - tètum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irake" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tètum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Ироқ - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ироқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศอิรัก - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิรัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrak" title="Yrak - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Yrak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irag" title="Irag - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Irag" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaaki" title="ʻIlaaki - tongalès" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaaki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Гыйрак - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гыйрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ирак - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирак" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئىراق - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ірак - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="عراق - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroq" title="Iroq - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Iroq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirak%C3%A4n" title="Lirakän - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirakän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraak" title="Iraak - wòlof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraak" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wòlof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="ერაყი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერაყი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7" title="איראק - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irak" title="Irak - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Irak" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iraq" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊拉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Iraki" title="I-Iraki - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Iraki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iraq"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Iraq" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Iraq" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguit dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&oldid=2429197" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Iraq&id=2429197&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIraq"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIraq"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Libre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Iraq"><span>Crear un libre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Iraq&action=show-download-screen"><span>Telecargar coma PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&printable=yes" title="Version imprimibla d'aquesta pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimibla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dins d'autres projèctes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2459348">.mw-parser-output .infobox{background:#f9f9f9;color:#000;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em;float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;width:22.5em;border:1px solid #c2c2c1;border-spacing:5px}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:super;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #c2c2c1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #e7e7e7}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-text{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2459348" /> <table class="infobox infobox infobox geografia vcard" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">Iraq <div style="padding-top: 0.25em;font-weight:normal"><small><b>جمهوريّة العراق<br /><i>Al-Jumhuriyah Al-Iraqiyah</i><br />كۆماری عێراق<br /><i>Komara Iraqê</i></b></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 50%; align-items:center; text-align:center;"> <div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> </div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162781" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q162781">Bandièra</a></div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186593" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q186593">Escut d'armas</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><center><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Localizacion"><img alt="Localizacion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/270px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/405px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/540px-Iraq_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="680" /></span><figcaption>Localizacion</figcaption></figure></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Capitala</div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" title="Mapas, vistas aerianas, etc."><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=oc&pagename=Iraq&params=33_N_43_E_"><span class="h-geo geo-dms"><data class="p-latitude" value="33">33° N</data>, <data class="p-longitude" value="43">43° E</data></span></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Ciutat mai granda</div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">bagdad</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_Presidents_d%27Iraq" title="Lista dels Presidents d'Iraq">President</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_dels_Primi%C3%A8rs_Ministres_d%27Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista dels Primièrs Ministres d'Iraq (la pagina existís pas)">Primièr Ministre</a></div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Barham_Salih" title="Barham Salih">Barham Salih</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Al-Kadhimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Al-Kadhimi (la pagina existís pas)">Mustafa Al-Kadhimi</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">Independéncia</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reialme Unit</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">Data</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/3_d%27octobre" title="3 d'octobre">3 d'octobre</a> de <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">437,072 <abbr title="quilometre(s) carrat(s)">km²</abbr></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Aiga </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><span class="nowrap">, %</span> %</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Populacion" title="Populacion">Populacion</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_per_populacion" title="Lista dels païses per populacion">36<sup>en</sup></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala (2016)</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">37,202,572 ab.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_indicatius_telefonics_internacionals_per_pa%C3%ADs" title="Lista dels indicatius telefonics internacionals per país">Indicatiu telefonic</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">964</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align: left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Domeni_de_primi%C3%A8r_niv%C3%A8l" title="Domeni de primièr nivèl">Domeni internet</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/.iq" title=".iq">.iq</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iraq</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a>: العراق <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/81\/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-AdrianAbdulBaha-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.wav\/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-AdrianAbdulBaha-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"oc","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-AdrianAbdulBaha-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-AdrianAbdulBaha-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.wav/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-AdrianAbdulBaha-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Reprodueix l'àudio" title="Reprodueix l'àudio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LL-Q55633582_(ajp)-AdrianAbdulBaha-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82.wav" title="Fichièr:LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-AdrianAbdulBaha-العراق.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; en <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a>: عێراق), oficialament la <b>Republica d'Iraq</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> es un país d'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> situat entre <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania">Jordania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait">Kowait</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Golf_Persic" title="Golf Persic">Golf Persic</a>. Centrat sus <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, a un <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a> <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">desertic</a> e una superficia d'aperaquí 435 000 km². Sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> es <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, aviá una populacion estimada a 36 milions d'abitants. Leis Arabis ne'n forman la màger part mai son devesits entre <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiistas</a> majoritaris e <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunitas</a> minoritaris. Lei <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curds</a> installats au nòrd constituisson la premiera minoritat dau país. </p><p>Iraq foguèt lo brèç de plusors <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacions</a> ancianas tre lo periòde <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamian</a>. Demorèt un centre politic, culturau e economic major fins a l'afondrament de la <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">dinastia abbassida</a> e la destruccion de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Mongòls</a> en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>. Aqueu desastre entraïnèt lo declin de la region que venguèt un enjòc dins l'encastre dei luchas territòrialas implicant leis estats vesins, especialament l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> e <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia</a>. Vengut una region periferica de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a>, Iraq foguèt formada a l'iniciativa dei poissanças <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonialas</a> a l'eissida de la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a>. Plaçada sota dominacion <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">britanica</a>, venguèt oficialament independenta en <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a> mai demorèt dins l'orbita de <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> fins a <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a>. A partir d'aquela annada, una tiera de revòutas d'inspiracion <a href="/wiki/Nacionalisme" title="Nacionalisme">nacionalista</a> menèron lo partit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baas (la pagina existís pas)">Baas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> au poder. Marcat per plusors guèrras e un embargò economic internacionau, lo periòde <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> s'acabèt en <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> amb una invasion <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a> qu'entraïnèt l'afondrament deis institucions iraquianas. Dempuei aquela data, lo país es fòrça instable e devesit per de conflictes intèrnes <a href="/wiki/Sang" title="Sang">saunós</a>. </p><p>Lo gentilici n'es <b>iraquian -a</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Geografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geografia_fisica">Geografia fisica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Geografia fisica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Geografia fisica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iraq_-_Topografia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iraq_-_Topografia.png/220px-Iraq_-_Topografia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iraq_-_Topografia.png/330px-Iraq_-_Topografia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iraq_-_Topografia.png/440px-Iraq_-_Topografia.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Topografia d'Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iraq es un <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estat</a> d'aperaquí 437 000 km² de superficia eissit de l'afondrament de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a>. Cuerb la màger de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> e es organizat a l'entorn dau bacin alluviau d'<a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Tigre_(riu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigre (riu)">Tigre</a>. Aqueu bacin es una cònca formada de sediments quaternaris que son afectats per de movements tectonics liats a la formacion dei <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a> <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">turcas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">iranians</a>. Son altitud mejana es fòrça bassa. Per exemple, <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, situada a mai de 300 km de la <a href="/wiki/Mar" title="Mar">mar</a>, a una altitud mejana de 34 m. Pasmens, son relèu presenta d'accidents topografics que son a l'origina de la formacion de zònas <a href="/wiki/Palun" title="Palun">palunencas</a> importantas, especialament dins la region pus bassa dau plan. Lei limits d'aquela cònca son ben definidas au <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B2rd" title="Nòrd">nòrd</a> e a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88st" title="Èst">èst</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Monts_Taurus" title="Monts Taurus">Taurus</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Monts_Zagros" title="Monts Zagros">Zagros</a> e, au <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a>-<a href="/wiki/%C3%88st" title="Èst">èst</a>, per lo <a href="/wiki/Golf_Persic" title="Golf Persic">Golf Persic</a>. En revènge, a l'<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a> e au <a href="/wiki/Sud" title="Sud">sud</a>-<a href="/wiki/O%C3%A8st" title="Oèst">oèst</a>, lo limit <a href="/wiki/Geografia" title="Geografia">geografic</a> es mens clar e es format de platèus que se dreiçan lentament au dessüs dau plan <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamian</a>. Se destria donc tradicionalament quatre regions principalas que son lo desèrt (a l'oèst d'<a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a>), <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curdistan</a> (dins lei montanhas dau nòrd), la Mesopotamia Auta (entre lei vaus superiors dei dos fluvis) e la Mesopotamia Bassa (lo plan alluviau eu meme). </p><p>L'idrografia d'Iraq es dominada per <a href="/wiki/Eufrates" title="Eufrates">Eufrates</a> e <a href="/wiki/Tigre_(riu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigre (riu)">Tigre</a>. Lei fònts d'aquelei rius son situats dins lo sud-èst <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">anatolian</a> e son traçat passa per <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> avans d'intrar sus lo territòri iraquian per lo nòrd. Rajan en direccion dau sud-èst onte forman un deltà comun dins la region pus bassa de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Lo canau principau d'aquelei bòcas es lòng d'aperaquí 200 km e es dich <a href="/wiki/Chatt_el-Arab" title="Chatt el-Arab">Chatt el-Arab</a>. Es un axe de comunicacion fluviau important. La quantitat d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> drenada per aquelei fluvis es fòrça variabla dins lo corrent de l'<a href="/wiki/Annada" title="Annada">annada</a>. Es maximala en abriu-mai (mai de 2 500 m<sup>3</sup>/s dins la Vau Bassa de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>) e minimala entre aost e novembre (mens de 500 m<sup>3</sup>/s). Aquò es a l'origina de vengudas deis aigas que pòdon èsser importantas e de còps entraïnar de modificacions dau traçat dei rius, especialament dins lei regions bassas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clima">Clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Clima"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iraq_-_Clima.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Iraq_-_Clima.png/220px-Iraq_-_Clima.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Iraq_-_Clima.png/330px-Iraq_-_Clima.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Iraq_-_Clima.png/440px-Iraq_-_Clima.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Clima d'Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a> iraquian es principalament <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">desertic</a> e caud. Leis excepcions se troban dins lei regions meridionalas onte l'influéncia dei <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a> modera l'efèct de l'<a href="/wiki/Ariditat" title="Ariditat">ariditat</a>. Ansin, en direccion dau nòrd, lo clima vèn pauc a pauc plus clement e evoluciona vèrs la semi-ariditat e lo freg dins lei zònas pus autas dau <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curdistan</a> Iraquian. Lei <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturas</a> presentan de variacions fòrça importantas ambé de valors sovent superioras a 40°C durant la sason pus cauda (junh-aost) e inferioras a 0°C pendent lei mes pus fregs (decembre-març). La topografia plana e bassa dau país geina lei movements <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A8ra" class="mw-disambig" title="Atmosfèra">atmosferics</a> e l'èr caud pòu estacionar lòngtemps dins lo plan alluviau pendent lei mes cauds, çò que renfòrça l'importància dei temperaturas pus autas (lo maximom es estat observat en 2011 e es egau a 52°C). Lei precipitacions son generalament feblas e compresas entre 100 e 180 mm sus la màger part dau territòri. An luòc entre novembre e abriu, magerament entre decembre e març. Lo nivèu aumenta dins certanei còlas dau sud e dins l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa">estèpa</a> onte pòu agantar de valors situadas entre 320 e 570 mm, çò que permet la transicion dau clima desertic vèrs un clima semi-desertic. Enfin, dins lei montanhas, l'<a href="/wiki/Altitud" title="Altitud">altitud</a> favoriza mai lei precipitacions que pòdon de còps agantar 1 000 mm anuaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografia">Demografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Demografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Demografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En causa de la situacion caotica dau país dempuei <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, l'estructura de la populacion iraquiana es mau coneguda. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, la populacion serà estada de 32,58 milions d'abitants. Aperaquí 75% deis abitants èran installadas dins lei regions bassas de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Pasmens, fau tenir còmpte de l'existéncia d'un nombre important de refugiats (au mens 1,3 milions de personas en <a href="/wiki/2011" class="mw-redirect" title="2011">2011</a>) qu'an quitat Iraq. Estimada a 2 milions en <a href="/wiki/1878" class="mw-redirect" title="1878">1878</a> e a 4,8 milions en <a href="/wiki/1947" class="mw-redirect" title="1947">1947</a>, aquela populacion a aumentat d'un biais important dempuei la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a> e agantèt 12 milions d'abitants en <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> e 22 milions en <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> amb un taus de creissença anuau superior a 3%. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, consequéncia dau nombre aut de naissenças qu'a sostengut aquela tendància, lo temps mejan èra relativament feble (21,5 ans) e 92,8% deis abitants avián mens de 55 ans. </p><p>Lei <a href="/wiki/Vila" title="Vila">vilas</a> pus importantas son lei ciutats istoricas dau nòrd e leis aglomeracions majoras dau plan alluviau. La <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> (9,5 milions d'abitants en <a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>) es la pus gròssa e gropava dos tèrç de la populacion. En <a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>, cinc autre vilas passavan un milion d'abitants : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> (3 milions), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a> (2,3 milions), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbil (la pagina existís pas)">Arbil</a> (2 milions), <a href="/w/index.php?title=As_Sulaymaniyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="As Sulaymaniyah (la pagina existís pas)">As Sulaymaniyah</a> (1,6 milions) e <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> (1 milion). Lo taus d'urbanizacion èra aut (66,5% en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>) e lo país tèn plusors autrei vilas gropant de desenaus ò de centenaus d'abitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lengas">Lengas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lengas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lengas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iraq_-_Lengas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Iraq_-_Lengas.png/220px-Iraq_-_Lengas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Iraq_-_Lengas.png/330px-Iraq_-_Lengas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Iraq_-_Lengas.png/440px-Iraq_-_Lengas.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Lengas principalas d'Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <p>En causa de la situacion dau país e dei revendicacions politicas dei comunautats principalas, lo recensament lingüistic d'Iraq es l'objècte d'estimacions variablas. L'<a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a> èran oficiaus sus tot lo territòri e l'<a href="/wiki/Aram%C3%A8u" title="Aramèu">aramèu</a> (tanben dich assirian) e l'<a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A8ri" title="Azèri">azèri</a> (localament dich turcmèn) avián un estatut cooficiau dins certanei regions. Divèrsei lengas èran tanben parladas per de minoritats pichonas e avián ges d'estatut. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a> es la lenga iraquiana principala. Es parlada dins lei regions centralas e meridionalas e èra en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a> la <a href="/wiki/Lenga_mairala" title="Lenga mairala">lenga mairala</a> de 80 a 85% de la populacion dau país. Quatre <a href="/wiki/Dial%C3%A8cte" title="Dialècte">dialèctes</a> arabis i èran parlats : l'iraquian en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, lo nòrd-mesopotamian en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Auta, lo dialècte dau Golf dins lo sud e l'arabi de Nejd dins lo sud-oèst. Lo <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a> èra la lenga mairala de la màger part dei Curds iraquians, çò que representava 10 a 15% de la populacion. Es parlat dins lo <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curdistan</a> Iraquian au nòrd d'Iraq. </p><p>Lo nombre de locutors dei doas lengas cooficialas serà inferior a 5%. En 2014, èran installats dins lo nòrd. L'<a href="/wiki/Aram%C3%A8u" title="Aramèu">aramèu</a> es eissida dei minoritats <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestianas</a> de la region. Un recensament de <a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> li donava 220 000 locutors dins tot lo sud-èst <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">anatolian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, Iraq e <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>). Es una lenga que presenta un gròs nombre de <a href="/wiki/Dial%C3%A8cte" title="Dialècte">dialèctes</a> mai una fòrma comuna s'es desvolopada, especialament dins lei zònas urbanas (<a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habbaniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habbaniya (la pagina existís pas)">Habbaniya</a>). L'<a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A8ri" title="Azèri">azèri</a> parlat en Iraq es eissit dau dialècte meridionau d'aquela <a href="/wiki/Lenga" title="Lenga">lenga</a>. Es subretot parlat dins la zòna situada au limit entre lei regions arabofona e curdofona, especialament dins la vila de Kirkuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Religion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iraq_-_Religion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iraq_-_Religion.png/250px-Iraq_-_Religion.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iraq_-_Religion.png/330px-Iraq_-_Religion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Iraq_-_Religion.png/500px-Iraq_-_Religion.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Religions d'Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>Iras es un país <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> èra la religion d'aperaquí 99% de la populacion en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>. Pasmens, lei musulmans iraquians èran devesits entre <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiitas</a> (entre 60 e 65% de la populacion) que se troban principalament dins lo sud-èst e <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunitas</a> (entre 30 e 35%) que se troban subretot dins lo nòrd. Lei regions centralas èran partejadas entre lei doas tendàncias. Coma <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> es l'endrech d'origina dau <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiisme</a>, plusors luòcs sacrats chiistas majors (sanctuaris de <a href="/wiki/Mosqueta_de_l%27imam_Ali" title="Mosqueta de l'imam Ali">Natjaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctuari_d%27Al-Hussayn_ibn_Ali" title="Sanctuari d'Al-Hussayn ibn Ali">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanctuari_d%27Al-Askari" title="Sanctuari d'Al-Askari">Samarra</a> e d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mosqueta_d%27Al-Kadhimiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mosqueta d'Al-Kadhimiya (la pagina existís pas)">Al Khadimiya</a>) se troban sus son territòri e son l'objècte de <a href="/wiki/Pelegrinatge" title="Pelegrinatge">romavatges</a> e de celebracions importantas. En causa de la lònga dominacion politica dei sunitas qu'an generalament tengut lo poder centrau, lei relacions entre lei doas comunautats èran marridas e d'afrontaments recurrents e murtriers leis opausan dempuei la creacion dau país. </p><p>En fòra de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>, la religion pus importanta èra lo <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">cristianisme</a>. Gropava en majoritat de <a href="/wiki/Nestorianisme" title="Nestorianisme">nestorians</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Ortodoxia" title="Ortodoxia">ortodòxs</a>. Lei crestians iraquianas son dichs assirians qu'es un tèrme que designava a l'origina unicament lei <a href="/wiki/Nestorianisme" title="Nestorianisme">nestorians</a> d'Orient mai que s'aplica d'ara endavant a totei lei glèisas d'Orient Mejan. Aquela comunautat es principalament installada dins lo plan de Niniva (onte demandan l'establiment d'una region autonòma) e dins lei vilas principalas dau centre e dau nòrd. Son importància demografica a pauc a pauc declinat dins lo corrent dau sègle XX de 10% de la populacion en <a href="/wiki/1950" class="mw-redirect" title="1950">1950</a> a 6% en <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> en despiech d'una politica favorabla au desvolopament de la lenga aramèa e de la proteccion dau cristianisme per lo regime <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partit_Baas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partit Baas (la pagina existís pas)">baasista</a>. Dempuei l'invasion estatsunidenca de <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, la disparicion d'aquela politica e l'acomençament de persecucions an accelerat lo declin dau cristianisme iraquian en causa de la fugida d'un nombre important de crestians a l'estrangier. Ansin, en mens de cinc annadas, lo nombre de fidèus dau cristianisme es passat de 6% a mens de 1% (0,8% en <a href="/wiki/2010" class="mw-redirect" title="2010">2010</a>). </p><p>L'autra religion minoritària importanta en Iraq èra l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iazidisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iazidisme (la pagina existís pas)">iazidisme</a> qu'es una <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Monote%C3%AFsme" title="Monoteïsme">monoteista</a> liada au <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrisme" title="Zoroastrisme">zoroastrisme</a>. Pasmens, son origina sembla pus anciana car presenta tanben de trachs eissits dei religions ancianas de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Dempuei l'islamizacion d'Orient Mejan, a tanben adoptat certanei rites musulmans. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, reunissiá aperaquí 0,2% deis abitants, principalament installats dins l'oèst dau <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curdistan</a> Iraquian. Son l'objècte de persecucions imortantas organizadas per lei movements jihadistas presents dins la region<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_d%27Iraq" title="Istòria d'Iraq">Istòria d'Iraq</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preïstòria"><span id="Pre.C3.AFst.C3.B2ria"></span>Preïstòria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Preïstòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Preïstòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei recèrcas <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueologicas</a> dins la region an mostrat una preséncia umama datant d'au mens 450 000 ans per <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, 65 000 ans per <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_neanderthalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo neanderthalensis">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i> e per <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>. Lei premierei traças d'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralha</a> apareguèron vèrs 7 000 av. JC. A partir de 6 000 av. JC, lo melhorament dei tecnicas agricòlas e de domesticacion favorizèt la produccion de viures e lo regropament deis abitants au sen d'aglomeracions. Lo periòde veguèt tanben lo desvolopament de l'utilizacion dau <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pintura</a> (muralha, terralha...) e de la <a href="/wiki/Brica" class="mw-disambig" title="Brica">brica</a>. </p><p>Au començament dau milleni VI av. JC, la difusion d'aquelei progrès favorizèt l'emergéncia de practicas comunas que formèron lei premierei culturas de l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">Istòria</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">umana</a> : <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_de_Hassuna" title="Periòde de Hassuna">Periòde de Hassuna</a> (5 800 - 5 500 av. JC), <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_de_Samarra" title="Periòde de Samarra">Periòde de Samarra</a> (5 600 - 5 000 av. JC) e <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_de_Halaf" title="Periòde de Halaf">Periòde de Halaf</a> (5 500 - 4 700 av. JC). Puei, a l'acomençament dau milleni V av. JC, lei procès de complexificacion de la ierarquia sociala s'accelerèron fins a la formacion dei premiers <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a> vertadiers dins lo corrent dei <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_d%27Obe%C3%AFd" title="Periòde d'Obeïd">Periòdes d'Obeïd</a> (4 700 - 4 100 av. JC) e <a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_d%27Uruk" title="Periòde d'Uruk">Uruk</a> (4 100 - 2 900 av. JC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Mesopotamia_Antica">La Mesopotamia Antica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : La Mesopotamia Antica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Mesopotamia Antica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Antica a una <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> lònga que se pòu devesir entre plusors periòdes diferents : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peri%C3%B2de_d%27Uruk" title="Periòde d'Uruk">Periòde d'Uruk</a> finau (3 400 - 2 900 av. JC) que marca l'acomençament de l'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">Istòria</a> ambé l'aparicion de l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a>. Lei tèxtes d'aquela epòca son malaisats de tradurre mai semblan èsser de documents <a href="/wiki/Administracion" title="Administracion">administratius</a> ò de listas lexicalas. Donan ges d'informacion sus leis eveniments <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorics</a> mai indican clarament l'existéncia d'<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a> ierarquizats.</li> <li>Periòde dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastias_arca%C3%AFcas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastias arcaïcas (la pagina existís pas)">dinastias arcaïcas</a> (2 900 - 2 340 av. JC) qu'es dominat per lei <a href="/wiki/Ciutat-estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat-estat">ciutats-estats</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Bassa. Es marcat per l'aparicion d'archius <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorics</a> depintant leis eveniments e la <a href="/wiki/Diplomacia" title="Diplomacia">diplomacia</a> dau periòde. Pasmens, acomencèt tanben de se formar de poissanças importantas en <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Auta e sus lo plan <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">iranian</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Akkad.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Expansion de l'Empèri d'Akkad.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">Periòde d'Akkad</a> (2 340 - vèrs 2 180 av. JC) marcat par la dominacion de l'Empèri d'Akkad fondat per <a href="/wiki/Sargon_d%27Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon d'Akkad">Sargon</a>. Agantèt son apogèu pendent lo rèine de <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin" title="Naram-Sin">Naram-Sin</a> (vèrs 2 254 - 2 218 av. JC) e dominèt alora tot lo plan <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">mesopotamian</a>. Pasmens, l'Empèri mau capitèt de resistir ai migracions dei nomadas <a href="/wiki/Gutis" title="Gutis">gutis</a> que s'installèron dins la region au sègle XXII av. JC e a una tiera de revòutas intèrnas.</li> <li>Periòde neosumerian (vèrs 2 180 - 2 004 av. JC) acomencèt ambé l'afondrament de la poissança <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">akkadiana</a> e la restauracion de l'independéncia dei ciutats sumerianas. Dins aquò, <a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> prenguèt la primautat au començament dau sègle XII avC e restaurèt un empèri mesopotamian poderós sota <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> (2 112 - 2 095 av. JC) e <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> (2 094 - 2 047 av. JC) de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">III<sup>a</sup> dinastia d'Ur</a>. Pasmens, aquel estat s'afondrèt a son torn en <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">2004 av. JC</a> en causa d'una crisi agricòla grèva e d'invasions <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">elamitas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Amorritas" title="Amorritas">amorritas</a>.</li> <li>Periòde paleobabilonian ò amorritas (2 004 - 1 595 av. JC) marcat per la dominacion dei <a href="/wiki/Dinastia" title="Dinastia">dinastias</a> amorritas que prenguèron la tèsta dei ciutats mesopotamian. D'efèct, après la disparicion de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">III<sup>a</sup> dinastia d'Ur</a>, leis amorritas, a l'origina un pòble nomada, se partejèron la region entre de principats pichons. Fins a la mitat dau sègle XVIII av. JC, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> e <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> aguèron la primautat mai declinèron pauc a pauc en causa d'una guèrra quasi perpetuala entre lei doas vilas. Entre <a href="/wiki/-1762" class="mw-redirect" title="-1762">1762</a> e <a href="/wiki/-1750" class="mw-redirect" title="-1750">1750</a>, lo rèi <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">babilonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> conquistèt ansin rapidament la màger part de la region gràcias au declin de seis adversaris e ai divisions dei <a href="/wiki/Ciutat-estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat-estat">ciutats-estats</a> entre elei. Après sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a>, son empèri declinèt a cha pauc e dispareguèt d'un biais definitiu après lo pilhatge de sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> per leis <a href="/wiki/Ititas" title="Ititas">Ititas</a> en <a href="/wiki/-1595" class="mw-redirect" title="-1595">1595 av. JC</a>.</li> <li>Periòde mediobabilonian (1 595 - 1 080 av. JC) dominat per la dinastia cassita de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>. Aquela epòca correspond a un declin relatiu de la <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> Bassa au profiech de <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">Empèri Medioassirian</a>. S'acabèt amb una crisi grèva entraïnada per leis invasions dei nomadas aramèus que conquistèron la màger part de la region.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/220px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/330px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png/440px-Expansion_e_declin_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_NeoAssirian.png 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Expansion e declin de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">Empèri Assirian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Periòde neoassirian (911 - 609 av. JC) marcat per la restauracion de la poissança <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">assiriana</a> que conoguèt son apogèu ai sègles VIII e VII av. JC. Pasmens, coma leis Assirians assimilavan pas lei pòbles vencuts, deguèron faciar de revòutas permanentas. A partir de <a href="/wiki/-650" class="mw-redirect" title="-650">650 av. JC</a>, sa poissança militara acomencèt de declinar en causa dei guèrras recurrentas, magerament còntra <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> que se revoutèt mai d'un còp per reconquistar son <a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a>, e foguèt plus sufisenta per mantenir son contraròtle sus la region. Après una guèrra lònga còntra lei Babilonians, lei Medes e leis Escites, foguèron finalament anientats en <a href="/wiki/-609" class="mw-redirect" title="-609">609 av. JC</a>.</li> <li>Periòde neobabilonian (625 - 539 av. JC) marcat per la restauracion d'un reiaume de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> poderós per <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> (<a href="/wiki/-626" class="mw-redirect" title="-626">626</a>-<a href="/wiki/-605" class="mw-redirect" title="-605">605 av. JC</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Nabucodonos%C3%B2r_II" title="Nabucodonosòr II">Nabucodonosòr II</a> (<a href="/wiki/-605" class="mw-redirect" title="-605">605</a>-<a href="/wiki/-562" class="mw-redirect" title="-562">562 av. JC</a>). Pasmens, conoguèt un declin rapide e passèt sota lo contraròtle dau sobeiran <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">pèrse</a> <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II</a>, fondator dau premier empèri pèrsa unificat.</li> <li>Periòde <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">aquemenida</a> (539 - 331 av. JC) après l'integracion de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> au sen de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>. La fin dei guèrras quasi permanentas en <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> permetèt a la region de conóisser una prosperitat importanta.</li> <li>Periòde <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">seleucida</a> (331 - 140 av. JC) après la conquista de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a> per <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a> e sa division entre sei generaus. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> faguèt alora partida de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">Empèri Seleucida</a>. Gardèt sa prosperitat economica mai la cultura tradicionala declinèt au profiech de la cultura grèga, especialament dins lo corrent dau sègle II av. JC.</li> <li>Periòde <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">part</a> (140 av. JC - 224 ap. JC) que comencèt ambé la conquista de la region per lei Parts dins lo corrent deis annadas 140-130 av. JC. Veguèt la disparicion definitiva de la cultura mesopotamiana antica e l'abandon dei temples de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a>.</li> <li>Periòde <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">sassanida</a> (224 - vèrs 640) après lo remplaçament de la dinastia parta per aquela dei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Sassanidas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> venguèt lo centre politic de l'Empèri qu'installèt sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont">Ctesifont</a>. Poissança majora de la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>, lei Sassanidas foguèron pauc a pauc afeblits per leis atacas dei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">nomadas</a> venguts de l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa">estèpa</a> eurasiatica e per de conflictes saunós còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">Empèri Roman d'Orient</a>. Dins leis annadas 640, l'Empèri poguèt pas resistir ais invasions arabis e dispareguèt en <a href="/wiki/651" class="mw-redirect" title="651">651</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_periòde_deis_empèris_musulmans"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_deis_emp.C3.A8ris_musulmans"></span>Lo periòde deis empèris musulmans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde deis empèris musulmans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde deis empèris musulmans"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lei_periòdes_omeia_e_abbassida"><span id="Lei_peri.C3.B2des_omeia_e_abbassida"></span>Lei periòdes omeia e abbassida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei periòdes omeia e abbassida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei periòdes omeia e abbassida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nascut vèrs <a href="/wiki/570" class="mw-redirect" title="570">570</a> a <a href="/wiki/La_M%C3%A8ca" title="La Mèca">La Mèca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet">Maomet</a> capitèt d'i fondar e d'i impausar l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. A sa mòrt, sei successors capitèron d'assegurar sa posicion dins la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Ar%C3%A0bia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Aràbia">Peninsula Aràbia</a>. Puei, a partir de <a href="/wiki/634" class="mw-redirect" title="634">634</a>, acomencèron la conquista dei regions aràbias situadas entre l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">Empèri Bizantin</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a>. Pasmens, en causa de l'afebliment bizantin e sassanida consecutiu a la guèrra de <a href="/wiki/602" class="mw-redirect" title="602">602</a>-<a href="/wiki/628" class="mw-redirect" title="628">628</a>, l'expansionisme musulman trobèt ges de limit en <a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> e la region de l'Iraq actuala foguèt conquistada dins lo corrent de la fin deis annadas 630 e dau començament deis annadas 640. Pasmens, l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> i venguèt pas la religion majoritària avans lei sègles IX e X. </p><p>Pasmens, de tensions importantas apareguèron au sen dei premierei comunautats e <a href="/wiki/Aristocracia" title="Aristocracia">aristocracias</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmanas</a> (autoritats califalas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina (la pagina existís pas)">Medina</a>, conquistaires arabis installats dins lei territòris novèus, tribüs aràbias rivalas...). En <a href="/wiki/656" class="mw-redirect" title="656">656</a>, après l'assassinat dau califa <a href="/wiki/Othman_ibn_Affan" title="Othman ibn Affan">Othman</a>, sa succession foguèt l'objècte de tensions importantas entre <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi-Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi-Talib">Ali ibn Abi-Talib</a>, cosin de <a href="/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet">Maomet</a>, e <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A0wiya_I%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Muàwiya Ièr">Muàwiya</a>, governador de <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi-Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi-Talib">Ali</a> èra opausat a l'institucionalizacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> e a la transformacion dau califa en sobeiran temporau. Criticava ansin lo regime creat per <a href="/wiki/Othman_ibn_Affan" title="Othman ibn Affan">Othman</a> que fasiá partida dau clan de <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A0wiya_I%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Muàwiya Ièr">Muàwiya</a>. En <a href="/wiki/657" class="mw-redirect" title="657">657</a>, lei dos pretendents reüniguèron sei tropas avans d'acceptar finalament un arbitratge. Aquò afebliguèt la posicion d'<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi-Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi-Talib">Ali</a> que foguèt assassinat quatre ans pus tard laissant lo poder a son rivau. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Division d'Orient Mejan vèrs <a href="/wiki/970" class="mw-redirect" title="970">970</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A0wiya_I%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Muàwiya Ièr">Muàwiya</a> fondèt lo <a href="/wiki/Califat_Omeia" title="Califat Omeia">Califat Omeia</a> e installèt sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> a <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a>. En <a href="/wiki/680" class="mw-redirect" title="680">680</a>, deguèt faciar una revòuta menada per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hussayn_ibn_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hussayn ibn Ali (la pagina existís pas)">Al-Hussayn ibn Ali</a>, fiu d'<a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi-Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi-Talib">Ali</a>, que foguèt batut a executat a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Kerbala_(680)" title="Batalha de Kerbala (680)">Kerbala</a> (<a href="/wiki/680" class="mw-redirect" title="680">680</a>). Dins leis annadas 740, d'insureccions originàrias de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">Pèrsia</a> afebliguèron la dinastia omeia. En <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>, leis <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Abbassidas</a> prenguèron lo poder e fondèron lo <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat Abbassida</a>. En <a href="/wiki/762" class="mw-redirect" title="762">762</a>, fondèron una capitala novèla a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Fins a la premiera mitat dau sègle IX, lo Califat demorèt una poissança importanta e foguèt lo centre <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiós</a> e <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientific</a> pus important de son epòca. Pasmens, a partir deis annadas 820, foguèt a cha pauc afeblit per de conflictes intèrnes e per l'influéncia mai e mai importanta dei mercenaris turcs. Perdiguèt pauc a pauc lo contraròtle dei territòris periferics e en <a href="/wiki/935" class="mw-redirect" title="935">935</a>, èra reduch a la region de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. En <a href="/wiki/946" class="mw-redirect" title="946">946</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> foguèt conquistat per lei Buyídes que gardèron lo califa coma figura religiosa, fònt de prestigi e fònt de legitimat. En <a href="/wiki/1055" class="mw-redirect" title="1055">1055</a>, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_Seljokides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turcs Seljokides (la pagina existís pas)">Turcs Seljokides</a> remplacèron lei Buyídes fins a la restauracion de l'independéncia de la dinastia abbassida per una tiera de califas energics a partir de <a href="/wiki/1152" class="mw-redirect" title="1152">1152</a>, especialament lo califa <a href="/w/index.php?title=An-Nasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An-Nasir (la pagina existís pas)">An-Nasir</a> (<a href="/wiki/1180" class="mw-redirect" title="1180">1180</a>-<a href="/wiki/1225" class="mw-redirect" title="1225">1225</a>) que conquistèt la màger part de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Dins aquò, dins l'encastre de sa lucha còntra lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanat_de_Khwarezm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanat de Khwarezm (la pagina existís pas)">Sultanat de Khwarezm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=An-Nasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An-Nasir (la pagina existís pas)">An-Nasir</a> aviá favorizat l'expansion de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>. En <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a>, l'aliança entre Abbassidas e <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Mongòls</a> èra rompuda. <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> e seis abitants foguèron anientats en febrier entraïnant la fin dau <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Reiaume Abbassida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_conquista_mongòla_e_lo_declin"><span id="La_conquista_mong.C3.B2la_e_lo_declin"></span>La conquista mongòla e lo declin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista mongòla e lo declin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista mongòla e lo declin"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> foguèt dominada per de <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">nomadas</a> liats ai <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Mongòls</a> e a de tribüs d'origina <a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Turc">turca</a> fins au sègle XVI. Pasmens, en causa de la destruccion dau ret d'aigatge qu'èra a la basa de l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> locala dempuei l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>, la region conoguèt un declin important e sa <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">desertificacion</a> s'accelerèt. Premier, foguèt integrada au sen de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a> que sa formacion acomencèt en <a href="/wiki/1256" class="mw-redirect" title="1256">1256</a> a partir de la fragmentacion progressiva de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>. Aquel <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estat</a> mancava d'estabilitat e deguèt faciar de crisis religiosas grèvas ambé la difusion de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> dins l'aristocracia mongòla e una tiera de còps d'estat e d'insureccions dirigits còntra lei musulmans ò còntra lei tenents de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tengrisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tengrisme (la pagina existís pas)">religion tradicionala</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a> s'afondrèt donc rapidament e dispareguèt en <a href="/wiki/1335" class="mw-redirect" title="1335">1335</a>. </p><p>Quatre dinastias <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmanas</a> d'origina mongòla se partejèron lei vestigis de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a>. La màger part de l'Iraq actuau passèt sota lo contraròtle de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_jala%C3%ADrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia jalaírida (la pagina existís pas)">dinastia jalaírida</a>. Lo fondator de la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia" title="Dinastia">dinastia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Buzurg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Buzurg (la pagina existís pas)">Hassan Buzurg</a> (<a href="/wiki/1336" class="mw-redirect" title="1336">1336</a>-<a href="/wiki/1356" class="mw-redirect" title="1356">1356</a>), installèt sa <a href="/wiki/Capitala" title="Capitala">capitala</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Son fiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uways_I%C3%A8r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uways Ièr (la pagina existís pas)">Uways I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1356" class="mw-redirect" title="1356">1356</a>-<a href="/wiki/1374" class="mw-redirect" title="1374">1374</a>) capitèt d'estendre son territòri fins a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a>. Pasmens, après sa <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2rt" title="Mòrt">mòrt</a>, foguèt remplaçat per de successors pus febles ò devesits per de querèlas de succession. En mai d'aquò, l'estat jalaírida foguèt menaçat per l'emergéncia de la <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre" title="Turcomans dau Moton Negre">Confederacion dau Moton Negre</a> e de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empèri Timurida (la pagina existís pas)">Empèri Timurida</a>. Dins lo corrent dau sègle XV, Iraq conoguèt donc un periòde fòrça agitat e foguèt partejat entre lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_jala%C3%ADrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia jalaírida (la pagina existís pas)">Jalaíridas</a> (dispareguts en <a href="/wiki/1432" class="mw-redirect" title="1432">1432</a>), lo <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre" title="Turcomans dau Moton Negre">Moton Negre</a> (disparegut en <a href="/wiki/1475" class="mw-redirect" title="1475">1475</a>), lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empèri Timurida (la pagina existís pas)">Timuridas</a> (dispareguts en <a href="/wiki/1507" class="mw-redirect" title="1507">1507</a>) e lo <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Moton Blanc</a> (disparegut en <a href="/wiki/1508" class="mw-redirect" title="1508">1508</a>). En <a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a>, Iraq foguèt brèvament integrada au sen de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida">Empèri Safavida</a>. Pasmens, lei Safavidas <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiitas</a> intrèron rapidament en conflicte ambé leis <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Otomans</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunitas</a> e perdiguèron lo país en <a href="/wiki/1555" class="mw-redirect" title="1555">1555</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_otoman"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_otoman"></span>Lo periòde otoman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde otoman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde otoman"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_-_Expansion_territ%C3%B2riala_de_1307_a_1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>Expansion de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> de <a href="/wiki/1307" class="mw-redirect" title="1307">1307</a> a <a href="/wiki/1683" class="mw-redirect" title="1683">1683</a> e annexion de Mesopotamia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Après la conquista otoman, lo territòri foguèt devesit entre tres províncias centradas sus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a>. En causa de sa situacion periferica au sen de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> e dau declin irremediable de la <a href="/wiki/Rota_de_la_Seda" title="Rota de la Seda">Rota de la Seda</a> dempuei lo sègle XV, la region retrobèt pas sa prosperitat anciana e demorèt paura. Pasmens, au contrari d'autrei regions marginalizadas de l'espaci otoman, la senhoriá otomana se mantenguèt maugrat lo declin de l'Empèri dins lo corrent dei sègles XVIII e XIX. </p><p>Premier, la region venguèt un luòc d'afrontament privilegiat durant lei conflictes entre l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> e <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">Pèrsia</a> (dètz guèrras majoras entre <a href="/wiki/1514" class="mw-redirect" title="1514">1514</a> e <a href="/wiki/1823" class="mw-redirect" title="1823">1823</a>). Aquelei guèrras cambièron pas l'equilibri entre lei dos empèris e la <a href="/wiki/Frontiera" title="Frontiera">frontiera</a> s'estabilizèt pauc a pauc. Pasmens, per faciar la menaça pèrsa (ocupacion de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> de <a href="/wiki/1622" class="mw-redirect" title="1622">1622</a> a <a href="/wiki/1638" class="mw-redirect" title="1638">1638</a> ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a> de <a href="/wiki/1775" class="mw-redirect" title="1775">1775</a> a <a href="/wiki/1779" class="mw-redirect" title="1779">1779</a>), lei pachas de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> aguèron mai e mai d'autonòmia dins lo corrent dei sègles XVII e XVIII. Au començament dau sègle XIX, lo governador Daud (<a href="/wiki/1817" class="mw-redirect" title="1817">1817</a>-<a href="/wiki/1831" class="mw-redirect" title="1831">1831</a>) assaièt d'aprofichar aquela situacion per venir independent avans l'arribda d'una expedicion militara turca que restabliguèt aisament la senhoriá otomana. </p><p>L'autra caracteristica majora d'aqueu periòde foguèt la manca de dinamisme economic ò intellectuau deis elèits de la region. Aquò entraïnèt la formacion d'una societat dominada per leis elèits turcas e caucasica liadas au poder militar e politic otoman. Quauquei comunautats josievas gardèron un ròtle economic important mai assaièron pas de s'implicar dins la vida politica dau país. Leis elèits <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiistas</a> adoptèron una posicion similara e gardèron solament una influéncia religiosa. De mai, leis influéncias estrangieras penetrèron pas lo bacin mesopotamian e la societat iraquiana evolucionèt ansin gaire fins a la <a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiera Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_periòde_coloniau"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_coloniau"></span>Lo periòde coloniau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde coloniau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde coloniau"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_partiment_francobritanic_d'Orient_Mejan"><span id="Lo_partiment_francobritanic_d.27Orient_Mejan"></span>Lo partiment francobritanic d'Orient Mejan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo partiment francobritanic d'Orient Mejan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo partiment francobritanic d'Orient Mejan"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_(1923).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/220px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/330px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png/440px-Partiment_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman_%281923%29.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Partiment de l'Empèri Otoman en <a href="/wiki/1923" class="mw-redirect" title="1923">1923</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>En novembre de <a href="/wiki/1914" class="mw-redirect" title="1914">1914</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> intrèt en guèrra còntra l'Entenduda. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> venguèt rapidament un teatre d'operacions ambé la presa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a> per lei <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanics</a> en novembre de <a href="/wiki/1914" class="mw-redirect" title="1914">1914</a>. Fins a <a href="/wiki/1917" class="mw-redirect" title="1917">1917</a> e la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> en març, lei combats demorèron concentrats en Mesopotamia Bassa. Puei, lei Britanics se dirigiguèron vèrs lo nòrd d'Iraq e agantèron pauc a pauc lei <a href="/wiki/Frontiera" title="Frontiera">frontieras</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> avans la fin de la guèrra (presa de <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> en <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>). </p><p>A la fin de <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>, una tiera d'acòrds entre lo <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> organizèt lo partiment d'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> entre aquelei poissanças. La prioritat foguèt inicialament donada au partiment de la region palestiniana e la question iraquiana foguèt alora segondària per lei Britanics que laissèron Mossul ai Francés per leis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac%C3%B2rds_Sykes-Picot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acòrds Sykes-Picot (la pagina existís pas)">Acòrds Sykes-Picot</a>. Aquela region èra tanben revendicada per lei <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turcs</a> e per lei <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">Curds</a>. L'Iraq actuau foguèt finalament donada ai Britanics en <a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a> mai la question de la sobeiranetat sus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> foguèt pas reglada avans <a href="/wiki/1924" class="mw-redirect" title="1924">1924</a> e son atribucion ais Iraquians per la <a href="/wiki/Societat_dei_Nacions" title="Societat dei Nacions">SDN</a>. </p><p>Regardant l'administracion dau territòri, lei Britancis pensavan installar un sistèma dirècte. Pasmens, en julhet de <a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a>, una revòuta tribala degenerèt en insureccion <a href="/wiki/Nacionalisme" title="Nacionalisme">nacionalista</a> dins lei regions <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunitas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosa</a> dins lo sud <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiita</a>. <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> abandonèt alora son projècte au profiech d'un regime arabi plaçat sota son influéncia. En <a href="/wiki/1921" class="mw-redirect" title="1921">1921</a>, creèron un Reiaume d'Iraq dirigit per <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I%C3%A8r" title="Faisal Ièr">Faisal I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1921" class="mw-redirect" title="1921">1921</a>-<a href="/wiki/1933" class="mw-redirect" title="1933">1933</a>). Maugrat l'abolicion dau mandat britanic sus <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> en <a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a> per la <a href="/wiki/Societat_dei_Nacions" title="Societat dei Nacions">SDN</a>, la tutèla britanica demorèt en plaça fins au 3 d'octòbre de <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a>, data oficiala de l'independéncia iraquiana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_d'influéncia_britanica"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_d.27influ.C3.A9ncia_britanica"></span>Lo periòde d'influéncia britanica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde d'influéncia britanica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde d'influéncia britanica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/1932" class="mw-redirect" title="1932">1932</a> a <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a>, lo Reiaume d'Iraq independent demorèt sota l'influéncia dau <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a>. Pasmens, la posicion de <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> s'afebliguèt a cha pauc ambé lo declin de la poissança britanica e lo periòde veguèt tanben l'emergéncia d'actors novèus, especialament l'armada, qu'anavan promòure la defensa d'idèas modèrnas e entraïnar la fin de la monarquia. </p><p>D'efèct, dins leis annadas 1920, l'estructura de la societat iraquiana èra totjorn similara a aquela dau sègle XIX. Leis elèits <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunita</a> d'origina otomana, tribala ò hachemita contunièron de dominar l'economia dau país principalament gràcias a l'importància de sei proprietats agricòlas. Lei fònts principalas d'oposicion èran lei nomadas arabis dau desèrt (mai ò mens contraròtlats a partir deis annadas 1930) e leis organizacions <a href="/wiki/Curdistan" title="Curdistan">curdas</a> que contunièron de refusar son integracion au sen d'un <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estat</a> dominat per leis Arabis. Aquò entraïnèt la formacion de fòrças armadas iraquianas que venguèron rapidament una fòrça pron eficaça per protegir la monarquia. Lei Britanics retirèron alora la màger part de sei garnisons d'Iraq e en <a href="/wiki/1930" class="mw-redirect" title="1930">1930</a>, i gardèron solament doas basas aerianas. </p><p>Après la mòrt de <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I%C3%A8r" title="Faisal Ièr">Faisal</a> en <a href="/wiki/1933" class="mw-redirect" title="1933">1933</a>, la vida politica foguèt dominada per lei militars e per lo politician probritanica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuri_al-Said&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuri al-Said (la pagina existís pas)">Nuri al-Said</a> que foguèt uech còps cap dau govèrn entre <a href="/wiki/1930" class="mw-redirect" title="1930">1930</a> e <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a>. La tutèla de <a href="/wiki/Londres" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Londres">Londres</a> demorèt importanta fins a la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Segonda Guèrra Mondiala">Segonda Guèrra Mondiala</a>. En particular, en <a href="/wiki/1941" class="mw-redirect" title="1941">1941</a>, l'armada britanica ocupèt tornarmai Iraq per destituir lo Premier Ministre <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachid_Ali_al-Gillani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachid Ali al-Gillani (la pagina existís pas)">Rachid Ali al-Gillani</a> favorable a un raprochament amb <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a>. Pasmens, après <a href="/wiki/1945" class="mw-redirect" title="1945">1945</a>, l'independéncia progressiva dei territòris de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Britanic" title="Empèri Britanic">Empèri Britanic</a> aguèt per consequéncia la demenicion progressiva dau ròtle dau <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Reiaume Unit</a> dins leis afaires intèrnes d'Iraq. Leis annadas 1940-1950 foguèron tanben marcadas per l'emergéncia d'idèas novèlas e modernisatritz inspiradas per lo <a href="/wiki/Nacionalisme" title="Nacionalisme">nacionalisme</a> arabi (en particular lo <a href="/wiki/Panarabisme" title="Panarabisme">panarabisme</a>) e lo <a href="/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme">comunisme</a>. Se turtèron rapidament au conservatisme de la dinastia hachemita entraïnant d'esmogudas grèvas en <a href="/wiki/1948" class="mw-redirect" title="1948">1948</a>, en <a href="/wiki/1952" class="mw-redirect" title="1952">1952</a> e en <a href="/wiki/1954" class="mw-redirect" title="1954">1954</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Iraq_modèrne"><span id="L.27Iraq_mod.C3.A8rne"></span>L'Iraq modèrne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Iraq modèrne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Iraq modèrne"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_revolucion_baasista">La revolucion baasista</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : La revolucion baasista" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La revolucion baasista"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a> a <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>, Iraq conoguèt una tiera de còps d'estat e d'insureccions popularas qu'entraïnèron la fin de la monarquia e la formacion d'un estat autoritari basat sus una ideologia nacionalista aràbia. D'efèct, en julhet de <a href="/wiki/1958" class="mw-redirect" title="1958">1958</a>, un còp d'estat militar menat per un grop d'oficièrs progressistas se transformèt rapidament en revolucion <a href="/wiki/Republica" title="Republica">republicana</a>. Lo generau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_Kassem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Karim Kassem (la pagina existís pas)">Abdul Karim Kassem</a> prenguèt lo poder e formèt un regime s'apielant sus lei comunistas e lei nacionalistas. Son govèrn ordonèt divèrsei refòrmas socialas, compres una refòrma agrària, demeniguèt la poissança economica de l'<a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> e assaièt de negociar ambé lei Curds (fins a <a href="/wiki/1961" class="mw-redirect" title="1961">1961</a>). </p><p>Pasmens, lei dissensions entre movements revolucionaris entraïnèron un còp d'estat militar novèu en <a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a> dirigit per lei nacionalistas, especialament lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partit_Baas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partit Baas (la pagina existís pas)">Baas</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Karim_Kassem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Karim Kassem (la pagina existís pas)">Kassem</a> foguèt executat e remplaçat per lei fraires <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdel_Salam_Aref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdel Salam Aref (la pagina existís pas)">Abdel Salam Aref</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Rahman_Aref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Rahman Aref (la pagina existís pas)">Abdul Rahman Aref</a>. La presa dau poder per lei nacionalistas entraïnèt una onda de repression anticomunista. Dins aquò, lo regime dei fraires Aref foguèt a son torn reversat per un còp d'estat en <a href="/wiki/1968" class="mw-redirect" title="1968">1968</a> menat per lei baasistas. Sa politica foguèt principalament centrada sus la secularizacion de la societat, lo desvolopament de l'ensenhament e lo renfòrçament de l'aparelh d'Estat. En <a href="/wiki/1972" class="mw-redirect" title="1972">1972</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nacionalizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nacionalizacion (la pagina existís pas)">nacionalizèt</a> l'<a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">IPC</a>, çò que li permetèt de desgatjar de revenguts importants e d'accelerar la modernizacion dau país. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lo_periòde_Saddam_Hussein"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_Saddam_Hussein"></span>Lo periòde Saddam Hussein</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde Saddam Hussein" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde Saddam Hussein"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_(1980-1988).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/220px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/330px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/440px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Esquèma generau de la Guèrra Iran-Iraq.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_(25-28_febrier_de_1991).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png/220px-Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png/330px-Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png/440px-Gu%C3%A8rra_dau_Golf_%2825-28_febrier_de_1991%29.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Ofensivas terrèstras de la fin de la Coalicion estatsunidenca durant la Guèrra dau Golf (25-28 de febrier de 1991).</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo decenni 1970 veguèt l'emergéncia progressiva de la figura de <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> que venguèt oficialament cap de l'Estat en <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> e lo demorèt fins a <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. Sota sa direccion, lo regime baasista venguèt mai e mai autoritari e corromput. Lei membres de sa tribü e de sa familha ocupèron divèrsei pòstes importants. Una Garda Republicana, còrs militar ben equipat que seis <a href="/wiki/Ofici%C3%A8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficièr">oficièrs</a> èran pereu recrutats au sen de la tribü de Saddam Hussein, foguèt tanben creada per aparar lo regime. </p><p>La politica de <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> foguèt principalament marcat per la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran-Iraq" title="Guèrra Iran-Iraq">guèrra Iran-Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>) e la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Kuwait_(1990-1991)" title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)">guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)</a> e sei consequéncias. La premiera foguèt entraïnada per la volontat iraquiana d'aprofichar lei dificultats <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">iranianas</a> consecutivas a la Revolucion Islamica de <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>. Leis objectius iniciaus de Saddam Hussein semblan pauc precís (reversament dau regime islamic, modificacion a son avantatge deis acòrds de navigacion frontaliera, annexion dei províncias aràbias d'<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>... etc.) mai son armada, mau preparada, se turtèt a una resisténcia acarnada. Sostenguda per l'<a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">URSS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> e per lei monarquias petrolieras, Iraq capitèt de resistir ai còntra-ofensivas iranianas. Pasmens, lo conflicte s'acabèt per la restauracion dau <i>statu quo ante bellum</i> e Iraq èra estat obligat de s'endeutar pesentament per crompar d'armas. </p><p>Après aquela guèrra, Iraq èra vengut la premiera poissança militara aràbia. Òr, aquò inquietava lei monarquias petrolieras (principalament l'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait">Kowait</a>) que decidèron d'aumentar la produccion de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> per demenir lo pretz dau barriu, complicar lo remborsament dau deute de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> e afeblir son potenciau militar. Saddam Hussein assaièt de negociar una solucion puei decidèt d'utilizar la fòrça. En aost de <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, sei tropas envaïguèron <a href="/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait">Kowait</a>. Lo govèrn iraquian pensava tenir l'aprovacion dau govèrn <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a>. Pasmens, aquò èra pas lo cas e leis Estats Units refusèron de reconóisser l'invasion. Au contrari, formèron ambé lo sostèn de l'ONU e de l'Arabia Saudita una coalizacion fòrça importanta (34 país) per reconquistar lo territòri kowaitian. Après una <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Kuwait_(1990-1991)" title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)">guèrra brèva</a> (17 de genier - 28 de febrier de <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>), Kowait foguèt liberat. L'armada iraquiana perdiguèt de desenaus de milièrs e leis infrastructuras dau país foguèron durament bombardats. En mai d'aquò, un embarg economic estrict foguèt mes en plaça per leis Estats Units e l'<a href="/wiki/ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">ONU</a>. </p><p>Après <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, Iraq conoguèt un periòde malaisat. D'efèct, tre lo mes de març, d'insureccions acomencèron dins lei regions chiistas e curdas. La Garda Republicana reagiguèt rapidament ambé l'acòrd tacit de <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a> que voliá pas reversar Saddam Hussein e lo laissèt liurament reprimir lo movement chiista. Entre lo 7 e lo 14 de març, prenguèt l'avantatge sus l'insureccion chiista que mancava d'organizacion e d'armament. Lo 17 de març, lo fugau de l'insureccion (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Basra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basra (la pagina existís pas)">Basra</a>) èra sota contraròtle (de combats limitats contunièron pasmens fins au començament d'abriu). Puei, l'armada iraquiana se dirigiguèt còntra lei Curds e reconquistèron lei vilas principalas dau nòrd (28 de març - 3 d'abriu). Lei combats s'arrestèron lo 5 d'abriu sota la pression estatsunidenca e lei territòris encara tenguts per lei Curds formèron un Curdistan Iraquian autonòm. </p><p>Après aquelei combats, Iraq demorèt sota embarg e leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units</a> e seis aliats defendiguèron tanben l'utilizacion d'<a href="/wiki/Aeronau" title="Aeronau">avions</a> militars dins la màger part de l'espaci aerian iraquian. Aquel embarg entraïnèt una crisi economica e sanitària grèva ambé l'afondrament de l'economia dau país e la reaparicion de malautiás grèvas coma lo <a href="/wiki/Coler%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Colerà">colerà</a>. Pasmens, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> capitèt de se mantenir au poder fins a <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> e una guèrra novèla còntra leis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L'invasion_estatsunidenca_e_l'afondrament_de_l'Estat"><span id="L.27invasion_estatsunidenca_e_l.27afondrament_de_l.27Estat"></span>L'invasion estatsunidenca e l'afondrament de l'Estat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : L'invasion estatsunidenca e l'afondrament de l'Estat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'invasion estatsunidenca e l'afondrament de l'Estat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Après leis <a href="/wiki/Atemptats_de_l%2711_de_setembre_de_2001" title="Atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001">atemptats dau 11 de setembre</a> de <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, leis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a> accusèron lo govèrn de <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> de sostenir lo terrorisme islamista a d'aver reconstituit un arsenau d'armas de destruccion massiva. Maugrat lei criticas regardant lei « pròvas » avançadas per <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a> e lo refús de <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> d'avalizar una intervencion militara, leis Estatsunidencs e lei Britanics ataquèron e conquistèron aisament Iraq (19 de març - 9 d'abriu de <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>). <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> foguèt capturat lo 13 de decembre, jutjat per sei crimes de guèrras e crimes còntra l'Umanitat e executat en <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </p><p>Pasmens, après aquela victòria rapida, la politica estatsunidenca mau capitèt d'estabilizar. Au contrari, exarcerbèron lei tensions entre Curds, sunitas e chiistas, s'alienèron l'elèit sunita e baasista ambé lo licenciament de totei lei fidèus (militars, foncionaris... etc.) dau regime de Saddam Hussein e deguèron faciar l'arribada de combatents islamistas venguts ajudar lei movements de resisténcia locaus. En mai d'aquò, l'adopcion d'una constitucion basada sus lo modèl estatsunidenc entraïnèt la formacion d'un estat federau feble. Dins lo nòrd, aquò permetèt ai Curds de mantenir son independéica <i>de facto</i> obtenguda en <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>. Dins lei regions centralas, aquò causèt un conflicte saunós entre sunitas e chiistas per lo contraròtle de certanei territòris. Lo poder centrau foguèt ocupat per lei chiistas que sei relacions ambé <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a> se desgradèron a mesura qu'Iran renforcèt son influéncia. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/2011" class="mw-redirect" title="2011">2011</a>, leis Estats Units retirèron sei tropas en causa de l'impossibilitat de conclure un acòrd ambé lo govèrn iraquian regardant la creacion de basas estatsunidencas permanentas. Aquela partença agravèt lei dificultats dau govèrn centrau. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, deguèt faciar l'emergéncia dau movement <a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a> que conquistèt lo nòrd-oèst e la vila de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a>. Menaça tanben lei vilas principalas dei regions centralas, compres <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Dins lo nòrd, lei Curds an aprofichat la situacion per ocupar <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>, centre major de l'industria dau petròli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala"><span id="Organizacions_politica_e_territ.C3.B2riala"></span>Organizacions politica e territòriala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacions politica e territòriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacions politica e territòriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizacion_politica">Organizacion politica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacion politica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq es una <a href="/wiki/Republica" title="Republica">republica</a> <a href="/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme">federala</a> <a href="/wiki/Parlament" title="Parlament">parlamentària</a> <a href="/wiki/Partit_politic" title="Partit politic">multipartita</a> qu'aplica lo principi de separacion dei poders. Leis institucions iraquianas son definidas per una <a href="/wiki/Constitucion" title="Constitucion">constitucion</a> adoptada en <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>. Redigida dins lo corrent de l'ocupacion <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">americana</a>, aqueu tèxte es inspirat per la <a href="/wiki/Constitucion" title="Constitucion">constitucion</a> deis <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a> e organiza un poder centrau feble per defugir la restauracion d'una dictatura e per laissar una autonòmia locala pron larga ai minoritats sunitas e curdas. Lo cap de l'Estat es lo President de la Republica que sa fonction es subretot simbolica. </p><p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Poder_executiu" title="Poder executiu">poder executiu</a> es principalament tengut per lo Premier Ministre que noma lei <a href="/wiki/Ministre" title="Ministre">ministres</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn">govèrn</a>. Lo <a href="/wiki/Poder_legislatiu" title="Poder legislatiu">poder legislatiu</a> es teoricament dins lei mans d'un parlament <a href="/wiki/Bicamerisme" title="Bicamerisme">bicamerau</a> format d'una <a href="/wiki/Chambra_bassa" title="Chambra bassa">chambra bassa</a> dicha Conseu dei Representents (325 deputats elegits au sufragi universau per un mandat de quatre ans) e d'una <a href="/wiki/Chambra_auta" title="Chambra auta">chambra auta</a> dicha Conseu de la Federacion. Pasmens, dempuei <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, ges de Conseu de la Federacion es estat elegit e son ròtle es pas clarament definit dins la <a href="/wiki/Constitucion" title="Constitucion">constitucion</a>. Ansin, lo parlament iraquian es <i>de facto</i> monocamerau. Enfin, lo poder judiciari es plaçat sota la direccion d'una Cort Suprèma Federala (unicament cargada dei questions constitucionalas) e d'una Cort de Cassacion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizacion_territòriala"><span id="Organizacion_territ.C3.B2riala"></span>Organizacion territòriala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion territòriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacion territòriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo territòri iraquian es devesit entre 19 governorats que son d'entitats fòrça autonòmas. Aquelei governorats son a son torn devesits entre quatre e dètz districtes, en sota-districtes e en vilatges. Recebon son budget de l'Estat en foncion de sei ressorsas, de sei besonhs e de son importància demografica. Son dirigits per un conseu de governorat, independent dau govèrn centrau, que designa un governador. Lei competéncias dau governador son definidas per lo conseu de governorat. Lei domenis de competència dei governorats regardan la gestion dei doanas, la regulacion dei fònts d'energia electrica, la gestion de l'environament, la planificacion dei politicas de desvolopament locau, la santat publica, l'ensenhament e l'educacion, la gestion dei ressorsas <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">idricas</a>. </p><p>De mai, plusors governorats pòdon se gropar entre elei per formar una region qu'es dotada de poders suplementaris coma la possibilitat de constituir lei sieunas fòrças de seguritat. A l'ora d'ara, i a unicament una region que gropa lei governorats que fan partida dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curdistan_Iraquian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curdistan Iraquian (la pagina existís pas)">Curdistan Iraquian</a>. Son existéncia es reconeguda per la constitucion e divèrseis acòrds suplementaris li donan una quasi independéncia dins l'encastre d'un Govèrn Regionau Curd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simbòls_nacionaus"><span id="Simb.C3.B2ls_nacionaus"></span>Simbòls nacionaus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Simbòls nacionaus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Simbòls nacionaus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei simbòls nacionaus d'Iraq son constituits d'un drapèu, d'armas, d'un imne e d'una devisa : </p> <ul><li>lo drapèu foguèt adoptat en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>. Es format de tres bendas orizontalas <a href="/wiki/Roge" title="Roge">roja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanc" title="Blanc">blanca</a> e <a href="/wiki/Negre" title="Negre">negra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Panarabisme" title="Panarabisme">panarabisme</a>) e de la devisa dau país <i>Allah akbar</i> (« Dieu es grand » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>) escricha amb un sistèma <a href="/wiki/Calligrafia" title="Calligrafia">calligrafic</a> d'inspiracion <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiista</a>. Es inspirat per lo drapèu adoptat en <a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a> après lo reversament de la monarquia.</li> <li>leis armas iraquianas son compausadas d'una <a href="/wiki/Agla" class="mw-redirect" title="Agla">agla</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> amb un blason inspirat per lo drapèu iraquian. Lo dessenh de l'agla adoptat en <a href="/wiki/1965" class="mw-redirect" title="1965">1965</a> a pauc evolucionat. En revènge, lo blason centrau a conegut divèrseis evolucions en foncion dei cambiaments de drapèu en <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, en <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> e <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>.</li> <li>l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imne_nacionau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imne nacionau (la pagina existís pas)">imne nacionau</a> iraquian actuau es estat adoptat en <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>. Dich <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawtini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mawtini (la pagina existís pas)">Mawtini</a></i>, es estat escrich per lo poèta <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina">palestian</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Touqan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibrahim Touqan (la pagina existís pas)">Ibrahim Touqan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1905" class="mw-redirect" title="1905">1905</a>-<a href="/wiki/1941" class="mw-redirect" title="1941">1941</a>).</li> <li>la devisa es <i>Allah akbar</i> (« Dieu es grand » en <a href="/wiki/Occitan" title="Occitan">occitan</a>).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapèu actuau d'Iraq adoptat en 2008."><img alt="Drapèu actuau d'Iraq adoptat en 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drapèu actuau d'Iraq adoptat en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq_(1924%E2%80%931959).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1921 a 1959."><img alt="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1921 a 1959." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281924%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drapèu d'Iraq de <a href="/wiki/1921" class="mw-redirect" title="1921">1921</a> a <a href="/wiki/1959" class="mw-redirect" title="1959">1959</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq_(1963%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1963 a 1991."><img alt="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1963 a 1991." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281963%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drapèu d'Iraq de <a href="/wiki/1963" class="mw-redirect" title="1963">1963</a> a <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq_(1991%E2%80%932004).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1991 a 2004."><img alt="Drapèu d'Iraq de 1991 a 2004." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iraq_%281991%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drapèu d'Iraq de <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> a <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armas actualas d'Iraq adoptadas en 2008."><img alt="Armas actualas d'Iraq adoptadas en 2008." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/87px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/174px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armas actualas d'Iraq adoptadas en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_(1965%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armas iraquianas de 1965 a 1991."><img alt="Armas iraquianas de 1965 a 1991." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg/86px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg/129px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg/172px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq_%281965%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armas iraquianas de <a href="/wiki/1965" class="mw-redirect" title="1965">1965</a> a <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afaires_estrangiers_e_defensa">Afaires estrangiers e defensa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Afaires estrangiers e defensa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Afaires estrangiers e defensa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afaires_estrangiers">Afaires estrangiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Afaires estrangiers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Afaires estrangiers"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dempuei l'adopcion de la <a href="/wiki/Constitucion" title="Constitucion">constitucion</a> de <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> e la fin de l'ocupacion militara <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Diplomacia" title="Diplomacia">diplomacia</a> iraquiana es principalament dominada per la volontat de reïntegrar son environament regionau e la necessitat d'establir de relacions amaisadas ambé sei vesins. Lo país a tanben una relacion complèxa ambé leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> que demoran un protector important dau regime en despiech dau retirament de sei tropas per <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a>. Pasmens, lei dificultats intèrnas grèvas au sen dau país minan aquela politica car cada comunautat es a assaiar de trobar lo sostèn de protectors estrangiers. Ansin, Iraq es pus un enjòc per lei poissanças regionalas d'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> e <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>) qu'un actor diplomatic vertadier. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> es un partenari important dau govèrn centrau e <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a> a una influéncia politica, economica e religiosa importanta dins lei regions <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiistas</a> gràcias ai liames establits ambé lei caps chiistas iraquians dins lo corrent de la dictatura de <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. L'armada iraniana participa tanben a la lucha còntra lei movements jihadistas que menaçan <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. Dins aquò, maugrat aquelei relacions bònas, divèrsei subjèctes potenciaus de tension existisson entre lei dos país coma la concuréncia sus lo mercat deis <a href="/wiki/Idrocarbur" title="Idrocarbur">idrocarburs</a>, la rivalitat entre clergats chiistas iranians e iraquians ò la question dau partiment deis <a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aigas</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Chatt_el-Arab" title="Chatt el-Arab">Chatt el-Arab</a>. </p><p>Lei relacions ambé <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> demoran malaisadas. Lo sostèn turc ais autoritats dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curdistan_Iraquian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curdistan Iraquian (la pagina existís pas)">Curdistan Iraquian</a>, en particular lo desvolopament de liames economics regardant leis idrocarburs, es un subjècte de tension car lo govèrn centrau redobta leis ambicions dei Curds sus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> e <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>. Lei relacions ambé l'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a>, protectritz de plusors movements sunitas, son tanben fòrça marridas car lei regions sunitas son vengudas la basa de movements jihadistas (<a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a>...) que representan d'ara endavant la menaça principala per <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>. </p><p>Enfin, lei relacions ambé leis <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estats Units d'America</a> son fòrça variablas en causa de la volontat dei dos país de virar la pagina de l'ocupacion. En <a href="/wiki/2011" class="mw-redirect" title="2011">2011</a>, Washington retirèt ansin sei tropas après lo refús de Bagdad d'acceptar lo mantenement de basas estatsunidencas permanentas sus son territòri. Lo raprochament dau govèrn centrau amb <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> es estat tanben un motiu de maucontentament per <a href="/wiki/Washington" title="Washington">Washington</a>. Pasmens, lo renfòrçament dei guerilhas jihadistas a permes un amaisament dei relacions entre lei dos país e l'armada estatsunidenca participa activament a la lucha còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fòrças_armadas"><span id="F.C3.B2r.C3.A7as_armadas"></span>Fòrças armadas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Fòrças armadas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Fòrças armadas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei fòrças iraquianas gropavan en <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a> teoricament 272 000 òmes amb un budget d'aperaquí 6 miliards. Pasmens, an subit de pèrdas importantas dins lo corrent d'aquela annada e sa situacion vertadiera es desconeguda. Èran devesidas entre cinc brancas principalas qu'èran una fòrça terrèstra, una fòrça aeriana, una fòrça de defensa antiaeriana, una pichona marina militara e un còrs de fòrças especialas. L'armament es principalament d'origina <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">sovietica</a> ò <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">russa</a> e <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a>. </p><p>En mai dei fòrças regularas dau govèrn centrau, divèrsei milícias existisson sus lo territòri iraquian. Aquelei dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curdistan_Iraquian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curdistan Iraquian (la pagina existís pas)">Curdistan Iraquian</a> alinhavan aperaquí 200 000 òmes amb un equipament e un entraïnament variable. Dins aquò, certaneis unitats son fòrça ben equipadas e organizadas. En <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, an per exemple capitat de resistir ais ofensivas de l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a>. Dins lo sud dau país, i a pereu mai d'una milícia chiita. Aquelei tropas gropavan 30 000 òmes e semblavan tenir de liames amb <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> regardant son entraïnament e son armament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflictes_intèrnes"><span id="Conflictes_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Conflictes intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Conflictes intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Conflictes intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq es lo teatre de mai d'un conflicte intèrne dempuei l'afondrament dau regime de <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> en <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. Lo pus important es la guèrra còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a> qu'ocupa una partida importanta dau país dempuei junh de <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>. Pasmens, se fau nòtar la persisténcia de combats entre comunautats sunitas e chiitas e l'existéncia de tensions importantas entre lo govèrn centrau dominat per lei chiitas e l'autoritat regionala curda. </p><p>Lo conflicte pus important a luòc dins lo nòrd e lo nòrd-oèst dau país e opausa lo movement islamista dich <a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a>, sostengut per divèrsei guerilhas <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunitas</a> e d'èx-quadres dau Baas, au govèrn centrau e a seis aliats (fòrças curdas e milícias <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiitas</a>). D'efèct, dins lo corrent de <a href="/wiki/2014" class="mw-redirect" title="2014">2014</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_Islamic" title="Estat Islamic">Estat Islamic</a> a infligit una tiera de desfachas grèvas ai fòrças regularas entraïnant la presa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> e la conquista d'aperaquí un quart dau territòri iraquian. Aqueu conflicte se superpausa en partida a l'antagonisme entre sunitas e chiitas qu'es la fònt de combats recurrents dempuei <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>. </p><p>Lei tensions regardant lo traçat dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Curdistan_Iraquian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curdistan Iraquian (la pagina existís pas)">Curdistan Iraquian</a> son una fònt potenciala de conflicte. D'efèct, lei Curds revendican lei doas vilas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossul (la pagina existís pas)">Mossul</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> que son de centres importants de l'industria petroliera d'Iraq. Pasmens, se troban divèrsei minoritats dins aquelei ciutats que son gaire desirosas de faire partida de Curdistan. De mai, lo govèrn centrau es opausat a la presa de contraròtle per lei Curds dei jaciments petroliers de la region que son pron importants per permetre l'existéncia d'un estat curd independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Economia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2013" class="mw-redirect" title="2013">2013</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/PIB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a> iraquian èra d'aperaquí 221 miliards de <a href="/wiki/Dolar" class="mw-disambig" title="Dolar">dolars</a> e lo país, poblat de 34 milions d'abitants, representa un mercat important dins la region. Lo sector agricòla ne'n formava 3,3%, l'industria 64,6% e lei servicis 32,1%. Son economia es dominada per lo sector deis <a href="/wiki/Idrocarbur" title="Idrocarbur">idrocarburs</a> qu'èra a l'origina de 93% dau budget de l'<a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">Estat</a> e de la mitat dau <a href="/wiki/PIB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a>. Iraq dispausava tanben dei quatrenei resèrvas mondialas confirmadas de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a>. Pasmens, en causa dei sancions internacionalas e dei conflictes intèrnes, l'industria petroliera iraquiana fonciona en sota-regime dempuei la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Kuwait_(1990-1991)" title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)">Guèrra de 1991</a>. </p><p>La diversificacion de l'economia es un enjòc major per estabilizar lo país car lo sector deis idrocarburs es una fònt febla d'emplechs. Ansin, lo desvolopament dau sector privat es considerat coma una prioritat per redurre lo taus de chaumatge (oficialament a 18% en 2014 e probablament situat a 30% en realitat). Dins aquò, la corrupcion e lo còst deis operacions militaras representan d'obstacles importants. La reconstruccion, estimada a 600 miliards de dolars car lei principaleis infrastructuras son estadas destruchas, avança donc lentament, magerament dins lei sectors de l'energia, de l'electricitat, de l'aiga, dei transpòrts, dei comunicacions e de la santat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arquitectura">Arquitectura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modificar la seccion : Arquitectura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=31" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Arquitectura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brèç de <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacions</a> urbanas fòrça ancianas, Iraq a un patrimòni <a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitecturau</a> fòrça ric que s'estend sus mai d'un millenari. D'efèct, lei civilizacions dau nòrd e dau sud de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> desvolopèron lei sieus estiles arquitecturaus tre lo millenari III av. JC. Au servici dau poder, l'arquitectura dau periòde es caracterizada per de monuments massís qu'avián de foncions institucionalas (<a href="/wiki/Palais" title="Palais">palais</a>... etc.), <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigorat" title="Zigorat">zigorats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, santuaris... etc.) ò militaras (<a href="/wiki/Barri_(arquitectura)" title="Barri (arquitectura)">barris</a>... etc.). Pasmens, gràcias ai progrès tecnics, de preocupacions novèlas apareguèron a cha pauc dins lo corrent de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> mesopotamiana e leis Assirians foguèron la premiera civilizacion que desvolopèt de politicas de planificacion urbana. </p><p>Après l'afondrament de l'Empèri Assirian, Iraq faguèt generalament partida deis empèris pèrsas successius (<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">Empèri Seleucida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">Empèri Part</a> e <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a>) fins a la conquista de la region per leis Arabis <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmans</a>. Dins lo corrent d'aqueu periòde, l'arquitectura gardèt son ròtle d'illustracion dau poder dau sobeiran. Pasmens, <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II</a> i introguèt una dimension novèla destinada a mostrar la diversitat culturala dei pòbles somés a son autoritat. Ansin, d'estiles eissits de pòbles periferics (<a href="/wiki/Fenicia" title="Fenicia">Fenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipcians</a>) faguèron son aparicion en Iraq. Lei Parts gardèron lei trachs arquitecturaus aquemenidas mai lei mesclèron ambé l'arquitectura grèga qu'aviá fach son aparicion dins la region ambé l'invasion d'<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a>. Aquela permeabilitat ais influéncias exterioras contunièt durant lo periòde sassanida qu'adoptèt divèrsei trachs arquitecturaus romans. </p><p>L'eiretatge sassanida venguèt per la seguida la basa de l'arquitectura abbassida après la conquista d'Iraq per leis Arabis. Pasmens, en causa dei conquistas nombrosas deis Abbassidas, d'influéncias novèlas foguèron importadas, magerament a partir d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> Centrala. Pasmens, d'innovacions pròprias apareguèron rapidament, especialament per ornar lei <a href="/wiki/Mosqueta" title="Mosqueta">mosquetas</a> qu'èran alora de bastiments novèus en Iraq. En particular, apareguèt l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabesc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabesc (la pagina existís pas)">arabesc</a> que conoguèt un succès important e foguèt adoptat per lei regions vesinas. L'art abbassida participèt a l'emergéncia de l'art islamic que dominèt Iraq fins ai sègles XVIII-XIX. </p><p>Au sègle XX, la fin de l'isolament dau país entraïnèt l'aparicion deis estiles arquitecturaus occidentaus, especialament dins lei vilas pus importantas, que foguèron liats ai politicas de modernizacion dei govèrns successius. Aquelei corrents foguèron de còps importats dirèctament (Haifa street) ò mesclats ambé d'estiles locaus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A8u_Nacionau_d%27Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq (la pagina existís pas)">Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq</a>, mosquetas de la segonda mitat dau sègle XX... etc.) </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestigis restaurats d'un temple akkadian de Nippur."><img alt="Vestigis restaurats d'un temple akkadian de Nippur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/120px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/180px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg/240px-Ruins_from_a_temple_in_Naffur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestigis restaurats d'un <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkad">akkadian</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zigorat restaurada d'Ur."><img alt="Zigorat restaurada d'Ur." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/120px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/180px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg/240px-Ancient_ziggurat_at_Ali_Air_Base_Iraq_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zigorat" title="Zigorat">Zigorat</a> restaurada d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zigorat de Dur-Kurigalzu après sa restauracion."><img alt="Zigorat de Dur-Kurigalzu après sa restauracion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg/120px-The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg/180px-The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg/240px-The_ziggurat_at_Aqar_Quf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zigorat" title="Zigorat">Zigorat</a> de <a href="/wiki/Dur-Kurigalzu" title="Dur-Kurigalzu">Dur-Kurigalzu</a> après sa restauracion.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portau restaurat de Babilònia."><img alt="Portau restaurat de Babilònia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg/96px-Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg/144px-Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg/193px-Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenr%C3%A4ume_%5E_Ausstellungsgeb%C3%A4ude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portau restaurat de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia" title="Babilònia">Babilònia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestigis dau palais de Ctesifont, anciana capitala dei Parts e dei Sassanidas (sègle III)."><img alt="Vestigis dau palais de Ctesifont, anciana capitala dei Parts e dei Sassanidas (sègle III)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg/120px-ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg/250px-ArchOfCtesiphon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestigis dau palais de <a href="/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont">Ctesifont</a>, anciana capitala dei Parts e dei Sassanidas (sègle III).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ardeshir-palace-common.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestigis dau palais sassanidas d'Ardachir Ièr (sègle III)."><img alt="Vestigis dau palais sassanidas d'Ardachir Ièr (sègle III)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ardeshir-palace-common.jpg/120px-Ardeshir-palace-common.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ardeshir-palace-common.jpg/250px-Ardeshir-palace-common.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestigis dau palais sassanidas d'<a href="/wiki/Ardachir_Ier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardachir Ier">Ardachir I<sup>èr</sup></a> (sègle III).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosqueta abbassida de Samarra (852)."><img alt="Mosqueta abbassida de Samarra (852)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg/77px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg/116px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg/155px-Great_Mosque_of_Samarra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Granda_Mosqueta_de_Samarra" title="Granda Mosqueta de Samarra">Mosqueta abbassida de Samarra</a> (<a href="/wiki/852" class="mw-redirect" title="852">852</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuari d'Al-Hussayn ibn Ali (sègles VII-XVIII)."><img alt="Sanctuari d'Al-Hussayn ibn Ali (sègles VII-XVIII)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/120px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/180px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/240px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sanctuari_d%27Al-Hussayn_ibn_Ali" title="Sanctuari d'Al-Hussayn ibn Ali">Sanctuari d'Al-Hussayn ibn Ali</a> (sègles VII-XVIII).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Meshed_ali_usnavy_(PD).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosqueta de l'imam Ali (sègles X-XVI)."><img alt="Mosqueta de l'imam Ali (sègles X-XVI)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/120px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/180px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg/240px-Meshed_ali_usnavy_%28PD%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mosqueta_de_l%27imam_Ali" title="Mosqueta de l'imam Ali">Mosqueta de l'imam Ali</a> (sègles X-XVI).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:National_Museum_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq (1926)."><img alt="Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq (1926)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/National_Museum_Iraq.jpg/120px-National_Museum_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/National_Museum_Iraq.jpg/180px-National_Museum_Iraq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/National_Museum_Iraq.jpg/240px-National_Museum_Iraq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1629" data-file-height="975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A8u_Nacionau_d%27Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq (la pagina existís pas)">Musèu Nacionau d'Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/1926" class="mw-redirect" title="1926">1926</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immòbles de Haifa street"><img alt="Immòbles de Haifa street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg/120px-High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg/180px-High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg/240px-High_residential_rising_buildings_in_Haifa_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immòbles de Haifa street</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escultura">Escultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modificar la seccion : Escultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=32" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Escultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq a un patrimòni esculturau fòrça important gràcias a l'utilizacion precòça de l'escultura per representar lei divinitats ò lei personalitats importantas (rèis, sobeirans... etc.) ò per ornar lei construccions. Coma l'arquitectura, l'escultura èra donc au servici dau poder e de la religion. Divèrsei tecnicas èran mestrejadas coma la realizacion de figurinas, de gravaduras, de bas-relèus ò d'estatuas gigantas. Aquel art evolucionèt pauc a pauc mai foguèt conservat per lei civilizacions successivas fins a la conquista aràbia qu'entraïnèt son declin e sa disparicion. </p><p>Dins lo corrent dau sègle XX, un art plastic e esculturau iraquian modèrne es aparegut ambé d'artistas coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jawad_Saleem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jawad Saleem (la pagina existís pas)">Jawad Saleem</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920" class="mw-redirect" title="1920">1920</a>-<a href="/wiki/1961" class="mw-redirect" title="1961">1961</a>) ò <a href="/w/index.php?title=Habbah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Habbah (la pagina existís pas)">Habbah</a> (<a href="/wiki/1927" class="mw-redirect" title="1927">1927</a>-<a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>) ben integrats au sen dei corrents internacionaus principaus. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figurina representant un cresent (millenari III av. JC)."><img alt="Figurina representant un cresent (millenari III av. JC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/90px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/134px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/179px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="2260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Figurina representant un cresent (millenari III av. JC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Queen_of_the_Night_(Babylon).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Representacion babiloniana de la divessa Ishtar (sègles XIX-XVIII av. JC)."><img alt="Representacion babiloniana de la divessa Ishtar (sègles XIX-XVIII av. JC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg/90px-Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg/135px-Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg/180px-Queen_of_the_Night_%28Babylon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Representacion babiloniana de la divessa <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (sègles XIX-XVIII av. JC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:The_Gate_of_Nimrud_(Metropolitan_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Graus ambé de tèstas umanas de Nimrud (sègle IX av. JC)."><img alt="Graus ambé de tèstas umanas de Nimrud (sègle IX av. JC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/120px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/180px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg/240px-The_Gate_of_Nimrud_%28Metropolitan_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Graus ambé de tèstas umanas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimrud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimrud (la pagina existís pas)">Nimrud</a> (sègle IX av. JC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravadura assiriana de Dur-Sharrukin (fin dau sègle VIII av. JC)."><img alt="Gravadura assiriana de Dur-Sharrukin (fin dau sègle VIII av. JC)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/81px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/122px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg/163px-Blessing_genie_Dur_Sharrukin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravadura assiriana de <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> (fin dau sègle VIII av. JC).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escultura de Habbah (vèrs 1958)."><img alt="Escultura de Habbah (vèrs 1958)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg/80px-Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg/120px-Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg/160px-Habbah_-_Autoportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Escultura de Habbah (vèrs 1958).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modificar la seccion : Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=33" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Musica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Musica" title="Musica">musica</a> faguèt son aparicion sus lo territòri de l'Iraq actuau tre l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a>. Pasmens, la tradicion musicala eissida de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> dispareguèt largament ambé la conquista aràbia. En revènge, aquelei de <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">Grècia</a> gardèron un ròtle significatiu dins l'aparicion de la musica <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamica</a>. Leis Abbassidas favorizèron son desvolopament e aquò foguèt a l'origina de la musica aràbia sabenta qu'es basada sus de concèptes <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematics</a> e sus un sistèma musicau dich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maqam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maqam (la pagina existís pas)">maqam</a> qu'es una escala melodica non temperada onte leis intervals avesinan 3/4 de ton. Aquela musica conoguèt una modernizacion importanta au sègle XIX que li donèt sa forma actuala. En fòra dei maqams, utiliza divèrseis instruments pròpris coma lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qanun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qanun (la pagina existís pas)">qanun</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riq (la pagina existís pas)">riq</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santur (la pagina existís pas)">santur</a> ò lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darbuka (la pagina existís pas)">darbuka</a>. </p><p>En parallèl de la musica sabenta classica, existís mai d'una musica populara e tradicionala que se joga generalament per lei celebracions importantas (maridatges... etc.). Lo pareu <a href="/wiki/Clarin" title="Clarin">aubòi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tambor" title="Tambor">tambor</a> i a un ròtle primordiau. Enfin, dins lo corrent de la segonda mitat dau sègle XX, la musica eissida dei corrents internacionaus dominants (<a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap" title="Rap">rap</a>, musica celtica... etc.) s'es difusada a cha pauc au sen de la societat e a influenciat mai d'un artista locau. Pasmens, dempuei <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, lei musicians e cantaires iraquians conoisson de dificultats importantas per s'exprimir e certanei son estats victimas d'atacas de part de grops islamistas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modificar la seccion : Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=34" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Literatura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coma per d'autreis <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arts</a> majors, lo territòri iraquian es lo brèç d'una tradicion <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literària</a> fòrça anciana que remonta a la <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia Anciana</a>. Una partida importanta d'aquela literatura es encara conservada gràcias a un trabalh de <a href="/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion">traduccion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Pèrsia</a>, que conquistèt la region au sègle VI av. JC, e seis estats successors aguèron tanben una <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a> viva e ben conservada. Aguèt una influéncia importanta sus la literatura abbassida que reprenguèt certaneis òbras majoras de la literatura pèrsa coma <i><a href="/wiki/Las_mila_e_una_nu%C3%A8its" title="Las mila e una nuèits">Lei Mila e una nuech</a></i>. </p><p>La literatura iraquiana modèrna es apareguda dins lo corrent dau sègle XX e es fòrça influenciada per l'istòria e la politica dau país. Foguèt tanben cargada de sostenir la propaganda dau regime. Dos corrents principaus son donc apareguts. Lo premier caracterizat per d'òbras patrioticas foguèt important durant lo periòde <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> e sostenguèt la politica dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baas (la pagina existís pas)">Baas</a>. Lo segond assaièt au contrari de se desgatjar deis ideologias e se concentrèt sus de descripcions realistas de la societat. Mai d'un autor d'aquela segonda tendància es estat obligat de s'<a href="/wiki/Exili" title="Exili">exilar</a> en causa de la repression ò de la manca de seguretat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinèma"><span id="Cin.C3.A8ma"></span>Cinèma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modificar la seccion : Cinèma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=35" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cinèma"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A8ma" title="Cinèma">cinèma</a> faguèt sa premiera aparicion en Iraq en <a href="/wiki/1909" class="mw-redirect" title="1909">1909</a> mai i venguèt pas una activitat culturala vertadiera avans leis annadas 1920. Lei premierei produccions iraquianas apareguèron dins lo corrent deis annadas 1940. Lei films d'aqueu periòde èran principalament comerciaus (romança, dança e musica... etc.). Pasmens, <i>Haidar Al-Omar Hassan wa Fitna</i>, adaptacion locala de <i><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A8o_e_Julieta" title="Romèo e Julieta">Romèo e Julieta</a></i>, conoguèt un succès internacionau en <a href="/wiki/1955" class="mw-redirect" title="1955">1955</a>. </p><p>A partir deis annadas 1950, l'influéncia de l'Estat venguèt pus importanta e lo cinèma iraquian acomencèt de servir leis objectius dau regime. Ansin, lei documentaris e lei ficcions foguèron centrats sus lei tecnologias novèlas (fòrças militaras, aviacion... etc.) e lei progrès tecnics (generalizacion de l'irrigacion... etc.). Aquela tendància se renforcèt ambé la presa dau poder per lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baas (la pagina existís pas)">Baas</a>. Puei, après <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>, lo cinèma deguèt glorificar <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> e sostenir sa propaganda. Dins aquò, lei dificultats economicas liats ai <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra" title="Guèrra">guèrras</a> limitèron lo nombre de films produchs e dempuei 1991, lo <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A8ma" title="Cinèma">cinèma</a> iraquian es plus capable de produrre d'òbras novèlas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=36" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=37" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq&action=edit&section=38" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="citation noarchive" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF17_de_julhet_de_2017"><a href="/wiki/Nacions_Unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacions Unidas">Nacions Unidas</a>. «<span class="pdf"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/11th-uncsgn-docs/E_Conf.105_13_CRP.13_15_UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document.pdf">UNGEGN List of Country Names</a></span>», 17 de julhet de 2017.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Amnestia Internacionala denóncia de torturas de femnas e de dròllas en mans de l’Estat Islamic</i>, <i>Lo Jornalet</i>, 27 de decembre de 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jornalet.com/nova/4494/aministia-internacional-denoncia-de-torturas-a-de-femnas-e-de-filhas-a-mans-de-lestat-isla">[1]</a>. </span> </li> </ol> <div class="noprint wikiligam_alternatiu" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/120px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </p> </td> <td valign="middle"> <p><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> prepausa de documents multimèdia liures sus <b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Irak?uselang=oc">Iraq</a></b>.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" data-autocollapse-group="paleta" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style=""><div style="float:left; 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data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Emirats_Arabis_Units" title="Emirats Arabis Units">Emirats Arabis Units</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandièra: Iraq"><img alt="Bandièra: Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/20px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a 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data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandièra: Sodan"><img alt="Bandièra: Sodan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandièra: Siria"><img alt="Bandièra: Siria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandièra: Tunisia"><img alt="Bandièra: Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> • <span style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandièra: Iemèn"><img alt="Bandièra: Iemèn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n" title="Iemèn">Iemèn</a></td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:7px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/70px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/105px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/140px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><br style="clear:both;line-height:0.5em;" /> </p> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" data-autocollapse-group="paleta" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand nowrap tnavbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Asia/Tabl%C3%A8u" title="Modèl:Païses d'Asia/Tablèu"><abbr class="abbr" title="Veire aqueste modèl.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Asia/Tabl%C3%A8u&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modificar aqueste modèl. Mercé de previsualizar abans de salvar.">m</abbr></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LocationAsia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/45px-LocationAsia.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/68px-LocationAsia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/90px-LocationAsia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_del_mond" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista dels païses del mond"><span style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;">Païses</span></a> d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><span style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;">Asia</span></a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><br style="clear:both;line-height:0.5em;" /> <table width="100%" align="center" border="1px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-bottom:1em;border:1px solid #999999;background:#CCCCCC;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala">Asia Centrala</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map_Central_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/110px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/165px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/220px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td width="40%"><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan">Cazacstan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quirguizstan" title="Quirguizstan">Quirguizstan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ozbequistan" title="Ozbequistan">Ozbequistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Tatgiquistan" title="Tatgiquistan">Tatgiquistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan">Turcmenistan</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_de_l%27%C3%88st" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia de l'Èst">Asia de l'Èst</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-East-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png/120px-Map-World-East-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png/250px-Map-World-East-Asia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td width="40%"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Corèa del Nòrd">Corèa del Nòrd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_Sud" title="Corèa del Sud">Corèa del Sud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republica_de_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica de China">Republica de China</a> (Taiwan) </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Occidentala" title="Asia Occidentala">Asia Occidentala</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-Middle-East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/110px-Map-World-Middle-East.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/165px-Map-World-Middle-East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/220px-Map-World-Middle-East.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Emirats_Arabis_Units" title="Emirats Arabis Units">Emirats Arabis Units</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(Cauc%C3%A0s)" title="Georgia (Caucàs)">Georgia</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania">Jordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait">Kowait</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> ¹• <a href="/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n" title="Iemèn">Iemèn</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_del_Sud-%C3%88st" title="Asia del Sud-Èst">Asia del Sud-Èst</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/110px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/165px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/220px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania">Birmania</a> (Myanmar) • <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Camb%C3%B2tja" title="Cambòtja">Cambòtja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A0isia" title="Malàisia">Malàisia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas">Filipinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor">Singapor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Tailàndia">Tailàndia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim%C3%B2r_%C3%88st" title="Timòr Èst">Timòr Èst</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_del_Sud" title="Asia del Sud">Asia del Sud</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-South-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/110px-Map-World-South-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/165px-Map-World-South-Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/220px-Map-World-South-Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh">Bangladèsh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botan" title="Botan">Botan</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maldivas" title="Maldivas">Maldivas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan">Paquistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><b>Autras entitats<br />politicas</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autoritat_Palestiniana" title="Autoritat Palestiniana">Autoritat Palestiniana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Federacion_Democratica_del_N%C3%B2rd_de_Siria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacion Democratica del Nòrd de Siria">Rojava</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td colspan="4"><small>¹ parcialament asiatic</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="noprint wikiligam_alternatiu" style="clear:right; float:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;width:250px;border:solid #AAAAAA 1px; background:#f9f9f9;padding:0px;font-size:90%;text-align:left;"> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr valign="middle"> <td style="line-height:50px;vertical-align:middle;position:relative" align="center" valign="middle"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/" title="commons:"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" 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