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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Before World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>During World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_VE_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_VE_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>After VE Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_VE_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_UN_Partition_Resolution" 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</li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div 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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Bet" title="Alija Bet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alija Bet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Bet" title="Alija Bet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alija Bet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliy%C3%A1_Bet" title="Aliyá Bet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aliyá Bet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Ալիա Բետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալիա Բետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ההעפלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ההעפלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Apala" title="La Apala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="La Apala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aliyah Bet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Bet" title="Alija Bet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alija Bet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%C3%A1_Bet" title="Aliá Bet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aliá Bet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Алия Бет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алия Бет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Illegal immigration by Jews to Mandatory Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah" title="Category:Aliyah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews who remained in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Aliyah in modern times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_and_Yishuv_during_World_War_I" title="Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I">during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Aliyah" title="Third Aliyah">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">from Muslim countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">from the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">post-Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">from Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">from Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Romania" title="Jewish emigration from Romania">from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">from Latin America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Absorption</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Youth village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_camps_(Israel)" title="Immigrant camps (Israel)">Immigrant camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27abarot" title="Ma'abarot">Ma'abarot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Aliyah" title="Youth Aliyah">Youth Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aliyah_and_Integration" title="Ministry of Aliyah and Integration">Ministry of Aliyah and Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aliyah" title="Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aliyah" title="Template talk:Aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Aliyah Bet</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עלייה ב'</span>, "<a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> 'B'" – <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a> being the second letter of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>) was the code name given to illegal immigration by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">refugees</a> escaping from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or other Nazi-controlled countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> between 1920 and 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in violation of the restrictions laid out in the British <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>, which dramatically increased between 1939 and 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948</a>, Jewish displaced persons and refugees from Europe began streaming into the new state in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, it has also been called by the Hebrew term <i><b>Ha'apala</b></i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַעְפָּלָה</span>, "Ascension"). The <i>Aliyah Bet</i> is distinguished from the <i>Aliyah Aleph</i> ("Aliyah 'A'", <a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Hebrew)">Aleph</a> being the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet) which refers to the limited Jewish immigration permitted by British authorities during the same period. The name <i>Aliya B</i> is also shortened for <i>Aliya Bilti Legalit</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">עלייה בלתי-לגאלית</span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'illegal immigration'). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath of the Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">History of the Jews during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Antisemitism in Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png/230px-Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png/345px-Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png/460px-Holocaustdeathtoll%25.png 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides_by_death_toll#List_of_genocides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of genocides by death toll">death toll</a> as a percentage of the total <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">pre-war Jewish population in Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During <i>Ha'apala</i>, several <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">emissaries from the Yishuv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brigade" title="Jewish Brigade">Jewish Brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist youth movements and organizations</a> worked together to facilitate the immigration of <a href="/wiki/Jews_escaping_from_German-occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews escaping from German-occupied Europe">Jews escaping from Nazi Germany</a> to Mandatory Palestine beyond the established "<a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a>" quotas.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution of Jews</a> dramatically intensified in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi era</a>, the urgency driving the immigration also became more acute.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ha'apala</i> occurred in two phases. The first one, from 1934 to 1942, was an effort to enable European Jews to escape <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Nazi persecution and genocide</a>. The second one, from 1945 to 1948, in a stage known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></i> ("flight" or "escape"),<sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an effort to find homes for <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Jewish survivors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes">Nazi crimes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></i>, "Surviving Remnant")<sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were among the millions of <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons">displaced persons</a> ("DPs") languishing in refugee camps scattered across <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">post-war Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily located in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy#Republican_Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aftermath_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first phase, several Zionist organizations (including <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionists</a>) led the effort; after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a> ("the Institute for Aliyah B"), an arm of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, took charge. The <a href="/wiki/Palyam" title="Palyam">Palyam</a>, a maritime branch of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a>, was given responsibility for commanding and sailing ships from Europe to Mandatory Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes">Routes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Post-World War II, <i>Ha'apala</i> journeys typically started in the DP camps and moved through one of two collection points in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> occupation sector, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Reichenhall" title="Bad Reichenhall">Bad Reichenhall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipheim" title="Leipheim">Leipheim</a>. From there, the refugees travelled in disguised trucks, on foot, or by train to ports on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, where ships brought them to Palestine. Most of the ships had names such as <i>Lo Tafchidunu</i> ("You can't frighten us") and <i>La-Nitzahon</i> ("To the victory") designed to inspire and rally the Jews of Palestine. Some were named after prominent figures in the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a>, and people who had been killed while supporting Aliyah Bet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 70,000 Jews arrived in Palestine on more than 100 ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Reich_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reich-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png/400px-Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png/600px-Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Group_14_Aliyah_Beth_1947.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The journey of Aliyah Bet Group 14</figcaption></figure> <p>American sector camps imposed no restrictions on the movements out of the camps, and American, French, and Italian officials often turned a blind eye to the movements. Several <a href="/wiki/UNRRA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNRRA">UNRRA</a> officials (in particular Elizabeth Robertson in Leipheim) acted as facilitators of the emigration. The British government vehemently opposed the movement, and restricted movement in and out of their camps. The British set up naval patrols to prevent immigrants from landing in Palestine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 100,000 people attempted to illegally enter Mandatory Palestine. There were 142 voyages by 120 ships. Over half were stopped by the British patrols. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had eight ships on station in Palestine, and additional ships were tasked with tracking suspicious vessels heading for Palestine. Most of the intercepted immigrants were sent to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_internment_camps" title="Cyprus internment camps">internment camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>: (Karaolos near <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhekelia_Cantonment" title="Dhekelia Cantonment">Dhekelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xylotymbou" title="Xylotymbou">Xylotymbou</a>. Some were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp" title="Atlit detainee camp">Atlit detention camp</a> in Palestine, and some to <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. The British held as many as 50,000 people in these camps (see <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_British_camps_on_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in British camps on Cyprus">Jews in British camps on Cyprus</a>). Over 1,600 drowned at sea. Only a few thousand actually entered Palestine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The pivotal event in <i>Ha'apala</i> program was the <a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus"><i>Exodus</i></a> incident in 1947. <i>Exodus</i> was intercepted and boarded by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> patrol. Despite significant resistance, passengers from <i>Exodus</i> were forcibly returned to Europe, and eventually put in camps in Germany. This was publicized, to the great embarrassment of the British government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One account of Aliyah Bet is given by journalist <a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">I. F. Stone</a> in his 1946 book <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Palestine" title="Underground to Palestine">Underground to Palestine</a>,</i> a first-person account of traveling from Europe with displaced persons attempting to reach the Jewish homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 300 volunteers, most of them American World War II veterans, including <a href="/wiki/Murray_Greenfield" title="Murray Greenfield">Murray Greenfield</a> (of the ship <i>Hatikva</i>), volunteered to sail ten ships ("The Jews' Secret Fleet") from the United States to Europe to load 35,000 survivors of the Holocaust (half of the illegal immigrants to Palestine), only to be deported to detention camps on Cyprus. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_II">Before World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Before World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG/220px-Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG/330px-Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG/440px-Parita_at_Tel_Aviv_Beach_H_ih_041.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>SS <i>Parita</i> aground off Tel Aviv, August 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_Hill_(ship)_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg/220px-Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg/330px-Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg/440px-Tiger_Hill_%28ship%29_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>SS <i>Tiger Hill</i> aground off Haifa, September 1, 1939</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1934, the first attempt to bring in a large number of illegal immigrants by sea happened when some 350 Jews sailed on the <i>Vallos</i>, a chartered ship, without the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, who feared illegal immigration would cause the British to restrict legal immigration. She arrived off the coast of Palestine on 25 August, and the passengers disembarked with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, which received special permission to assist them.</li> <li>On 29 July 1939, the <i> Colorado</i>, flying under the Panamanian flag and carrying 378 Jewish refugees from Europe was intercepted by the British; the illegal immigrants were arrested and taken into Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 19 August, the <i>Aghios Nicolaus</i>, a Greek owned ship, transferred 840 immigrants to smaller vessels off the coast and sent them to shore.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 23 August, the <i>Parita</i>, carrying some 700 refugees on board, was deliberately beached at Tel Aviv by the passengers, the captain and crew having fled in a small boat.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_World_War_II">During World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: During World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG/250px-S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG/375px-S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG/500px-S.S_Tiger_Hill_memorial_in_Tel_Aviv_beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Tiger Hill</i> Memorial at Frishman Beach</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinking_of_the_Patria_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Sinking_of_the_Patria_%281940%29.jpg/299px-Sinking_of_the_Patria_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Sinking_of_the_Patria_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>SS <i>Patria</i> sinking in Haifa port</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 2 September, the <i>Tiger Hill</i>, a 1,499-ton ship built in 1887, was intercepted and fired on by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> gunboats off <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, killing two passengers (Dr Robert Schneider and Zvi Binder); the ship HMCS <i>Belleville</i> beached on the shore with 1,205 immigrants on board; the <i>Tiger Hill</i> had sailed from <a href="/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanţa">Constanţa</a>, Romania, on 3 August 1939, with about 750 immigrants on board and had taken on board the passengers from the <i>Frossoula</i>, another illegal immigrant ship that was marooned in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ziedenberg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziedenberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 16 September, the <i>Rudnitchan</i> transferred 364 Jewish refugees into five lifeboats outside the territorial waters of the Mandate and sent them ashore as illegal immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 19 September, the <i> Noemi Julia</i>, sailing from Sulina in Romania with 1,130 Jewish refugees from Europe on board was intercepted in the Mediterranean by a British warship and forced to Haifa port; fearing that they would be sent back, the illegal immigrants engaged in passive resistance; the British authorities brought them ashore and held them in a detention camp; they were released a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ziedenberg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ziedenberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 24–25 November 1939, a large group of immigrants traveled by train from <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> and about 2 weeks later sailed from there on the riverboat <i>Uranus</i> down the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> border, the three smaller riverboats to which they had been transferred on December 14 on entering <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> were intercepted and the immigrants were forced to disembark at the old fortress town of <a href="/wiki/Kladovo" title="Kladovo">Kladovo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,100 refugees were stranded there and came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Kladovo_transport" title="Kladovo transport">Kladovo-Sabac Group</a>. In May 1941, they were still in Yugoslavia, where 915 of them were caught and eventually killed by the invading Nazis. The 800 men were shot by Nazi soldiers in a farmer's field at Zasavica; after the war, the remains of the men were re-interred in a mass grave in the Belgrade Sephardi Cemetery. The women and children were imprisoned in the Sajmiste concentration camp where they perished from hunger, disease, exposure to the bitter cold winter weather, or gassed to death in a mobile gas truck.</li> <li>On 18 May 1940 the old Italian paddle steamer <i>Pencho</i> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, with 514 passengers, mostly <a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> members. The <i>Pencho</i> sailed down the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. On 9 October, her engines failed and she was wrecked off <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a>, in the Italian-ruled <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> Islands. The Italians rescued the passengers and took them to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. All but two were then placed in an internment camp at <a href="/wiki/Ferramonti_di_Tarsia" title="Ferramonti di Tarsia">Ferramonti di Tarsia</a> in southern Italy. They were held there until <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces liberated the area in September 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Pentcho_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pentcho-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 1940, 1,770 Jewish refugees sailed from <a href="/wiki/Tulcea" title="Tulcea">Tulcea</a> to Haifa in two ships. The <a href="/wiki/Patria_disaster#Background" title="Patria disaster"><i>Pacific</i></a> arrived off Haifa on 1 November, followed a few days later by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Milos_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Milos (1878) (page does not exist)"><i>Milos</i></a>. The Royal Navy intercepted each ship and escorted it into Haifa, where British authorities detained the refugees before transferring them to a requisitioned French ocean liner, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Patria_(1913)" title="SS Patria (1913)"><i>Patria</i></a>, for deportation to <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. They were followed from Tulcea by another 1,634 refugees aboard the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Atlantic_(1885)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Atlantic (1885) (page does not exist)"><i>Atlantic</i></a>, which arrived on 24 November off Haifa, where the Royal Navy escorted her into harbour. On November 25 the British had just started transferring <i>Atlantic</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s refugees to <i>Patria</i> when <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> agents planted a bomb aboard the French liner with the intention of disabling her to prevent her from sailing. However, the bomb quickly <a href="/wiki/Patria_disaster" title="Patria disaster">sank <i>Patria</i></a>, killing 260 people and wounding 172. The survivors were allowed to stay in Palestine on humanitarian grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 1940, a large group of refugees were allowed to leave Vienna. The exodus was organized by Berthold Storfer, a Jewish businessman who worked under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>. They took four river boats, <i>Uranus</i>, <i>Schönbrunn</i>, <i>Helios</i>, and <i>Melk</i>, down the Danube to Romania, where the <i>Uranus</i> passengers, about 1,000, boarded the <i>Pacific</i>, and sailed on 11 October 1940. They arrived at <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> on 1 November, followed by the <i>Milos</i>. The British transferred all the immigrants to the French liner <a href="/wiki/SS_Patria_(1913)" title="SS Patria (1913)">SS <i>Patria</i></a> to take them for internment to Mauritius. To stop the <i>Patria</i> from sailing, <a href="/wiki/Patria_disaster" title="Patria disaster">the Haganah smuggled a bomb aboard</a>. The explosion holed her side, capsizing her and killing 267 people. The British, by order of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, allowed the survivors to remain in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In December 1940 the <i>Salvador</i>, a small <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> schooner formerly named <i>Tsar Krum</i>, left <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a> with 327 refugees. On December 12 the <i>Salvador</i> was wrecked in a violent storm in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. 223 persons, including 66 children, lost their lives. The survivors were taken to Istanbul. 125 survivors were deported back to Bulgaria, and the remaining 70 left on the <i>Darien</i> (No. 66).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 11 December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/MV_Struma" title="MV Struma"><i>Struma</i></a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Constan%C5%A3a" class="mw-redirect" title="Constanţa">Constanţa</a> carrying between 760 and 790 refugees. Three days later she reached Istanbul, where Turkey detained her and her passengers for 10 weeks. On 23 February 1942, Turkish authorities towed her back into the Black Sea and cast her adrift. Early the next day the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_Shch-213" title="Soviet submarine Shch-213"><i>Shch-213</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Struma_disaster" title="Struma disaster">torpedoed and sank her</a>. Between 767 and 791 people were killed, and there was only one survivor.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 20 September 1942, the <i>Europa</i> sailed from Romania with 21 passengers. She was wrecked in the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>.</li> <li>On 21 April 1944, the <i>Belasitza</i> sailed from Romania with 273 passengers including 120 children, who went from Istanbul to Palestine by sealed train.</li> <li>On 5 August 1944, <i>Bulbul</i>, <a href="/wiki/MV_Mefk%C3%BCre" title="MV Mefküre"><i>Mefküre</i></a> and <i>Morino</i> sailed from Constanţa carrying about 1,000 refugees between them. In the night the <a href="/wiki/Shchuka-class_submarine" title="Shchuka-class submarine">Soviet submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_Shch-215" title="Soviet submarine Shch-215"><i>Shch-215</i></a> sank <i>Mefküre</i> by torpedo and shellfire, and then machine-gunned survivors in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 289 and 394 refugees plus seven crew were aboard <i>Mefküre</i>; only the crew and five refugees survived. <i>Bulbul</i> rescued the few survivors and took them to Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_VE_Day">After VE Day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After VE Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa,_June_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa%2C_June_1945.jpg/150px-Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa%2C_June_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa%2C_June_1945.jpg/225px-Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa%2C_June_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Buchenwald_concentration_camp_survivors_sailing_to_Haifa%2C_June_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Lau" title="Yisrael Meir Lau">Yisrael Meir Lau</a> (aged 8) and Elazar Schiff, survivors of <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>, arrive at <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, July 1945</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 28 August 1945 the Italian fishing vessel <i>Dalin</i>, made in <a href="/wiki/Monopoli" title="Monopoli">Monopoli</a>, carrying 35 immigrants, landed at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, disembarked its passengers, and returned to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 4 September 1945, the <i>Natan</i>, carrying 79 immigrants, landed in Palestine, carrying seamen and radio operators from the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a> emissaries on the return trip to Italy. On October 1, 1945, the <i>Natan</i> again ran the blockade arrived at <a href="/wiki/Shefayim" title="Shefayim">Shefayim</a> with 73 immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 9 September 1945, the <i>Gabriela</i>, carrying 40 passengers, arrived undetected in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 17 September 1945, the <i>Peter</i>, carrying 168 immigrants, landed in Palestine undetected by the British. She again slipped into Palestine undetected and arrived at Shefayim on 22 October, this time carrying 174 passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 23 November 1945, the <i>Berl Katznelson</i>, carrying 220 Jewish refugees, arrived in Shefayim. As the ship was landing immigrants she was intercepted by the Royal Navy sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Peacock_(U96)" title="HMS Peacock (U96)">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a>. Of the passengers, 200 reached the beach and escaped, and 20 were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 14 December 1945, the ship <i>Hannah Senesh</i>, carrying 252 passengers, was beached at <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a> in Palestine after evading Royal Navy patrols. The passengers were brought ashore via a rope bridge, and evaded capture.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 17 January 1946, the <i>Enzo Sereni</i>,<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Named_after_[[Enzo_Sereni]]"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet#endnote_Named_after_Enzo_Sereni">[1]</a></sup> carrying 908 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Talybont" title="HMS Talybont">HMS <i>Talybont</i></a> and escorted to <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 25 March 1946 the schooner <i>Wingate</i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Named_after_Ord_Charles_Wingate"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Bet#endnote_Named_after_Ord_Charles_Wingate">[2]</a></sup>, carrying 248 passengers, ran the blockade and attempted to land. The Imperial British <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> opened fire from the shore, killing <a href="/wiki/Bracha_Fuld" title="Bracha Fuld">Bracha Fuld</a>, a female Palmach member. The ship was captured and escorted to Haifa by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chevron_(R51)" title="HMS Chevron (R51)">HMS <i>Chevron</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 27 March 1946 the steamer <i>Tel Hai</i>, carrying 736 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chequers" title="HMS Chequers">HMS <i>Chequers</i></a> 140 miles out at sea as it approached Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 13 May 1946, the <i>Max Nordau</i>, carrying 1,754 immigrants, was captured by the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jervis" title="HMS Jervis">HMS <i>Jervis</i></a> and HMS <i>Chequers</i>. The same day, the ships <i>Dov Hos</i> (675 passengers) and <i>Eliahu Golomb</i> (735 passengers) arrived in Palestine legally. The British had blockaded the <i>Dov Hos</i> after it had arrived in <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a>, but the passengers responded with a hunger strike and a threat to blow her up, compelling the British to give them entry permits.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 8 June 1946, the <i>Haviva Reik</i>, carrying 462 passengers, was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Saumarez_(G12)" title="HMS Saumarez (G12)">HMS <i>Saumarez</i></a> on 8 June 1946. Some 150 people had previously transferred from the <i>Haviva Reik</i> to the <i>Rafi</i> off the Palestinian coast, and the crew had disembarked.</li> <li>On 26 June 1946, the <i>Josiah Wedgwood</i>, carrying 1,259 passengers, was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Venus_(R50)" title="HMS Venus (R50)">HMS <i>Venus</i></a>. The passengers were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp" title="Atlit detainee camp">Atlit detainee camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 20 July 1946, the <i>Haganah</i>, carrying 2,678 passengers, departed from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and transferred 1,108 of its passengers to the small steamer <i>Biriah</i> west of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. The <i>Biriah</i> was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Virago_(R75)" title="HMS Virago (R75)">HMS <i>Virago</i></a> on 2 July. The <i>Haganah</i> picked up a new party of refugees at <a href="/wiki/Bakar,_Croatia" title="Bakar, Croatia">Bakar</a>, Yugoslavia, and set sail for Palestine, this time also carrying 2,678 passengers total. She was found at sea with engines broken down and no electrical power, and was towed to Haifa by HMS <i>Venus</i>. Her passengers were arrested and interned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>On 11 August 1946, the <i>Yagur</i>, carrying 758 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Brissenden_(L79)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Brissenden (L79) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Brissenden</i></a>, with passive resistance from the immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 August 1946, the <i>Henrietta Szold</i>, carrying 536 passengers, was intercepted. The same day, the British announced that illegal immigrants would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and other areas under detention. The first British deportation ship sailed for Cyprus on the same day, with 500 illegal immigrants on board.</li> <li>On 13 August 1946, two immigration ships were intercepted: <i>Katriel Jaffe</i> (604 passengers) by HMS <i>Talybont</i>, and <i>Twenty Three</i> (790 passengers) by HMS <i>Brissenden</i>. There was desperate resistance on board <i>Twenty Three</i>. The same day, two British ships with 1,300 Jewish detainees on board set sail for Cyprus. A crowd of about 1,000 Jews attempted to break into the Haifa port area, and British troops responded with live fire, killing three people and wounding seven.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 16 August 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">yawl</a> <i>Amiram Shochat</i>, carrying 183 passengers, evaded the British blockade and landed near Caesarea Maritima.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 2 September 1946, the <i>Dov Hos</i>, this time named the <i>Arba Cheruyot</i>, carrying 1,024 passengers, was seized by the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Childers_(R91)" title="HMS Childers (R91)">HMS <i>Childers</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chivalrous" title="HMS Chivalrous">HMS <i>Chivalrous</i></a>. The boarding was strongly resisted, and two people drowned after jumping off the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 22 September 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantine</a> <i>Palmach</i>, 611 passengers, was seized by the minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Rowena_(J384)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Rowena (J384) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Rowena</i></a>. The Royal Navy tried to board the ship four times before finally seizing her, and one passenger was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 20 October 1946, the <i>Eliahu Golomb</i>, renamed the <i>Braha Fuld</i>, carrying 806 passengers, was captured off <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chaplet" title="HMS Chaplet">HMS <i>Chaplet</i></a> and minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Moon_(J329)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Moon (J329) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Moon</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 19 October, the <i>Latrun</i> (1,279 passengers), was intercepted by HMS <i>Chivalrous</i> and the minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Octavia_(J290)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Octavia (J290) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Octavia</i></a>. Four people had died <i>en route</i>, and the ship was leaking and listing heavily when she was intercepted.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 9 November 1946, the <i>HaKedosha</i> (600 passengers), foundered in a gale and sank. The passengers were rescued by the <i>Knesset Israel</i>. The <i>Knesset Israel</i>, carrying a total of 3,845 passengers, was intercepted by the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Haydon" title="HMS Haydon">HMS <i>Haydon</i></a> and HMS <i>Brissenden</i> and minesweepers HMS Octavia and <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Espiegle_(J126)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Espiegle (J126) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Espiegle</i></a> and taken to Haifa. The interception met no resistance, but in Haifa when the British tried to transfer them to transport ships to take them to Cyprus the refugees resisted fiercely, two were killed and 46 injured.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 5 December 1946, the <a href="/wiki/SS_Athena_(1893)" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Athena (1893)"><i>Rafiah</i></a> (785 passengers), was wrecked on Syrina Island in bad weather. The survivors were rescued by two Royal Navy and one Greek warship, and were taken to Cyprus. Women and children were taken to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 9 February 1947, the wooden brigantine <i>Lanegev</i> (647 passengers) was captured by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chieftain_(R36)" title="HMS Chieftain (R36)">HMS <i>Chieftain</i></a> after a battle which left one refugee dead.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_(1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/220px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/330px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg/440px-Hagana_Ship_-_Jewish_State_at_Haifa_Port_%281947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> ship <i>Medinat HaYehudim</i> ("Jewish State") in Haifa port, 1947</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exodus_1947_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exodus_1947_ship.jpg/220px-Exodus_1947_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exodus_1947_ship.jpg/330px-Exodus_1947_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exodus_1947_ship.jpg/440px-Exodus_1947_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus">SS <i>Exodus</i></a> arriving at Haifa port, 20 July 1947</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235,_Naharija,_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R68235%2C_Naharija%2C_Landung_j%C3%BCdischer_Auswanderer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><i>United States</i> lands Jewish refugees in <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a>, 1948</figcaption></figure></div></div> <ul><li>On 17 February 1947, the steamer <i>HaMapil HaAlmoni</i> (807 passengers) was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Austell_Bay_(K634)" title="HMS St Austell Bay (K634)">HMS <i>St Austell Bay</i></a>, captured after a violent battle, and taken in tow by the minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Welfare_(J356)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Welfare (J356) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Welfare</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 27 February 1947, the <i><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Unalga_(WPG-53)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Unalga (WPG-53)">Haim Arlosoroff</a></i>, after the name of an <a href="/wiki/Haim_Arlosoroff" title="Haim Arlosoroff">assassinated leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> (1,378 passengers) was intercepted by Royal Navy destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Chieftain_(R36)" title="HMS Chieftain (R36)">HMS <i>Chieftain</i></a>, and the passengers put up fierce resistance. The ship ran aground at <a href="/wiki/Bat_Galim" title="Bat Galim">Bat Galim</a>, south of Haifa, just opposite a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> camp. The passengers were arrested and deported to Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-USCG01_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCG01-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 9 March 1947, the <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Cythera_(PY-31)" title="USS Cythera (PY-31)">Ben Hecht</a></i> (597 passengers), the only ship sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>, was captured without resistance by the destroyers HMS <i>Chieftain</i>, HMS <i>Chevron</i> and HMS <i>Chivalrous</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 March 1947, the <i>Shabtai Luzinsky</i> (823 passengers) ran the blockade and beached itself north of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, where the passengers disembarked, and most escaped a <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> cordon. Hundreds of local residents came down to the beach to mingle with passengers who evaded arrest. Many residents were mistaken for refugees, arrested, and sent to Cyprus, with some 460 locals returned home the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 30 March 1947, the <i>Moledet</i> (1,588 passengers) developed a list and suffered engine failure some 50 miles outside Palestinian waters and issued an SOS. Passengers were transferred to the destroyers HMS <i>Haydon</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Charity_(R29)" title="HMS Charity (R29)">HMS <i>Charity</i></a>, minesweeper HMS <i>Octavia</i> and frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_St_Brides_Bay_(K600)" title="HMS St Brides Bay (K600)">HMS <i>St Brides Bay</i></a>, and the Royal Navy towed <i>Moledet</i> to Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 13 April 1947, the <i>Theodor Herzl</i> (2,641 passengers) was intercepted by HMS <i>Haydon</i> and HMS <i>St Brides Bay</i>. Passengers resisted heavily; three were killed and 27 were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 23 April 1947, the <i>Shear Yashuv</i> (768 passengers) was intercepted by destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cheviot" title="HMS Cheviot">HMS <i>Cheviot</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 17 May 1947, the <i><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Gresham_(WPG-85)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Gresham (WPG-85)">Hatikva</a></i> (1,414 passengers) was intercepted, rammed and captured by the destroyers HMS <i>Venus</i> and HMS <i>Brissenden</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 23 May 1947, the immigrant ship <i>Mordei Hagetaot</i>, carrying 1,457 immigrants, was intercepted and boarded by the Royal Navy off southern Palestine. All of its passengers were arrested.</li> <li>On 31 May 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> ship <i>Yehuda Halevy</i>, carrying 399 immigrants, arrived in Palestine under escort after being intercepted by the Royal Navy. The immigrants were immediately transferred to Cyprus.</li> <li>On 18 July 1947, the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Exodus" title="SS Exodus">SS <i>Exodus</i></a>, carrying 4,515 immigrants, was intercepted by the cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)" title="HMS Ajax (22)">HMS <i>Ajax</i></a> and a flotilla of destroyers. She was rammed and boarded but the immigrants resisted the boarding, and had put up barriers and barbed wire to impede boarding. Two passengers and a crewman were bludgeoned to death, several dozen were injured, and the ship was taken over. The <i>Exodus</i> was towed to Haifa, where the immigrants were forced onto three deportation ships and taken to France. When the deportation ships docked in <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Bouc" title="Port-de-Bouc">Port-de-Bouc</a>, the passengers refused to disembark after the French government announced that it would only allow the immigrants off the ships if they consented. The immigrants were then taken to Germany, forcibly taken off the ships, and sent back to <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons camp">DP camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 28 July 1947, the <i>14 Halalei Gesher Haziv</i>, carrying 685 Eastern European Jews was intercepted by HMS <i>Rowena</i>. The <i>Shivat Zion</i>, carrying 411 <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> Jews, was intercepted without resistance by the minesweeper. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Providence_(J325)" title="HMS Providence (J325)">HMS <i>Providence</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 27 September 1947, the <i>Af Al Pi Chen</i> (434 passengers), was intercepted by HMS <i>Talybont</i> and taken after violent resistance. One person was killed and ten were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 2 October 1947, the <i><a href="/wiki/USCGC_Northland_(WPG-49)" title="USCGC Northland (WPG-49)">Medinat HaYehudim</a></i> (2,664 passengers) was intercepted by the Royal Navy. The same day, the <i>Geulah</i>, with 1,385 passengers, was intercepted by HMS <i>Chaplet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 15 November 1947, the <i>Peter</i>, renamed the <i>Aliyah</i> and carrying 182 passengers, ran the British blockade and beached near <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>. The passengers, all specially-picked youths, quickly disembarked and escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 16 November 1947, the <i>Kadima</i>, a larger ship carrying 794 immigrants, was intercepted by the Royal Navy and brought to Haifa, where its passengers were transferred to the British transport ship HMT <i>Runnymede Park</i> and taken to Cyprus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_UN_Partition_Resolution">After the UN Partition Resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the UN Partition Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/250px--Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="141" data-durationhint="1193" data-mwtitle="Ha'apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm/Ha%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHa%27apala_After_The_World_War_II_-_en.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Film about Ha'apala after World War II</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On 4 December 1947, the <i>HaPortzim</i> ran the blockade and landed its 167 passengers at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yarkon_River" title="Yarkon River">Yarkon River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 22 December 1947, the <i>Lo Tafchidunu</i> (884 passengers) was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Verulam_(R28)" title="HMS Verulam (R28)">HMS <i>Verulam</i></a> and taken in tow by the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Mermaid_(U30)" title="HMS Mermaid (U30)">HMS <i>Mermaid</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 28 December 1947, the <i>29 BeNovember</i> (680 passengers) was intercepted by HMS <i>Chevron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 1 January 1948, the <i>HaUmot HaMeuhadot</i> (537 passengers) ran the blockade and beached herself at <a href="/wiki/Nahariya" title="Nahariya">Nahariya</a>. 131 passengers were caught, the rest evaded arrest. The same day, the <i>Atzmaut</i> (7,612 passengers) and the <i>Kibbutz Galuyot</i> (7,557 passengers) were intercepted by the cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Mauritius_(80)" title="HMS Mauritius (80)">HMS <i>Mauritius</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Phoebe_(43)" title="HMS Phoebe (43)">HMS <i>Phoebe</i></a> and taken to Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 31 January 1948, the <i>35 Giborei Kfar Etzion</i> (280 passengers) was intercepted by HMS <i>Childers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 February 1948, the <i>Yerushalayim Hanezura</i> (679 passengers) was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cheviot_(R90)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Cheviot (R90)">HMS <i>Cheviot</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 20 February 1948, the <i>Lekommemiyut</i> (696 passengers) was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Childers_(R91)" title="HMS Childers (R91)">HMS <i>Childers</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 28 February 1948, the <i>Bonim v'Lochamim</i> formerly the <i>Enzo Sereni</i>, (982 passengers) was intercepted off Cape Carmel by HMS <i>Venus</i> .<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 29 March 1948, the <i>Yehiam</i> (771 passengers) was intercepted by the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Verulam_(R28)" title="HMS Verulam (R28)">HMS <i>Verulam</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 12 April 1948, the <i>Tirat Zvi</i> (817 passengers) was intercepted by HMS <i>Virago</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 24 April 1948, the <i>Mishmar HaEmek</i> (782 passengers) was intercepted by HMS <i>Chevron</i> off Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 26 April 1948, the <i>Nakhson</i> (553 passengers) was intercepted off Haifa by the sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pelican_(L86)" title="HMS Pelican (L86)">HMS <i>Pelican</i></a> after fierce resistance which left a number of people injured.<sup id="cite_ref-silverstone_19-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patria_disaster_graves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Patria_disaster_graves.jpg/220px-Patria_disaster_graves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Patria_disaster_graves.jpg/330px-Patria_disaster_graves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Patria_disaster_graves.jpg/440px-Patria_disaster_graves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Graves of some of the victims of the SS Patria sinking</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg/375px-PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_12118_monument_to_the_victims_on_immigrants_ship_salvado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Graves of the 223 Jewish passengers of <i>Salvador</i> who drowned during a storm at sea in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a>, Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazan_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The success of <i>Aliyah Bet</i> was modest when measured in terms of the numbers who succeeded in entering Palestine. However, it proved to be a unifying force both for the Jewish community in Palestine (the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>) and for the Holocaust-survivor refugees in Europe (<a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a>). </p><p>The immigrants who drowned in the sea and whose bodies were found were buried in the National Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hazan_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazan-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aliyah-Bet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliyah-Bet_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aliyah-bet">"Aliyah Bet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613211919/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/aliyah-bet">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aliyah+Bet&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Faliyah-bet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-jewish-refugees-1933-1939">"German Jewish Refugees, 1933–1939"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614022420/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-jewish-refugees-1933-1939">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Jewish+Refugees%2C+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgerman-jewish-refugees-1933-1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftermath-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-aftermath-of-the-holocaust">"The Aftermath of the Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204309/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-aftermath-of-the-holocaust">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Aftermath+of+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-aftermath-of-the-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/postwar-refugee-crisis-and-the-establishment-of-the-state-of-israel">"Postwar Refugee Crisis and the Establishment of the State of Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613204445/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/postwar-refugee-crisis-and-the-establishment-of-the-state-of-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Postwar+Refugee+Crisis+and+the+Establishment+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpostwar-refugee-crisis-and-the-establishment-of-the-state-of-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalamish1998" class="citation book cs1">Halamish, Aviva (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exodusaffairholo00hala/page/68"><i>The Exodus affair: Holocaust survivors and the struggle for Palestine</i></a> (1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exodusaffairholo00hala/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0516-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-0516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exodus+affair%3A+Holocaust+survivors+and+the+struggle+for+Palestine&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pages=68&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0516-4&rft.aulast=Halamish&rft.aufirst=Aviva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexodusaffairholo00hala%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reich-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reich_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2005" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Bernard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis00bern_0/page/39"><i>A Brief History of Israel</i></a>. New York: Checkmark Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofis00bern_0/page/39">39–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5793-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5793-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5793-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Israel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5793-1&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofis00bern_0%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur2009" class="citation news cs1">MacArthur, John R. (22 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/books/the-first-draft-of-israeli-history/article1149079">"The first draft of Israeli history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+first+draft+of+Israeli+history&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-first-draft-of-israeli-history%2Farticle1149079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRUS1096-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRUS1096_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Historian,_United_States_Department_of_State1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian, United States Department of State</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1939v04/d847">"Document No. 847. The Consul at Jerusalem (Steger) to the Secretary of State. September 21, 1939"</a>. In Axton, Matilda F.; Churchill, Rogers P.; et al. (eds.). <i>Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1939, The Far East; The Near East and Africa. Volume IV</i>. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Document+No.+847.+The+Consul+at+Jerusalem+%28Steger%29+to+the+Secretary+of+State.+September+21%2C+1939&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States+Diplomatic+Papers%2C+1939%2C+The+Far+East%3B+The+Near+East+and+Africa.+Volume+IV&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1939v04%2Fd847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2015" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Colin (2015). <i>John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society, 1871-1971</i>. Routledge. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93849-6"><bdi>978-1-138-93849-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Bull%27s+Island%3A+Immigration+and+British+Society%2C+1871-1971&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-93849-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bystanderstoholo0000unse/page/388">"British Government Policy towards Jewish Refugees (November 1938-September 1939)"</a>. In Marrus, Michael (ed.). <i>The Nazi Holocaust. Part 8: Bystanders to the Holocaust</i>. Vol. 1. London: Meckler Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bystanderstoholo0000unse/page/388">388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-263-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88736-263-7"><bdi>978-0-88736-263-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+Government+Policy+towards+Jewish+Refugees+%28November+1938-September+1939%29&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Holocaust.+Part+8%3A+Bystanders+to+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Meckler+Ltd.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88736-263-7&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbystanderstoholo0000unse%2Fpage%2F388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziedenberg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ziedenberg_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ziedenberg_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiedenberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Ziedenberg, Gerald (2011). <i>Blockade: The Story of Jewish Immigration to Palestine 1933-1948</i>. Author House. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-4495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-4495-0"><bdi>978-1-4670-4495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blockade%3A+The+Story+of+Jewish+Immigration+to+Palestine+1933-1948&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4670-4495-0&rft.aulast=Ziedenberg&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalia Ofer and Hana Weiner (1996) <i>Dead-End Journey: The Tragic Story of the Kladovo-Sabac Group</i>, (Lanham, MD: University Press of America) 1996, pp. 29–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pentcho-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pentcho_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman1984" class="citation book cs1">Bierman, John (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/odyssey00bier"><i>Odyssey</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-50156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-50156-3"><bdi>978-0-671-50156-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odyssey&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-671-50156-3&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fodyssey00bier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein1979" class="citation book cs1">Wasserstein, B. (1979). <i>Britain and the Jews of Europe 1939–45</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. not cited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822600-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822600-0"><bdi>978-0-19-822600-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Jews+of+Europe+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=not+cited&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822600-0&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erezlauferfilms.com/index.php?go=film&id=darien">"The Darien Dilemma"</a>. Erez Laufer Films<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Darien+Dilemma&rft.pub=Erez+Laufer+Films&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erezlauferfilms.com%2Findex.php%3Fgo%3Dfilm%26id%3Ddarien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroni2007" class="citation web cs1">Aroni, Samuel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/holocaust/0140_Struma.html#P9">"Who Perished On The Struma And How Many?"</a>. JewishGen.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Perished+On+The+Struma+And+How+Many%3F&rft.pub=JewishGen.org&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Aroni&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fdatabases%2Fholocaust%2F0140_Struma.html%23P9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/podlodki/shya215.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Подводная лодка "Щ-215"</bdi></a>. <i>Черноморский Флот информационный ресурс</i> (in Russian). 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%22%D0%A9-215%22&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflot.sevastopol.info%2Fship%2Fpodlodki%2Fshya215.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wertheimer.info/family/GRAMPS/Haapalah/plc/2/7/bea98dbf1dc6d1a1772.html">"מפקורה SS Mefküre Mafkura Mefkura"</a>. <i>Haapalah/Aliyah Bet</i>. 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haapalah%2FAliyah+Bet&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+SS+Mefk%C3%BCre+Mafkura+Mefkura&rft.date=2011-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wertheimer.info%2Ffamily%2FGRAMPS%2FHaapalah%2Fplc%2F2%2F7%2Fbea98dbf1dc6d1a1772.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silverstone-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverstone_19-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstone" class="citation web cs1">Silverstone, Paul H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107011424/http://www.paulsilverstone.com/immigration/Primary/Aliyah/shiplist2.php">"Aliyah Bet Project"</a>. Paul Silverstone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulsilverstone.com/immigration/Primary/Aliyah/shiplist2.php">the original</a> on 2009-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aliyah+Bet+Project&rft.pub=Paul+Silverstone&rft.aulast=Silverstone&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paulsilverstone.com%2Fimmigration%2FPrimary%2FAliyah%2Fshiplist2.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2020-10-22/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/this-ukrainian-city-was-once-home-to-a-vibrant-jewish-community/0000017f-f50a-d47e-a37f-fd3e39c70000">"This Ukrainian City Was Once Home to a Vibrant Jewish Community. Now Its Grand Synagogue Is a Sports Hall"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=This+Ukrainian+City+Was+Once+Home+to+a+Vibrant+Jewish+Community.+Now+Its+Grand+Synagogue+Is+a+Sports+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2F2020-10-22%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fthis-ukrainian-city-was-once-home-to-a-vibrant-jewish-community%2F0000017f-f50a-d47e-a37f-fd3e39c70000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCG01-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCG01_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Unalga</i> 1912, Cutters, Craft & U.S. Coast Guard-Manned Army & Navy Vessels, U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/this-month/july/1947.html">"18 July 1947, British Soldiers Removing Jews from the Exodus in the Port of Haifa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazan-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hazan_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hazan_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazan2016" class="citation book cs1">Hazan, Haim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trEFDAAAQBAJ&q=Salvador+1940+Rumania"><i>Serendipity in Anthropological Research</i></a>. Routledge. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-05707-9"><bdi>978-1-317-05707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serendipity+in+Anthropological+Research&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-05707-9&rft.aulast=Hazan&rft.aufirst=Haim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrEFDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSalvador%2B1940%2BRumania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfieldHochstein1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Greenfield" title="Murray Greenfield">Greenfield, Murray S.</a>; Hochstein, Joseph M. (1987). <i>The Jews' Secret Fleet: The Untold Story of North American Volunteers Who Smashed the British Blockade of Palestine</i>. Jerusalem and New York: <a href="/wiki/Gefen_Publishing_House" title="Gefen Publishing House">Gefen Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-517-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-517-0"><bdi>978-965-229-517-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews%27+Secret+Fleet%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+North+American+Volunteers+Who+Smashed+the+British+Blockade+of+Palestine&rft.place=Jerusalem+and+New+York&rft.pub=Gefen+Publishing+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-965-229-517-0&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Murray+S.&rft.au=Hochstein%2C+Joseph+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2002" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Ninian (2002). <i>The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol</i>. London and Portland OR: Frank Cass Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5210-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5210-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5210-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+and+the+Palestine+Patrol&rft.place=London+and+Portland+OR&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5210-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ninian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAliyah+Bet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliyah_Bet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aliyah_Bet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelvets.com/">Aliyah Bet and Machal Virtual Museum</a></li></ul> <ul><li>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005776">Aliyah Bet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paulsilverstone.com/immigration/Primary/index.html">Aliyah Bet Voyages Aliyah Bet Project</a> Aliyah Bet Voyages includes pictures and details of the boats of Aliyah Bet, ports of origin, dates of sailing, dates of arrival in Palestine and the number of immigrants on board.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/shapira_survivors.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">The background to Aliyah Bet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205102/http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/shapira_survivors.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Archived</a> 2014-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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