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Henry Winter Davis - Wikipedia

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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Henry Winter Davis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon._Henry_W._Davies,_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hon._Henry_W._Davies%2C_Md_-_NARA_-_528664_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">c. 1860–1865</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S.&#32;House&#32;of&#32;Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 3rd congressional district">3rd</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1863&#160;–&#32;March 3, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Lawrence_Ludlow_Leary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Lawrence Ludlow Leary">Cornelius Lawrence Ludlow Leary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Phelps" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edward Phelps">Charles Edward Phelps</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S.&#32;House&#32;of&#32;Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 4th congressional district">4th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1855&#160;–&#32;March 3, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Hamilton">William Thomas Hamilton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_May_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry May (Maryland)">Henry May</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1817-08-16</span>)</span>August 16, 1817<br /><a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 30, 1865<span style="display:none">(1865-12-30)</span> (aged&#160;48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(before 1855)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1855–61)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–63)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1863–65)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_(1817%E2%80%931865).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Winter Davis&#39;s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Signature_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%281817%E2%80%931865%29.png/128px-Signature_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%281817%E2%80%931865%29.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Signature_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%281817%E2%80%931865%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Winter Davis</b> (August 16, 1817&#160;&#8211;&#32;December 30, 1865) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States Representative</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 4th congressional district">4th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 3rd congressional district">3rd congressional districts of Maryland</a>, well known as one of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. He was the driving force behind the abolition of slavery in Maryland in 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and it was largely because of him that Maryland did not secede.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry Winter Davis was born in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a> on August 16, 1817. His father, the Reverend Henry Lyon Davis (1775–1836), was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> clergyman, and was for some years president of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John&#39;s College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St John's College</a> at Annapolis.<sup id="cite_ref-Twentieth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twentieth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The son graduated at <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gambier,_Ohio" title="Gambier, Ohio">Gambier, Ohio</a> in 1837, and from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">law department of the University of Virginia</a> in 1841, and began the practice of law in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, but in 1850 removed to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, where he won a high position at the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote an elaborate political work entitled <i>The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century</i> (1853), in which he described the American Republic and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as the ultimate opponents in the struggles of humanity; it also dismissed the Southern contention that slavery was a divine institution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911867_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911867-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_Congress">Career in Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Career in Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwdavis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hwdavis.jpg/220px-Hwdavis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Hwdavis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Henry Winter Davis</figcaption></figure><p> Early becoming imbued with strong anti-<a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> views, though by inheritance he was himself a slaveholder. He began political life as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>. After the Whig Party disintegrated, he became a <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a>, and served as a member of the Know Nothing–influenced American Party in the House of Representatives from 1855 to 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1856 he told Congress the unamerican Irish Catholic immigrants were to blame for the election of Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, stating:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p> The recent election has developed in an aggravated form every evil against which the American party protested. Foreign allies have decided the government of the country -- men naturalized in thousands on the eve of the election. Again in the fierce struggle for supremacy, men have forgotten the ban which the Republic puts on the intrusion of religious influence on the political arena. These influences have brought vast multitudes of foreign-born citizens to the polls, ignorant of American interests, without American feelings, influenced by foreign sympathies, to vote on American affairs; and those votes have, in point of fact, accomplished the present result.</p></blockquote> <p>In the contest over the speakership at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">36th United States Congress</a> in 1859 he voted with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>, incurring a vote of <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">censure</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Legislature">Maryland Legislature</a>, which called upon him to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, not yet ready to become a Republican, he declined to be a candidate for the Republican nomination for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, instead supported the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a> ticket of <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a>. Defeated that year for <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1860">reelection to Congress</a>, in the winter of 1860 and 1861―between the <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> of some Southern states and the beginning of the Civil War with the assault on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>―Davis was involved in compromise measures. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was elected and the Civil War began, Davis emerged as the leader of Maryland's <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Unionists</a>. He was re-elected in 1862 to the U.S. House of Representatives and quickly aligned himself with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republicans</a>. </p><p>From December 1863 to March 1865 Davis served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a>. In 1864, unwilling to leave the delicate questions concerning the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention in Mexico</a> entirely in the hands of President Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, Davis brought in a report very hostile to France, which was adopted by the House but not by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_art_detail,_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_(IA_orationonlifecha00cres)_(page_1_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/220px-Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/330px-Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg/440px-Title_art_detail%2C_Oration_on_the_life_and_character_of_Henry_Winter_Davis_%28IA_orationonlifecha00cres%29_%28page_1_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Oration on the life and character of Henry Winter Davis book of 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>With other congressional Radicals, Davis was a bitter opponent of Lincoln's plan for the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> of the Southern states,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> which he thought too lenient. On February 15, 1864, he reported from committee a bill (known as the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a>, after Davis and Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>) which would place the process of Reconstruction under the control of Congress, and stipulated that the Confederate states, as a condition of being re-admitted to the Union, would <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disfranchise</a> all important civil and military officers of the Confederacy, abolish slavery, and repudiate all debts incurred by or with the sanction of the Confederate government. In his speech supporting this measure, Davis declared that until Congress should recognize a government established under its auspices, there was no government in the rebel states save the authority of Congress. The bill, the first formal expression by Congress with regard to Reconstruction, did not pass both Houses until the closing hours of the session, on July 2, 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Lincoln disapproved of the bill, and as he did not sign it, it did not become law; on July 8, Lincoln issued a proclamation defining his position. Soon afterward, on August 4, 1864, Davis joined Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio, who had piloted the bill through the Senate, in issuing a manifesto, "To the Supporters of the Government," which violently denounced President Lincoln for encroaching on the domain of Congress and insinuated that the presidential policy would leave slavery unimpaired in the reconstructed states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a debate in Congress some months later he declared, "When I came into Congress ten years ago this was a government of law. I have lived to see it a government of personal will." He was one of the radical leaders who preferred <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> to Lincoln in the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 election</a>, but subsequently withdrew his opposition and supported the President for re-election. He early favored the enlistment of African-Americans, and in July 1865 publicly advocated the extension of the suffrage to them. He was not a candidate for re-election to Congress in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On Election Night, 1864, during a discussion, Lincoln said: "It has seemed to me recently that Winter Davis was growing more sensible to his own true interests and has ceased wasting his time by attacking me. I hope for his own good he has. He has been very malicious against me but has only injured himself by it. His conduct has been very strange to me. I came here, his friend, wishing to continue so. I had heard nothing but good of him; he was the cousin of my intimate friend Judge Davis. But he had scarcely been elected when I began to learn of his attacking me on all possible occasions."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davis died in Baltimore on December 30, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Twentieth_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twentieth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His remains were interred in <a href="/wiki/Greenmount_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenmount Cemetery">Greenmount Cemetery</a>. </p><p>Henry W. Davis was a cousin of <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> and later a U.S. Senator from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. He was also a first cousin of Brevet Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Moses_B._Walker" title="Moses B. Walker">Moses B. Walker</a> who served as an associate justice of the Texas Supreme Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ella_Carroll" title="Anna Ella Carroll">Anna Ella Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morrison_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="James Morrison Harris">James Morrison Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Thomas Holliday Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Hoffman" title="Henry William Hoffman">Henry William Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy_(Maryland_politician)" title="Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pendleton Kennedy">John Pendleton Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Leary" title="Cornelius Leary">Cornelius Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_Uglies" title="Plug Uglies">Plug Uglies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barroll_Ricaud" class="mw-redirect" title="James Barroll Ricaud">James Barroll Ricaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Raps" title="Rip Raps">Rip Raps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hanson_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Hanson Webster">Edwin Hanson Webster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagandt, Charles Lewis, <i>The Mighty Revolution: Negro Emancipation in Maryland</i>, 1862-1864 (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1964)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Winter-Davis">"Henry Winter Davis | American Politician, Abolitionist &amp; Civil War Congressman | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&amp;rft.atitle=Henry+Winter+Davis+%7C+American+Politician%2C+Abolitionist+%26+Civil+War+Congressman+%7C+Britannica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenry-Winter-Davis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Winter+Davis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twentieth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twentieth_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twentieth_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonBrown1906" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Rossiter; Brown, John Howard, eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict03johnuoft/page/n179/mode/1up"><i>The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans</i></a>. Vol.&#160;III. Boston: American Biographical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2022</span> &#8211; via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Notable+Americans&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=American+Biographical+Society&amp;rft.date=1906&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict03johnuoft%2Fpage%2Fn179%2Fmode%2F1up&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Winter+Davis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911866_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p.&#160;866.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911867-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911867_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p.&#160;867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Quoted in James Fairfax McLaughlin, <i>The life and times of John Kelly, tribune of the people</i> (1885) pp 72-73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofjohnk00mclauoft/page/73/mode/1up">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul M. Angle (1947), ed., <i>The Lincoln Reader</i>, 1955 reprint, New York: Pocket Books, Ch. 22, "The Second Election", p. 529; <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>'s diary, November 8.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Speeches of Henry Winter Davis</i> (New York, 1867), to which is prefixed an oration on his life and character delivered in the House of Representatives by Senator <a href="/wiki/John_A._J._Creswell" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. J. Creswell">John A. J. Creswell</a> of Maryland.</li> <li>Tracy Matthew Melton, <i>Hanging Henry Gambrill: The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, 1854-1860</i>, Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society (2005). Details political activities in Davis' district during his tenure as an American Party congressman. A great deal of information on Davis is included in the narrative.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_H._Baker" title="Jean H. Baker">Jean H. Baker</a> (1977), <i>Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland</i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.</li> <li>Henig, Gerald S. "Henry Winter Davis and the Speakership Contest of 1859–1860." <i>Maryland Historical Magazine</i> (1973) 68#1 pp 1–19. online</li> <li>Henig, Gerald S. <i>Henry Winter Davis: Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland</i> (1973) scholarly biography</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressD000104" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000104">"Henry Winter Davis (id: D000104)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&amp;rft.atitle=Henry+Winter+Davis+%28id%3A+D000104%29&amp;rft.au=United+States+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DD000104&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Winter+Davis" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 2009-5-12</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span>&#160;</span>This article&#160;incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>:&#160;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Davis,_Henry_Winter" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Davis, Henry Winter">Davis, Henry Winter</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol.&#160;7 (11th&#160;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;866–867.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Davis%2C+Henry+Winter&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&amp;rft.pages=866-867&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1911&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Winter+Davis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Winter_Davis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/residents-visitors/visitors-from-congress/visitors-congress-henry-winter-davis-1817-1866/">Mr. Lincoln's White House: Henry Winter Davis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spartacus-educational.com/USASdavis.htm">Spartacus Educational Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJwBBaW0hLIC"><i>The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century</i></a> (1853)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_T._Hamilton" title="William T. Hamilton">William T. Hamilton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member&#160;of&#160;the&#160;<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">U.S.&#160;House&#160;of&#160;Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Maryland04&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 4th congressional district">Maryland's 4th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1855–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_May_(Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry May (Maryland)">Henry May</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Leary" title="Cornelius Leary">Cornelius Leary</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member&#160;of&#160;the&#160;<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maryland" title="List of United States representatives from Maryland">U.S.&#160;House&#160;of&#160;Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Maryland03&#160;!"><a href="/wiki/Maryland%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Maryland&#39;s 3rd congressional district">Maryland's 3rd congressional district</a></span> </b><br />1863&#8211;1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Phelps" title="Charles E. Phelps">Charles E. Phelps</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chew_Howard" title="Benjamin Chew Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jared_Ingersoll" title="Charles Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">T. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander McClernand">McClernand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly" title="Thomas H. Bayly">Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_C._M._Pennington" title="Alexander C. M. Pennington">Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Clingman" title="Thomas L. Clingman">Clingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Hopkins" title="George Washington Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Myers_(politician)" title="Leonard Myers (politician)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godlove_S._Orth" title="Godlove S. Orth">Orth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Swann" title="Thomas Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Williams" title="Charles G. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Hitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Hitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Cousins" title="Robert G. Cousins">Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Breck_Perkins" title="James Breck Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Foster" title="David J. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennett_Smith" title="Charles Bennett Smith">C. 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000025791524">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77778508">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/171183/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCkFQXKkMYQMwtWC8Qv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85367546">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007378637305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000104">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570101">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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