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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_Games_column"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Mathematical Games column </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_Games_column-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardner's_mathematical_grapevine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardner's_mathematical_grapevine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Gardner's mathematical grapevine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardner's_mathematical_grapevine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_key_cryptography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_key_cryptography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Public key cryptography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_key_cryptography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudoscience_and_skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudoscience_and_skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pseudoscience and skepticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudoscience_and_skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Magic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theism_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theism_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Theism and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theism_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotated_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotated_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Annotated works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotated_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Novels and short stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Autobiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Word play </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pen_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pen_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Pen names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pen_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Philosophy of mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Mathematics education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Legacy and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gathering_4_Gardner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gathering_4_Gardner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Gathering 4 Gardner </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gathering_4_Gardner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Martin Gardner</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="مارتن غاردنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن غاردنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="مارتین قاردنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین قاردنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Мартин Гарднър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Гарднър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="مارتین گاردنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین گاردنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EA%B0%80%EB%93%9C%EB%84%88" title="마틴 가드너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 가드너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարտին Գարդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Գարդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन गार्डनर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन गार्डनर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="מרטין גרדנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין גרדנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Gardner" title="Martinus Gardner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Gardner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन गार्डनर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्टिन गार्डनर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="مارتن جاردنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتن جاردنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="マーティン・ガードナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・ガードナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89%D9%86%D8%B1" title="مارتین ګارډنر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارتین ګارډنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Гарднер, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарднер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Гарднер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Гарднер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Gardner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартін Ґарднер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Ґарднер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Martin Gardner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Gardner.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Martin_Gardner.jpeg/220px-Martin_Gardner.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Martin_Gardner.jpeg/330px-Martin_Gardner.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Martin_Gardner.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="279" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">(1914-10-21)October 21, 1914 <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">May 22, 2010(2010-05-22) (aged 95) <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_mathematics" title="Recreational mathematics">Recreational mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puzzles" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzzles">puzzles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">close-up magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annotated_edition" title="Annotated edition">annotated literary works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debunking" title="Debunking">debunking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Games_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Games (column)">Mathematical Games</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> column), <a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice" title="The Annotated Alice">The Annotated Alice</a>, The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener, <a href="/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe" title="The Ambidextrous Universe">The Ambidextrous Universe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize" title="Leroy P. Steele Prize">Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_P%C3%B3lya_Award" title="George Pólya Award">George Pólya Award</a> (1999)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allendoerfer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Allendoerfer Award">Allendoerfer Award</a> (1990) <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Evans_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Trevor Evans Award">Trevor Evans Award</a> (1998)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Charlotte Greenwald</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1952)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Gardner_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Martin_Gardner_Signature.png/150px-Martin_Gardner_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Martin_Gardner_Signature.png/225px-Martin_Gardner_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Martin_Gardner_Signature.png/300px-Martin_Gardner_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="120" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Martin Gardner (October 21, 1914 – May 22, 2010) was an American <a href="/wiki/Popular_mathematics" title="Popular mathematics">popular mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a> writer with interests also encompassing <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific skepticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">micromagic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> – especially the writings of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-douglas_martin-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He was a leading authority on Lewis Carroll;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice" title="The Annotated Alice">The Annotated Alice</a>, which incorporated the text of Carroll's two Alice books, was his most successful work and sold over a million copies.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-7">[7]</a> He had a lifelong interest in magic and illusion and in 1999, MAGIC magazine named him as one of the "100 Most Influential Magicians of the Twentieth Century".<a href="#cite_note-magic-8">[8]</a> He was considered the doyen of American puzzlers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He was a prolific and versatile author, publishing more than 100 books.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Gardner was best known for creating and sustaining interest in <a href="/wiki/Recreational_mathematics" title="Recreational mathematics">recreational mathematics</a>—and by extension, mathematics in general—throughout the latter half of the 20th century, principally through his "Mathematical Games" columns.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> These appeared for twenty-five years in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, and his subsequent books collecting them.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Gardner was one of the foremost anti-<a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> polemicists of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> His 1957 book <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> is a seminal work of the skeptical movement.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1976, he joined with fellow skeptics to found <a href="/wiki/CSICOP" class="mw-redirect" title="CSICOP">CSICOP</a>, an organization promoting scientific inquiry and the use of reason in examining extraordinary claims.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Youth and education">edit</a>]</div> Martin Gardner was born into a prosperous family in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, to James Henry Gardner, a <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geologist" title="Petroleum geologist">petroleum geologist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and his wife, Willie Wilkerson Spiers, a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori-trained</a> teacher. His mother taught Martin to read before he started school, reading him <a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wizard of Oz</a>, and this began a lifelong interest in the <a href="/wiki/Oz_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oz books">Oz books</a> of <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fame-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-England_2014-22">[22]</a> His fascination with mathematics started in his boyhood when his father gave him a copy of <a href="/wiki/Sam_Loyd" title="Sam Loyd">Sam Loyd</a>'s Cyclopedia of 5000 Puzzles, Tricks and Conundrums.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Gardner_HS_Yearbook.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Martin_Gardner_HS_Yearbook.jpeg" decoding="async" width="137" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Gardner as a high school senior, 1932</figcaption></figure> He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> where he studied history, literature and sciences under their intellectually-stimulating Great Books curriculum and earned his bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-7">[7]</a> Early jobs included reporter on the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_Tribune" title="Tulsa Tribune">Tulsa Tribune</a>, writer at the University of Chicago Office of Press Relations, and case worker in <a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_(region_of_Chicago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Belt (region of Chicago)">Chicago's Black Belt</a> for the city's Relief Administration. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he served for four years in the U.S. Navy as a <a href="/wiki/Yeoman_(US_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeoman (US Navy)">yeoman</a> on board the destroyer escort <a href="/wiki/USS_Pope_(DE-134)" title="USS Pope (DE-134)">USS Pope</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>. His ship was still in the Atlantic when the war came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in August 1945. After the war, Gardner returned to the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_1997-25">[25]</a> He attended graduate school for a year there, but he did not earn an advanced degree.<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1940s, Gardner moved to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and became a writer and editor at <a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Humpty Dumpty Magazine">Humpty Dumpty</a> magazine, where for eight years, he wrote features and stories for it and several other children's magazines.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> His paper-folding puzzles at that magazine led to his first work at Scientific American.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For many decades, Gardner, his wife Charlotte, and their two sons, Jim and Tom, lived in <a href="/wiki/Hastings-on-Hudson,_New_York" title="Hastings-on-Hudson, New York">Hastings-on-Hudson, New York</a>, where he earned his living as a freelance author, publishing books with several different publishers, and also publishing hundreds of magazine and newspaper articles.<a href="#cite_note-martin_gardner_2013-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-career">Mid-career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mid-career">edit</a>]</div> In 1950, he wrote an article in the <a href="/wiki/Antioch_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch Review">Antioch Review</a> entitled "The Hermit Scientist".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> It was one of Gardner's earliest articles about <a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">junk science</a>, and in 1952 a much-expanded version became his first published book: In the Name of Science: An Entertaining Survey of the High Priests and Cultists of Science, Past and Present. The year 1960 saw the original edition of the best-selling book of his career, The Annotated Alice.<a href="#cite_note-Burstein_2011-30">[30]</a> In 1957 Gardner started writing a column for Scientific American called "Mathematical Games". It ran for over a quarter century and dealt with the subject of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_mathematics" title="Recreational mathematics">recreational mathematics</a>. The "Mathematical Games" column became the most popular feature of the magazine and was the first thing that many readers turned to.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In September 1977 Scientific American acknowledged the prestige and popularity of Gardner's column by moving it from the back to the very front of the magazine.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement_and_death">Retirement and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retirement and death">edit</a>]</div> In 1979, Gardner left Scientific American. He and his wife Charlotte moved to <a href="/wiki/Hendersonville,_North_Carolina" title="Hendersonville, North Carolina">Hendersonville, North Carolina</a>. He continued to write math articles, sending them to <a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Intelligencer" title="The Mathematical Intelligencer">The Mathematical Intelligencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Math_Horizons" title="Math Horizons">Math Horizons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_College_Mathematics_Journal" title="The College Mathematics Journal">The College Mathematics Journal</a>, and Scientific American. He also revised some of his older books such as Origami, Eleusis, and the Soma Cube.<a href="#cite_note-dana_richards-33">[33]</a> Charlotte died in 2000 and in 2004 Gardner returned to Oklahoma,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> where his son, James Gardner, was a professor of education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a><a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman</a>. He died there on May 22, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-douglas_martin-4">[4]</a> An autobiography – Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner – was published posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-martin_gardner_2013-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematical_Games_column">Mathematical Games column</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematical Games column">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I just play all the time and am fortunate enough to get paid for it. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Martin Gardner, 1998</cite> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns" title="List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns">List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_35_free_hexominoes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/All_35_free_hexominoes.svg/376px-All_35_free_hexominoes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="376" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/All_35_free_hexominoes.svg/564px-All_35_free_hexominoes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/All_35_free_hexominoes.svg/752px-All_35_free_hexominoes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Solomon Golomb's Polyominoes were among the many recreational mathematics topics featured by Gardner in his column. The 35 <a href="/wiki/Hexominoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexominoes">hexominoes</a> are depicted.</figcaption></figure> The "Mathematical Games" column began with a free-standing article on <a href="/wiki/Hexaflexagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexaflexagon">hexaflexagons</a> which ran in the December 1956 issue of Scientific American.<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2014-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_economist_2010-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flexagon" title="Flexagon">Flexagons</a> became a bit of a fad and soon people all over New York City were making them. Gerry Piel, the SA publisher at the time, asked Gardner, "Is there enough similar material to this to make a regular feature?" Gardner said he thought so. The January 1957 issue contained his first column, entitled "Mathematical Games".<a href="#cite_note-martin_gardner_2013-28">[28]</a> Almost 300 more columns were to follow.<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> It ran from 1956 to 1981 with sporadic columns afterwards and was the first introduction of many subjects to a wider audience, notably:<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flexagon" title="Flexagon">Flexagons</a> (Dec 1956)</li> <li>The Game of <a href="/wiki/Hex_(board_game)" title="Hex (board game)">Hex</a> (Jul 1957)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soma_cube" title="Soma cube">Soma cube</a> (Sep 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_square" title="Squaring the square">Squaring the square</a> (Nov 1958)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Prisoners_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Prisoners problem">Three Prisoners problem</a> (Oct 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyominoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyominoes">Polyominoes</a> (Nov 1960)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unexpected_hanging_paradox" title="Unexpected hanging paradox">Paradox of the unexpected hanging</a> (Mar 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep-tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rep-tiles">Rep-tiles</a> (May 1963)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Superellipse" title="Superellipse">Superellipse</a> (Sep 1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentominoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentominoes">Pentominoes</a> (Oct 1965)</li> <li>The mathematical art of <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a> (Apr 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractals">Fractals</a> and the Koch snowflake curve (Mar 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a> (Oct 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_dice" title="Intransitive dice">Intransitive dice</a> (Dec 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb%27s_paradox" title="Newcomb's paradox">Newcomb's paradox</a> (Jul 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangrams">Tangrams</a> (Aug 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tilings</a> (Jan 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">Public-key cryptography</a> (Aug 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R_Hofstadter" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas R Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Godel,_Escher,_Bach" class="mw-redirect" title="Godel, Escher, Bach">Godel, Escher, Bach</a> (Jul 1979)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Monster_group" title="Monster group">Monster group</a> (Jun 1980)</li></ul> </div> Gardner had problems learning <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> and never took a mathematics course after high school. While editing <a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty_(magazine)" title="Humpty Dumpty (magazine)">Humpty Dumpty Magazine</a> he constructed many paper folding puzzles. At a magic show in 1956 fellow magician <a href="/wiki/Royal_Vale_Heath" title="Royal Vale Heath">Royal Vale Heath</a> introduced Gardner to the intricately folded paper shapes known as flexagons and steered him to the four Princeton University professors who had invented and investigated their mathematical properties. The subsequent article Gardner wrote on hexaflexagons led directly to the column.<a href="#cite_note-martin_gardner_2013-28">[28]</a> Gardner's son Jim once asked him what was his favorite puzzle, and Gardner answered almost immediately: "<a href="/wiki/The_monkey_and_the_coconuts" title="The monkey and the coconuts">The monkey and the coconuts</a>".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It had been the subject of his April 1958 Games column and in 2001 he chose to make it the first chapter of his "best of" collection, The Colossal Book of Mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the 1980s "Mathematical Games" began to appear only irregularly. Other authors began to share the column, and the June 1986 issue saw the final installment under that title. In 1981, on Gardner's retirement from Scientific American, the column was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Metamagical_Themas" title="Metamagical Themas">Metamagical Themas</a>", a name that is an <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a> of "Mathematical Games". Virtually all of the games columns were collected in book form starting in 1959 with The Scientific American Book of Mathematical Puzzles & Diversions.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Over the next four decades fourteen more books followed.<a href="#cite_note-England_2014-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> called them the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner_bibliography#"Mathematical_Games":_The_''Scientific_American''_columns" title="Martin Gardner bibliography">canonical books</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> His depth and clarity will illuminate our world for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-princeton_university_press-43">[43]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">–<a href="/wiki/Persi_Diaconis" title="Persi Diaconis">Persi Diaconis</a></cite> </div> Martin Gardner had a major impact on mathematics in the second half of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> His column ran for 25 years and was read avidly by the generation of mathematicians and physicists who grew up in the years 1956 to 1981.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> His writing inspired, directly or indirectly, many who would go on to careers in mathematics, science, and other related endeavors.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antonick_2014-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Gardner's admirers included such diverse individuals as <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>, and the entire French literary group known as the <a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2013-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2010-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-the_economist_2010-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dirda_2009-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a> once sought him out to discuss four-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Hypercube" title="Hypercube">hypercubes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Auerbach" title="David Auerbach">David Auerbach</a> wrote: "A case can be made, in purely practical terms, for Martin Gardner as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. His popularizations of science and mathematical games in Scientific American, over the 25 years he wrote for them, might have helped create more young mathematicians and computer scientists than any other single factor prior to the advent of the personal computer."<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2013-59">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colm_Mulcahy" title="Colm Mulcahy">Colm Mulcahy</a> described him as "without doubt the best friend mathematics ever had."<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2017-60">[59]</a> Gardner's column introduced the public to books such as <a href="/wiki/A_K_Dewdney" class="mw-redirect" title="A K Dewdney">A K Dewdney</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Planiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Planiverse">Planiverse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>’s <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach" title="Gödel, Escher, Bach">Gödel, Escher, Bach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2017-60">[59]</a> His writing was credited as both broad and deep.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> once wrote, "Martin Gardner's contribution to contemporary intellectual culture is unique – in its range, its insight, and understanding of hard questions that matter."<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2010-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Gardner repeatedly alerted the public (and other mathematicians) to recent discoveries in mathematics–recreational and otherwise. In addition to introducing many first-rate puzzles and topics such as <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tiles</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Conway's Game of Life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> he was equally adept at writing columns about traditional mathematical topics such as <a href="/wiki/Knot_theory" title="Knot theory">knot theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci numbers">Fibonacci numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_triangle" title="Pascal's triangle">Pascal's triangle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_strip" title="Möbius strip">Möbius strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfinite_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfinite numbers">transfinite numbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four-dimensional_space" title="Four-dimensional space">four-dimensional space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeno%27s_paradoxes" title="Zeno's paradoxes">Zeno's paradoxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat's Last Theorem">Fermat's Last Theorem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Four-color_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-color problem">four-color problem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2013-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-hofstadter-73">[69]</a> Gardner set a new high standard for writing about mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> In a 2004 interview he said, "I go up to calculus, and beyond that I don't understand any of the papers that are being written. I consider that that was an advantage for the type of column I was doing because I had to understand what I was writing about, and that enabled me to write in such a way that an average reader could understand what I was saying. If you are writing popularly about math, I think it's good not to know too much math."<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Horton Conway</a> called him "the most learned man I have ever met."<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2013-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gardner's_mathematical_grapevine">Gardner's mathematical grapevine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gardner's mathematical grapevine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> He had carried on incredibly interesting exchanges with hundreds of mathematicians, as well as with artists and polymaths such as Maurits Escher and Piet Hein.<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/AMS_Notices" class="mw-redirect" title="AMS Notices">AMS Notices</a></cite> </div>Gardner maintained an extensive network of experts and amateurs with whom he regularly exchanged information and ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014-79">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doris_Schattschneider" title="Doris Schattschneider">Doris Schattschneider</a> would later term this circle of collaborators "Gardner's mathematical grapevine" or "MG2".<a href="#cite_note-Case_2014-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Gardner's role as a hub of this network helped facilitate several introductions that led to further fruitful collaborations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Mathematicians Conway, Berlekamp, and Guy, who met as a result of Gardner's influence, would go on to write Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays, a foundational book in <a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_game_theory" title="Combinatorial game theory">combinatorial game theory</a> that Gardner subsequently championed.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Gardner also introduced Conway to Benoit Mandelbrot because he knew of their mutual interest in <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2014-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Gardner's network was also responsible for introducing Doris Schattschneider and <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Rice" title="Marjorie Rice">Marjorie Rice</a>, who worked together to document the newly discovered pentagon tilings.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Gardner credited his network with generating further material for his columns: "When I first started the column, I was not in touch with any mathematicians, and gradually mathematicians who were creative in the field found out about the column and began corresponding with me. So my most interesting columns were columns based on the material I got from them, so I owe them a big debt of gratitude."<a href="#cite_note-Case_2014-80">[76]</a> Gardner prepared each of his columns in a painstaking and scholarly fashion and conducted copious correspondence to be sure that everything was fact-checked for mathematical accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> Communication was often by postcard or telephone and Gardner kept meticulous notes of everything, typically on index cards.<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a> Archives of some of his correspondence stored at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> occupy some 63 linear feet of shelf space.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> This correspondence led to columns about the <a href="/wiki/Rep-tile" title="Rep-tile">rep-tiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentominos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentominos">pentominos</a> of Solomon W. Golomb; the <a href="/wiki/Gosper_curve" title="Gosper curve">space filling curves</a> of Bill Gosper;<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Aperiodic_set_of_prototiles" title="Aperiodic set of prototiles">aperiodic</a> tiles of Roger Penrose; the <a href="/wiki/Conway%27s_Game_of_Life" title="Conway's Game of Life">Game of Life</a> invented by John H. Conway; the <a href="/wiki/Superellipse" title="Superellipse">superellipse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soma_cube" title="Soma cube">Soma cube</a> of Piet Hein; the <a href="/wiki/Trapdoor_function" title="Trapdoor function">trapdoor functions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Diffie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Hellman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Merkle" title="Ralph Merkle">Merkle</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Flexagon" title="Flexagon">flexagons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Stone">Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryant_Tuckerman" title="Bryant Tuckerman">Tuckerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a>, and Tukey; the geometrical delights in a book by H. S. M. Coxeter; the <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Hex" class="mw-redirect" title="Game of Hex">game of Hex</a> invented by Piet Hein and <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</a>; Tutte's account of <a href="/wiki/Squaring_the_square" title="Squaring the square">squaring the square</a>; and many other topics. The wide array of mathematicians, physicists, computer scientists, philosophers, magicians, artists, writers, and other influential thinkers who can be counted as part of Gardner's mathematical grapevine includes:<a href="#cite_note-Case_2014-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-hofstadter-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardner_1998-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-teller-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2013-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antonick_2014-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014-79">[75]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ammann" title="Robert Ammann">Robert Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Anno" title="Mitsumasa Anno">Mitsumasa Anno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwyn_R._Berlekamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Elwyn R. Berlekamp">Elwyn R. Berlekamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_A._Borgmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri A. Borgmann">Dmitri A. Borgmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chaitin" title="Gregory Chaitin">Gregory Chaitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Chung" title="Fan Chung">Fan Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Horton Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.S.M._Coxeter" class="mw-redirect" title="H.S.M. Coxeter">H.S.M. Coxeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persi_Diaconis" title="Persi Diaconis">Persi Diaconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_W._Golomb" title="Solomon W. Golomb">Solomon W. Golomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gosper" title="Bill Gosper">Bill Gosper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Graham" title="Ronald Graham">Ronald Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Guy" title="Richard K. Guy">Richard K. Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harary" title="Frank Harary">Frank Harary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Hein_(scientist)" title="Piet Hein (scientist)">Piet Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kim" title="Scott Kim">Scott Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Klarner" title="David A. Klarner">David A. Klarner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lindgren" title="Harry Lindgren">Harry Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn & Teller">Penn & Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Rice" title="Marjorie Rice">Marjorie Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Malin_Rodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Malin Rodgers">Tom Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Sallows" title="Lee Sallows">Lee Sallows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Schattschneider" title="Doris Schattschneider">Doris Schattschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Shallit" title="Jeffrey Shallit">Jeffrey Shallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Singmaster" title="David Singmaster">David Singmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Slocum" title="Jerry Slocum">Jerry Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan" title="Raymond Smullyan">Raymond Smullyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stewart_(mathematician)" title="Ian Stewart (mathematician)">Ian Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._T._Tutte" title="W. T. Tutte">W. T. Tutte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Ulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Yates" title="Samuel Yates">Samuel Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nob_Yoshigahara" title="Nob Yoshigahara">Nob Yoshigahara</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_key_cryptography">Public key cryptography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public key cryptography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> These new ciphers are not absolutely unbreakable in the sense of the one-time pad. but in practice they are unbreakable in a much stronger sense than any cipher previously designed for widespread use. In principle these new ciphers can be broken. but only by computer programs that run for millions of years!<a href="#cite_note-tensions-96">[91]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">–Martin Gardner</cite> </div> In his August 1977 column, "A new kind of cipher that would take millions of years to break", Gardner described a new cryptographic system invented by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard Adleman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIAM-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-98">[93]</a> The system, based on <a href="/wiki/Trapdoor_function" title="Trapdoor function">trapdoor functions</a>, was known as <a href="/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)" title="RSA (cryptosystem)">RSA</a> (after the three researchers) and has become a component of the majority of secure <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a> schemes.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-92">[87]</a> Since RSA is a relatively slow algorithm it is not widely used to directly encrypt data.<a href="#cite_note-telsy-99">[94]</a> More often, it is used to transmit shared keys for <a href="/wiki/Symmetric-key_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetric-key cryptography">symmetric-key cryptography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ellis-100">[95]</a> Gardner identified the memorandum that his column was based on and invited readers to write to Rivest to request a copy of it.<a href="#cite_note-tensions-96">[91]</a> Over seven thousand requests came pouring in, some of them from other countries. This caused significant consternation in the US defense agencies and possible legal problems for Gardner himself.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA) asked the RSA team to stop distributing the report and one letter to the IEEE suggested that disseminating such information might be violating the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Export_Control_Act" title="Arms Export Control Act">Arms Export Control Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tensions-96">[91]</a> In the end the defense establishment could provide no legal basis for suppressing the new technology, and when a detailed paper about RSA was published in <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> the NSA’s crypto monopoly was effectively terminated.<a href="#cite_note-ellis-100">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pseudoscience_and_skepticism">Pseudoscience and skepticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pseudoscience and skepticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Martin Gardner is the single brightest beacon defending rationality and good science against the mysticism and anti-intellectualism that surround us.<a href="#cite_note-dana_richards-33">[33]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a></cite> </div> Gardner was a critic of <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">fringe science</a>. His book <a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a> (1952, revised 1957) launched the modern skeptical movement.<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_1997-25">[25]</a> It debunked dubious movements and theories<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Horace_Fletcher" title="Horace Fletcher">Fletcherism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_faddism" class="mw-redirect" title="Food faddism">food faddism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing Rods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fort" title="Charles Fort">Charles Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method for improving eyesight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_theory_of_relativity#Academic_and_non-academic_criticism" title="Criticism of the theory of relativity">Einstein deniers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat Earth theory">Flat Earth theory</a>, the lost continents of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worlds_in_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Worlds in collision">Immanuel Velikovsky's Worlds in Collision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridey_Murphy" title="Bridey Murphy">the reincarnation of Bridey Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Wilhelm Reich's orgone theory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">spontaneous generation of life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-sensory perception">extra-sensory perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychokinesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychokinesis">psychokinesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">palmistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">graphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">numerology</a>. This book and his subsequent efforts (Science: Good, Bad and Bogus, 1981; Order and Surprise, 1983, Gardner's Whys & Wherefores, 1989, etc.) provoked a lot of criticism from the advocates of <a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">alternative science</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> He kept up running dialogues (both public and private) with many of them for decades.<a href="#cite_note-Shermer_1997-25">[25]</a> In a review of Science: Good, Bad and Bogus, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> called Gardner "The Quack Detector", a writer who "expunge[d] nonsense" and in so doing had "become a priceless national resource."<a href="#cite_note-105">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> In 1976 Gardner joined with fellow skeptics philosopher <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a>, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a>, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Truzzi" title="Marcello Truzzi">Marcello Truzzi</a>, and stage magician <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> to found the <a href="/wiki/CSICOP" class="mw-redirect" title="CSICOP">Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal</a> (now called the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). Intellectuals including astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, author and biochemist <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, psychologist <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, and journalist <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Klass" title="Philip J. Klass">Philip J. Klass</a> became fellows of the program. From 1983 to 2002 he wrote a monthly column called "Notes of a Fringe Watcher" (originally "Notes of a Psi-Watcher") for <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>, that organization's monthly magazine.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> These columns have been collected in five books starting with The New Age: Notes of a Fringe Watcher in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Gardner was a critic of self-proclaimed Israeli <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> <a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a> and wrote two satirical booklets about him in the 1970s using the pen name "Uriah Fuller" in which he explained how such purported psychics do their seemingly impossible feats such as <a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">mentally bending spoons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">reading minds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Martin Gardner continued to criticize junk science throughout his life. His targets included not just safe subjects like <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">UFO sightings</a>, but topics such as <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laffer_curve" title="Laffer curve">Laffer curve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Hutchins-Adler Great Books Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Auerbach_2013-59">[58]</a> The last thing he wrote in the spring of 2010 (a month before his death) was an article excoriating the "dubious medical opinions and bogus science" of <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> – particularly her support for the thoroughly discredited theory that <a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="MMR vaccine controversy">vaccinations cause autism</a>; it went on to bemoan the "needless deaths of children" that such notions are likely to cause.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Skeptical Inquirer named him one of the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Twentieth Century.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> In 2010 he was posthumously honored with an award for his contributions in the <a href="/wiki/Skeptical" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical">skeptical</a> field from the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Investigations Group">Independent Investigations Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> In 1982 the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry awarded Gardner its In Praise of Reason Award for his "heroic efforts in defense of reason and the dignity of the skeptical attitude",<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> and in 2011 it added Gardner to its Pantheon of Skeptics.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magic">Magic</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Magic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Card magic, and magic in general, owe a far greater debt to Martin Gardner than most conjurors realize.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">–Stephen Minch</cite> </div> Martin Gardner held a lifelong fascination with magic and illusion that began when his father demonstrated a trick to him.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> He wrote for a magic magazine in high school and worked in a department store demonstrating magic tricks while he was at the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Bellos_2010-117">[111]</a> Gardner's first published writing (at the age of fifteen) was a magic trick in <a href="/wiki/The_Sphinx_(magazine)" title="The Sphinx (magazine)">The Sphinx</a>, the official magazine of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Magicians" title="Society of American Magicians">Society of American Magicians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G4G-118">[112]</a> He focused mainly on <a href="/wiki/Micromagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromagic">micromagic</a> (table or close-up magic) and, from the 1930s on, published a significant number of original contributions to this secretive field. Magician <a href="/wiki/Joe_M._Turner" title="Joe M. Turner">Joe M. Turner</a> said, The Encyclopedia of Impromptu Magic, which Gardner wrote in 1985, "is guaranteed to show up in any poll of magicians' favorite magic books."<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> His first magic book for the general public, Mathematics, Magic and Mystery (Dover, 1956), is still considered a classic in the field.<a href="#cite_note-G4G-118">[112]</a> He was well known for his innovative tapping and spelling effects, with and without <a href="/wiki/Playing_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing cards">playing cards</a>, and was most proud of the effect he called the "Wink Change".<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> Many of Gardner's lifelong friends were magicians.<a href="#cite_note-origami-122">[116]</a> These included William Simon who introduced Gardner to Charlotte Greenwald, whom he married in 1952, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Vernon" title="Dai Vernon">Dai Vernon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Andrus" title="Jerry Andrus">Jerry Andrus</a>, statistician <a href="/wiki/Persi_Diaconis" title="Persi Diaconis">Persi Diaconis</a>, and polymath <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan" title="Raymond Smullyan">Raymond Smullyan</a>. Gardner considered fellow magician <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> his closest friend. Diaconis and Smullyan like Gardner straddled the two worlds of mathematics and magic.<a href="#cite_note-hofstadter-73">[69]</a> Mathematics and magic were frequently intertwined in Gardner's work.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> One of his earliest books, Mathematics, Magic and Mystery (1956), was about mathematically based magic tricks.<a href="#cite_note-Bellos_2010-117">[111]</a> Mathematical magic tricks were often featured in his "Mathematical Games" column–for example, his August 1962 column was titled "A variety of diverting tricks collected at a fictitious convention of magicians." From 1998 to 2002 he wrote a monthly column on magic tricks called "Trick of the Month" in <a href="/wiki/The_Physics_Teacher" title="The Physics Teacher">The Physics Teacher</a>, a journal published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Physics_Teachers" title="American Association of Physics Teachers">American Association of Physics Teachers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> In 1999 <a href="/wiki/Magic_(American_magazine)" title="Magic (American magazine)">Magic magazine</a> named Gardner one of the "100 Most Influential Magicians of the Twentieth Century".<a href="#cite_note-magic-8">[8]</a> In 2005 he received a 'Lifetime Achievement Fellowship' from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Magical Arts">Academy of Magical Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HallofFame-125">[119]</a> The last work to be published during his lifetime was a magic trick in the May 2010 issue of <a href="/wiki/Word_Ways:_The_Journal_of_Recreational_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics">Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-G4G-118">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theism_and_religion">Theism and religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theism and religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I am a philosophical theist. I believe in a personal God, and I believe in an afterlife, and I believe in prayer, but I don't believe in any established religion. This is called philosophical theism. ... Philosophical theism is entirely emotional. As Kant said, he destroyed pure reason to make room for faith.<a href="#cite_note-spectrummagazine.org-126">[120]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– Martin Gardner, 2008</cite> </div> Gardner was raised as a Methodist (his mother was very religious) but rejected established religion as an adult.<a href="#cite_note-fame-21">[21]</a> He considered himself a <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">philosophical theist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fideist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fideist">fideist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spectrummagazine.org-126">[120]</a> He believed in a personal <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, in an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, and prayer, but rejected established religion. Nevertheless, he had abiding fascination with religious belief. In his autobiography, he stated: "When many of my fans discovered that I believed in God and even hoped for an afterlife, they were shocked and dismayed ... I do not mean the <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="God of the Bible">God of the Bible</a>, especially the God of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, or any other book that claims to be divinely inspired. For me God is a "Wholly Other" transcendent intelligence, impossible for us to understand. He or she is somehow responsible for our universe and capable of providing, how I have no inkling, an afterlife."<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Gardner described his own belief as <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theism" title="Philosophical theism">philosophical theism</a> inspired by the works of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a>. While eschewing systematic religious doctrine, he retained a belief in God, asserting that this belief cannot be confirmed or disconfirmed by reason or science.<a href="#cite_note-george_groth-128">[122]</a> At the same time, he was skeptical of claims that any god has communicated with human beings through spoken or telepathic <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> in the natural world.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> Gardner has been quoted as saying that he regarded <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> and other research into the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> as tantamount to "tempting God" and seeking "<a href="/wiki/Signs_and_wonders" title="Signs and wonders">signs and wonders</a>". He stated that while he would expect tests on the efficacy of prayers to be negative, he would not rule out a priori the possibility that as yet unknown paranormal forces may allow prayers to influence the physical world.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-130">[124]</a> Gardner wrote repeatedly about what public figures such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Mortimer Adler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Buckley, Jr.">William F. Buckley, Jr.</a> believed and whether their beliefs were <a href="/wiki/Logically_consistent" class="mw-redirect" title="Logically consistent">logically consistent</a>. In some cases, he attacked prominent religious figures such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a> on the grounds that their claims are unsupportable. His semi-autobiographical novel The Flight of Peter Fromm depicts a traditionally Protestant Christian man struggling with his faith, examining 20th century scholarship and intellectual movements and ultimately rejecting Christianity while remaining a theist.<a href="#cite_note-george_groth-128">[122]</a> Gardner said that he suspected that the fundamental nature of human <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> may not be knowable or discoverable, unless perhaps a physics more profound than ("underlying") <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> is some day developed. In this regard, he said, he belonged to "a group of thinkers known as the '<a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">mysterians</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> His philosophical views in general are described and defended in his book The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener (1983, revised 1999).<a href="#cite_note-Night_is_Large-132">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotated_works">Annotated works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Annotated works">edit</a>]</div> Gardner was considered a leading authority on <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>. His annotated version of <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Through the Looking Glass">Through the Looking Glass</a>, explaining the many mathematical riddles, wordplay, and literary references found in the Alice books, was first published as The Annotated Alice (Clarkson Potter, 1960). Sequels were published with new annotations as More Annotated Alice (Random House, 1990), and finally as The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition (Norton, 1999), combining notes from the earlier editions and new material.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The original book arose when Gardner found the Alice books "sort of frightening" when he was young, but found them fascinating as an adult.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> He felt that someone ought to annotate them, and suggested to a publisher that <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> be asked; when the publisher was unable to get past Russell's secretary, Gardner was asked to take on the project himself.<a href="#cite_note-alice-135">[129]</a> There had long been annotated books written by scholars for other scholars, but Gardner was the first to write such a work for the general public,<a href="#cite_note-richards_2018-136">[130]</a> and soon many other writers followed his lead.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> Gardner himself went on to produce annotated editions of G. K. Chesterton's <a href="/wiki/Father_Brown" title="Father Brown">The Innocence Of Father Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Was_Thursday" title="The Man Who Was Thursday">The Man Who Was Thursday</a>, as well as of celebrated poems including <a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casey_at_the_Bat" title="Casey at the Bat">Casey at the Bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Night_Before_Christmas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Night Before Christmas">The Night Before Christmas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-origami-122">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novels_and_short_stories">Novels and short stories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Novels and short stories">edit</a>]</div> Gardner wrote two novels. He was a fan of the <a href="/wiki/Oz_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Oz books">Oz books</a> written by <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> and in 1988 he published <a href="/wiki/Visitors_from_Oz" title="Visitors from Oz">Visitors from Oz</a>, based on the characters in Baum's various Oz books. Gardner was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Wizard_of_Oz_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="International Wizard of Oz Club">International Wizard of Oz Club</a>, and winner of its 1971 L. Frank Baum Memorial Award. His other novel was The Flight of Peter Fromm (1973), which reflected his lifelong fascination with religious belief and the problem of faith.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> His short stories were collected in The No-Sided Professor and Other Tales of Fantasy, Humor, Mystery, and Philosophy (1987).<a href="#cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Autobiography">edit</a>]</div> At the age of 95 Gardner wrote Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner. He was living in a one-room apartment in Norman, Oklahoma and, as was his custom, wrote it on a typewriter and edited it using scissors and rubber cement.<a href="#cite_note-teller-94">[89]</a> He took the title from a poem, a so-called <a href="/wiki/Grook" title="Grook">grook</a>, by his good friend Piet Hein,<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> which perfectly expresses Gardner's abiding sense of mystery and wonder about existence.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> We glibly talk  of nature's laws but do things have  a natural cause? Black earth turned into  yellow crocus is undiluted  hocus-pocus. </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_play">Word play</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Word play">edit</a>]</div> Gardner's interest in wordplay led him to conceive of a magazine on <a href="/wiki/Recreational_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational linguistics">recreational linguistics</a>. In 1967 he pitched the idea to <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Periodicals</a> and nominated <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Borgmann" title="Dmitri Borgmann">Dmitri Borgmann</a> as editor.<a href="#cite_note-undiluted-143">[137]</a> The resulting journal, <a href="/wiki/Word_Ways" title="Word Ways">Word Ways</a>, carried many of his articles—some of them posthumously—until publication ceased in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> He also wrote a "Puzzle Tale" column for <a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction" title="Asimov's Science Fiction">Asimov's Science Fiction</a> magazine from 1977 to 1986. Gardner was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the <a href="/wiki/Trap_Door_Spiders" title="Trap Door Spiders">Trap Door Spiders</a>, which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Widowers" title="Black Widowers">Black Widowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pen_names">Pen names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pen names">edit</a>]</div> Gardner often used pen names. In 1952, while working for the children's magazine <a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty_(magazine)" title="Humpty Dumpty (magazine)">Humpty Dumpty</a>, he contributed stories written by "Humpty Dumpty Jnr". For several years starting in 1953 he was a managing editor of Polly Pigtails, a magazine for young girls, and also wrote under that name. His Annotated Casey at the Bat (1967) included a parody of the poem, attributed to "Nitram Rendrag" (his name spelled backwards). Using the pen name "Uriah Fuller", he wrote two books attacking the alleged psychic <a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a>. In later years, Gardner often wrote parodies of his favorite poems under the name "Armand T. Ringer", an <a href="/wiki/Anagram" title="Anagram">anagram</a> of his name.<a href="#cite_note-alters-146">[140]</a> In 1983 one George Groth panned Gardner's book The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>. Only in the last line of the review was it revealed that George Groth was Martin Gardner himself.<a href="#cite_note-Night_is_Large-132">[126]</a> In his January 1960 "Mathematical Games" column, Gardner introduced the fictitious "<a href="/wiki/Dr._Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Matrix">Dr. Matrix</a>" and wrote about him often over the next two decades. Dr. Matrix was not exactly a pen name, although Gardner did pretend that everything in these columns came from the fertile mind of the good doctor. Then in 1979 Dr. Matrix himself published an article in the quite respectable <a href="/wiki/Two-Year_College_Mathematics_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Year College Mathematics Journal">Two-Year College Mathematics Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> It was called Martin Gardner: Defending the Honor of the Human Mind and contained a biography of Gardner and a history of his "Mathematical Games" column. It would be a further decade before Martin published an article in such a mathematics journal under his own name.<a href="#cite_note-alters-146">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_of_mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophy of mathematics">edit</a>]</div> Gardner wrote on the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">philosophy of mathematics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cryptozoo-148">[142]</a> He wrote negative reviews of <a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Experience" title="The Mathematical Experience">The Mathematical Experience</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Davis" title="Philip J. Davis">Philip J. Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Hersh" title="Reuben Hersh">Reuben Hersh</a> and What Is Mathematics, Really? by Hersh, both of which were critical of aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Platonism">mathematical Platonism</a>, and the first of which was well received by the mathematical community. While Gardner was often perceived as a hard-core Platonist, his reviews demonstrated some <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalism (mathematics)">formalist</a> tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Gardner maintained that his views are widespread among mathematicians, but Hersh has countered that in his experience as a professional mathematician and speaker, this is not the case.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics_education">Mathematics education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mathematics education">edit</a>]</div> In the August 1998 edition of Scientific American, Gardner wrote his final piece for Scientific American titled, "A Quarter Century of Recreational Mathematics."  In it he wrote,<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> For 40 years I have done my best to convince educators that recreational math should be incorporated into the standard curriculum. It should be regularly introduced as a way to interest young students in the wonders of mathematics. So far, though, movement in this direction has been glacial.</blockquote> He recalls how as a young boy a math teacher had scolded him for working on a bit of recreational mathematics and laments at how wrongheaded this attitude is. He notes that the magazine Mathematics Teacher published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Teachers_of_Mathematics" title="National Council of Teachers of Mathematics">National Council of Teachers of Mathematics</a>, and specially dedicated to improving mathematics instruction for grades 8–14,<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> often has articles on recreational topics but that most teachers do not use them.<a href="#cite_note-gardner_1998-93">[88]</a> Martin Gardner was also frustrated by the fact that the history curriculum rarely featured scientists and mathematicians. In a New York Times review of <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanislaw Ulam</a>'s autobiographical book, Adventures Of a Mathematician, he said,<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Biographical history, as taught in our public schools, is still largely a history of boneheads: ridiculous kings and queens, paranoid political leaders, compulsive voyagers, ignorant generals—the flotsam and jetsam of historical currents. The men who radically altered history, the great creative scientists and mathematicians, are seldom mentioned if at all. Ulam has never ceased to be amazed by “how a few scribbles on a blackboard … could change the course of human affairs.” That this kind of symbol manipulation, in the hands of absent‐minded intellects, can shape history for both good and evil is the apocalyptic center of Ulam's story. Behind the scenes, invisible to all but a few, are the discoverers of these curious patterns in the cosmic carpet. They scribble their hieroglyphics on the back of a menu and men go to the moon, harness the atom, crack the genetic code, transform the planet's face.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_awards">Legacy and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy and awards">edit</a>]</div> The numerous awards Gardner received include:<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> <ul><li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Leroy_P._Steele_Prize" title="Leroy P. Steele Prize">Leroy P. Steele Prize</a> for his many books and articles on mathematics</li> <li>1971 – L. Frank Baum Memorial Award from the <a href="/wiki/International_Wizard_of_Oz_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="International Wizard of Oz Club">International Wizard of Oz Club</a></li> <li>1980 – The main-belt asteroid 2587 Gardner discovered by <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._G._Bowell" title="Edward L. G. Bowell">Edward L. G. Bowell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Mesa_Station" title="Anderson Mesa Station">Anderson Mesa Station</a> is named after Martin Gardner.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a></li> <li>1990 – <a href="/wiki/Allendoerfer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Allendoerfer Award">Allendoerfer Award</a> (along with Fan Chung & Ronald Graham) from <a href="/wiki/The_Mathematical_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mathematical Association of America">The Mathematical Association of America</a> (MAA)</li> <li>1994 – JPBM Communications Award from the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Policy_Board_for_Mathematics" title="Joint Policy Board for Mathematics">Joint Policy Board for Mathematics</a></li> <li>1997 – became a Fellow (Class: Humanities and Arts, Section: Literature) of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.</li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America#Awards_and_prizes" title="Mathematical Association of America">Trevor Evans Award</a> from the MAA<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a></li> <li>1999 – listed in the "100 Most Influential Magicians of the Twentieth Century" by <a href="/wiki/Magic_(American_magazine)" title="Magic (American magazine)">Magic magazine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a></li> <li>2011 – Houdini Hall of Honor award (posthumous) from the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Investigations Group">Independent Investigations Group</a></li></ul> The Mathematical Association of America has established a Martin Gardner Lecture to be given each year on the last day of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America#Meetings" title="Mathematical Association of America">MAA MathFest</a>, the summer meeting of the MAA. The first annual lecture, Recreational Mathematics and Computer Science: Martin Gardner's Influence on Research, was given by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a> of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on Saturday, August 3, 2019, at MathFest in Cincinnati.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> The 2021 lecture <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y10nnD0NZUA">Surprising discoveries of three amateur mathematicians: M.C. Escher, Marjorie Rice, and Rinus Roelofs</a> was virtual and was given by Doris Schattschneider.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> There are eight bricks honoring Gardner in the <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Halmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Halmos">Paul R. Halmos</a> Commemorative Walk, installed by The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) at their Conference Center in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> Gardner has an <a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_number" title="Erdős number">Erdős number</a> of 1.<a href="#cite_note-erdos-161">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gathering_4_Gardner">Gathering 4 Gardner</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gathering 4 Gardner">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gathering_4_Gardner" title="Gathering 4 Gardner">Gathering 4 Gardner</a></div> Martin Gardner continued to write up until his death in 2010, and his community of fans grew to span several generations.<a href="#cite_note-dana_richards-33">[33]</a> Moreover, his influence was so broad that many of his fans had little or no contact with each other.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> This led <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta</a> entrepreneur and puzzle collector <a href="/wiki/Tom_Malin_Rodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Malin Rodgers">Tom Rodgers</a> to the idea of hosting a weekend gathering celebrating Gardner's contributions to recreational mathematics, rationality, magic, puzzles, literature, and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Mulcahy_2013-55">[54]</a> Although Gardner was famously shy, and would usually decline an honor if it required him to make a personal appearance, Rogers persuaded him to attend the first such "Gathering 4 Gardner" (G4G), held in Atlanta in January 1993.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> A second such get-together was held in 1996, again with Gardner in attendance. A video was made for the <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> program <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Things_with_David_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nature of Things with David Suzuki">The Nature of Things with David Suzuki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> It featured Gardner along with many members of his circle and was called "Martin Gardner: Mathemagician" and broadcast on March 14, 1996. At this point Rogers and his friends decided to make the gathering a regular, bi-annual event. Participants over the years have ranged from long-time Gardner friends such as <a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Conway" title="John Horton Conway">John Horton Conway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elwyn_Berlekamp" title="Elwyn Berlekamp">Elwyn Berlekamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Graham" title="Ronald Graham">Ronald Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Coxeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Coxeter">Donald Coxeter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Guy" title="Richard K. Guy">Richard K. Guy</a>, to newcomers like mathematician and mathematical artist <a href="/wiki/Erik_Demaine" title="Erik Demaine">Erik Demaine</a>, mathematical video maker <a href="/wiki/Vi_Hart" title="Vi Hart">Vi Hart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Manjul Bhargava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dana_richards-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> The attendees at G4G include magicians, mathematicians, jugglers, philosophers, scientific skeptics, fans of Lewis Carroll, puzzle collectors, fans of Conway's game of life, Rubic's cubers, chess masters, and any other topic that Gardner was interested in or had written about. The first gathering in 1993 was G4G1 and the 1996 event was G4G2. Since then it has been in even-numbered years.<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> The 2018 event was G4G13.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> Because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the G4G14 event was not held until 2022.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> Two years later G4G15 took place. All G4Gs up to 2024 have been in Atlanta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner_bibliography" title="Martin Gardner bibliography">Martin Gardner bibliography</a></div> In a publishing career spanning 80 years (1930–2010),<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> Gardner authored or edited over 100 books and countless articles, columns and reviews. A comprehensive bibliography of his works was published in 2023 by <a href="/wiki/Dana_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Dana Richards">Dana Richards</a>, with a foreword by Donald Knuth.<a href="#cite_note-biblio-170">[164]</a> He was a frequent contributor to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reviewer-171">[165]</a> All Gardner's works were non-fiction except for two novels – The Flight of Peter Fromm (1973) and <a href="/wiki/Visitors_from_Oz" title="Visitors from Oz">Visitors from Oz</a> (1998) – and two collections of short pieces – <a href="/wiki/Irving_Joshua_Matrix" title="Irving Joshua Matrix">The Magic Numbers of Dr. Matrix</a> (1967, 1985) and The No-Sided Professor (1987). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-allyn_jackson-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allyn_jackson_1-6">g</a> AMS Notices (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200010/people.pdf">"MAA Writing Awards Presented"</a> (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 47 (10): 1282. November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140712030543/http://www.ams.org/notices/200010/people.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+of+the+AMS&rft.atitle=MAA+Writing+Awards+Presented&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1282&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fnotices%2F200010%2Fpeople.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gardner, Martin (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/upload_library/22/Polya/07468342.di020785.02p0455x.pdf">"The Asymmetric Propeller"</a> (PDF). The College Mathematics Journal. 30 (1): 18–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2687198">10.2307/2687198</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2687198">2687198</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304013408/https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/upload_library/22/Polya/07468342.di020785.02p0455x.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+College+Mathematics+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Asymmetric+Propeller&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-22&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2687198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2687198%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Fupload_library%2F22%2FPolya%2F07468342.di020785.02p0455x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas_martin-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_martin_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_martin_4-1">b</a> Martin (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Singmaster, D. (2010) "Obituary: Martin Gardner (1914–2010)" <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> 465(7300), 884. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Kindley (2015): When it comes to explanations of Carroll’s books, no one has yet improved on the work of Gardner. </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_7-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Obituaries/Gardner_Telegraph/">Martin Gardner obituary</a> <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">Telegraph Media Group</a> (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-magic-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magic_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magic_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/colm-mulcahy/top-10-martin-gardner-boo_b_6062276.html">Top 10 Martin Gardner Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325041816/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/colm-mulcahy/top-10-martin-gardner-boo_b_6062276.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Colm Mulcahy, Huffington Post Books, October 28, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Costello (1988): p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> England (2014): Even apart from mathematics and puzzles, Gardner's output was staggering. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020013940/https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-xpm-2010-may-26-la-me-martin-gardner-20100526-story.html">"Martin Gardner dies at 95; prolific mathematics columnist for Scientific American"</a> by Thomas H. Maugh, Los Angeles Times, May 26, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> AMS Notices (2011): "Martin Gardner was a gem. There is absolutely no question that he, more than anyone else in the world, was responsible for turning people of all ages on to the pleasures of mathematical recreations." —Ronald L. Graham </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Case 2014: Gardner is credited with the rebirth of recreational mathematics in the U.S. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Martin (2010): "His mathematical writings intrigued a generation of mathematicians." </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bellos (2010): "He became a kind of father figure to a generation of young mathematicians, who corresponded with him. Such was Gardner's influence between the late 1950s and 1980s that it would be hard to find a professional mathematician from those years who does not cite him as an inspiration." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/MATHEMATICIAN.html">"Martin Gardner – Mathematician"</a>. Martin Gardner Home Site. <a href="/wiki/Gathering_4_Gardner" title="Gathering 4 Gardner">Gathering 4 Gardner</a>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118142607/http://martin-gardner.org/MATHEMATICIAN.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Martin+Gardner+Home+Site&rft.atitle=Martin+Gardner+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BMathematician&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmartin-gardner.org%2FMATHEMATICIAN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> originally published in 1952 as In the Name of Science: An Entertaining Survey of the High Priests and Cultists of Science, Past and Present </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofsci00mic_hoo">The Borderlands of Science: Where Sense Meets Nonsense</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borderlandsofsci00mic_hoo/page/50">50</a>. Retrieved May 20, 2016. <q>Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science [is] still in print and arguably the skeptic classic of the past half-century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Borderlands+of+Science%3A+Where+Sense+Meets+Nonsense&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborderlandsofsci00mic_hoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112121924/http://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi">"About CSI"</a>. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/about/about_csi">the original</a> on November 12, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=About+CSI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fabout%2Fabout_csi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> James Gardner later became the 8th President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Petroleum_Geologists" title="American Association of Petroleum Geologists">American Association of Petroleum Geologists</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-fame-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fame_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fame_21-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/martin-gardner/">Martin Gardner</a> Famous Scientists </li> <li id="cite_note-England_2014-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-England_2014_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-England_2014_22-1">b</a> England (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Suzuki (1996) at 17:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> MacTutor </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermer_1997-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_1997_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_1997_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_1997_25-2">c</a> Shermer (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Yam, Philip (December 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/profile-of-martin-gardner/">Profile: Martin Gardner, the Mathematical Gamester (1914–2010)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511082616/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/profile-of-martin-gardner/">Archived</a> 2018-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scientific American </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerBerlekampRodgers1999" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Martin; Berlekamp, Elwyn R.; Rodgers, Tom (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GvNAjykUqQC&pg=PA3">The mathemagician and pied puzzler: a collection in tribute to Martin Gardner</a>. A K Peters, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-075-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-075-1"><bdi>978-1-56881-075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mathemagician+and+pied+puzzler%3A+a+collection+in+tribute+to+Martin+Gardner&rft.pub=A+K+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-075-1&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Berlekamp%2C+Elwyn+R.&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GvNAjykUqQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-martin_gardner_2013-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martin_gardner_2013_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin_gardner_2013_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin_gardner_2013_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-martin_gardner_2013_28-3">d</a> Gardner, Martin (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Gardner, Martin, "The Hermit Scientist", <a href="/wiki/Antioch_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioch Review">Antioch Review</a>, Winter 1950–1951, pp. 447–457. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burstein_2011-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Burstein_2011_30-0">^</a> Burstein (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Hofstadter (2010): There were thousands of such people spread all around the world – mathematicians, physicists, philosophers, computer scientists, and on and on – who thought of Martin Gardner's column not as merely a feature of that great magazine Scientific American, but as its very heart and soul. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Demaine (2008): p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-dana_richards-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dana_richards_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dana_richards_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dana_richards_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dana_richards_33-3">d</a> Richards (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Albers (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulcahy_2014-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2014_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2014_35-1">b</a> Mulcahy (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-the_economist_2010-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_economist_2010_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_economist_2010_36-1">b</a> The Economist (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Adamatzky, A. (Ed.) (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5iz6C0zzWKcC&q=could+not+believe+the+amount&pg=PR7">Game of Life Cellular Automata</a> ebook, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1849962170" title="Special:BookSources/1849962170">1849962170</a>. pp. 15–16, Conway came to New York to meet with Gardner [and] could not believe the amount of interest Gardner's columns on the game of Life had generated. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Antonick, Gary (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/gardner-2/">Martin Gardner’s The Monkey and the Coconuts</a> in Numberplay The New York Times:, October 7, 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Gardner, Martin The Colossal Book of Mathematics: Classic Puzzles, Paradoxes, and Problems (2001), W.W. Norton & Company; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02023-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02023-1">0-393-02023-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ansible.uk/misc/mgardner.html">Martin Gardner: Mathematical Games Collections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629190922/http://ansible.uk/misc/mgardner.html">Archived</a> 2016-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by David Langford </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/56136/frontmatter/9780521756136_frontmatter.pdf">The New Martin Gardner Mathematical Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226221136/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805217/56136/frontmatter/9780521756136_frontmatter.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-12-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/SciAm2.html">The Canon: The fifteen "Mathematical Games" books at martin-gardner.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216210643/http://martin-gardner.org/SciAm2.html">Archived</a> 2015-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton_university_press-43"><a href="#cite_ref-princeton_university_press_43-0">^</a> Princeton University Press: Reviews of Undiluted Hocus-Pocus </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Princeton University Press: Reviews of Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: "Martin Gardner occupies a special place in twentieth-century mathematics. More than any other single individual, he inspired a generation of young people to study math."–<a href="/wiki/Barry_Arthur_Cipra" title="Barry Arthur Cipra">Barry Arthur Cipra</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Bellos (2010): He was not a mathematician – he never even took a maths class after high school – yet Martin Gardner, who has died aged 95, was arguably the most influential and inspirational figure in mathematics in the second half of the last century. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Mulcahy (2014): It's been said that he had a million readers there at his peak. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Malkevitch (2014): Martin Gardner's columns and books have been referenced by huge numbers of research papers that involve mathematics. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hofstadter (2010): Many of today's most influential mathematicians and physicists, magicians and philosophers, writers and computer scientists, owe their direction to Martin Gardner. They may not even be aware of how big a role he played in their development. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Bhargava (2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Antonick (2014): Martin Gardner was well known for inspiring generations of students to become professional mathematicians. </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonick_2014-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antonick_2014_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antonick_2014_52-1">b</a> Antonick (2014): "Martin Gardner's column in Scientific American was one of the two things that, above all others, convinced me I wanted to be a mathematician."–Ian Stewart </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Demaine (2008) p. ix: Many of today's mathematicians entered this field through Gardner's influence. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Crease (2018): "As a columnist for Scientific American, Gardner inspired generations of physicists, mathematicians, philosophers, puzzle-makers, logicians, magicians and others, including me." </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulcahy_2013-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2013_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2013_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2013_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2013_55-3">d</a> Mulcahy (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2010-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2010_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2010_56-1">b</a> Brown (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dirda_2009-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Dirda_2009_57-0">^</a> Dirda (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Mulcahy (2017): The surrealist artist was intrigued by Martin's writings on the 4-dimensional cube, or tesseract – which had been a prominent feature of his own 1954 painting <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_(Corpus_Hypercubus)" title="Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)">Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Auerbach_2013-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2013_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2013_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auerbach_2013_59-2">c</a> Auerbach (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulcahy_2017-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2017_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulcahy_2017_60-1">b</a> Mulcahy (2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> AMS Notices (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Malkevitch (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Bellos, Alex (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> BBC News (2014): It went a lot further than puzzles – there was substance, depth and a fair share of mystery and wonder in the topics he wrote about. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> BBC News (2014): Penrose tiles are a good example of just how 'nontrivial' the consequences of his puzzle column could be. The materials scientist Dan Shechtman actually won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2011 'for the discovery of quasicrystals' – three-dimensional Penrose tiles – in some aluminium-manganese alloys. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Hofstadter (2010): His approach and his ways of combining ideas are truly unique and truly creative, and, if I dare say so, what Martin Gardner has done is of far greater originality than work that has won many people Nobel Prizes. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> MacTutor: Gardner has produced a number of mathematical papers, written with leading mathematicians. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Kullman (1997): Martin Gardner, in his "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American presented "for the first time" a description of the Penrose tiles, including many of Conway's results concerning them. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> MAA FOCUS (2010): "Another milestone was in late 1970, when Martin’s column introduced the world to John Horton Conway’s Game of Life"–<a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">John Derbyshire</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hofstadter-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hofstadter_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hofstadter_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hofstadter_73-2">c</a> Hofstadter (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> AMS Notices (2004): "His crystalline prose, always enlightening, never pedantic, set a new standard for high quality mathematical popularization." —Allyn Jackson. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Lister (1995): Martin Gardner's supreme achievement was his ability to communicate difficult and often profound subjects with a few deft, but human strokes of his pen. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Mirsky (2010): "His writing has been valued by generations of professional mathematicians."–Ian Stewart </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Teller (2014): "Gardner writes with authority and ease. You trust him to take you wherever he feels like going." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Hofstadter (2010): Martin had a magical touch in writing about math. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_79-2">c</a> Peterson (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-Case_2014-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case_2014_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case_2014_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case_2014_80-2">c</a> Case (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_A._Klarner" title="David A. Klarner">David A. Klarner</a>, editor (1981), "In Praise of Amateurs" in The Mathematical Gardner, Weber & Schmidt, 1981. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Propp (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Berlekamp (2014): Partly because of what I had read about them in Martin Gardner’s columns, I was appropriately awestruck in the 1960s when I first met Sol Golomb and then Richard Guy, each of whom had a large influence on my subsequent work. In 1969 Richard introduced me to John Horton Conway, and the three of us immediately began collaborating on a book that eventually became Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays. In the 1970s, I joined Conway in some of his many visits to Gardner’s home on Euclid Avenue, in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. Gardner soon became an enthusiastic advocate of our book project, and he previewed various snippets of it in his Scientific American columns. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cut-the-knot.org/books/WW1/back.shtml">Reviews of the first edition of Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays</a> cut-the-knot.org </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Gardner (2013) page 144: Conway had been making new discoveries about Penrose tiling, and Mandelbrot was interested because Penrose tiling patterns are fractals. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole1998" class="citation cs2">Cole, K. C. (March 11, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-mar-11-mn-27706-story.html">"Beating the Pros to the Punch"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Beating+the+Pros+to+the+Punch&rft.date=1998-03-11&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-mar-11-mn-27706-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> AMS Notices (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> BBC News (2014): His secret was a fantastic card index system of his own, going back to the 1930s, stored in shoe boxes. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt6s20356s/">Stanford University Archives: Gardner (Martin) Papers</a> Online Archive of California </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twp0-yA-GVAC&dq=gosper+martin+gardner&pg=PA1">Discrete Geometry, Combinatorics and Graph Theory</a> : Revised selected papers; Jin Akiyama, William Y.C. Chen, Mikio Kano </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_92-1">b</a> BBC News (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner_1998-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_1998_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_1998_93-1">b</a> Gardner (1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-teller-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teller_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teller_94-1">b</a> Teller (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathfactor.uark.edu/2010/06/ha-conway-on-gardner/">The Math Factor Podcast Website</a> John H. Conway reminisces on his long friendship and collaboration with Martin Gardner. </li> <li id="cite_note-tensions-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tensions_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tensions_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tensions_96-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billatnapier.medium.com/the-tensions-around-the-rsa-method-63c91fd9b2ff">The Tensions Around The RSA Method</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Buchanan_(computer_scientist)" title="Bill Buchanan (computer scientist)">Bill Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium.com">medium.com</a>, Jan 9, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-SIAM-97"><a href="#cite_ref-SIAM_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Sara (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msri.org/people/members/sara/articles/rsa.pdf">"Still Guarding Secrets after Years of Attacks, RSA Earns Accolades for its Founders"</a> (PDF). SIAM News. 36 (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIAM+News&rft.atitle=Still+Guarding+Secrets+after+Years+of+Attacks%2C+RSA+Earns+Accolades+for+its+Founders&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msri.org%2Fpeople%2Fmembers%2Fsara%2Farticles%2Frsa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-98"><a href="#cite_ref-history_98-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/i/is_crypt_pkc_inv.htm">Public Key Cryptography History</a> Living Internet </li> <li id="cite_note-telsy-99"><a href="#cite_ref-telsy_99-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telsy.com/rsa-encryption-cryptography-history-and-uses/">RSA Cryptography: History And Uses</a> Telsy Communications </li> <li id="cite_note-ellis-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ellis_100-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/swlh/the-day-cryptography-changed-forever-1b6aefe8bda7">The Day Cryptography Changed Forever</a>" by Steven Ellis, <a href="/wiki/Medium.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium.com">medium.com</a>, Jan 6, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> BBC News (2014): "He also broke the story of the invention of RSA cryptography — the now standard way in which confidential data such as passwords, bank information, and the like, are secured in digital transmission—getting into trouble with the US government in the process." </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, L. Adleman "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/359340.359342">A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems</a>" <a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>, Vol. 21, No. 2, Feb. 1978. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/06/04/reviews/000604.04regist.html">There's One Born Every Minute</a> review by Ed Regis, The New York Times, June 4, 2000; "Martin Gardner's 1957 book Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science is the classic put-down of pseudoscience. Nobody who read it will soon forget its stellar roll call of mid-20th-century cranks and crackpots" </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Friedel (2018): This book and his subsequent efforts earned him a wealth of detractors and antagonists in the fields of “fringe science” and New Age philosophy. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Gould 1982 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/s/?https://skepticalinquirer.org/s/?_sf_s=Articles%20by%20Martin%20Gardner&_sft_authors=martin-gardner&sort_order=date+desc">Articles by Martin Gardner: 115 Results</a> Skeptical Inquirer </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ECKIASfKa8C">Prometheus Books</a> The New Age: Notes of a Fringe-Watcher by Martin Gardner </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999934657902121">Confessions of a psychic : the secret notebooks of Uriah Fuller</a> University Of Wisconsin–Madison Library </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/oprah_winfrey_bright_but_gullible_billionaire">Oprah Winfrey: Bright (but Gullible) Billionaire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501151211/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/oprah_winfrey_bright_but_gullible_billionaire">Archived</a> 2016-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>, March/April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325140204/http://www.csicop.org/articles/19991214-century/">Skeptical Inquirer Magazine Names the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Century</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/index.html">About the IIG Awards</a> Independent Investigations Group </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"CSICOP Council in Atlanta: Police Psychics, Local Groups". The Skeptical Inquirer. 7 (3): 13. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=CSICOP+Council+in+Atlanta%3A+Police+Psychics%2C+Local+Groups&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/pantheon-of-skeptics/">The Pantheon of Skeptics</a> <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/MagicInfluence.html">Martin Gardner's Magic Influence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521183446/http://martin-gardner.org/MagicInfluence.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at martin-gardner.org </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Costello (1988) p. 115: His father had taught him his first trick, the "Knife and Paper" trick, a bit of legerdemain involving a butter knife with bits of paper on it. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellos_2010-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellos_2010_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellos_2010_117-1">b</a> Bellos (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-G4G-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G4G_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4G_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G4G_118-2">c</a> Gathering 4 Gardner (2014) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Demaine (2008) p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miraclefactory.net/zenstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=78">Reviews of Martin Gardner's Impromptu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321082731/http://miraclefactory.net/zenstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=78">Archived</a> 2017-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Miracle Factory </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Demaine (2008): pp. 4–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-origami-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origami_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-origami_122-1">b</a> Lister (1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.doverpublications.com/0486203352.html">from Dover Publications: Mathematics, Magic and Mystery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506140604/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486203352.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "As a rule, we simply accept these tricks and 'magic' without recognizing that they are really demonstrations of strict laws based on probability, sets, number theory, topology, and other branches of mathematics." </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doverpublications.com/mathsci/0516/d/">The Dover Math and Science Newsletter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503043436/http://www.doverpublications.com/mathsci/0516/d/">Archived</a> 2015-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> May 16, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-HallofFame-125"><a href="#cite_ref-HallofFame_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120002854/http://www.magiccastle.com/hall_of_fame/">"Hall of Fame"</a>. The Academy of Magical Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magiccastle.com/hall_of_fame/">the original</a> on November 20, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Academy+of+Magical+Arts&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiccastle.com%2Fhall_of_fame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectrummagazine.org-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spectrummagazine.org_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectrummagazine.org_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter,_Alexander2008" class="citation web cs1">Carpenter, Alexander (October 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectrummagazine.org/node/1091">"Interview: Martin Gardner on Philosophical Theism, Adventists and Price"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_(magazine)" title="Spectrum (magazine)">Spectrum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160713163439/http://spectrummagazine.org/node/1091">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spectrum&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Martin+Gardner+on+Philosophical+Theism%2C+Adventists+and+Price&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrummagazine.org%2Fnode%2F1091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Gardner (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/undilutedhocuspo0000gard/page/152">p. 191</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-george_groth-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george_groth_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-george_groth_128-1">b</a> Groth (1983) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/may/25/martin-gardner">Martin Gardner: 1914–2010: Chris French mourns the passing of Martin Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, May 25, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-130"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_130-0">^</a> The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener by Martin Gardner, Quill, 1983, pp. 238–239 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131235956/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/mind_at_play_an_interview_with_martin_gardner">"A Mind at Play: An Interview with Martin Gardner"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Frazier" title="Kendrick Frazier">Kendrick Frazier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a> Volume 22.2, March/April 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-Night_is_Large-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Night_is_Large_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Night_is_Large_132-1">b</a> "Gardner's Whys" in The Night is Large, chapter 40, pp. 481–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Dirda (2009): With this book Gardner virtually launched the entire mini-genre of annotated classics. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Jan Susina. Conversation with Martin Gardner: Annotator of Wonderland. The Five Owls. Jan./Feb. 2000. 62–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-alice-135"><a href="#cite_ref-alice_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nashvillescene.com/nashville/alice-still-lives-here/Content?oid=1184525">Alice Still Lives Here</a> by Michael Sims, <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Scene" title="Nashville Scene">Nashville Scene</a>, July 06, 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-richards_2018-136"><a href="#cite_ref-richards_2018_136-0">^</a> Richards (2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Kindley (2015): Just as importantly, though, The Annotated Alice gave rise to a new popular genre. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Richards (2018): The look and feel was entirely due to Martin Gardner. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> MacTutor: My mother read The Wizard of Oz to me when I was a little boy, and I looked over her shoulder as she read it. I learned how to read that way. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Brown (2010): Faith was also the subject of his 1973 semi-autobiographical novel, "The Flight of Peter Fromm," in which the title character and his atheist professor of divinity grapple for decades with questions about God. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leptonica.com/cachedpages/grooks/grooks.html">Grooks by Piet Hein</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010004135/http://www.leptonica.com/cachedpages/grooks/grooks.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/201403/rnoti-p281.pdf">Undiluted Hocus-Pocus</a>, Princeton University Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691159911" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691159911">978-0691159911</a>, Reviewed by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Magid" title="Andy Magid">Andy Magid</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-undiluted-143"><a href="#cite_ref-undiluted_143-0">^</a> Eckler, A. Ross (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/wordways/vol43/iss3/6/">"Look Back!"</a> Word Ways: Vol 43: Issue 3, Article 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Jeremiah (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5950&context=wordways">"More Word Ways?"</a>. Word Ways. 53 (3): 4. Retrieved September 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+Ways&rft.atitle=More+Word+Ways%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2020-11&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D5950%26context%3Dwordways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/10/the-martin-gardner-interview-part-4/">Don Albers' interview of Gardner, Part 4: The Trap Door Spiders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081119143846/http://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/10/the-martin-gardner-interview-part-4/">Archived</a> 2008-11-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-alters-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alters_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-alters_146-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/Top10MGAE.html">Top 10 Martin Gardner Alter Egos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170317115739/http://martin-gardner.org/Top10MGAE.html">Archived</a> 2017-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at martin-gardner.org </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Matrix, Irving Joshua (1979). Martin Gardner: Defending the Honor of the Human Mind, The Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4 (Sep., 1979), pp. 227–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-cryptozoo-148"><a href="#cite_ref-cryptozoo_148-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cryptozoonews.com/gardner-obit/">Skeptic Martin Gardner Dies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002135149/http://www.cryptozoonews.com/gardner-obit/">Archived</a> 2015-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Loren Coleman, CryptoZoo News, May 23, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1981/08/13/is-mathematics-for-real/">Is Mathematics for Real?</a> by Martin Gardner, The New York Review, Aug 13, 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1997" class="citation web cs1">Hersh, Reuben (October 31, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nyu.edu/pipermail/fom/1997-November/000128.html">"Re: Martin Gardner book review"</a>. Foundations of Mathematics mailing list. Retrieved May 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Mathematics+mailing+list&rft.atitle=Re%3A+Martin+Gardner+book+review&rft.date=1997-10-31&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nyu.edu%2Fpipermail%2Ffom%2F1997-November%2F000128.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/a-quarter-century-of-recreational-m-2010-05-26/">A Quarter Century of Recreational Mathematics, by Martin Gardner</a> Scientific American blog on May 29, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nctm.org/publications/mathematics-teacher/">Mathematics Teacher website</a> National Council of Mathematics Teachers </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/09/archives/adventures-of-a-mathematician-the-man-who-invented-the-hbomb.html">Adventures of a Mathematician</a> reviewed by Martin Gardner, New York Times, May 9, 1967 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/Awards.html">Martin Gardner's Awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318223932/http://martin-gardner.org/Awards.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Gardner">JPL Small-Body Database Browser</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150326/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Gardner">Archived</a> 2018-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 2587 Gardner (1980 OH) </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/evans-award">The Mathematical Association of America's Trevor Evans Awards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516135420/http://www.maa.org/evans-award">Archived</a> 2017-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Magic magazine, Jun 1999, page 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/meetings/mathfest/program-details/2019/invited-addresses">MAA MathFest 2019</a> Invited Addresses </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/meetings/mathfest-archive/historical-invited-address-speakers">Doris Schattschneider</a> MAA: 2021 Martin Gardner Lecturer </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/news/brick-installation-honors-martin-gardner">Brick Installation Honors Martin Gardner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628173936/http://www.maa.org/news/brick-installation-honors-martin-gardner">Archived</a> 2017-06-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> MAA New release </li> <li id="cite_note-erdos-161"><a href="#cite_ref-erdos_161-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/john-conway-reminiscences-about-dr-matrix-and-bourbaki/">John Conway Reminiscences about Dr. Matrix and Bourbaki</a> by Dana Richards & Collm Mulcahy, Scientific American, October 1, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> MAA FOCUS (2010): "His heritage goes beyond essays and books; he left a community of magicians, mathematicians, and wits carrying things forward and delighting in it all."–Peter Renz </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Robert P. Crease, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304370304575151970094262604">Gathering for Gardner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102700/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304370304575151970094262604">Archived</a> 2018-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, p. W11, 2 April 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Suzuki (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://events.ajc.com/event/gathering-gardner-s-g-g-presents-poetry-drumming-and-mathematics-with-professor-manjul-bhargava--02eqzjmat6">Gathering 4 Gardner's G4G13 Presents "Poetry, Drumming, and Mathematics" with Professor Manjul Bhargava</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>, April 15, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Crease (2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gathering4gardner.org/g4g13-information/">G4G13 Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054438/http://www.gathering4gardner.org/g4g13-information/">Archived</a> 2018-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> gathering4gardner.org </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/hello-interflexionality-what-i-learned-from-the-14th-gathering-for-gardner/">Hello interflexionality: what I learned from the 14th Gathering for Gardner</a>, by Robert Crease, 03 August 2022. Physics World </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Gardner's first publication at age 16 was a magic trick in the periodical <a href="/wiki/The_Sphinx:_An_Independent_Magazine_for_Magicians" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sphinx: An Independent Magazine for Magicians">The Sphinx</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-biblio-170"><a href="#cite_ref-biblio_170-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/123180094-the-bibliography-of-martin-gardner">The Bibliography of Martin Gardner</a> Dana Richards (editor), <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald E. Knuth</a> (foreword), June, 2023, Pub: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Stanford Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1684000327" title="Special:BookSources/1684000327">1684000327</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reviewer-171"><a href="#cite_ref-reviewer_171-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/martin-gardner/">Martin Gardner Contributions: 1966-1998</a>, The New York Review </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Albers, Don (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131154911/https://www.cambridgeblog.org/2008/09/the-martin-gardner-interview/">The Martin Gardner Interview</a> (in five parts) with <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">MAA</a> Editorial Director Don Albers, fifteeneightyfour: the blog of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></li> <li>AMS Notices (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/notices/200506/fea-gardner.pdf">Interview with Martin Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/Notices_of_the_AMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Notices of the AMS">Notices of the AMS</a>, Vol. 52, No. 6, June/July 2005, pp. 602–611</li> <li>AMS Notices (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213181832/https://www.ams.org/notices/201103/rtx110300418p.pdf">Memories of Martin Gardner</a> Notices of the AMS, Vol. 58, No. 3, March 2011, p. 420</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Antonick" title="Gary Antonick">Antonick, Gary</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184322/https://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/27/stewart/?_r=0">Ignited by Martin Gardner, Ian Stewart Continues to Illuminate</a> The New York Times, October 27, 2014</li> <li>Auerbach, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lareviewofbooks.org/review/a-delville-of-a-tolkar-martin-gardners-undiluted-hocus-pocus">A Delville of a Tolkar: Martin Gardner’s “Undiluted Hocus-Pocus”</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books" title="Los Angeles Review of Books">Los Angeles Review of Books</a>, November 4, 2013</li> <li>BBC News (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29688355">Martin Gardner, puzzle master extraordinaire</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News Magazine">BBC News Magazine</a>, October 21, 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Bhargava, Manjul</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gathering4gardner.org/an-interview-with-manjul-bhargava/">An Interview with Manjul Bhargava</a> with Colm Mulcahy, G4G13, April 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Bellos" title="Alex Bellos">Bellos, Alex</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/may/27/martin-gardner-obituary">Martin Gardner obituary</a> The Guardian, May 27, 2010</li> <li>Berlekamp, Elwyn R (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinews.siam.org/DesktopModules/PackFlashPublish/ArticleDetail/ArticleDetailPrint.aspx?ArticleID=200&Template=Standard_Print.ascx&siteID=13">The Mathematical Legacy of Martin Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a> (SIAM), September 2, 2014</li> <li>Berlekamp, Elwyn R., John H. Conway, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Guy" title="Richard K. Guy">Richard K. Guy</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annarchive.com/files/Winning%20Ways%20for%20Your%20Mathematical%20Plays%20V1.pdf">Winning Ways for your Mathematical Plays</a> Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120911507" title="Special:BookSources/0120911507">0120911507</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Emma (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/23/AR2010052304271.html">Martin Gardner, prolific math and science writer, dies at 95</a> The Washington Post, May 24, 2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Burstein_(editor)" title="Mark Burstein (editor)">Burstein, Mark</a>, ed. (2011). A Bouquet for the Gardner: Martin Gardner Remembered. New York: The Lewis Carroll Society of North America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-17-3"><bdi>978-0-930326-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bouquet+for+the+Gardner%3A+Martin+Gardner+Remembered&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Carroll+Society+of+North+America&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-930326-17-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Gardner" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Case, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinews.siam.org/Details-Page/martin-gardners-mathematical-grapevine">Martin Gardner’s Mathematical Grapevine</a> By James Case, <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">SIAM</a> News, April 1, 2014</li> <li>Costello, Matthew J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbCdJ9o_iYC&dq=Martin+Gardner+father+smithsonian&pg=PA114">The Greatest Puzzles of All Time</a> New York: Prentice Hall Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0133649369" title="Special:BookSources/0133649369">0133649369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Crease" title="Robert P. Crease">Crease, Robert P</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/martin-gardner-would-have-smiled/">Martin Gardner would have smiled</a> <a href="/wiki/Physics_World" title="Physics World">Physics World</a>: Education and Outreach Blog, 16 April 2018</li> <li>Demaine (2008). Edited by Erik D. Demaine, Martin L. Demaine, Tom Rodgers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cU3NBQAAQBAJ&q=Wink+Change&pg=PA5">A lifetime of puzzles : a collection of puzzles in honor of Martin Gardner's 90th birthday</a> A K Peters: Wellesley, MA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1568812450" title="Special:BookSources/1568812450">1568812450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dirda" title="Michael Dirda">Dirda, Michael</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/21/AR2009102103700.html">Book review by Michael Dirda: 'When You Were a Tadpole and I Was a Fish' by Martin Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, October 22, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/16271035">Martin Gardner obituary</a> Jun 3rd 2010</li> <li>England, Jason (2014). The puzzling life of Martin Gardner <a href="/wiki/Cosmos_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos Magazine">Cosmos Magazine</a>, February 24, 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Friedel" title="Frederic Friedel">Friedel, Frederic</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@frederic_38110/remembering-martin-gardner-21a00304154a">Remembering Martin Gardner</a>, Jan 16, 2018</li> <li>Gardner, Martin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/assets/media/pdf/Aug2008_Martin_Gardner_Recreational_Mathematics.pdf">A Quarter Century of Recreational Mathematics</a> by Martin Gardner, Scientific American, August 1998</li> <li>Gardner, Martin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10066.pdf">Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691159912" title="Special:BookSources/0691159912">0691159912</a>.</li> <li>Gardner, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piethein.com/page/reviews-27/">The Recreational Mathematics of Piet Hein</a> Piet Hein Website</li> <li>Gathering 4 Gardner (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/MAGICIAN.html">Martin Gardner – Magician</a></li> <li>Gould, Stephen Jay (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/02/04/the-quack-detector/">The Quack Detector</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>, February 4, 1982</li> <li>Groth, George (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1983/dec/08/gardners-game-with-god/">Review of Gardner’s Game with God</a> The New York Review of Books, December 8, 1983</li> <li>Hofstadter, Douglas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/martin-gardner-hofstadter/">Martin Gardner: A Major Shaping Force in My Life</a> Scientific American, May 24, 2010</li> <li>Klarner, David A. (1998). Mathematical Recreations: A Collection in Honor of Martin Gardner, Dover Publications, New York, pp. 140-166</li> <li>Kindley, Evan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/122678/down-rabbit-hole">Down the Rabbit Hole: The rise, and rise, of literary annotation</a> By Evan Kindley, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>, September 21, 2015</li> <li>Kullman, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.miamioh.edu/epub/tilings/david.pdf">The Penrose Tiling at Miami University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814145333/http://www.lib.miamioh.edu/epub/tilings/david.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-08-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Presented at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Association_of_America" title="Mathematical Association of America">Mathematical Association of America</a> Ohio Section Meeting <a href="/wiki/Shawnee_State_University" title="Shawnee State University">Shawnee State University</a>, October 24, 1997</li> <li>Lister, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishorigami.org/cp-lister-list/martin-gardner/">Martin Gardner and Paperfolding</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Origami_Society" title="British Origami Society">British Origami Society</a>, February 15, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAA_FOCUS" title="MAA FOCUS">MAA FOCUS</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/pubs/focus/FOCUS08-2010_Gardner.pdf">Remembering Martin Gardner</a> vol 30 (4), August/September 2010</li> <li>MacTutor (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Gardner.html">History of Mathematics archive: Martin Gardner</a></li> <li>Malkevitch, Joseph (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fc-2014-04">Magical Mathematics – A Tribute to Martin Gardner</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society" title="American Mathematical Society">American Mathematical Society</a>, March 2014</li> <li>Martin, Douglas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/24/us/24gardner.html">Martin Gardner, Puzzler and Polymath, Dies at 95</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, May 23, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/">Martin Gardner – Mathematician</a> (official website)</li> <li>Mirsky, Steve (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scholars-and-others-pay-t/">Scholars and Others Pay Tribute to "Mathematical Games" Columnist Martin Gardner</a> Scientific American, May 24, 2010</li> <li>Mulcahy, Colm (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/celebrations-of-mind-honor-mathe28099s-best-friend-martin-gardner/">Celebrations of Mind Honor Math’s Best Friend, Martin Gardner</a> Scientific American, October 29, 2013</li> <li>Mulcahy, Colm (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-top-10-martin-gardner-scientific-american-articles/?redirect=1">The Top 10 Martin Gardner Scientific American Articles</a> Scientific American, October 21, 2014</li> <li>Mulcahy, Colm (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/colm-mulcahy/martin-gardner_b_4125273.html">Martin Gardner – The Best Friend Mathematics Ever Had</a> The <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>, January 23, 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivars_Peterson" title="Ivars Peterson">Peterson, Ivars</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maa.org/sites/default/files/pdf/pubs/focus/FOCUS101114.pdf">Honoring a Century of Martin Gardner</a> in MAA Focus, the newsmagazine of the Mathematical Association of America, Vol. 34, No. 5, Oct/Nov 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Propp" title="Jim Propp">Propp, James</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/Testimonials.html#Testi86">Martin Gardner Testimonials</a> Belmont, MA, July 29, 2015</li> <li>Princeton University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531212311/http://press.princeton.edu/quotes/q10066.html">Reviews of Undiluted Hocus-Pocus: The Autobiography of Martin Gardner</a></li> <li>Richards, Dana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/math-games-of-martin-gardner-still-spur-innovation/">Math Games of Martin Gardner Still Spur Innovation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dana_S._Richards" title="Dana S. Richards">Dana S. Richards</a> & Colm Mulcahy, Scientific American, October 1, 2014</li> <li>Richards, Dana (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcjoYvyYkvo">Martin Gardner, Annotator</a> G4G13, April 2018 – video</li> <li>Shermer, Michael (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829062302/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/10-05-26/">Martin Gardner 1914–2010: Founder of the Modern Skeptical Movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> interviews Martin Gardner, <a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic Magazine</a>, Vol 5, No. 2 (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Suzuki" title="David Suzuki">Suzuki, David</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b5UPxPsdoTY">Mystery and Magic of Mathematics: Martin Gardner and Friends</a> The Nature of Things, March 14, 1996 – video</li> <li>Teller (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/books/review/undiluted-hocus-pocus-by-martin-gardner.html?_r=0">‘Undiluted Hocus-Pocus,’ by Martin Gardner</a> The New York Times: Sunday Book Review, January 3, 2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Eventually, when I was around 12 years old, through my puzzle explorations I of course also had the good fortune of discovering the works of Martin Gardner. They inspired me a huge amount, and gave me something far more enjoyable to do than go to math class! I also read other recreational mathematics and puzzle books, such as those of Raymond Smullyan, and all of these works definitely had a great influence on me as a playing and playful mathematician. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Already when he began his monthly series in 1956 and 1957, he was corresponding with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Milnor" title="John Milnor">John Milnor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Gale" title="David Gale">David Gale</a>. Later he would receive mail from budding mathematicians John Conway, Persi Diaconis, Jeffrey Shallit, Ron Rivest, et al. –Donald Knuth </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The range of wonderful problems, examples, and theorems that Gardner treated over the years is enormous. They include ideas from geometry, algebra, number theory, graph theory, topology, and knot theory, to name but a few. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> I discovered how good [the columns] really were, covering everything from public-key cryptography to superstring theory. He was the first to cover so many breakthroughs. Gardner was instrumental in spreading the awareness and understanding of <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher’s</a> work. Gardner wrote to Escher in 1961 to ask permission to use his Horseman tessellation in an upcoming column about <a href="/wiki/H.S.M._Coxeter" class="mw-redirect" title="H.S.M. Coxeter">H.S.M. Coxeter</a>. Escher replied, saying that he knew Gardner as author of The Annotated Alice, which had been sent to Escher by Coxeter. The correspondence led to Gardner introducing the previously unknown Escher's art to the world. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Before there were search engines, the intellectual world relied on human hubs to serve as repositories of knowledge and connectors of people with common interests who otherwise would not have known one another. Martin Gardner was such a connector. His column was the best mathematical watering hole of its day, and behind the scenes he served as a tireless mathematical match-maker. Gardner was a hub par excellence. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> In this climate, beleaguered rationalism needs its skilled debaters – writers who can combine wit, penetrating analysis, sharp prose, and sweet reason into an expansive view that expunges nonsense without stifling innovation, and that presents the excitement and humanity of science in a positive way. ... For more than thirty years, Martin Gardner has played this largely thankless role with tireless efficiency. He is more than a mere individual fighting a set of personal battles; he has become a priceless national resource. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Gardner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Gardner" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Martin Gardner">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Gardner" class="extiw" title="q:Martin Gardner">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677706" class="extiw" title="d:Q677706">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/">Official website</a> – with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/Awards.html">Martin Gardner's Awards</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://martin-gardner.org/Appreciations.html">Martin Gardner Appreciations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/search?q=martin%20gardner">Works by and about Martin Gardner at The Center for Inquiry Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n79054207">Martin Gardner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, with 170 library catalog records</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template talk:Martin Gardner (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Gardner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Gardner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Gardner" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Gardner</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Alice" title="The Annotated Alice">The Annotated Alice</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ambidextrous_Universe" title="The Ambidextrous Universe">The Ambidextrous Universe</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Flight_of_Peter_Fromm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Flight of Peter Fromm (page does not exist)">The Flight of Peter Fromm</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Puzzle_Tales" title="Science Fiction Puzzle Tales">Science Fiction Puzzle Tales</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheels,_Life_and_Other_Mathematical_Amusements" title="Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements">Wheels, Life and Other Mathematical Amusements</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus_Made_Easy" title="Calculus Made Easy">Calculus Made Easy</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitors_from_Oz" title="Visitors from Oz">Visitors from Oz</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific American columns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martin_Gardner_Mathematical_Games_columns" title="List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns">List of Martin Gardner Mathematical Games columns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alter Ego</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Joshua_Matrix" title="Irving Joshua Matrix">Irving Joshua Matrix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_4_Gardner" title="Gathering 4 Gardner">Gathering 4 Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner_bibliography" title="Martin Gardner bibliography">Martin Gardner bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012283934X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108251139">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1753686/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmDkxJ8Q3tQFCvC6QjXBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129895237">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79054207">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119041332">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119041332">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00440542">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003775">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35113069">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004241878&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1150470">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/195254">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/830344">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/129895237">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026881772">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw6qvb">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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