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Nez — Wikipédia

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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Étymologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Étymologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Étymologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Étymologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formes_stéréotypiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formes_stéréotypiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formes stéréotypiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formes_stéréotypiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Anatomie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fonctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odorat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odorat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Odorat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odorat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Squelette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Squelette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Squelette</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Squelette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilosité" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilosité"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pilosité</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilosité-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Récepteurs_olfactifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Récepteurs_olfactifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Récepteurs olfactifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Récepteurs_olfactifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Microbiote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pathologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire_évolutive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire_évolutive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Histoire évolutive</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Histoire_évolutive-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histoire évolutive</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Histoire_évolutive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chez_l&#039;humain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chez_l&#039;humain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chez l'humain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chez_l&#039;humain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dans_le_monde_animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dans_le_monde_animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dans le monde animal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dans_le_monde_animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_et_littérature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_et_littérature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture et littérature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_et_littérature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Toponymie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nez</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 174 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-174" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">174 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neus" title="Neus – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%AB" title="አፍንጫ – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፍንጫ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu" title="Nasu – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nasu" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inw%E1%BB%8Dm" title="Inwọm – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Inwọm" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%81" title="أنف – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9A%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܢܚܝܪܐ – araméen" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܚܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="araméen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مناخير – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مناخير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="নাক – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নাক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okot" title="Okot – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Okot" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasa" title="Nasa – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nasa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="بورون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بورون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Танау – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Танау" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuos%C4%97s" title="Nuosės – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuosės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungo" title="Dungo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dungo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idung" title="Idung – betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Idung" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%B0" title="နေ့ဖူ – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နေ့ဖူ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="নাক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྣ། – tibétain" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibétain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri" title="Fri – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хамар – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хамар" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9" title="Pé – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pé" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мара – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="لووت (ئەندام) – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لووت (ئەندام)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu" title="Nasu – corse" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nasu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cichov%C3%BD_org%C3%A1n" title="Čichový orgán – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čichový orgán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trwyn" title="Trwyn – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6se" title="Næse – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Næse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyee" title="Nyee – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyee" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%B1rn%C4%B1ke" title="Pırnıke – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pırnıke" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ނޭފަތް – maldivien" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޭފަތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldivien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7" title="Μύτη – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύτη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nose" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazo" title="Nazo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina" title="Nina – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudur" title="Sudur – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sudur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بینی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen%C3%A4" title="Nenä – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nenä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5na" title="Nõna – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nõna" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6%C3%B6s" title="Nöös – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nöös" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noas" title="Noas – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%B3n" title="Srón – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Srón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%85%AC" title="鼻公 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鼻公" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%B2n" title="Sròn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sròn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9" title="Tĩ – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulingo" title="Wulingo – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Wulingo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroin" title="Stroin – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Stroin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi" title="Phi – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A3" title="אף – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naak" title="Naak – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Naak" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nen" title="Nen – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orr" title="Orr – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Քիթ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idung" title="Idung – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Idung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imi" title="Imi – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Imi" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agong" title="Agong – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazo" title="Nazo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nazo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nef" title="Nef – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nef" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naso" title="Naso – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Naso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%96%93%E1%96%85" title="ᕿᖓᖅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᖓᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nazbi" title="nazbi – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nazbi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ცხვირი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხვირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzer" title="Inzer – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Inzer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%C9%94%CA%8A" title="Mɔɔʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔɔʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwua%CC%B1i" title="Zwua̱i – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwua̱i" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Мұрын – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұрын" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಗು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಗು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94" title="코 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%B3" title="نَس – cachemiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cachemiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naah%C3%9F" title="Naahß – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Naahß" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron" title="Tron – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tron" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мурун – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мурун" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasus" title="Nasus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nasus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nues" title="Nues – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nues" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Май – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Май" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas" title="Naas – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Naas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3lo" title="Zólo – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Zólo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87" title="ດັງ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດັງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosis" title="Nosis – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nosis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguns" title="Deguns – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deguns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orona" title="Orona – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മൂക്ക് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൂക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidung" title="Hidung – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="နှာခေါင်း – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှာခေါင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فنی – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فنی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4%C3%A4s" title="Nääs – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nääs" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuze" title="Neuze – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Neuze" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="नाक – népalais" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="népalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="न्हाय् – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="न्हाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neus" title="Neus – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Neus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nase" title="Nase – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nase" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nese" title="Nese – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nese" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funyaan" title="Funyaan – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Funyaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਨੱਕ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleng" title="Eleng – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Eleng" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arung" title="Arung – pampangan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arung" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampangan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – piémontais" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piémontais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9" title="نک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Μυτίν – pontique" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μυτίν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="pontique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="پوزه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پوزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nariz" title="Nariz – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nariz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinqa" title="Sinqa – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – romanche" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanche" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas" title="Nas – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari" title="Nari – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Nari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="नासिका – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नासिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Мурун – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мурун" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B8" title="ᱢᱩᱸ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱸ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasu_(anatum%C3%ACa)" title="Nasu (anatumìa) – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nasu (anatumìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neb" title="Neb – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Neb" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AA" title="نڪ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose" title="Nose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhuno" title="Mhuno – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhuno" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/San" title="San – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="San" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunda" title="Hunda – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hunda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нос – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irung" title="Irung – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Irung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos" title="Nos – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pua" title="Pua – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sznupa" title="Sznupa – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sznupa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cihek" title="cihek – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cihek" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="மூக்கு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೂಂಕು – toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮೂಂಕು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Бинӣ – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81" title="จมูก – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จมูก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilong" title="Ilong – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualité"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nko" title="Nko – tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Nko" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Борын – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борын" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D9%86" title="بۇرۇن – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇرۇن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%81" title="Ніс – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ناک – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burun" title="Burun – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Burun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9i" title="Mũi – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mũi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nud" title="Nud – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez" title="Nez – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nez" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irong" title="Irong – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Irong" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%A4%B4" title="鼻头 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鼻头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩხვინდი – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩხვინდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%96" title="נאז – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im%C3%BA" title="Imú – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Imú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaeng" title="Ndaeng – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaeng" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C4%AB%E2%81%BF" title="Phīⁿ – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phīⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%BB" title="鼻 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鼻" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nez" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nez"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Nez" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Nez" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;oldid=219928580" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Nez&amp;id=219928580&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNez"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNez"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Nez_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nez (homonymie)">Nez (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9s_nasales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavités nasales">Cavités nasales</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fort_Ross_Elena_wearing_Traditional_Russian_Costume_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fort_Ross_Elena_wearing_Traditional_Russian_Costume_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Fort_Ross_Elena_wearing_Traditional_Russian_Costume_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Fort_Ross_Elena_wearing_Traditional_Russian_Costume_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_(1893)_155_n%26b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_%281893%29_155_n%26b.png/330px-Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_%281893%29_155_n%26b.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="454" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_%281893%29_155_n%26b.png/495px-Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_%281893%29_155_n%26b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Bertillon_-_Identification_anthropom%C3%A9trique_%281893%29_155_n%26b.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nose" class="extiw" title="en:Human nose">Nez humain</a> vu de profil. Formant une saillie médio-faciale, il s'inscrit dans une pyramide triangulaire à sommet supérieur. Il présente trois bords&#160;: le dos ou l'arête, bord antérieur arrondi qui s'étend de la racine du nez<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (notée A, au niveau de l'espace inter-sourcilier ou <a href="/wiki/Glabelle" title="Glabelle">glabelle</a>) à la pointe (apex noté B) saillante. Les sillons naso-labiaux (ou sillons alaires) formant les bords latéraux, le sillon sous-nasal (<a href="/wiki/Philtrum" title="Philtrum">philtrum</a>) et les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sillon_naso-g%C3%A9nien&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sillon naso-génien (page inexistante)">sillons naso-géniens</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasolabial_fold" class="extiw" title="en:Nasolabial fold"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nasolabial fold&#160;»">(en)</span></a> les bords inférieurs. il présente trois faces&#160;: la face inférieure porte deux orifices piriformes, les narines, délimités médialement par le <a href="/wiki/Septum_nasal" title="Septum nasal">septum nasal</a> et latéralement par deux faces, les ailes du nez séparées de la joue par le sillon alaire noté C<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <b>nez</b>, appelé aussi <b>appendice nasal</b>, est chez l'<a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" title="Homo sapiens">être humain</a> la saillie médiane du <a href="/wiki/Visage" title="Visage">visage</a> située au-dessus de la <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8vre" title="Lèvre">lèvre</a> supérieure et qui, en le surplombant, recouvre l'orifice des <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_nasale" title="Cavité nasale">fosses nasales</a>, qui constituent le segment supérieur des <a href="/wiki/Voies_respiratoires" title="Voies respiratoires">voies respiratoires</a> et renferment l'organe de l'<a href="/wiki/Olfaction" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a> (odorat). Il concourt, en livrant passage à l'<a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>, à l'accomplissement de la <a href="/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration">respiration</a> et de la <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>. </p><p>Ce terme est également utilisé par analogie pour les <a href="/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés">vertébrés</a> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes">tétrapodes</a> ne possédant pas une <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">truffe</a> à l'extrémité du <a href="/wiki/Museau" title="Museau">museau</a> («&#160;nez&#160;» —&#160;organe olfactif&#160;— des poissons, nez olfactif et nez respiratoire des crocodiliens)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Étymologie"><span id=".C3.89tymologie"></span>Étymologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Étymologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Étymologie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La graphie <i>nez</i> est attestée en 1314 dans les écrits de <a href="/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie">chirurgie</a> de <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Mondeville" title="Henri de Mondeville">Henri de Mondeville</a>. Le mot <a href="/wiki/Ancien_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Ancien français">ancien français</a> <i>nes</i>, et l'adjectif ou substantif <i>nasel</i>, cités dans la <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" title="Chanson de Roland">Chanson de Roland</a>, proviennent du mot latin de genre masculin <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>&#160;: <span class="lang-la" lang="la"><i>nāsus, nasi</i></span>, signifiant le nez humain<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La plupart des langues européennes présentent souvent une même racine évidente&#160;: <i>naso</i> en italien, <i>nos</i> en russe, ou l'anglais <i>nose</i>, l'allemand <i>die Nase</i> de genre féminin. En français, les mots de la famille se ressemblent à l'exception de nez&#160;: nasal (adjectif), nasal (substantif, la partie du casque protégeant le nez), <a href="/wiki/Naseau" title="Naseau">naseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasalisation" title="Nasalisation">nasalisation</a>, nasalité (en <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A9tique" title="Phonétique">phonétique</a>), nasiller (parler du nez), nasillard, nasillement, <a href="/wiki/Nasard" title="Nasard">nasard</a> (jeu de mutation flûté à l'orgue), nasarde (coup ou chiquenaude sur le nez), nasarder, <span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Nasique" class="mw-disambig" title="Nasique">nasique</a></span>. </p><p>En science, on utilise davantage la racine grecque ancienne <i>rhis, rhinos</i> (de même sens<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>). En médecine moderne, on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhinologie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhinologie (page inexistante)">rhinologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oto-rhino-laryngologie" class="mw-redirect" title="Oto-rhino-laryngologie">oto-rhino-laryngologie</a>, rhinoscopie, <a href="/wiki/Rhinite" title="Rhinite">rhinite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoplastie" title="Rhinoplastie">rhinoplastie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drainage_rhinopharyng%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Drainage rhinopharyngé">drainage rhinopharyngé</a>, etc. En <a href="/wiki/Zoologie" title="Zoologie">zoologie</a>, on retrouve le <a href="/wiki/Rhinoc%C3%A9ros" title="Rhinocéros">rhinocéros</a> («&#160;corne sur le nez&#160;»)<i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formes_stéréotypiques"><span id="Formes_st.C3.A9r.C3.A9otypiques"></span>Formes stéréotypiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Formes stéréotypiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Formes stéréotypiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/220px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/330px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg/440px-Stater_Zeus_Lampsacus_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Nez grec, illustration de <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> à l'<a href="/wiki/Avers_(numismatique)" title="Avers (numismatique)">Avers</a> d’un <a href="/wiki/Stat%C3%A8re" title="Statère">statère</a> grec antique</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:African_black_man_nose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/African_black_man_nose.jpg/196px-African_black_man_nose.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/African_black_man_nose.jpg/294px-African_black_man_nose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/African_black_man_nose.jpg/392px-African_black_man_nose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Nez épaté d'un jeune homme <a href="/wiki/Afrique" title="Afrique">africain</a></figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress,_Bombay,_India_in_1946_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg/259px-Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg/346px-Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_the_All_India_Congress%2C_Bombay%2C_India_in_1946_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption> Nez aquilin de <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi</a></figcaption></figure><p>La morphologie nasale chez l'humain actuel est, entre autres facteurs, une adaptation climatique. Conformément à la règle de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Thomson_(anatomiste)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Thomson (anatomiste) (page inexistante)">Thomson</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Thomson_(anatomist)" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Thomson (anatomist)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Arthur Thomson (anatomist)&#160;»">(en)</span></a> énoncée en 1923<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, les cavités nasales sont généralement étroites dans les climats froids (grande turbulence de l'air froid dans la cavité pour réchauffer cet air au contact des muqueuses) et larges dans les climats chauds<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ces adaptations ainsi que des mutations et sélections génétiques aléatoires ont donné forme à plusieurs grands types de nez&#160;: </p><ul><li>droit, ou grec&#160;: à l’arête bien rectiligne, et pointant vers l’avant plutôt qu’en largeur pour le nez grec&#160;;</li> <li>épaté : s’étalant en largeur plutôt que vers l’avant&#160;;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_aquilin" title="Nez aquilin">aquilin</a> (en bec d'<a href="/wiki/Aigle" title="Aigle">aigle</a>), ou busqué&#160;: avec une bosse ou une courbure de l’arête vers l’extérieur.</li> <li>camard, ou camus&#160;: à l’arête creusée vers l’intérieur&#160;;</li> <li>tombant&#160;: dont le bout descend plus bas que la base des narines&#160;;</li> <li>retroussé&#160;: dont le bout s’oriente vers le haut, contraire du nez tombant.</li> <li>bourbonien&#160;: long, large et volumineux sur le visage, tel que celui de <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Bourbon" title="Maison de Bourbon">la famille de Bourbon</a>.</li></ul> <p>D’autres classifications existent. La beauté de chaque forme relève de critères d’appréciation individuels et culturels. Elle dépend des yeux qui regardent. </p><p>On trouve d'autres appellations de formes, plus imagées, dont le sens est sujet à davantage de variations et dont l’usage est généralement <a href="/wiki/Registres_de_langue_en_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Registres de langue en français">familier</a> (liste non-exhaustive)&#160;: </p> <ul><li>en trompette, ou mutin : assez proche du nez retroussé&#160;;</li> <li>en patate, « gros nez »&#160;: gros et en particulier avec un bout volumineux et arrondi&#160;;</li> <li>crochu&#160;: tombant et fort courbé, généralement gros et disgracieux ;</li> <li>de <a href="/wiki/Betterave" title="Betterave">betterave</a>&#160;: enluminé, avec des couleurs vives&#160;;</li> <li>en bec de <a href="/wiki/Canard" title="Canard">canard</a>, ou de corbin&#160;: avec une saillie disgracieuse au niveau sur l'arête&#160;;</li> <li>en pied de marmite, ou en selle, ou en lorgnette&#160;: semblable à une selle de cheval vue de profil.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomie">Anatomie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Anatomie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Anatomie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon le contexte d’utilisation, l’intérieur du nez peut inclure toute la <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_nasale" title="Cavité nasale">cavité nasale</a> ou seulement les narines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonctions">Fonctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Fonctions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Fonctions"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Respiration">Respiration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Respiration" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Respiration"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La cavité nasale a pour fonction de réguler la température de l’air inspiré (à la température corporelle), de l’humidifier et de le filtrer, cela avant d’atteindre les voies respiratoires inférieures (sous le <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cela contribue au bon fonctionnement de l’appareil mucociliaire qui piège et élimine par expectoration ou ingestion la plupart des particules et agents pathogènes inhalés<sup id="cite_ref-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Grâce aux parois internes du nez qui sont tapissées de vaisseaux sanguins et de cellules <a href="/wiki/Cellule_caliciforme" title="Cellule caliciforme">caliciformes</a> productrices de mucus<sup id="cite_ref-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l’air inhalé atteint généralement 90% des niveaux de température et d’humidité requis sont avant même d’atteindre le <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce conditionnement de l'air inhalé dépend de sa dynamique d’écoulement et donc de la taille et géométrie de la cavité nasale<sup id="cite_ref-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odorat">Odorat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Odorat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Odorat"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L’odorat permet de détecter des groupes de molécules aériennes spécifiques. Cette fonction est bien moins développée chez l’homme que chez des animaux cousins. Le nombre d’odeurs que l’homme peut distinguer reste très complexe à calculer avec exactitude<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Squelette">Squelette</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Squelette" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Squelette"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le nez humain est constitué d'un <a href="/wiki/Squelette" title="Squelette">squelette</a> fait de <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilages</a> accolés au squelette osseux de la face. Ces cartilages sont recouverts de <a href="/wiki/Peau" title="Peau">peau</a> sur leurs faces externes et et d'une muqueuse sur leurs faces internes. Ils délimitent deux orifices, les <a href="/wiki/Narine" title="Narine">narines</a>, qui font communiquer les <a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9s_nasales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavités nasales">cavités nasales</a> avec l'extérieur. </p><p>Le squelette comprend cinq cartilages principaux. L'espace entre ces cartilages est comblé par de petits cartilages accessoires et du tissu fibreux. Les cartilages principaux sont&#160;: </p> <ul><li>le cartilage septal, une lame médiane verticale qui sépare les deux narines&#160;;</li> <li>les cartilages latéraux, deux lames triangulaires qui forment la paroi supérieure de chaque narine&#160;;</li> <li>les cartilages alaires, deux lames concaves en dehors qui forment la paroi antéro-latérale des narines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilosité"><span id="Pilosit.C3.A9"></span>Pilosité</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Pilosité" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pilosité"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les poils nasaux se densifient sensiblement à la <a href="/wiki/Pubert%C3%A9" title="Puberté">puberté</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L’homme possède de l’ordre de 105 à 125 poils de nez de 0,9 à 1 cm dans chaque narine, selon une étude sur 10 hommes et 10 femmes décédés<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> d’en moyenne 83 ans. Les poils sont de tailles similaires dans toute la profondeur du nez<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leur fonction principale est immunitaire par la filtration des poussières<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, la détection d’intrusion de particules et la stimulation du réflexe d’éternuement<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il n’est pas parfaitement établit que les poils réchauffent et humidifient l’air dans la mesure où ils n’ont pas d’effet sur le débit du flux aérien nasal<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Récepteurs_olfactifs"><span id="R.C3.A9cepteurs_olfactifs"></span>Récepteurs olfactifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Récepteurs olfactifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Récepteurs olfactifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les cellules spécialisées dans l’olfaction (odorat) sont situées dans l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pith%C3%A9lium_olfactif" title="Épithélium olfactif">épithélium olfactif</a> au sommet de la cavité nasale. Au moins 400 récepteurs olfactifs sont connus à ce jour chez l’être humain<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiote">Microbiote</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Microbiote" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Microbiote"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Microbiote" title="Microbiote">microbiote</a> nasal est principalement constitué de bactéries. Plus de 900&#160;espèces colonisent la muqueuse du nez humain<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ce microbiote a un rôle important contre la colonisation par le <a href="/wiki/Staphylocoque_dor%C3%A9" title="Staphylocoque doré">staphylocoque doré</a> résistant à la <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ticilline" title="Méticilline">méticilline</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathologies">Pathologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Pathologies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Pathologies"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On parle de <a href="/wiki/Rhinopharyngite" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinopharyngite">rhinite</a> pour désigner une inflammation nasale, souvent due à un agent <a href="/wiki/Maladie_infectieuse" title="Maladie infectieuse">infectieux</a>. Cela est généralement accompagnée de <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrh%C3%A9e" title="Rhinorrhée">rhinorrhée</a>, c’est-à-dire d’écoulement de fluides nasaux. </p><p>Suite à un choc ou aussi spontanément, on peut subir un saignement de nez (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89pistaxis" title="Épistaxis">épistaxis</a>), bénin dans la majorité des cas. Cela se traite par une expulsion nasale (se moucher) puis une compression longue, comme la majorité des saignements, la tête droite ou très légèrement penchée vers l’avant pour éviter l’engorgement<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De chocs plus violents peuvent causer un <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9matome" title="Hématome">hématome</a> voire une <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a> du <a href="/wiki/Septum_nasal" title="Septum nasal">septum nasal</a>. </p><p>Le nez est particulièrement touché par les <a href="/wiki/Carcinome_%C3%A9pidermo%C3%AFde" title="Carcinome épidermoïde">carcinomes épidermoïdes</a> en raison de son inclinaison qui le rend plus touchés par les <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolets</a> du <a href="/wiki/Soleil" title="Soleil">soleil</a>. Ce carcinome est l’un des <a href="/wiki/Cancer_de_la_peau" title="Cancer de la peau">cancers de la peau</a> les plus fréquents chez les personnes peu <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanine" title="Mélanine">mélanisées</a> (peau blanche)<sup id="cite_ref-SCF2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCF2013-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Rarement, les poils du nez peuvent chuter à la suite de certaines maladies (<a href="/wiki/Alop%C3%A9cie_areata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopécie areata">alopécie areata</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maladie_infectieuse" title="Maladie infectieuse">infections</a> ou traitements (chimiothérapie). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire_évolutive"><span id="Histoire_.C3.A9volutive"></span>Histoire évolutive</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Histoire évolutive" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire évolutive"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Articles connexes&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Histoire_%C3%A9volutive_des_poissons" title="Histoire évolutive des poissons">histoire évolutive des poissons</a> et <a href="/wiki/Terrestrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrialisation">terrestrialisation</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chez_l'humain"><span id="Chez_l.27humain"></span>Chez l'humain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier la section : Chez l&#039;humain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chez l&#039;humain"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Skull_evolution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skull_evolution.png/400px-Skull_evolution.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skull_evolution.png/600px-Skull_evolution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skull_evolution.png/800px-Skull_evolution.png 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>L'<a href="/wiki/Hominisation" title="Hominisation">hominisation</a> se caractérise par la régression du <a href="/wiki/Prognathisme" title="Prognathisme">prognathisme</a> et l'apparition d'un nez proéminent (élément non <a href="/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile">conservé</a> dans les crânes fossiles, car entièrement cartilagineux).</figcaption></figure> <p>Le nez est un organe qui a évolué à partir d'un <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8re_ancestral_et_caract%C3%A8re_d%C3%A9riv%C3%A9" title="Caractère ancestral et caractère dérivé">caractère ancestral</a>&#160;: la <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">truffe</a></i> ou <a href="/wiki/Rhinarium" title="Rhinarium">rhinarium</a>. La plupart des mammifères<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (jusqu'aux primates <a href="/wiki/Strepsirrhiniens" class="mw-redirect" title="Strepsirrhiniens">Strepsirrhiniens</a>) ont en effet une truffe humide alors que les primates <a href="/wiki/Haplorrhinien" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplorrhinien">haplorrhiniens</a> (comprenant entre autres, les singes, notamment les gorilles et l'être humain) ont perdu ce rhinarium au profit du nez. Cet appendice nasal apparu il y a environ 55&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="million d&#39;années"><a href="/wiki/Million_d%27ann%C3%A9es" title="Million d&#39;années">Ma</a></abbr>, est une <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphie" title="Synapomorphie">synapomorphie</a> qui se traduit par la migration de la <a href="/wiki/Muqueuse" title="Muqueuse">muqueuse</a> externe du rhinarium vers l'intérieur des narines du nez<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Les variation de forme du nez au sein des populations humaines ont fait l’objet d’un débat continu, notamment sur leurs raisons évolutives. La forme interne du nez (cavité nasale) conditionne l’air inspiré avant qu’il n’atteigne les poumons. La forme du nez variant selon les populations suggère qu’elle ne résulte pas uniquement de la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9rive_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" title="Dérive génétique">dérive génétique</a> mais aussi d'adaptations géoclimatiques (température, <a href="/wiki/Humidit%C3%A9_relative" title="Humidité relative">humidité relative</a>, taux de particules aéroportées)<sup id="cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaidi2018-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une étude basée sur les comparaisons Qst-Fst a conclu que la largeur des narines et celle de la base alaire sont plus différenciées entre les populations que ce qui serait le cas sous l'effet de la seule dérive génétique<sup id="cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaidi2018-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Selon ce travail&#160;: la largeur des narines est corrélée à la température et à l’humidité absolue, mais pas à l’humidité relative, ce qui laisse penser que la forme du nez a une composante liée à l'adaptation au climat local et à d’autres facteurs dont la <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_sexuelle" title="Sélection sexuelle">sélection sexuelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaidi2018-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une hypothèse est que le nez humain a évolué dans le contexte de la réduction du massif facial qui tend à se disposer sous la <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_cranienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boîte cranienne">loge cérébrale</a>, et de la verticalisation du front du fait de l’expansion crânienne et de la réduction du <a href="/wiki/Prognathisme" title="Prognathisme">prognathisme</a> facial. La <a href="/wiki/Bip%C3%A9die" title="Bipédie">bipédie</a> et l'expansion cérébrale conduisent donc à une réorganisation complète de l'architecture crânienne, si bien que l'appendice nasal serait une <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaptations_squelettiques_%C3%A0_la_bip%C3%A9die_humaine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaptations squelettiques à la bipédie humaine (page inexistante)">adaptation squelettique à la bipédie humaine</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeletal_changes_due_to_bipedalism" class="extiw" title="en:Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism&#160;»">(en)</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Une autre hypothèse, qui peut être complémentaire, est que le développement du nez dans la lignée d'<a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominidés</a> du genre <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i> aurait répondu à la nécessité de conserver une humidification importante de l'air inspiré pour empêcher les poumons de se dessécher dans des environnements de contrées sèches et semi-arides (savanes arborées, forêts plus arides). Inversement, la <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> au niveau des chicanes des <a href="/wiki/Cornet_nasal" title="Cornet nasal">cornets nasaux</a> aide le nez à récupérer cette humidité lors de l'expiration, ce qui suggère une <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_naturelle" title="Sélection naturelle">sélection</a> pour parcourir de longues distances à pied dans la chaleur (notamment lors de la <a href="/wiki/Chasse_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9puisement" title="Chasse à l&#39;épuisement">chasse à l'épuisement</a> selon la <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_du_coureur_de_fond" title="Théorie du coureur de fond">théorie du coureur de fond</a>) sans se déshydrater<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Du point de vue <a href="/wiki/%C3%89volution_(biologie)" title="Évolution (biologie)">évolutif</a> un nez est caractérisé par&#160;: </p> <ul><li>la présence de <a href="/wiki/Poil" title="Poil">poils</a> possibles entre les <a href="/wiki/Narine" title="Narine">narines</a>&#160;;</li> <li>la perte des <a href="/wiki/Vibrisse" title="Vibrisse">vibrisses</a> autour de la truffe&#160;;</li> <li>la soudure complète de la <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8vre" title="Lèvre">lèvre</a> supérieure et de la fente entre les <a href="/wiki/Narine" title="Narine">narines</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dans_le_monde_animal">Dans le monde animal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier la section : Dans le monde animal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Dans le monde animal"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png/220px-Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png/330px-Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png/440px-Canine_Nose_Macro_Photo.png 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Nez de <a href="/wiki/Chien" title="Chien">chien</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chez les poissons, chaque cavité nasale, appelée « sac olfactif » ou « sac nasal », correspond à une poche creusée dans le cartilage des capsules olfactives du crâne et est tapissée de <a href="/wiki/Papilles_gustatives" title="Papilles gustatives">papilles gustatives</a> et de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurone_r%C3%A9cepteur_olfactif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurone récepteur olfactif (page inexistante)">cellules olfactives</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron" class="extiw" title="en:Olfactory receptor neuron"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Olfactory receptor neuron&#160;»">(en)</span></a>. Elle est ouverte à l'extérieur par une «&#160;narine&#160;» (ouverture nasale non reliée à la cavité buccale et au <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_respiratoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Système respiratoire">système respiratoire</a>) sur le <a href="/wiki/Museau" title="Museau">museau</a>. La narine externe est ventrale chez les <a href="/wiki/Poissons_cartilagineux" class="mw-redirect" title="Poissons cartilagineux">poissons cartilagineux</a>, dorsale chez les <a href="/wiki/Poissons_osseux" class="mw-redirect" title="Poissons osseux">poissons osseux</a>. </p><p>Ce sont les mouvements respiratoires branchiaux qui activent la circulation du milieu aquatique dans le sac olfactif, via une ouverture inhalante (entrée de l'eau par la narine antérieure) et une ouverture exhalante (sortie de l'eau par la narine postérieure). Chaque sac est souvent divisé en deux par un repli cutané, formant une cavité en forme de «&#160;U&#160;» qui permet l'installation d'un courant d'eau à l'intérieur de l'organe olfactif, les quatre «&#160;narines&#160;» améliorant ainsi les capacités olfactives en milieu aquatique<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Des orifices narinaires postérieurs qui s'ouvrent au plafond buccal, apparaissent chez les <a href="/wiki/Sarcopt%C3%A9rygiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcoptérygiens">sarcoptérygiens</a> et plus particulièrement chez les <a href="/wiki/Dipneustes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipneustes">Dipneustes</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Poissons_pulmon%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Poissons pulmonés">Poissons pulmonés</a> chez qui les orifices exhalants des narines externes ont migré à l'intérieur de la cavité buccale. Ces poissons présentent diverses étapes de transition entre la respiration branchiale aquatique (bouche ouverte, aspiration de l'eau étant grâce à la pompe buccopharyngée puis expulsion par les orifices branchiaux) et la respiration pulmonaire (montée en surface pour aspirer de l'air amené aux poumons)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'existence d'un palais primaire permet des mouvements de pompage aquatique réalisés bouche fermée, via les canaux nasaux et les arcs branchiaux<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, fournissant une complète indépendance des voies de l'olfaction et de la respiration aérienne, contrairement à ce que les zoologues ont souvent pensé<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette <a href="/wiki/Innovation_%C3%A9volutive" class="mw-redirect" title="Innovation évolutive">innovation évolutive</a> assure de plus une première ébauche de séparation des voies alimentaire et respiratoire (elles confluent cependant dans la cavité bucco-pharyngée), et améliore l'acuité olfactive en favorisant un courant d'eau actif entre le nez et la bouche grâce à la pompe buccopharyngée que ces poissons utilisent principalement pour l'alimentation par aspiration des <a href="/wiki/Proie" title="Proie">proies</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'émergence des <a href="/wiki/Choane" title="Choane">choanes</a> chez les <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9trapodes_terrestres" class="mw-redirect" title="Tétrapodes terrestres">Tétrapodes terrestres</a> ne serait donc pas une adaptation à la respiration aérienne mais un moyen d'obtenir une meilleure olfaction aquatique chez ces poissons qui vivent dans des eaux stagnantes et troubles exigeant une adaptation à la diminution des stimuli visuels, puis cette structure anatomique aurait été adaptée à l'olfaction aérienne qui a besoin d'une bonne acuité olfactive et d'un système d'humidification des <a href="/wiki/Fosses_nasales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosses nasales">fosses nasales</a> assuré par la sécrétion muqueuse des <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glandes_nasales&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Glandes nasales (page inexistante)">glandes de Bowman</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_glands" class="extiw" title="en:Nasal glands"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nasal glands&#160;»">(en)</span></a> et des <a href="/wiki/Glandes_lacrymales" class="mw-redirect" title="Glandes lacrymales">glandes lacrymales</a> (la présence d'un <a href="/wiki/Canal_lacrymonasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lacrymonasal">canal lacrymonasal</a> pourrait être un <a href="/wiki/Structure_vestigiale" title="Structure vestigiale">vestige</a> de la narine externe postérieure)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Si les choanes et les poumons des dipneustes et celles des tétrapodes sont apparues indépendamment par <a href="/wiki/Convergence_%C3%A9volutive" title="Convergence évolutive">convergence évolutive</a> résultant d'une <a href="/wiki/Sortie_des_eaux" title="Sortie des eaux">adaptation à la vie terrestre</a>, l'évolution <a href="/wiki/Phylog%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogénétique">phylogénétique</a> suggère de considérer le nez respiratoire comme une <a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">exaptation</a> du nez olfactif primaire<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et l'utilisation des poumons hors de l'eau également comme un processus d'exaptation, conséquence d'une adaptation de poissons à des milieux aquatiques <a href="/wiki/Hypoxique" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxique">hypoxiques</a> ou bien oxygénés, en lien dans ce dernier cas avec les besoins accrus en oxygène du cœur<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_et_littérature"><span id="Culture_et_litt.C3.A9rature"></span>Culture et littérature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier la section : Culture et littérature" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Culture et littérature"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dans le monde <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9co-romain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gréco-romain">gréco-romain</a> antique, le nez est associé au sens de l'<a href="/wiki/Odorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Odorat">odorat</a>. Il est aussi le siège de la <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%A8re" title="Colère">colère</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>L'allongement du nez, ne serait-ce d'un <a href="/wiki/Pied_de_nez" title="Pied de nez">pied</a>, dans les vieux contes romans ou germaniques, n'est souvent pas bon signe pour le protagoniste, à moins de ne susciter que l'hilarité des témoins.</li> <li>Un des nez les plus célèbres est celui de la reine d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte antique</a> <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre_VII#Personnalité_et_apparence_physique" title="Cléopâtre VII">Cléopâtre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> disait à son sujet dans ses <i><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9es_(Pascal)" title="Pensées (Pascal)">Pensées</a></i> (1669, posthume)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;:</li></ul> <p>«&#160;Condition de l’homme&#160;: inconstance, ennui, inquiétude. </p><p>Qui voudra connoître à plein la vanité de l’homme n’a qu’à considérer les causes et les effets de l’amour. La cause en est un je sais quoi (Corneille)&#160;; et les effets en sont effroyables. Ce je ne sais quoi, si peu de chose qu’on ne peut le reconnoître, remue toute la terre, les princes, les armées, le monde entier. Le <a href="/wiki/Nez_de_Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre" title="Nez de Cléopâtre">nez de Cléopâtre</a>, s’il eût été plus court, toute la face de la terre auroit changé.&#160;» </p> <ul><li>Le nez de Cléopâtre est régulièrement évoqué dans la bande dessinée <i><a href="/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix_et_Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre" title="Astérix et Cléopâtre">Astérix et Cléopâtre</a></i> (1963), de <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goscinny" title="René Goscinny">René Goscinny</a> et <a href="/wiki/Albert_Uderzo" title="Albert Uderzo">Albert Uderzo</a>. Celle-ci donne aussi une explication humoristique à la <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_de_Gizeh#Origine_de_la_mutilation_du_nez" title="Sphinx de Gizeh">mutilation du nez du Sphinx de Gizeh</a>.</li> <li>Le texte littéraire le plus fameux sur cet organe est la «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tirade_du_nez" title="Tirade du nez">tirade du nez</a>&#160;» d'<a href="/wiki/Edmond_Rostand" title="Edmond Rostand">Edmond Rostand</a>, dans la pièce de <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Théâtre">théâtre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Rostand)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (Rostand)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a></i> (acte <abbr class="abbr" title="1"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">I</span></abbr>, scène 4), parue en <a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a>.</li> <li>La <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle" title="Nouvelle">nouvelle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Nez" title="Le Nez">Le Nez</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gogol" title="Nicolas Gogol">Nicolas Gogol</a> (<a href="/wiki/1835_en_litt%C3%A9rature" title="1835 en littérature">1835</a>) dans laquelle le personnage principal perd son appendice nasal.</li> <li>Le personnage de fiction <i><a href="/wiki/Pinocchio" title="Pinocchio">Pinocchio</a></i> est connu pour son nez qui grandit à chaque fois qu'il ment.</li> <li>L'écrivain <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giraudoux" title="Jean Giraudoux">Jean Giraudoux</a> décrit ainsi le nez grec&#160;: <span class="citation">«&#160;Le seul angle à peu près droit s’obtient en prolongeant par une ligne imaginaire le nez grec jusqu’au sol grec.&#160;»</span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_(Giraudoux)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermezzo (Giraudoux)">Intermezzo</a></i>, acte premier, sc. 6)</li> <li>Le personnage de fiction <a href="/wiki/Voldemort" title="Voldemort">Voldemort</a> dans la saga <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> n'a pas de nez<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Aux <a href="/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#32;et&#32;<a href="/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="18ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr></a>&#160;siècles, les "<a href="/wiki/Livre_de_nez" title="Livre de nez">livres de nez</a>" sont populaires aux <a href="/wiki/Pays-Bas" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymie">Toponymie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier la section : Toponymie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Toponymie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De nombreux caps, exclusivement sur les côtes de la <a href="/wiki/Manche_(mer)" title="Manche (mer)">Manche</a>: en <a href="/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie">Normandie</a>, plus particulièrement dans le <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>, et dans le <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" title="Pas de Calais">Pas de Calais</a>, utilisent le mot nez. Ce mot n'a ni la même <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tymologie" title="Étymologie">étymologie</a> ni même la même prononciation<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. L'étymologie est scandinave et viendrait de <i>nes</i> signifiant pointe de terre<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dans le Pas de Calais : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Gris-Nez" title="Cap Gris-Nez">Cap Gris-Nez</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Blanc-Nez" title="Cap Blanc-Nez">Cap Blanc-Nez</a>.</li></ul> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Seine_Maritime" class="mw-redirect" title="Seine Maritime">Seine Maritime</a> : </p> <ul><li>Le Nez (ou Nais) de <a href="/wiki/Tancarville" title="Tancarville">Tancarville</a>.</li></ul> <p>Dans le Cotentin : </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nez_de_Jobourg" title="Nez de Jobourg">Nez de Jobourg</a> ;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_de_Voidries" title="Nez de Voidries">Nez de Voidries</a> ;</li> <li>Le Nez Bayard et la Pointe du Nez à <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Vaux" title="Saint-Germain-des-Vaux">Saint-Germain-des-Vaux</a> ;</li> <li>Le Nez du Magazin à <a href="/wiki/Auderville" title="Auderville">Auderville</a> ;</li> <li>La Couronne du Nez à <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ville-Hague" title="Gréville-Hague">Gréville-Hague</a>.</li></ul> <p>Dans les <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Anglo-Normandes" title="Îles Anglo-Normandes">Îles Anglo-Normandes</a> </p> <ul><li>Cap Gos-Nez (<a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>) ;</li> <li>Rouge Nez (Jersey) deux fois ;</li> <li>Le Nez de guet (Jersey) ;</li> <li>Le Nez du Château (Jersey) ;</li> <li>Le Nez (<a href="/wiki/Guernesey" title="Guernesey">Guernesey</a>) ;</li> <li>Le Bec du Nez (Guernesey) ;</li> <li>Le Bec du Nez (<a href="/wiki/Sercq" title="Sercq">Sercq</a>) ;</li> <li>Gronez (<a href="/wiki/Aurigny" title="Aurigny">Aurigny</a>) ;</li></ul> <p>Et dans certaines anciennes appellations: </p> <ul><li>Gros-Nez (cap de <a href="/wiki/Flamanville_(Manche)" title="Flamanville (Manche)">Flamanville</a>) ;</li> <li>Cor-Nez (cap du <a href="/wiki/Le_Rozel" title="Le Rozel">Rozel</a>) ;</li> <li>Nez de <a href="/wiki/Carteret_(Manche)" title="Carteret (Manche)">Carteret</a> (cap de Carteret).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">D'un point de vue concret, le mot latin signifie aussi le bec ou le goulet d'un vase ou d'un récipient allongé. De manière figurée, le mot latin représente la finesse du goût ou l'esprit moqueur, la moquerie. En ancien français, <i>nes</i> ou <i>nez</i> désigne également la trompe ou les narines d'un animal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le mot grec au pluriel désigne aussi les narines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">certaines populations perpétuent une distinction dans la prononciation entre le <i>Nez</i> (cap) et le <i>nez</i> (appendice nasal) dans la Hague, notamment à <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Vaux" title="Saint-Germain-des-Vaux">Saint-Germain-des-Vaux</a>, le premier se prononçant «&#160;née&#160;» [ne:] et le second «&#160;nô&#160;» [no:]</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Également appelée nasion, elle est le siège chez la plupart des individus d'une nette dépression superficielle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Trost,_Pierre_Trouilloud2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Olivier_Trost,_Pierre_Trouilloud2020">Olivier Trost, Pierre Trouilloud, <cite class="italique">Introduction à l'anatomie</cite>, Editions Ellipses, <time>2020</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;545<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+%C3%A0+l%27anatomie&amp;rft.pub=Editions+Ellipses&amp;rft.au=Olivier+Trost%2C+Pierre+Trouilloud&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.pages=545&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jankowski2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roger_Jankowski2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Roger Jankowski, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Evo-Devo Origin of the Nose, Anterior Skull Base and Midface</cite>, Springer Science &amp; Business Media, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=tfpGAAAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">45-47</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evo-Devo+Origin+of+the+Nose%2C+Anterior+Skull+Base+and+Midface&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.aulast=Jankowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.pages=45-47&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomson_&amp;_L._H._Dudley_Buxton1923"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arthur_Thomson_&amp;_L._H._Dudley_Buxton1923"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arthur Thomson &amp; L. H. Dudley Buxton, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Man’s nasal index in relation to certain climatic conditions</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;53,&#8206; <time>1923</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">92-122</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2843753">10.2307/2843753</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Man%E2%80%99s+nasal+index+in+relation+to+certain+climatic%0Aconditions&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&amp;rft.au=Arthur+Thomson+%26+L.+H.+Dudley+Buxton&amp;rft.date=1923&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.pages=92-122&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2843753&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Noback,_Katerina_Harvati,_Fred_Spoor2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marlijn_L._Noback,_Katerina_Harvati,_Fred_Spoor2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Marlijn L. Noback, Katerina Harvati, Fred Spoor, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Climate-related variation of the human nasal cavity</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Journal of Physical Anthopology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;145, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-08" data-sort-value="2011-08">août 2011</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">599–614</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21523">10.1002/ajpa.21523</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Climate-related+variation+of+the+human+nasal+cavity&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthopology&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Noback%2C+Katerina+Harvati%2C+Fred+Spoor&amp;rft.aufirst=Marlijn+L.&amp;rft.date=2011-08&amp;rft.volume=145&amp;rft.pages=599%E2%80%93614&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Zaidi,_Brooke_C._Mattern,_Peter_Claes,_Brian_McEcoy,_Cris_Hughes,_Mark_D._Shriver2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arslan_A._Zaidi,_Brooke_C._Mattern,_Peter_Claes,_Brian_McEcoy,_Cris_Hughes,_Mark_D._Shriver2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arslan A. Zaidi, Brooke C. Mattern, Peter Claes, Brian McEcoy, Cris Hughes, Mark D. Shriver, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">PLoS Genet</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;13, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616">10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Investigating+the+case+of+human+nose+shape+and+climate+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Genet&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Zaidi%2C+Brooke+C.+Mattern%2C+Peter+Claes%2C+Brian+McEcoy%2C+Cris+Hughes%2C+Mark+D.+Shriver&amp;rft.aufirst=Arslan+A.&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006616&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation_9-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Investigating_the_case_of_human_nose_shape_and_climate_adaptation_9-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZaidiMatternClaesMcEcoy2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arslan_A._ZaidiBrooke_C._MatternPeter_ClaesBrian_McEcoy2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arslan A. <span class="nom_auteur">Zaidi</span>, Brooke C. <span class="nom_auteur">Mattern</span>, Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Claes</span> et Brian <span class="nom_auteur">McEcoy</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">PLOS Genetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;13, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-03-16" data-sort-value="2017-03-16">16 mars 2017</time>, e1006616 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28301464">28301464</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354252">PMC5354252</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616">10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-04-04" data-sort-value="2024-04-04">4 avril 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Investigating+the+case+of+human+nose+shape+and+climate+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Zaidi&amp;rft.aufirst=Arslan+A.&amp;rft.au=Mattern%2C+Brooke+C.&amp;rft.au=Claes%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=McEcoy%2C+Brian&amp;rft.date=2017-03-16&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=e1006616&amp;rft.issn=1553-7404&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006616&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28301464&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health_10-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Effective_Mucus_Clearance_Is_Essential_for_Respiratory_Health_10-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="RandellBoucher2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Scott_H._RandellRichard_C._Boucher2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Scott H. <span class="nom_auteur">Randell</span> et Richard C. <span class="nom_auteur">Boucher</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Effective Mucus Clearance Is Essential for Respiratory Health</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;35, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-07" data-sort-value="2006-07">juillet 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">20–28</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1044-1549">1044-1549</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1535-4989">1535-4989</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16528010">16528010</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658694">PMC2658694</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2006-0082SF">10.1165/rcmb.2006-0082SF</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1165/rcmb.2006-0082SF">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-04-04" data-sort-value="2024-04-04">4 avril 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Effective+Mucus+Clearance+Is+Essential+for+Respiratory+Health&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+Cell+and+Molecular+Biology&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Randell&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&amp;rft.au=Boucher%2C+Richard+C.&amp;rft.date=2006-07&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.pages=20%E2%80%9328&amp;rft.issn=1044-1549&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1165%2Frcmb.2006-0082SF&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16528010&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZaidiMatternClaesMcEcoy2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arslan_A._ZaidiBrooke_C._MatternPeter_ClaesBrian_McEcoy2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arslan A. <span class="nom_auteur">Zaidi</span>, Brooke C. <span class="nom_auteur">Mattern</span>, Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Claes</span> et Brian <span class="nom_auteur">McEcoy</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">PLOS Genetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;13, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-03-16" data-sort-value="2017-03-16">16 mars 2017</time>, e1006616 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616">10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006616">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-04-04" data-sort-value="2024-04-04">4 avril 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Investigating+the+case+of+human+nose+shape+and+climate+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Zaidi&amp;rft.aufirst=Arslan+A.&amp;rft.au=Mattern%2C+Brooke+C.&amp;rft.au=Claes%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=McEcoy%2C+Brian&amp;rft.date=2017-03-16&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.pages=e1006616&amp;rft.issn=1553-7404&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1006616&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Meister2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Markus_Meister2015">Markus <span class="nom_auteur">Meister</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">On the dimensionality of odor space</cite>&#160;», <i>eLife</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-07-07" data-sort-value="2015-07-07">7 juillet 2015</time>, e07865 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/2050-084X">2050-084X</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07865">10.7554/eLife.07865</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/7865#s2">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+dimensionality+of+odor+space&amp;rft.jtitle=eLife&amp;rft.aulast=Meister&amp;rft.aufirst=Markus&amp;rft.date=2015-07-07&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=e07865&amp;rft.issn=2050-084X&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.07865&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SwiftKesavanathan1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._L._SwiftJ._Kesavanathan1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> D. L. <span class="nom_auteur">Swift</span> et J. <span class="nom_auteur">Kesavanathan</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">THE ANTERIOR HUMAN NASAL PASSAGE AS A FIBROUS FILTER FOR PARTICLES</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Chemical Engineering Communications</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;151, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1996-09" data-sort-value="1996-09">septembre 1996</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">65–78</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0098-6445">0098-6445</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1563-5201">1563-5201</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449608936542">10.1080/00986449608936542</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00986449608936542">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=THE+ANTERIOR+HUMAN+NASAL+PASSAGE+AS+A+FIBROUS+FILTER+FOR+PARTICLES&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Communications&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Swift&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+L.&amp;rft.au=Kesavanathan%2C+J.&amp;rft.date=1996-09&amp;rft.volume=151&amp;rft.pages=65%E2%80%9378&amp;rft.issn=0098-6445&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00986449608936542&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Un comptage exact est très complexe voire impossible sur des sujets vivants.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PhamHashemiHedayatiCsuka2022"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christine_T._PhamKiana_HashemiBobak_HedayatiElla_Csuka2022"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Christine T. <span class="nom_auteur">Pham</span>, Kiana <span class="nom_auteur">Hashemi</span>, Bobak <span class="nom_auteur">Hedayati</span> et Ella <span class="nom_auteur">Csuka</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Measurement and quantification of cadaveric nasal hairs</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">International Journal of Dermatology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;61, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;11,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11" data-sort-value="2022-11">novembre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0011-9059">0011-9059</a></span> et <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1365-4632">1365-4632</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijd.15921">10.1111/ijd.15921</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijd.15921">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Measurement+and+quantification+of+cadaveric+nasal+hairs&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Dermatology&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.aulast=Pham&amp;rft.aufirst=Christine+T.&amp;rft.au=Hashemi%2C+Kiana&amp;rft.au=Hedayati%2C+Bobak&amp;rft.au=Csuka%2C+Ella&amp;rft.date=2022-11&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.issn=0011-9059&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijd.15921&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HaghnegahdarBharadwajFeng2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ahmadreza_HaghnegahdarRahul_BharadwajYu_Feng2023">Ahmadreza <span class="nom_auteur">Haghnegahdar</span>, Rahul <span class="nom_auteur">Bharadwaj</span> et Yu <span class="nom_auteur">Feng</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Exploring the role of nasal hair in inhaled airflow and coarse dust particle dynamics in a nasal cavity: A CFD-DEM study</cite>&#160;», <i>Powder Technology</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;427,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-09-01" data-sort-value="2023-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2023</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;118710 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0032-5910">0032-5910</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118710">10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118710</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0032591023004941">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Exploring+the+role+of+nasal+hair+in+inhaled+airflow+and+coarse+dust+particle+dynamics+in+a+nasal+cavity%3A+A+CFD-DEM+study&amp;rft.jtitle=Powder+Technology&amp;rft.aulast=Haghnegahdar&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmadreza&amp;rft.au=Bharadwaj%2C+Rahul&amp;rft.au=Feng%2C+Yu&amp;rft.date=2023-09-01&amp;rft.volume=427&amp;rft.pages=118710&amp;rft.issn=0032-5910&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.powtec.2023.118710&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="PrinzMurray2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="G._S._PrinzC._D._Murray2021">G. S. <span class="nom_auteur">Prinz</span> et C. D. <span class="nom_auteur">Murray</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">On the pullout strength of human nasal hair</cite>&#160;», <i>Materialia</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;16,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-05-01" data-sort-value="2021-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2021</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;101102 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/2589-1529">2589-1529</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101102">10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101102</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2589152921001058">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+pullout+strength+of+human+nasal+hair&amp;rft.jtitle=Materialia&amp;rft.aulast=Prinz&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+S.&amp;rft.au=Murray%2C+C.+D.&amp;rft.date=2021-05-01&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=101102&amp;rft.issn=2589-1529&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mtla.2021.101102&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HahnSchererMozell1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="I._HahnP._W._SchererM._M._Mozell1993">I. <span class="nom_auteur">Hahn</span>, P. W. <span class="nom_auteur">Scherer</span> et M. M. <span class="nom_auteur">Mozell</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Velocity profiles measured for airflow through a large-scale model of the human nasal cavity</cite>&#160;», <i>Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985)</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;75, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-11" data-sort-value="1993-11">novembre 1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">2273–2287</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/8750-7587">8750-7587</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8307887">8307887</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2273">10.1152/jappl.1993.75.5.2273</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8307887/">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Velocity+profiles+measured+for+airflow+through+a+large-scale+model+of+the+human+nasal+cavity&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology+%28Bethesda%2C+Md.%3A+1985%29&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Hahn&amp;rft.aufirst=I.&amp;rft.au=Scherer%2C+P.+W.&amp;rft.au=Mozell%2C+M.+M.&amp;rft.date=1993-11&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.pages=2273%E2%80%932287&amp;rft.issn=8750-7587&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1993.75.5.2273&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8307887&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MainlandLiZhouLiu2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joel_D._MainlandYun_R._LiTing_ZhouWen_Ling_L._Liu2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Joel D. <span class="nom_auteur">Mainland</span>, Yun R. <span class="nom_auteur">Li</span>, Ting <span class="nom_auteur">Zhou</span> et Wen Ling L. <span class="nom_auteur">Liu</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Human olfactory receptor responses to odorants</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Scientific Data</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;2, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-02-03" data-sort-value="2015-02-03">3 février 2015</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;150002 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/2052-4463">2052-4463</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2015.2">10.1038/sdata.2015.2</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata20152">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Human+olfactory+receptor+responses+to+odorants&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Mainland&amp;rft.aufirst=Joel+D.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Yun+R.&amp;rft.au=Zhou%2C+Ting&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+Wen+Ling+L.&amp;rft.date=2015-02-03&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.pages=150002&amp;rft.issn=2052-4463&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsdata.2015.2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Selosse2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc-André_Selosse2017">Marc-André Selosse, <cite class="italique">Jamais seul. Ces microbes qui construisent les plantes, les animaux et les civilisations</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Actes_Sud" title="Actes Sud">Éditions Actes Sud</a>, <time>2017</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;87<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Jamais+seul.+Ces+microbes+qui+construisent+les+plantes%2C+les+animaux+et+les+civilisations&amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Actes+Sud&amp;rft.aulast=Selosse&amp;rft.aufirst=Marc-Andr%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frank,_Leah_M._Feazel,_Mary_T._Bessesen,_Connie_S._Price,_Edward_N._Janoff,_Norman_R._Pace2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daniel_N._Frank,_Leah_M._Feazel,_Mary_T._Bessesen,_Connie_S._Price,_Edward_N._Janoff,_Norman_R._Pace2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Daniel N. Frank, Leah M. Feazel, Mary T. Bessesen, Connie S. Price, Edward N. Janoff, Norman R. Pace, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en"><i>The Human Nasal Microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus Carriage</i></cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Plos One</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;5, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2010-05-17" data-sort-value="2010-05-17">17 mai 2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010598">10.1371/journal.pone.0010598</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=%27%27The+Human+Nasal+Microbiota+and+Staphylococcus+aureus+Carriage%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Plos+One&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.aulast=Frank%2C+Leah+M.+Feazel%2C+Mary+T.+Bessesen%2C+Connie+S.+Price%2C+Edward+N.+Janoff%2C+Norman+R.+Pace&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&amp;rft.date=2010-05-17&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/maladies-orl/epistaxis-prevention"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Épistaxis ou saignement du nez&#160;: symptômes et traitements</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">Elsan</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-09-05" data-sort-value="2024-09-05">5 septembre 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCF2013-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-SCF2013_23-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skincancer.org/fr-FR/carcinome-epidermoide-cutane">«&#160;Le carcinome épidermoïde cutané (CE)&#160;»</a>, fondation «&#160;The Skin Cancer Foundation&#160;», New-York (consulté 8 décembre 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les <a href="/wiki/Chiroptera" title="Chiroptera">chauves-souris</a> font exception car elles ont un nez.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thoma1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Andor_Thoma1985">Andor Thoma, <cite class="italique">Éléments de paléoanthropologie</cite>, Institut supérieur d'archéologie et d'histoire de l'art, <time>1985</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;128<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments+de+pal%C3%A9oanthropologie&amp;rft.pub=Institut+sup%C3%A9rieur+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+d%27histoire+de+l%27art&amp;rft.aulast=Thoma&amp;rft.aufirst=Andor&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.pages=128&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaidi2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Zaidi2018_26-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ZaidiMatternClaesMcEvoy2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arslan_A._ZaidiBrooke_C._MatternPeter_ClaesBrian_McEvoy2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Arslan A. <span class="nom_auteur">Zaidi</span>, Brooke C. <span class="nom_auteur">Mattern</span>, Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Claes</span> et Brian <span class="nom_auteur">McEvoy</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Correction: Investigating the case of human nose shape and climate adaptation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">PLOS Genetics</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;14, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-01-31" data-sort-value="2018-01-31">31 janvier 2018</time>, e1007207 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385133">29385133</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5791937">PMC5791937</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007207">10.1371/journal.pgen.1007207</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007207">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-04-04" data-sort-value="2024-04-04">4 avril 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Correction%3A+Investigating+the+case+of+human+nose+shape+and+climate+adaptation&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=Zaidi&amp;rft.aufirst=Arslan+A.&amp;rft.au=Mattern%2C+Brooke+C.&amp;rft.au=Claes%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=McEvoy%2C+Brian&amp;rft.date=2018-01-31&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=e1007207&amp;rft.issn=1553-7404&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007207&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29385133&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="R,_Skitarelić_N,_Vuković_K2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mladina_R,_Skitarelić_N,_Vuković_K2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Mladina R, Skitarelić N, Vuković K, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Why do humans have such a prominent nose? The final result of phylogenesis: a significant reduction of the splanchocranium on account of the neurocranium</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Med Hypotheses</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;73, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">280–283</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.03.045">10.1016/j.mehy.2009.03.045</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Why+do+humans+have+such+a+prominent+nose%3F+The+final+result+of+phylogenesis%3A+a+significant+reduction+of+the+splanchocranium+on+account+of+the+neurocranium&amp;rft.jtitle=Med+Hypotheses&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Mladina+R%2C+Skitareli%C4%87+N%2C+Vukovi%C4%87+K&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.pages=280%E2%80%93283&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2009.03.045&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nishimura,_Futoshi_Mori,_Sho_Hanida,_Kumahata,_Shigeru_Ishikawa,_Kaouthar_Samarat,_Takako_Miyabe-Nishiwaki,_Misato_Hayashi,_Masaki_Tomonaga,_Juri_Suzuki,_Tetsuro_Matsuzawa,_Teruo_Matsuzawa2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Takeshi_Nishimura,_Futoshi_Mori,_Sho_Hanida,_Kumahata,_Shigeru_Ishikawa,_Kaouthar_Samarat,_Takako_Miyabe-Nishiwaki,_Misato_Hayashi,_Masaki_Tomonaga,_Juri_Suzuki,_Tetsuro_Matsuzawa,_Teruo_Matsuzawa2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Takeshi Nishimura, Futoshi Mori, Sho Hanida, Kumahata, Shigeru Ishikawa, Kaouthar Samarat, Takako Miyabe-Nishiwaki, Misato Hayashi, Masaki Tomonaga, Juri Suzuki, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Teruo Matsuzawa, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Impaired Air Conditioning within the Nasal Cavity in Flat-Faced Homo</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">PLoS Comput Biol.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;12, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004807">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004807</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Impaired+Air+Conditioning+within+the+Nasal+Cavity+in+Flat-Faced+Homo&amp;rft.jtitle=PLoS+Comput+Biol.&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.au=Takeshi+Nishimura%2C+Futoshi+Mori%2C+Sho+Hanida%2C+Kumahata%2C+Shigeru+Ishikawa%2C+Kaouthar+Samarat%2C+Takako+Miyabe-Nishiwaki%2C+Misato+Hayashi%2C+Masaki+Tomonaga%2C+Juri+Suzuki%2C+Tetsuro+Matsuzawa%2C+Teruo+Matsuzawa&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1004807&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="CB,_Trinkaus_E,_Walker_A,_Larsen_CS.1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ruff_CB,_Trinkaus_E,_Walker_A,_Larsen_CS.1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ruff CB, Trinkaus E, Walker A, Larsen CS., «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I. Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Am. ]. Phys. Anthrop.</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;91, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1993-05" data-sort-value="1993-05">mai 1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">21-53</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330910103">10.1002/ajpa.1330910103</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Postcranial+robusticity+in+Homo.+I.+Temporal+trends+and+mechanical+interpretation&amp;rft.jtitle=Am.+%5D.+Phys.+Anthrop.&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=Ruff+CB%2C+Trinkaus+E%2C+Walker+A%2C+Larsen+CS.&amp;rft.date=1993-05&amp;rft.volume=91&amp;rft.pages=21-53&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330910103&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Franciscus,_E_Trinkaus1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="R_G_Franciscus,_E_Trinkaus1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R G Franciscus, E Trinkaus, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Nasal morphology and the emergence of Homo erectus</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Am J Phys Anthropol</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;75, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time>1988</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">517-527</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330750409">10.1002/ajpa.1330750409</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nasal+morphology+and+the+emergence+of+Homo+erectus&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Phys+Anthropol&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.aulast=Franciscus%2C+E+Trinkaus&amp;rft.aufirst=R+G&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.volume=75&amp;rft.pages=517-527&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.1330750409&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sherwood_Romer,_Thomas_S._Parsons1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alfred_Sherwood_Romer,_Thomas_S._Parsons1977"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Alfred Sherwood Romer, Thomas S. Parsons, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Vertebrate Body</cite>, Holt-Saunders International, <time>1977</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">453–458</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Vertebrate+Body&amp;rft.pub=Holt-Saunders+International&amp;rft.au=Alfred+Sherwood+Romer%2C+Thomas+S.+Parsons&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.pages=453%E2%80%93458&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jankowski2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roger_Jankowski2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Roger Jankowski, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Evo-Devo Origin of the Nose, Anterior Skull Base and Midface</cite>, Springer Science &amp; Business Media, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=tfpGAAAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;16<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Evo-Devo+Origin+of+the+Nose%2C+Anterior+Skull+Base+and+Midface&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.aulast=Jankowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Roger&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.pages=16&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S1879729617301813-gr5.jpg">Schémas représentant les organes olfactifs chez une lamproie (A), un dipneuste (B), un crocodile (C) et lors du développement embryonnaire humain (a, b, c)</a>, tirés de&#160;: <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> R. Jankowski, D.T. Nguyen, A. Russel, B. Toussaint, P. Gallet, C. Rumeau, «&#160;Chronic nasal dysfunction,&#160;» <i>European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases</i>, Vol. 135, n° 1, 2018, p. 41-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Roger Jankowski, <abbr class="abbr nowrap italique" title="opere citato (« dans l&#39;ouvrage cité »)">op. cit.</abbr>, p.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BeaumontCassierRichard2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_BeaumontPierre_CassierDaniel_Richard2009">André Beaumont, Pierre Cassier et Daniel Richard, <cite class="italique">Biologie animale. Les Cordés</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;400<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Biologie+animale.+Les+Cord%C3%A9s&amp;rft.pub=Dunod&amp;rft.aulast=Beaumont&amp;rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&amp;rft.au=Pierre+Cassier&amp;rft.au=Daniel+Richard&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=400&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Otuogbai,_A._Ikhenoba,_I._Elakhame2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="T.M._Otuogbai,_A._Ikhenoba,_I._Elakhame2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> T.M. Otuogbai, A. Ikhenoba, I. Elakhame, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Food and feeding habits of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owens) (Pisces: Sarcopterygii) in the flood plains of River Niger in Etasako east of Edo State, Nigeria</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;10, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>2001</time>, African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajthf.v10i1.1397">10.4314/ajthf.v10i1.1397</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Food+and+feeding+habits+of+the+African+lungfish%2C+Protopterus+annectens+%28Owens%29+%28Pisces%3A+Sarcopterygii%29+in+the+flood+plains+of+River+Niger+in+Etasako+east+of+Edo+State%2C+Nigeria&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.au=T.M.+Otuogbai%2C+A.+Ikhenoba%2C+I.+Elakhame&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=10&amp;rft.pages=African+Journal+of+Tropical+Hydrobiology+and+Fisheries&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fajthf.v10i1.1397&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Janvier2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Janvier2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Philippe Janvier, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Wandering nostrils</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Nature</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;432,&#8206; <time>2004</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">23–24</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/432023a">10.1038/432023a</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Wandering+nostrils&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Janvier&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.volume=432&amp;rft.pages=23%E2%80%9324&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F432023a&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abramyan,_Béatrice_Thivichon-Prince,_Joy_Marion_Richman2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Abramyan,_Béatrice_Thivichon-Prince,_Joy_Marion_Richman2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John Abramyan, Béatrice Thivichon-Prince, Joy Marion Richman, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Diversity in primary palate ontogeny of amniotes revealed with 3D imaging</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of Anatomy</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;226, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time>2015</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">420–433</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12291">10.1111/joa.12291</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Diversity+in+primary+palate+ontogeny+of+amniotes+revealed+with+3D+imaging&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.au=John+Abramyan%2C+B%C3%A9atrice+Thivichon-Prince%2C+Joy+Marion+Richman&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.volume=226&amp;rft.pages=420%E2%80%93433&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoa.12291&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Farmer1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Colleen_Farmer1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Colleen Farmer, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Paleobiology</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;23, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">358-372</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Did+lungs+and+the+intracardiac+shunt+evolve+to+oxygenate+the+heart+in+vertebrates&amp;rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Farmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Colleen&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=358-372&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Maina2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_N._Maina2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John N. Maina, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Biology of the Avian Respiratory System&#160;: Evolution, Development, Structure and Function</cite>, Springer, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=BrHDDgAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">102-103</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+the+Avian+Respiratory+System+%3A+Evolution%2C+Development%2C+Structure+and+Function&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.aulast=Maina&amp;rft.aufirst=John+N.&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.pages=102-103&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>, Article VI., 46. (<a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C5%92uvres_compl%C3%A8tes_de_Blaise_Pascal_Hachette_1871,_vol1/Pens%C3%A9es/Article_06" class="extiw" title="s:Œuvres complètes de Blaise Pascal Hachette 1871, vol1/Pensées/Article 06">lire en ligne</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="SpartzSchoen2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emerson_SpartzBen_Schoen2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Emerson Spartz et Ben Schoen, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Harry Potter Should Have Died</cite>, Ulysses Press, <time>2009</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;25<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Harry+Potter+Should+Have+Died&amp;rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&amp;rft.aulast=Spartz&amp;rft.aufirst=Emerson&amp;rft.au=Ben+Schoen&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lepelley2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="René_Lepelley2005">René <span class="nom_auteur">Lepelley</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">II y a nez et nez&#160;: Notes de toponymie</cite>&#160;», <i>Annales de Normandie</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;5,&#8206; <time>2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">387-402</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/annor_0003-4134_2005_num_55_5_1549">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=II+y+a+nez+et+nez&amp;rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Normandie&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.stitle=Notes+de+toponymie&amp;rft.aulast=Lepelley&amp;rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=387-402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANez"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Noses?uselang=fr">Nez</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/nez" class="extiw" title="wikt:nez">Nez</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_nasale" title="Cavité nasale">Cavité nasale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89carteur_nasal" title="Écarteur nasal">Écarteur nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoplastie" title="Rhinoplastie">Rhinoplastie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nez&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l&#39;information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976036r">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976036r">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092748">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4171180-4">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562889">Japon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007536213705171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ph123331">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul></div></li> <li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/nose"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//n%C3%A6se/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0119158.xml"><i>Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/nesen"><i>Store norske leksikon</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/naso"><i>Treccani</i></a></li> </ul></div></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressources relatives à la santé<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span>&#160;: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009666"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Medical Subject Headings</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncit.nci.nih.gov/ncitbrowser/ConceptReport.jsp?dictionary=NCI%20Thesaurus&amp;code=C12756"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">NCI Thesaurus</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/A06.1.01.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">TA98</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=117"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">TA2</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0000004"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Uberon</span></a></li> </ul></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctissimo.fr/html/sante/mag_2001/mag0525/sa_4070_rhinite_nez.htm">Anatomie du nez</a>, sur le site <i><a href="/wiki/Doctissimo" title="Doctissimo">doctissimo</a>.fr</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_respiratoire" title="Modèle:Palette Système respiratoire"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Syst%C3%A8me_respiratoire&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Appareil <a href="/wiki/Appareil_respiratoire" title="Appareil respiratoire">respiratoire</a> et <a href="/wiki/Appareil_phonatoire" title="Appareil phonatoire">phonatoire</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Voies_a%C3%A9rodigestives_sup%C3%A9rieures" title="Voies aérodigestives supérieures">Voies supérieures</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavit%C3%A9_nasale" title="Cavité nasale">cavités nasales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouche_humaine" title="Bouche humaine">bouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8vre" title="Lèvre">lèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Langue (anatomie humaine)">langue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent" title="Dent">dents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Os_alv%C3%A9olaire" title="Os alvéolaire">alvéoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_(anatomie)" title="Palais (anatomie)">palais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palais_secondaire" title="Palais secondaire">palais secondaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corde_vocale" title="Corde vocale">plis vocaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89piglotte" title="Épiglotte">épiglotte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Arbre_bronchique" title="Arbre bronchique">Voies inférieures</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trach%C3%A9e" title="Trachée">Trachée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poumon" title="Poumon">poumons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronche" title="Bronche">bronches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchioles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%A9ole_pulmonaire" title="Alvéole pulmonaire">alvéoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingula_(anatomie)" title="Lingula (anatomie)">lingula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Organes associés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A8vre" title="Plèvre">Plèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage_thoracique" title="Cage thoracique">cage thoracique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragme_(organe)" title="Diaphragme (organe)">diaphragme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_phr%C3%A9nique" title="Nerf phrénique">nerfs phréniques</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Physiologie</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_pulmonaire" title="Ventilation pulmonaire">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9matose" title="Hématose">hématose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toux" title="Toux">toux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ternuement" title="Éternuement">éternuement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale">Voir aussi&#160;: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumologie" title="Pneumologie">Pneumologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngologie" title="Otorhinolaryngologie">Otorhinolaryngologie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Anatomie" title="Modèle:Palette Anatomie"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a>&#160;· <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Anatomie&amp;action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomie" title="Anatomie">Anatomie</a> des <a href="/wiki/Organe" title="Organe">organes</a> <a href="/wiki/Corps_humain" title="Corps humain">humains</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Appareil_cardiovasculaire" title="Appareil cardiovasculaire">Système cardiovasculaire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%93ur_humain" title="Cœur humain">Cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisseau_sanguin" title="Vaisseau sanguin">Vaisseaux sanguins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art%C3%A8re" title="Artère">Artère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veine" title="Veine">Veine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaire_(anatomie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaire (anatomie)">Capillaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_syst%C3%A9mique" title="Circulation systémique">Circulation systémique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulation_pulmonaire" title="Circulation pulmonaire">Circulation pulmonaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_lymphatique" title="Système lymphatique">Système lymphatique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rate" title="Rate">Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisseau_lymphatique" title="Vaisseau lymphatique">Vaisseaux lymphatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_lymphatique" title="Ganglion lymphatique">Lymphonoeuds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus_(anatomie)" title="Thymus (anatomie)">Thymus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moelle_osseuse" title="Moelle osseuse">Moelle osseuse</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Appareil_digestif" title="Appareil digestif">Système digestif</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouche_humaine" title="Bouche humaine">Bouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8vre" title="Lèvre">Lèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langue_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Langue (anatomie humaine)">Langue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dent" title="Dent">Dents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glande_salivaire" title="Glande salivaire">Glandes salivaires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92sophage" title="Œsophage">Œsophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estomac" title="Estomac">Estomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestin_gr%C3%AAle" title="Intestin grêle">Intestin grêle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4lon" title="Côlon">Côlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foie" title="Foie">Foie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancr%C3%A9as" title="Pancréas">Pancréas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9sicule_biliaire" title="Vésicule biliaire">Vésicule biliaire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_endocrinien" title="Système endocrinien">Système endocrinien</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glande_thyro%C3%AFde" title="Glande thyroïde">Thyroïde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glande_parathyro%C3%AFde" title="Glande parathyroïde">Parathyroïdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancr%C3%A9as" title="Pancréas">Pancréas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glande_surr%C3%A9nale" title="Glande surrénale">Glandes surrénales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypophyse" title="Hypophyse">Hypophyse</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Appareil_respiratoire" title="Appareil respiratoire">Système respiratoire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trach%C3%A9e" title="Trachée">Trachée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronche" title="Bronche">Bronche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poumon" title="Poumon">Poumon</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Appareil_locomoteur" title="Appareil locomoteur">Système musculo-squelettique</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myologie" title="Myologie">Myologie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ost%C3%A9ologie" title="Ostéologie">Ostéologie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Os" title="Os">Os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrologie" title="Arthrologie">Syndesmologie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_nerveux" title="Système nerveux">Système nerveux</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerveau_humain" title="Cerveau humain">Cerveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moelle_spinale" title="Moelle spinale">Moelle spinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf" title="Nerf">Nerfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_cr%C3%A2nien" title="Nerf crânien">craniens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_spinal" title="Nerf spinal">spinaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_sensitif" title="Nerf sensitif">afférents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerf_moteur" title="Nerf moteur">eférrents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Système génito-urinaire</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Appareil_urinaire" title="Appareil urinaire">Système urinaire</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rein" title="Rein">Rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uret%C3%A8re" title="Uretère">Uretère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessie" title="Vessie">Vessie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%A8tre" title="Urètre">Urètre</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style=""><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_reproducteur" title="Système reproducteur">Système reproducteur</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appareil_g%C3%A9nital_f%C3%A9minin" title="Appareil génital féminin">Féminin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovaire" title="Ovaire">Ovaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%A9rus" title="Utérus">Utérus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagin_humain" title="Vagin humain">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulve_humaine" title="Vulve humaine">Vulve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appareil_g%C3%A9nital_masculin" title="Appareil génital masculin">Masculin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testicule" title="Testicule">Testicule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9nis_humain" title="Pénis humain">Pénis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9sicule_s%C3%A9minale" title="Vésicule séminale">Vésicule séminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style=";" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_urog%C3%A9nital" title="Triangle urogénital">Triangle urogénital</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Branches de l'anatomie</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Anatomie générale">Anatomie générale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_radiologique" title="Anatomie radiologique">Anatomie radiologique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomie_compar%C3%A9e" title="Anatomie comparée">Anatomie comparée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomopathologie" title="Anatomopathologie">Anatomie pathologique</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Grandes revues scientifiques</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Anatomy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Anatomy (page inexistante)">Journal of Anatomy</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Anatomy" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Anatomy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Journal of Anatomy&#160;»">(en)</span></a></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surgical_and_Radiologic_Anatomy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (page inexistante)">Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_and_Radiologic_Anatomy" class="extiw" title="en:Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy&#160;»">(en)</span></a></span></i></li> <li><i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Anatomy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Annals of Anatomy (page inexistante)">Annals of Anatomy</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Anatomy" class="extiw" title="en:Annals of Anatomy"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Annals of Anatomy&#160;»">(en)</span></a></span></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Articles liés</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histologie" title="Histologie">Histologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryologie" title="Embryologie">Embryologie</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-banner" style="" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Appareil_(anatomie)" title="Appareil (anatomie)">Liste des appareils anatomiques et systèmes humains</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:M%C3%A9decine" title="Portail de la médecine"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Star_of_life2.svg/24px-Star_of_life2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Star_of_life2.svg/36px-Star_of_life2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Star_of_life2.svg/48px-Star_of_life2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:M%C3%A9decine" title="Portail:Médecine">Portail de la médecine</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Odeurs,_senteurs_et_parfum" title="Portail des odeurs, des senteurs et du parfum"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pomander_1518_%282%29.png/18px-Pomander_1518_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pomander_1518_%282%29.png/27px-Pomander_1518_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pomander_1518_%282%29.png/37px-Pomander_1518_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Odeurs,_senteurs_et_parfum" title="Portail:Odeurs, senteurs et parfum">Portail des odeurs, des senteurs et du parfum</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Anatomie" title="Portail de l’anatomie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Creative-Tail-xray2.svg/24px-Creative-Tail-xray2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Creative-Tail-xray2.svg/36px-Creative-Tail-xray2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Creative-Tail-xray2.svg/48px-Creative-Tail-xray2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a 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