CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Non-English-based programming languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1dcbded6-6289-4bc1-a2b4-2aa80c07dcd3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Non-English-based_programming_languages","wgTitle":"Non-English-based programming languages","wgCurRevisionId":1276059105,"wgRevisionId":1276059105,"wgArticleId":365497,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles with too many examples from June 2020", "All articles with too many examples","Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2020","Articles needing cleanup from February 2015","All pages needing cleanup","Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2015","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2015","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with dead external links from August 2024","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Non-English-based programming languages","Lists of programming languages","Natural language and computing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Non-English-based_programming_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":365497,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q794364","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Non-English-based programming languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Non-English-based_programming_languages rootpage-Non-English-based_programming_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Non-English-based+programming+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Non-English-based+programming+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Non-English-based+programming+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Non-English-based+programming+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_English-based_programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_English-based_programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prevalence of English-based programming languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_English-based_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_programming_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_programming_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>International programming languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_programming_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International programming languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ALGOL_68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALGOL_68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ALGOL 68</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALGOL_68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Citrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hedy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scheme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scratch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scratch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Scratch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scratch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_non-English_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_non-English_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Based on non-English languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_non-English_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_on_symbols_instead_of_keywords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_on_symbols_instead_of_keywords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Based on symbols instead of keywords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_on_symbols_instead_of_keywords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modifiable_parser_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modifiable_parser_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modifiable parser syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modifiable_parser_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-English-based programming languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات برمجة غير إنجليزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات برمجة غير إنجليزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanglabazitaj_programlingvoj" title="Neanglabazitaj programlingvoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Neanglabazitaj programlingvoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="गैर-अंग्रेजी भाषाओं में प्रोग्रामन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गैर-अंग्रेजी भाषाओं में प्रोग्रामन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggi_di_programmazione_non_basati_sull%27inglese" title="Linguaggi di programmazione non basati sull'inglese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggi di programmazione non basati sull'inglese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_niet_op_het_Engels_gebaseerde_programmeertalen" title="Lijst van niet op het Engels gebaseerde programmeertalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van niet op het Engels gebaseerde programmeertalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்கிலம் சாராத நிரலாக்க மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆங்கிலம் சாராத நிரலாக்க மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="非基于英语的编程语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非基于英语的编程语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794364#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Non-English-based_programming_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Non-English-based_programming_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&oldid=1276059105" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Non-English-based_programming_languages&id=1276059105&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNon-English-based_programming_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNon-English-based_programming_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794364" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Non-English-based programming languages">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Talk:Non-English-based programming languages">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Example_farm plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">irrelevant</a> examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding descriptive text and removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Example_cruft" title="Wikipedia:Example cruft">less pertinent examples</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>List inclusion criteria.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Non-English-based programming languages">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Non-English-based programming languages</b> are <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> that do not use keywords taken from or inspired by <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> vocabulary. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_of_English-based_programming_languages">Prevalence of English-based programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prevalence of English-based programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_in_computing" title="English in computing">English in computing</a></div> <p>The use of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> in the inspiration for the choice of elements, in particular for <a href="/wiki/Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keywords</a> in computer programming languages and code libraries, represents a significant trend in the history of language design. According to the HOPL online database of languages,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of the 8,500+ programming languages recorded, roughly 2,400 of them were developed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 600 in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, 160 in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and 75 in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. </p><p>Thus, over a third of all programming languages have been developed in countries where English is the primary language. This does not take into account the usage share of each programming language, situations where a language was developed in a non-English-speaking country but used English to appeal to an international audience (see the case of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), and situations where it was based on another programming language which used English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_programming_languages">International programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of international-style programming languages was inspired by the work of British <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientists</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a>, and others. It represents a class of languages of which the line of the algorithmic languages <a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> was exemplary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ALGOL_68">ALGOL 68</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ALGOL 68"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>'s standard document was published in numerous <a href="/wiki/Natural_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural languages">natural languages</a>. The standard allowed the internationalization of the programming language. On December 20, 1968, the "Final Report" (MR 101) was adopted by the Working Group, then subsequently approved by the General Assembly of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IFIP" class="mw-redirect" title="IFIP">IFIP</a> for publication. Translations of the standard were made for <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, and then later <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. The standard was also available in <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Braille for which language(s)? (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. ALGOL 68 went on to become the <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST/ГОСТ</a>-27974-88 standard in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p> <ul><li>GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In English, Algol68's case statement reads <b>case</b> ~ <b>in</b> ~ <b>out</b> ~ <b>esac</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, this reads <b>выб</b> ~ <b>в</b> ~ <b>либо</b> ~ <b>быв</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citrine">Citrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Citrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Localization is the core feature of the <a href="/wiki/Citrine_(programming_language)" title="Citrine (programming language)">Citrine Programming Language</a>. Citrine is designed to be translatable to every written human language. For instance the <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian language</a> version is called Citrine/FY. Citrine features localized keywords, localized numbers and localized punctuation. Users can translate code files from one language into another using a string-based approach. At the time of writing, Citrine supports 111 human languages. Support is not limited to well-known languages; all natural human languages up to <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Graded_Intergenerational_Disruption_Scale_(EGIDS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS)">EGIDS-6</a> are being accepted for inclusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hedy">Hedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hedy is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> programming language which was developed for programming education. It was designed to be as instructive as possible and as accessible as possible with a few unique features. As of September 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it supports 47 different languages,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning its keywords can be typed in any of those. It supports languages that do not use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> for their keywords and variable names and it also supports more numbering systems than <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Eastern Arabic numerals</a>. All of these can be used interchangeably. The error messages are quite verbose, explaining what is wrong and what might be a fix. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scheme">Scheme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scheme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization</a> is not a part of any <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a> standard, the expressiveness and flexibility of the language allows for the addition of internationalization as a <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/metaphorm/international-scheme/">International Scheme</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> project to which anyone can contribute a translation. Since translations of Scheme can be loaded as libraries, Scheme programs can be <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratch">Scratch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scratch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a> is a block-based educational language. The text of the blocks is translated into many languages, and users can select different translations. Unicode characters are supported in variable and list names. (Scratch lists are not stored inside variables the way arrays or lists are handled in most languages. Variables only store strings, numbers, and, with workarounds, Boolean values, while lists are a separate data type that store sequences of these values.) Projects can be "translated" by simply changing the language of the editor, although this does not translate the variable names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Based_on_non-English_languages">Based on non-English languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Based on non-English languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Programming languages based on human languages other than English </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Basis </th> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Description </th> <th scope="col">Link </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a> </td> <td>Alsatran </td> <td>A version of <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> with keywords and built-in identifiers all translated to Alsatian. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> </td> <td>AxumLight / Geez# </td> <td>Amharic-based programming language on the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Core" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Core">.NET</a> platform </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethiocloud.com/axumlight.aspx">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BunnaScript </td> <td>A multilingual JavaScript and TypeScript programming language that enables writing computer code in the user's native language. Currently supports Amharic language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ethiocloud.com/bunnascript.aspx">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td>Al-Khawarizm </td> <td>Middle-level language for system programming with custom IDE. Intended for professional purpose. Supports Windows and Linux platforms. First design and development in 2008. Development status: active. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://alkhawarizm.org/">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jeem </td> <td>Arabic procedural programming language that uses features from both C and Pascal. Supports simple graphics. Intended for educational purposes. Developed by Mohammad Ammar Alsalka. Released in 2006. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jeemlang.com/documentation/webframe.html">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ARLOGO </td> <td>An open-source language based on the UCB <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> interpreter. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ebda3 </td> <td>A multi-paradigm high-level programming language. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qalb_(programming_language)" title="Qalb (programming language)">Qalb</a> </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>-like programming language.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://nas.sr/قلب/">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalimat </td> <td>A programming language that aims to help Arab children learn about programming.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammoria </td> <td>Object-oriented language </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ammoria.sourceforge.net/ar/ar_index.html">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loughaty (MyProLang) </td> <td>A general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural language programming">natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> based on a proprietary syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phoenix </td> <td>A C-like high-level imperative procedural language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ammoria.sourceforge.net/ar/ar_index.html">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seen </td> <td>A Bilingual English/Arabic based language that transpiles to Rust. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/abukhadra/seen">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> </td> <td>Nasimi </td> <td>An Azerbaijani implementation of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/arazgholami/nasimi">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>ChaScript </td> <td>Built using <a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a> grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sjishan.github.io/chascript/">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_BASIC" title="Chinese BASIC">Chinese BASIC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>-localized <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> dialects based on <a href="/wiki/Applesoft_BASIC" title="Applesoft BASIC">Applesoft BASIC</a>; for <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_II_clones" title="List of Apple II clones">clones</a> and the Multitech <a href="/wiki/Microprofessor_II" title="Microprofessor II">Microprofessor II</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChinesePython&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChinesePython (page does not exist)">ChinesePython</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E8%9F%92" class="extiw" title="zh:周蟒">zh</a>]</span> (ZhPy) </td> <td>A version of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> with keywords and built-in identifiers all translated to Chinese. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.chinesepython.org/english/english.html">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Easy_Programming_Language" title="Easy Programming Language">Easy Programming Language</a> </td> <td>A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">rapid application development</a> language. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wenyan </td> <td>An esoteric language that closely follows the grammar and sentence structure of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>; it compiles to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and Python (with C, etc. forthcoming). </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/LingDong-/wenyan-lang">wenyan-lang</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wenyan-lang.lingdong.works">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karel_(programming_language)#Variants_and_descendants" title="Karel (programming language)">Karel</a> </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Educational_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational programming language">educational programming language</a> with Czech and Slovak versions. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> </td> <td>Superlogo </td> <td>Created for <a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">computer-aided instruction</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drama </td> <td>An assembly language for educational purposes. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> </td> <td>sampo </td> <td>An educational <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a>-like programming language used in the 1980s by a high school in the city of <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tampio </td> <td>Made to look like a natural language. Object-oriented. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/fergusq/tampio">tampio</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>GOTO++ </td> <td>An esoteric programming language loosely based on French and English. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gotopp.org/index.html.en">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linotte" title="Linotte">Linotte</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LSE_(programming_language)" title="LSE (programming language)">LSE</a> (Language Symbolique d'Enseignement) </td> <td>A pedagogical programming language designed in the 1970s at the École Supérieure d'Électricité. A kind of BASIC, but with procedures, functions, and local variables, like in Pascal. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BASICOIS </td> <td>BASIC with French keywords<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SPIP" title="SPIP">SPIP</a> </td> <td>Templating language with French syntax<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLangage" class="extiw" title="fr:WLangage">WLangage</a> </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinDev" class="extiw" title="fr:WinDev">WinDev</a> programming language </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rouille </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> translated into French<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/bnjbvr/rouille">rouille</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </td> <td>Teuton </td> <td>A German implementation of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fiber-space.de/EasyExtend/doc/teuton/teuton.htm">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schlange </td> <td>Another German implementation of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/actopozipc/German-Python-Interpreter">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_Karol" class="extiw" title="de:Robot Karol">Robot Karol</a> </td> <td>A 3D implementation and German translation of <a href="/wiki/Karel_(programming_language)" title="Karel (programming language)">Karel</a> used for educational purposes in secondary education. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td>Glossa </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>, used for educational purposes in secondary education. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://alkisg.mysch.gr/">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>M2000 </td> <td>Programming Environment using Greek and or English Keywords. Basic like language (interpreter) with over 500 Keywords, including OOP, Threads, Events, Lambda Functions. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_BASIC_dialects" title="List of BASIC dialects">List of BASIC dialects</a>, <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/M2000Interpreter/Environment">Environment</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> </td> <td>Hapy </td> <td>Hausa Programming language that compiles to Python, for educational purposes. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/hapy-lang/hapy">Hapy Github page</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> </td> <td>TamliLogo </td> <td>A Hebrew implementation of <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il/bagrutcm/cp/homepage/tamlilogo.htm">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genesis </td> <td>An esoteric programming language based on "Paleo-Hebrew". </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/elonlit/Genesis">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td>OM Lang </td> <td>OM Lang is a multilingual, statically typed programming language that supports more than 9+ Indian languages. OM Lang is very similar to GO, C and Rust. It has its own interpreter and compiler. </td> <td> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omlang.com/">OM Lang</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.omlang">OM Lang Android App</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bharat programming language </td> <td>A Hindi programming language with all the modern basic functionalities like loops, function, classes, structure. Its interpreter is written in Python. You can install in your local system or you can use online interpreter. </td> <td> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://bharatam.netlify.com">[19]</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kalaam.io </td> <td>Kalaam is the programming language in Hindi and has all the basic functionalities of a modern programming language from for loops to while loops and from functions to conditional statements. Kalaam has its own parser, interpreter, Virtual memory stack and executes source code from parse tree generated by the parser. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.kalaam.io/">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhailang </td> <td>Bhailang is dynamically typed toy programming language, based on an inside joke, written in Typescript. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://bhailang.js.org/">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hindi Programming Language </td> <td>A Hindi programming language for the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001163914/http://www.sktnetwork.com/portfolio/hindi-programming-language">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W language </td> <td>A Hindi translated HTML language </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rvenkatesh29/w_language">w language</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hindawi_Programming_System" title="Hindawi Programming System">Hindawi Programming System</a> </td> <td>A set of variants of C, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lex_(software)" title="Lex (software)">lex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yacc" title="Yacc">yacc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lnir_(programming_language)" title="Fjölnir (programming language)">Fjölnir</a> </td> <td>An imperative programming language from the 1980s. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> </td> <td>BAIK </td> <td>C with Indonesian keywords. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/baik/">BAIK</a> on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> </td> <td>Setanta </td> <td>High level general purpose language that runs in the browser. Contains a graphics API that can be used to make games and animations </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://try-setanta.ie">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> </td> <td>CadregaLisp </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> dialect based a comedian sketch of <a href="/wiki/Aldo,_Giovanni_%26_Giacomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldo, Giovanni & Giacomo">Aldo Giovanni and Giacomo</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/micheleriva/CadregaLisp">CadregaLisp</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GomorraSQL </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> dialect based upon the Italian series <i><a href="/wiki/Gomorrah_(TV_series)" title="Gomorrah (TV series)">Gomorrah</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/aurasphere/gomorra-sql">GomorraSQL</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monicelli </td> <td>An esoteric programming language based upon the so-called "Supercazzola" of the movie <i><a href="/wiki/My_Friends_(film)" title="My Friends (film)">My Friends</a></i> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/esseks/monicelli">monicelli</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dolittle_(programming_language)" title="Dolittle (programming language)">Dolittle</a> </td> <td>Developed for educational purposes. Freeware. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dolittle.eplang.jp/">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himawari_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himawari (programming language) (page does not exist)">Himawari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B2%E3%81%BE%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" class="extiw" title="ja:ひまわり (プログラミング言語)">ja</a>]</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひまわり</span></span></span>) </td> <td>Succeeded by Nadeshiko. Freeware. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://kujirahand.com/himawari/">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kotodama (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ことだま</span></span></span>) on Squeak </td> <td>Based on <a href="/wiki/Squeak" title="Squeak">Squeak</a>. For educational purposes. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408103217/http://crew-lab.sfc.keio.ac.jp/squeak/">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind (programming language) (page does not exist)">Mind</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" class="extiw" title="ja:Mind (プログラミング言語)">ja</a>]</span> </td> <td>A variant of <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">FORTH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scripts-lab.co.jp/mind/whatsmind.html">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadeshiko_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadeshiko (programming language) (page does not exist)">Nadeshiko</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%93_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" class="extiw" title="ja:なでしこ (プログラミング言語)">ja</a>]</span> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">なでしこ</span></span></span>) </td> <td>Successor of Himawari. Open source freeware. Chosen (along with MIT Scratch) in one of the 3 official textbooks of technical arts for junior high schools in Japan, from 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://nadesi.com/">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Produire_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Produire (programming language) (page does not exist)">Produire</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="ja:プロデル">ja</a>]</span> </td> <td>An object-oriented Japanese programming language. Successor of TTSneo. Freeware. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://rdr.utopiat.net/">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=TTSneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TTSneo (page does not exist)">TTSneo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTSneo" class="extiw" title="ja:TTSneo">ja</a>]</span> </td> <td>A Japanese programming language. Succeeded by Produire. Freeware. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tts.utopiat.net/">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unchiku (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">うんちく</span></span></span>) </td> <td>A Japanese programming language. Has limited functions/operations. Developed for educational purposes. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://python3lover.github.io/unchiku/">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> </td> <td>sawa </td> <td>A Javanese translated Python language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/lantip/sawa">sawa</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> </td> <td>Ssiat </td> <td>A language using <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> (Korean). The name <i>Ssiat</i> (씨앗) means "seed" in Korean. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aheui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aheui (page does not exist)">Aheui</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%AC" class="extiw" title="ko:아희">ko</a>]</span> </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">esoteric programming language</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Befunge" title="Befunge">Befunge</a> but using Hangul<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Changjo </td> <td>A language using Hangul. It is used for multimedia and game programming. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>hForth </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> system with an optional Korean keyword set. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.taygeta.com/hforth.html">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> </td> <td>Lusus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lingua::Romana::Perligata </td> <td>Alternative Syntax for <a href="/wiki/Perl_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Perl 5">Perl 5</a> that allows programming in Latin. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://metacpan.org/pod/distribution/Lingua-Romana-Perligata/lib/Lingua/Romana/Perligata.pm">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> </td> <td>Dzintars </td> <td>Ruby translated into Latvian. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dzintars-valoda/dzintars">dzintars</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> </td> <td>Setonas </td> <td>Python translated into Lithuanian. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Setonas/setonas">setonas</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td>Malaybasic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> with Malay keywords </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.malaybasic.com/">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> </td> <td>Thengascript </td> <td>A dialect of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> in the Malayalam language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://makers-of-kerala.com/thengascript/">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malluscript </td> <td>An esoteric <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> made with <a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Manglish#Other_usage" title="Manglish">Manglish</a> with an aim to provide inclusivity and diversity in programming. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/Sreyas-Sreelal/malluscript">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plains_Cree_language" title="Plains Cree language">Nehiyawewin/Cree</a> </td> <td>Ancestral Code (Cree#) </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a> and language based on the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Nehiyaw (Cree)</a> language and cultural storytelling practice. </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> </td> <td>Farsinet </td> <td>An <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> programming language for <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>. It is similar to C# and Delphi. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://code.google.com/p/farsinet/">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kharazmi </td> <td>A Persian programming language and IDE designed to teach programming to middle school students, similar to <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zangar </td> <td>Zangar (Persian for Rust) allows you to write Rust programs in Persian, using Persian keywords and function names. It is adapted from Rouille, the original French implementation of Rust. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ui-ce/zangar">zangar</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kati (زبان کاتی) </td> <td>An online programming language in Persian language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.scanf.ir/?page=kati">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hashemi (آقای هاشمی) </td> <td>forked from "SimpleLanguage" that is a simple example language built using the Truffle API. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/mr-hashemi/mr-hashemi">mr-hashemi</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simorgh (SPL) </td> <td>SPL has been invented with the aim that non-technical people would be able to produce their own portable applications which can be written in their own native language. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.simorghonline.com">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td>AC-Logo </td> <td>Logo with Polish commands IDŹ, OTO, NAPRZÓD etc. created in 1992 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SAKO_(programming_language)" title="SAKO (programming language)">SAKO</a> </td> <td>A language created in the 1950s and nicknamed the "Polish <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EOL </td> <td>Expression Oriented Language allowed for using Polish or English keywords. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zdzich </td> <td>Amateur programming language for DOS. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jelcyn.com/dos/zdzich.htm">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td>VisuAlg </td> <td>A language designed to teach programming, based on <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://visualg3.com.br/">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>potigol </td> <td>A functional programming language in Portuguese for beginners. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://potigol.github.io/">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugol Studio </td> <td>based in C and <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> for learning purposes. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lite.acad.univali.br/portugol/">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>G-Portugol </td> <td>A programming language with Portuguese keywords. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/thiago-silva/gpt">gpt</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NPortugol </td> <td>A .NET Programming language for embedded scripts </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ricardoborges.github.io/NPortugol/">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1C:Enterprise" title="1C:Enterprise">1C:Enterprise</a> </td> <td>A framework and language for business applications. English keywords can also be used. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapira" title="Rapira">РАПИРА</a> </td> <td>An interpreted procedural programming language with strong dynamic type system. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Аналитик">Аналитик</a> </td> <td>A language for symbolic manipulations with algebraic expressions used in the Soviet series of <a href="/wiki/MIR_(computer)" title="MIR (computer)">MIR</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-76" class="mw-redirect" title="Эль-76">Эль-76</a> </td> <td>A language for symbolic manipulations with algebraic expressions used in the Soviet series of <a href="/wiki/Elbrus_(computer)" title="Elbrus (computer)">Elbrus</a> computers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%9C%D0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ЯМБ (page does not exist)">ЯМБ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%9C%D0%91" class="extiw" title="ru:ЯМБ">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td>ЯМБ (язык машин бухгалтерских) (machine language for accounting machines) – A Russian programming language for Iskra-554, Iskra-555, and Neva-501 specialized accounting computers. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="КуМир (page does not exist)">КуМир</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:КуМир">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> and IDE, mainly intended for educational usage in schools. The name is an acronym, which means <i>Комплект ученический 'Мир'</i> ('Mir' student's environment). </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robic" title="Robic">Робик</a> </td> <td>A simple language for teaching the basics of programming to children. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ЯАП </td> <td>A language used on <a href="/wiki/Nairi_(computer)" title="Nairi (computer)">Nairi</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>АЛМИР-65 </td> <td>A language used on <a href="/wiki/MIR_(computer)" title="MIR (computer)">MIR</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=UAYa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UAYa (page does not exist)">УАЯ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Учебный алгоритмический язык">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td>A language to study programming </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ХУЯ </td> <td>A language to study programming </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/tsoding/good_training_language">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omlang.com/">OM Lang</a> </td> <td>OM Lang is a <a href="/wiki/Statically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically typed">statically typed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> programming language with first-class support for Sanskrit. It claims to be the world's first Sanskrit programming language, offering Sanskrit keywords and syntax. The language aims to experiment with using Sanskrit in programming. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://omlang.com/">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> </td> <td>Ћ плус плус </td> <td>Ћ плус плус (Serbian, "C plus plus") is a <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> like programming language based on <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ћпп.срб">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceylonicus.vercel.app/">Ceylonicus</a> </td> <td>Ceylonicus, the first Sinhala-based programming language: <p>Ceylonicus is an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> programming language designed to bridge the gap between <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> syntax within a unified codebase. As a Sinhala Programming Language, it empowers developers to express their ideas in both languages seamlessly. Ceylonicus is implemented in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and features a web-based environment, built using <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brython.info">Brython</a>. </p> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceylonicus.vercel.app/">Run Online (WEB IDE)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/RezSat/Ceylonicus">Source Code Ceylonicus Source Code</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> </td> <td>GarGar </td> <td>A procedural programming language based on <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> for learning purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vainilla </td> <td>A pseudocode interpreter for Spanish that runs in the browser. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://vainilla.app">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSeInt" title="PSeInt">PSeInt</a> </td> <td>A pseudocode interpreter for Spanish, like Pascal, with a completely Spanish-based syntax. PSeInt is an abbreviation for <i>Pseudocode Interpreter</i>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qriollo </td> <td>An impure strict functional programming language that compiles to C, Python, and JVM Bytecode, with keywords in <a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense Spanish</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://qriollo.github.io/">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latino_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latino (lenguaje de programación) (page does not exist)">Latino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(lenguaje_de_programaci%C3%B3n)" class="extiw" title="es:Latino (lenguaje de programación)">es</a>]</span> </td> <td>A language with a completely Spanish-based syntax. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.lenguajelatino.org">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sí </td> <td>A direct translation pseudo-language for coding in C and C++ with Spanish keywords. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://akercheval.github.io/si/">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauscal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pauscal (page does not exist)">Pauscal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauscal" class="extiw" title="es:Pauscal">es</a>]</span> </td> <td>A language with a completely Spanish-based syntax; compiler for 32-bit Windows. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=InformATE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InformATE (page does not exist)">InformATE</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/InformATE" class="extiw" title="es:InformATE">es</a>]</span> </td> <td>A translation of <a href="/wiki/Inform" title="Inform">Inform</a>, used for creating text-based games. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>EsJS </td> <td>An interpreted programming language with Spanish syntax, based on JavaScript. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://es.js.org/">Website</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editor.esjs.dev/">Playground</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aprender.esjs.dev/">Learn</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/es-js/esjs">esjs</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> </td> <td>swap </td> <td>Swahili Programming Language; it is an educational programming language built over Nodejs, It was built as way to help Swahili speakers to easily grasp the concept of coding and programming in general. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://swap.edtech.co.tz/">[52]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://edtech.co.tz/">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enkelt.edvard.dev">Enkelt</a> </td> <td>A language with a completely Swedish-based syntax. Transpiled to Python. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://enkelt.io">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td>Bato </td> <td>Ruby translated into Tagalog. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/jjuliano/bato">bato</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ezhil_(programming_language)" title="Ezhil (programming language)">Ezhil</a> </td> <td>Developed for educational purposes. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eTamil </td> <td>The purpose of eTamil is to be an Indian DSL for Accounts & Fintech. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Maruff/eTamil">eTamil</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Swaram </td> <td>A simple, general-purpose and procedural language.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>W language </td> <td>HTML translation in Tamil language </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rvenkatesh29/w_language">w language</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> </td> <td>Yakamoz </td> <td>A Turkish implementation similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://yakamoz.netlify.app/">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>UrduScript </td> <td>A dialect of <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://asadmemon.com/urduscript/">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td>Draig </td> <td>A Welsh implementation of <a href="/wiki/Raku_(programming_language)" title="Raku (programming language)">Raku</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> </td> <td>Yorlang </td> <td>Built on top of <a href="/wiki/Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a>. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://anoniscoding.github.io/yorlang/docs/doc.html">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="12"><i>Various</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logo_(programming_language)" title="Logo (programming language)">Logo</a> </td> <td>In one of its <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> editions, it was available in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. A version used in Bulgarian education with <a href="/wiki/Pravetz_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pravetz computers">Bulgarian Apple II clones</a> was translated in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian (language)">Bulgarian</a>. LOGO for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> localization. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_Dimension_(software)" title="4th Dimension (software)">4th Dimension</a> </td> <td>On local versions, its internal language uses <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> keywords. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(programming_language)" title="FOCAL (programming language)">FOCAL</a> </td> <td>Keywords were originally in English, but <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> produced versions of FOCAL in several European languages. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mama_(software)" title="Mama (software)">Mama</a> </td> <td>An educational programming language and development environment, designed to help young students start programming by building 3D animations and games. It is currently available in English, Hebrew, Yiddish, and Chinese. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">MS Word</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">MS Excel</a> </td> <td>Their <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> languages used to be localized in non-English languages. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ML4 </td> <td>A language for client/server database programming, with keywords in English or German.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RoboMind" title="RoboMind">RoboMind</a> </td> <td>An educational programming language available in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a> </td> <td>An introductory <a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming</a> language from MIT's Media Lab with support for programming in multiple languages included as standard. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catrobat" title="Catrobat">Catrobat</a> </td> <td>A visual programming language targeted at teenagers with support for more than 60 languages like Slovenian, Polish, Hindi, German, Romanian, Turkish, Norwegian, Akan, Twi, Hebrew, Chinese Simplified, Indonesian, Swedish, Chinese Traditional, Portuguese, Brazilian, Croatian, Bosnian, Thai, Japanese, Sindhi, Tamil, Swahili, Arabic, Persian, Korean, Serbian (Cyrillic), Serbian (Latin), Bengali, French, Slovak, Vietnamese, Italian, Macedonian, Russian, Portuguese, English, Canada, Czech, Sinhala, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Dutch, Catalan, Albanian, Pashto, Gujarati, Finnish, Malay, Lithuanian, Malayalam, Danish, Hungarian, Afrikaans, Kannada, Greek, Bulgarian, Galician, Urdu (Pakistan), English, Australia, English, United Kingdom, Telugu, Ukrainian, Hausa and Igbo. </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/Catrobat/">[58]</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO</a> </td> <td>The programming language used to drive the actions of the <a href="/wiki/TECO_(text_editor)" title="TECO (text editor)">TECO text editor</a>. The MIT dialect of this language was used to program early versions of <a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a> before its 1985 rewrite in <a href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TI-BASIC" title="TI-BASIC">TI-Calculator BASIC</a> </td> <td>The 68000 version is localized. Various configuration strings are localized too, preventing direct binary compatibility. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(programming_language)" title="Citrine (programming language)">Citrine</a> </td> <td>Programming language that can be used to code in any native human language, includes a translator module to translate code from one human language to another. At the time of writing it supports English, Dutch, Lithuanian and Romanian. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="Languages_based_on_symbols_instead_of_keywords"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Based_on_symbols_instead_of_keywords">Based on symbols instead of keywords</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Based on symbols instead of keywords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a> – A language based on mathematical notation and abstractions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainfuck" title="Brainfuck">Brainfuck</a> – A minimalist esoteric programming language, created for the purpose of having the smallest possible <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Emojicode – An esoteric language based on <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emojis</a>.</li> <li>G – Graphical language used in <a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a> (not to be confused with G-code).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbit" title="Urbit">Hoon</a> – A systems programming language for Urbit, compiling to Nock.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_(programming_language)" title="J (programming language)">J</a> – An <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>-like language which uses only <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> special characters and adds <a href="/wiki/Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">function-level programming</a>.</li> <li>Light Pattern – A language which uses a series of photographs rather than text as source code.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_(programming_language)" title="Mouse (programming language)">Mouse</a> – A minimalist language created by Peter Grogono which uses ASCII characters for keywords.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piet (programming language)">Piet</a> – An art-based esoteric programming language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankalk%C3%BCl" title="Plankalkül">Plankalkül</a> – The first high-level non-von Neumann programming language, designed by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(programming_language)" title="Whitespace (programming language)">Whitespace</a> – An esoteric language based on <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitespace (computer science)">whitespace</a> characters (spaces, tabs, and line breaks).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modifiable_parser_syntax">Modifiable parser syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modifiable parser syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babylscript.com/">Babylscript</a> – A multilingual version of JavaScript which uses multiple tokenizers to support localized keywords in different languages and which allows objects and functions to have different names in different languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> – A preprocessor that translates native-language keywords into English in an educational version of the <a href="/wiki/BlackBox_Component_Builder" title="BlackBox Component Builder">BlackBox Component Builder</a> available as open source.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.inr.ac.ru/~info21/software.htm">[59]</a> The translation is controlled via a modifiable vocabulary and supported by modifiable compiler error messages. A complete Russian version is used in education, and it should be possible to accommodate other left-to-right languages (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian language</a> has been tried as a proof of concept).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTalk" title="HyperTalk">HyperTalk</a> – A programming language, which allows translation via custom resources, used in <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ironperunis.codeplex.com/">IronPerunis</a> – An IronPython 2.7 localization to Lithuanian and Russian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a> – A language which once allowed for different "dialects"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including French and Japanese; however, these were removed in later versions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maude_system" title="Maude system">Maude</a> – Completely user-definable syntax and semantics, within the bounds of the ASCII character set.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> – While Perl's keywords and function names are generally in English, it allows modification of its parser to modify the input language, such as in <a href="/wiki/Damian_Conway" title="Damian Conway">Damian Conway</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~damian/papers/HTML/Perligata.html">Lingua::Romana::Perligata</a> module, which allows programs to be written in Latin or Michael G. Schwern's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metacpan.org/module/Lingua::tlhInganHol::yIghun">Lingua::tlhInganHol::yIghun</a> Perl language in Klingon. They do not just change the keywords but also the grammar to match the language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ioke.org">Ioke</a> – Ioke is a folding language. It allows writing highly expressive code that writes code. Examples of same program in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/chinese/account.ik">Chinese</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/danish/account.ik">Danish</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/hindi/account.ik">Hindi</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/olabini/ioke/blob/master/examples/multilang/spanish/account.ik">Spanish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.info">HOPL (History of Programming Languages)</a>, advanced search finds languages by country.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324231641/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf">"GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a>. 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+27974-88+Programming+language+ALGOL+68+%E2%80%93+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9B+68&rft.pub=GOST&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvak.ru%2Flib%2Fexe%2Ffetch.php%2Fbook%2Fgost%2Fpdf%2Fgost-27974-88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27975-88.pdf">"GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a>. 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GOST+27975-88+Programming+language+ALGOL+68+extended+%E2%80%93+%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%9B+68+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&rft.pub=GOST&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvak.ru%2Flib%2Fexe%2Ffetch.php%2Fbook%2Fgost%2Fpdf%2Fgost-27975-88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hedycode.com/">"Hedy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhedycode.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Perrin" class="citation cs2">Jacques Perrin, <i>Conception entre science et art. Regards multiples sur la conception</i>, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conception+entre+science+et+art.+Regards+multiples+sur+la+conception&rft.pub=Presses+polytechniques+et+universitaires+romandes&rft.au=Jacques+Perrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2013/1/25/3914150/alb-programming-language-based-on-arabic-script">"Hello world: Meet قلب, a programming language based on Arabic script"</a>. 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hello+world%3A+Meet+%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8%2C+a+programming+language+based+on+Arabic+script&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2013%2F1%2F25%2F3914150%2Falb-programming-language-based-on-arabic-script&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnet.me/english/editorials/business/industry/kalimat-first-arabic-programming-language-for-kids">"Arabnet | Kalimat: First Arabic Programming Language for Kids"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabnet+%26%23124%3B+Kalimat%3A+First+Arabic+Programming+Language+for+Kids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnet.me%2Fenglish%2Feditorials%2Fbusiness%2Findustry%2Fkalimat-first-arabic-programming-language-for-kids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCECS2008/WCECS2008_pp225-230.pdf"><i>IA eng</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IA+eng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaeng.org%2Fpublication%2FWCECS2008%2FWCECS2008_pp225-230.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>ChaScript: Breaking the language barrier using Bengali programming system</i>, IEEE, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICECE.2014.7026875">10.1109/ICECE.2014.7026875</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39503002">39503002</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ChaScript%3A+Breaking+the+language+barrier+using+Bengali+programming+system&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICECE.2014.7026875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39503002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabelle" class="citation cs2">Labelle, Marcel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/qf/1983-n50-qf1210773/55407ac.pdf"><i>Les langages de programmation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+langages+de+programmation&rft.aulast=Labelle&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fqf%2F1983-n50-qf1210773%2F55407ac.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpip_documentation_team" class="citation cs2">Spip documentation team, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spip.net/@"><i>Language glossary</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+glossary&rft.au=Spip+documentation+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spip.net%2F%40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/bnjbvr/rouille"><i>Rouille language homepage</i></a>, 6 June 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rouille+language+homepage&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fbnjbvr%2Frouille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatagiri" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Katagiri, Akira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scripts-lab.co.jp/mind/ver8/doc/01-Mechanism.html"><bdi lang="ja">1 Mindのしくみと特徴</bdi></a> [Mind – its mechanism and features]. <i>Scripts Lab</i> (in Japanese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>. <q>(rough translation): Mind uses FORTH's mechanism. Even though FORTH was born in America, its grammar is similar to Japanese grammar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scripts+Lab&rft.atitle=1+Mind%E3%81%AE%E3%81%97%E3%81%8F%E3%81%BF%E3%81%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B4&rft.aulast=Katagiri&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripts-lab.co.jp%2Fmind%2Fver8%2Fdoc%2F01-Mechanism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarui2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarui, Hideto (2020-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forest.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/serial/yajiuma/1277779.html"><bdi lang="ja">日本語で書けちゃうプログラミング言語「なでしこ」が中学の教科書に採用！</bdi></a> [Japanese programming language "Nadeshiko" adopted in a junior high textbook!]. <i>WINDOWS FOREST (IT news site)</i> (in Japanese). Impress Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WINDOWS+FOREST+%28IT+news+site%29&rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%A7%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%91%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%81%86%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A7%E3%81%97%E3%81%93%E3%80%8D%E3%81%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AB%E6%8E%A1%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%81&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Tarui&rft.aufirst=Hideto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforest.watch.impress.co.jp%2Fdocs%2Fserial%2Fyajiuma%2F1277779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyoiku-tosho.co.jp/textbook_list/1394/"><bdi lang="ja">令和3年度中学校教科書</bdi></a> [2021 technical arts textbook for junior high school]. <i>Kyoiku tosho corporate website</i> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625075317/https://www.kyoiku-tosho.co.jp/textbook_list/1394/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyoiku+tosho+corporate+website&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C3%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyoiku-tosho.co.jp%2Ftextbook_list%2F1394%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Aheui", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esolangs.org/wiki/Aheui"><i>Esolang</i></a> (wiki)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aheui&rft.btitle=Esolang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesolangs.org%2Fwiki%2FAheui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2023" class="citation journal cs1">Corbett, Jon (2023-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/17/2/000699/000699.html">"ᐊᒐᐦᑭᐯᐦᐃᑲᓇ ᒫᒥᑐᓀᔨᐦᐃᒋᑲᓂᐦᑳᓂᕽ | acahkipehikana mâmitoneyihicikanihkânihk | Programming with Cree# and Ancestral Code: Nehiyawewin Spirit Markings in an Artificial Brain"</a>. <i>Digital Humanities Quarterly</i>. <b>017</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1938-4122">1938-4122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Humanities+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%E1%90%8A%E1%92%90%E1%90%A6%E1%91%AD%E1%90%AF%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%91%B2%E1%93%87+%E1%92%AB%E1%92%A5%E1%91%90%E1%93%80%E1%94%A8%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%92%8B%E1%91%B2%E1%93%82%E1%90%A6%E1%91%B3%E1%93%82%E1%95%BD+%7C+acahkipehikana+m%C3%A2mitoneyihicikanihk%C3%A2nihk+%7C+Programming+with+Cree%23+and+Ancestral+Code%3A+Nehiyawewin+Spirit+Markings+in+an+Artificial+Brain&rft.volume=017&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.issn=1938-4122&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalhumanities.org%2Fdhq%2Fvol%2F17%2F2%2F000699%2F000699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusbergSeppänen1974" class="citation cs2">Husberg, Nisse; Seppänen, Jouko (1974), "Analitik", <i>ACM SIGSAM Bulletin</i>, <b>8</b> (3), ACM: <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1086837.1086841">10.1145/1086837.1086841</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:510819">510819</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGSAM+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Analitik&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1086837.1086841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A510819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Husberg&rft.aufirst=Nisse&rft.au=Sepp%C3%A4nen%2C+Jouko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io89.pl.tl/%26%231059%3B%26%231089%3B%26%231090%3B%26%231072%3B%26%231074%3B%26%231099%3B-%26%231085%3B%26%231072%3B-%26%231082%3B%26%231110%3B%26%231088%3B%26%231099%3B%26%231083%3B%26%231110%3B%26%231094%3B%26%231099%3B.htm#eli"><i>Эль-76</i></a>, Кірыліца ў сеціве</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-76&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%9E+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio89.pl.tl%2F%2526%25231059%253B%2526%25231089%253B%2526%25231090%253B%2526%25231072%253B%2526%25231074%253B%2526%25231099%253B-%2526%25231085%253B%2526%25231072%253B-%2526%25231082%253B%2526%25231110%253B%2526%25231088%253B%2526%25231099%253B%2526%25231083%253B%2526%25231110%253B%2526%25231094%253B%2526%25231099%253B.htm%23eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105104415/http://simpleza.org/manual-gargar/"><i>Manual del lenguaje GarGar</i></a> [<i>GarGar Manual</i>] (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simpleza.org/manual-gargar/">the original</a> on November 5, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+del+lenguaje+GarGar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimpleza.org%2Fmanual-gargar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infitt.org/ti2003/papers/15_ganesh.pdf"><i>Ganesh</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Infitt, 2003</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganesh&rft.pub=Infitt&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infitt.org%2Fti2003%2Fpapers%2F15_ganesh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.to/finanalyst/creating-a-new-programming-language-draig-503p">"Creating a new programming language - Draig"</a>. <i>DEV Community</i>. 2024-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DEV+Community&rft.atitle=Creating+a+new+programming+language+-+Draig&rft.date=2024-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Ffinanalyst%2Fcreating-a-new-programming-language-draig-503p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ml-software.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=22"><i>C/S Entwicklungsumgebung ML4</i></a>, ML-Software</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%2FS+Entwicklungsumgebung+ML4&rft.pub=ML-Software&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ml-software.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D10%26Itemid%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/bf/">"The Brainfuck Programming Language"</a>. Muppetlabs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brainfuck+Programming+Language&rft.pub=Muppetlabs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muppetlabs.com%2F~breadbox%2Fbf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin (August 2015). "Light Pattern: Writing Code with Photographs". <i>Leonardo</i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">375–</span>381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2FLEON_a_01091">10.1162/LEON_a_01091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57571969">57571969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo&rft.atitle=Light+Pattern%3A+Writing+Code+with+Photographs&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E381&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FLEON_a_01091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57571969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Temkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation book cs1">Cook, William R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221501771">"Apple <i>Script</i>"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the third ACM SIGPLAN conference on History of programming languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1238844.1238845">10.1145/1238844.1238845</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595937667" title="Special:BookSources/9781595937667"><bdi>9781595937667</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220938191">220938191</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apple+Script&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+third+ACM+SIGPLAN+conference+on+History+of+programming+languages&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220938191%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1238844.1238845&rft.isbn=9781595937667&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F221501771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lshift.net/blog/2006/06/05/language-design-in-maude">Language Design in Maude</a>, by Matthias, 2006/06/05, LShift Ltd.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigott2006" class="citation web cs1">Pigott, Diarmuid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/">"HOPL, the History of Programming Languages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/">the original</a> on 2011-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HOPL%2C+the+History+of+Programming+Languages&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pigott&rft.aufirst=Diarmuid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhopl.murdoch.edu.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-English-based+programming+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051201183617/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=2178">SAKO information page at HOPL</a> – By Diarmuid Pigott</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_paradigms_navbox" title="Template:Programming paradigms navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_paradigms_navbox" title="Template talk:Programming paradigms navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_paradigms_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming paradigms navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_paradigms_(Comparison_by_language)368" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages">Comparison by language</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">Structured</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_structured_programming" title="Jackson structured programming">Jackson structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">Block-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">Modular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-structured_programming" title="Non-structured programming">Non-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small" title="Programming in the large and programming in the small">Programming in the large and in the small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invariant-based_programming" title="Invariant-based programming">Invariant-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_function" title="Nested function">Nested function</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming)">comparison</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_object-oriented_programming_languages" title="List of object-oriented programming languages">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class-based_programming" title="Class-based programming">Class-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype-based_programming" title="Prototype-based programming">Prototype-based</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-based_language" title="Object-based language">Object-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-oriented_programming" title="Agent-oriented programming">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Immutable object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_programming_language" title="Persistent programming language">Persistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Function_Call_Syntax" title="Uniform Function Call Syntax">Uniform Function Call Syntax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_functional_programming_languages" title="Comparison of functional programming languages">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recursion_(computer_science)" title="Recursion (computer science)">Recursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous function</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">Partial application</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-order_programming" title="Higher-order programming">Higher-order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purely_functional_programming" title="Purely functional programming">Purely functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_functional_programming" title="Total functional programming">Total</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_programming_language" title="Strict programming language">Strict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_algebraic_data_type" title="Generalized algebraic data type">GADTs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_type" title="Dependent type">Dependent types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_logic_programming" title="Functional logic programming">Functional logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_programming" title="Tacit programming">Point-free style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expression-oriented_programming_language" title="Expression-oriented programming language">Expression-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applicative_programming_language" title="Applicative programming language">Applicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concatenative_programming_language" title="Concatenative programming language">Concatenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function-level_programming" title="Function-level programming">Function-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value-level_programming" title="Value-level programming">Value-level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dataflow_programming" title="Dataflow programming">Dataflow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow-based_programming" title="Flow-based programming">Flow-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_programming" title="Reactive programming">Reactive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Functional_reactive_programming" title="Functional reactive programming">Functional reactive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal programming">Signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_programming_language" title="Synchronous programming language">Synchronous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_logic_programming" title="Abductive logic programming">Abductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Answer_set_programming" title="Answer set programming">Answer set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constraint_programming" title="Constraint programming">Constraint</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constraint_logic_programming" title="Constraint logic programming">Constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_logic_programming" title="Inductive logic programming">Inductive logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_programming" title="Nondeterministic programming">Nondeterministic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_logic_programming" title="Probabilistic logic programming">Probabilistic logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">DSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_programming" title="Array programming">Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata-based_programming" title="Automata-based programming">Automata-based</a> (<a href="/wiki/Action_language" title="Action language">Action</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_language" title="Command language">Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_command_language" title="Spacecraft command language">Spacecraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar-oriented_programming" title="Grammar-oriented programming">Grammar-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">Interface description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-oriented_programming" title="Language-oriented programming">Language-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">List comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-code_development_platform" title="Low-code development platform">Low-code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_programming" title="Natural-language programming">Natural language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_description_language" title="Page description language">Page description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">Pipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probabilistic_programming" title="Probabilistic programming">Probabilistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_programming" title="Quantum programming">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_programming_language" title="Scientific programming language">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_theoretic_programming" title="Set theoretic programming">Set-theoretic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulation_language" title="Simulation language">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming" title="Stack-oriented programming">Stack-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_programming_language" title="System programming language">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_programming_language" title="Tactile programming language">Tactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_processor" title="Template processor">Templating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graph_rewriting" title="Graph rewriting">Graph rewriting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Production_system_(computer_science)" title="Production system (computer science)">Production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">Pattern</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_mutual_exclusion" title="Automatic mutual exclusion">Automatic mutual exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreographic_programming" title="Choreographic programming">Choreographic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_logic_programming" title="Concurrent logic programming">Concurrent logic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concurrent_constraint_logic_programming" title="Concurrent constraint logic programming">Concurrent constraint logic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_object-oriented_programming" title="Concurrent object-oriented programming">Concurrent OO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroprogramming" title="Macroprogramming">Macroprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitier_programming" title="Multitier programming">Multitier programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_computing" title="Organic computing">Organic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_programming_model" title="Parallel programming model">Parallel programming models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitioned_global_address_space" title="Partitioned global address space">Partitioned global address space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process-oriented_programming" title="Process-oriented programming">Process-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_programming" title="Relativistic programming">Relativistic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_programming" title="Service-oriented programming">Service-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_concurrency" title="Structured concurrency">Structured concurrency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">Metaprogramming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribute-oriented_programming" title="Attribute-oriented programming">Attribute-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">Automatic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_programming" title="Extensible programming">Extensible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiconicity" title="Homoiconicity">Homoiconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_programming" title="Interactive programming">Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">Macro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hygienic_macro" title="Hygienic macro">Hygienic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic_abstraction" title="Metalinguistic abstraction">Metalinguistic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_programming" title="Multi-stage programming">Multi-stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_synthesis" title="Program synthesis">Program synthesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bayesian_program_synthesis" title="Bayesian program synthesis">Bayesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferential_programming" title="Inferential programming">Inferential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">by demonstration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_by_example" title="Programming by example">by example</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">Reflective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">Self-modifying code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_programming" title="Symbolic programming">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template_metaprogramming" title="Template metaprogramming">Template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_concerns" title="Separation of concerns">Separation<br />of concerns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-driven_programming" title="Data-driven programming">Data-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data-oriented_design" title="Data-oriented design">Data-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-oriented_programming" title="Feature-oriented programming">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_programming" title="Intentional programming">Intentional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literate_programming" title="Literate programming">Literate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role-oriented_programming" title="Role-oriented programming">Roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject-oriented_programming" title="Subject-oriented programming">Subjects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_programming_languages" title="Template:Types of programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_programming_languages" title="Template talk:Types of programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_programming_languages107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Types of programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">Compiled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpreted_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreted language">Interpreted</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">Low-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">High-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high-level_programming_language" title="Very high-level programming language">Very high-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_generations" title="Programming language generations">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-generation_programming_language" title="First-generation programming language">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_programming_language" title="Second-generation programming language">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-generation_programming_language" title="Third-generation programming language">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_programming_language" title="Fourth-generation programming language">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language" title="Fifth-generation programming language">Fifth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages625" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Programming_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages625" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">.NET</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-English-based</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&oldid=1276059105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&oldid=1276059105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Category:Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_programming_languages" title="Category:Lists of programming languages">Lists of programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_language_and_computing" title="Category:Natural language and computing">Natural language and computing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2019">Articles with dead external links from July 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_too_many_examples_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with too many examples from June 2020">Articles with too many examples from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_too_many_examples" title="Category:All articles with too many examples">All articles with too many examples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_February_2015" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from February 2015">Articles needing cleanup from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_February_2015" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2015">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_February_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2015">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2024">Articles with dead external links from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 17:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-English-based_programming_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-English-based programming languages</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-55fd9d4764-blk6c","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.804","walltime":"1.076","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5306,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":149341,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13334,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":120038,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 876.169 1 -total"," 30.84% 270.206 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.62% 145.644 4 Template:Nihongo2"," 16.51% 144.645 11 Template:Cite_web"," 16.04% 140.510 4 Template:Lang"," 12.16% 106.562 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 11.24% 98.504 5 Template:Navbox"," 9.61% 84.227 1 Template:Programming_paradigms_navbox"," 7.92% 69.395 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.43% 65.138 12 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.475","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23627870,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-xhh67","timestamp":"20250216171309","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Non-English-based programming languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-English-based_programming_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q794364","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q794364","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-13T17:35:26Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T17:13:08Z","headline":"Wikimedia list article"}</script> </body> </html>