CINXE.COM

Independent Study - Asian and Middle Eastern Studies

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-6b53be0d94491620b86",applicationID:"781537153"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <title>Independent Study - Asian and Middle Eastern Studies</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.9 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ --> <link rel="canonical" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Independent Study - Asian and Middle Eastern Studies" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The purpose of independent study is to allow a student (undergraduate or graduate) to pursue an academic interest that is not available in the regular course offerings. The student will work independently but also meet regularly with the professor supervising the &hellip; Read more" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Asian and Middle Eastern Studies" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-01-24T18:48:38+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@UNCAsianStudies" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="3 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/","url":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/","name":"Independent Study - Asian and Middle Eastern Studies","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#website"},"datePublished":"2018-03-29T22:36:21+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-24T18:48:38+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Independent Study"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#website","url":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/","name":"Asian and Middle Eastern Studies","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#organization","name":"Asian and Middle Eastern Studies","url":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2022/03/AsianMiddleEasternStudies_logo_rgb_h.png","contentUrl":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2022/03/AsianMiddleEasternStudies_logo_rgb_h.png","width":1481,"height":151,"caption":"Asian and Middle Eastern Studies"},"image":{"@id":"https://asianstudies.unc.edu/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://x.com/UNCAsianStudies"]}]}</script> <!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. --> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//asianstudies.unc.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//its.unc.edu' /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/asianstudies.unc.edu\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-cookie-banner/./dist/cookie-banner.css?ver=22447759e5dd5bf1c282"> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1"> <style id='utility-bar-utility-bar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root :where(#unc-utility-bar),:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar){display:flex;justify-content:center;white-space:nowrap}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar):not(.wp-block),:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar):not(.wp-block){font-size:11.8px;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:14.8px;margin-top:0;padding-bottom:.5rem;padding-top:.5rem}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) .utility-bar-skip-link,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) nav[aria-label=skip]>a,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) .utility-bar-skip-link,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) nav[aria-label=skip]>a{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black,#000);font-weight:700}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar)>div,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar)>div{max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size,1170px);width:100%}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar),:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) a,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar),:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) a:focus,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) a:hover,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) a:focus,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) a:hover{text-decoration:underline!important}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) .utility-bar-container,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) .utility-bar-container{max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size,1170px);padding:0;width:100%}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) .utility-bar-row,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) .utility-bar-row{align-content:space-between;container-name:utility-bar-row;container-type:inline-size;display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:space-between}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title{display:none;flex:1;font-family:Times New Roman,serif!important;margin:auto 0}@container utility-bar-row (min-width: 900px){:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title{display:flex;flex:0 0 auto;width:33.33333333%}}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left .utility-bar-unc-link,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title .utility-bar-unc-link,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left .utility-bar-unc-link,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title .utility-bar-unc-link{font-family:Times New Roman,serif!important;font-size:11.8px!important;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left .utility-bar-unc-link span.em,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title .utility-bar-unc-link span.em,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-left .utility-bar-unc-link span.em,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-title .utility-bar-unc-link span.em{font-style:italic;text-transform:lowercase}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav{flex:0 0 auto;flex:1;margin:auto 0;width:100%}@container utility-bar-row (min-width: 900px){:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav{flex:0 0 auto;flex:0;width:66.66666667%}}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;height:100%;margin:0;padding:0}@container utility-bar-row (min-width: 900px){:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav{justify-content:end}}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item{flex:1;font-family:Verdana,Arial,sans-serif!important;line-height:110%;list-style-type:none;margin:auto 0;text-align:center}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:last-child,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:last-child,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:last-child,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:last-child{padding-right:0}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:not(:last-child),:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:not(:last-child),:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:not(:last-child),:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item:not(:last-child){border-right:.01em solid}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item .utiltity-bar-link,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item .utiltity-bar-link,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item .utiltity-bar-link,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item .utiltity-bar-link{font-family:Verdana,Arial,sans-serif!important;font-size:11.8px!important;padding:0 .5rem;white-space:nowrap}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item{display:none}@container utility-bar-row (min-width: 560px){:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-link-column-right #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar) #unc-ub-nav #utiltity-bar-nav .utiltity-bar-nav-item.md-down-hidden-list-item{display:inline}}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).blue,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-blue,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).blue,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-blue{background:#007fae}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).gray,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-gray,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).gray,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-gray{background:#747474}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).dark-gray,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-dark-gray,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).dark-gray,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-dark-gray{background:#414141}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-navy,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).navy,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-navy,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).navy{background:#13294b}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).black,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-black,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).black,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-black{background:#151515}:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-white,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).is-style-white a,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).white,:root :where(#unc-utility-bar).white a,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-white,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).is-style-white a,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).white,:root :where(.wp-block-utility-bar-utility-bar).white a{background:#fff;color:#007fae!important}body.block-editor-page .utility-bar-unc-link,body.block-editor-page .utiltity-bar-link{cursor:not-allowed;pointer-events:none} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.7.1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/public/css/views-frontend.css?ver=3.6.18"> <style id='view_editor_gutenberg_frontend_assets-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #cdcdcd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #fff;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #eee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #eee;} .wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #cdcdcd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #fff;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #eee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #eee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #cdcdcd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #eeeeee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #e5e5e5;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #e5e5e5;} .wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #cdcdcd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #fff;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #eee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-default .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #eee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #cdcdcd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #eeeeee;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #e5e5e5;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-grey .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #e5e5e5;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue > span.wpv-sort-list,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue .wpv-sort-list-item {border-color: #0099cc;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue .wpv-sort-list-item a {color: #444;background-color: #cbddeb;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue a:hover,.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue a:focus {color: #000;background-color: #95bedd;}.wpv-sort-list-dropdown.wpv-sort-list-dropdown-style-blue .wpv-sort-list-item.wpv-sort-list-current a {color: #000;background-color: #95bedd;} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-utility-bar/build/frontend/index.css?ver=2.0.13"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-catalog/css/style.css?ver=6.7.1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-easy-bootstrap-shortcode/dist/libs/libs.css?ver=1.1.11"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-easy-bootstrap-shortcode/dist/public/public.css?ver=1.1.11"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-easy-bootstrap-shortcode/dist/shortcodes.css?ver=1.1.11"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/tablepress/css/build/default.css?ver=2.4.4"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/themes/heelium/assets/css/main.min.css?ver=1b0ce61c5fc3fcb15a852afd3b55d43d"> <style id='roots_main-inline-css' type='text/css'> body{ background-color:#ffffff; background-image: url(); background-attachment: fixed; background-size: cover; } .abovefold { background-color:#ffffff; background-image: url(); background-size: cover; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; width: 100%; } .abovefold a{color:#505962;} #unc-ub-wrapper.affix { width: 100%; z-index: 1000; } #nav.navbar-static-top.affix { top: 30px; } .admin-bar #nav.navbar-static-top.affix { top: 62px; } .admin-bar #unc-ub-wrapper.affix { top: 32px; } @media (max-width: 782px) { .admin-bar #unc-ub-wrapper.affix { top: 46px; } .admin-bar #nav.navbar-static-top.affix { top: 76px; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/vendor/toolset/common-es/public/toolset-common-es-frontend.js?ver=174000" id="toolset-common-es-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/container-query-polyfill@1/dist/container-query-polyfill.modern.js?ver=2.0.13" id="container-query-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-easy-bootstrap-shortcode/dist/libs/libs.js?ver=1.1.11" id="unc-ebs-libs-js"></script> <script data-color="navy" id="unc-ub-script" type="text/javascript" src="https://its.unc.edu/web-assets/utility-bar/utility-bar.min.js" id="unc-ub-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/themes/heelium/assets/js/vendor/modernizr-2.7.0.min.js" id="modernizr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/themes/heelium/assets/js/sticky_nav.js" id="sticky_nav-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2016" /><link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.unc.edu%2Findependent-study%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fasianstudies.unc.edu%2Findependent-study%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <style> #wp-admin-bar-asu_support_enabled { background-color: #E00000!important; } </style> <meta name="id" content="2016" /> <style type="text/css"> .bg-primary, .nav-pills>li.active>a, .nav-pills>li.active>a:hover, .nav-pills>li.active>a:focus, .label-primary, .nav-tabs li a:hover{ background-color: #13294b; } .btn-primary { background-color: #13294b; } .dropdown-menu>li>a:hover, .dropdown-menu>li>a:focus{ background-color: #13294b; } .panel-primary { border-color: #13294b; } .btn-primary.disabled, .btn-primary[disabled], fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary, .btn-primary.disabled:hover, .btn-primary[disabled]:hover, fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:hover, .btn-primary.disabled:focus, .btn-primary[disabled]:focus, fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:focus, .btn-primary.disabled:active, .btn-primary[disabled]:active, fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:active, .btn-primary.disabled.active, .btn-primary[disabled].active, fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary.active, .progress-bar, .pagination>.active>a, .pagination>.active>span, .pagination>.active>a:hover, .pagination>.active>span:hover, .pagination>.active>a:focus, .pagination>.active>span:focus, a.list-group-item.active, a.list-group-item.active:hover, a.list-group-item.active:focus, .panel-primary>.panel-heading { background-color:; border-color:; } .navbar-default { background-color:#13294b; border-color:#13294b; } .text-primary, .btn-primary .badge, .btn-link, .pagination>li>a, .pagination>li>span, a.list-group-item.active>.badge, .nav-pills>.active>a>.badge, .navbar-inverse .navbar-brand, .navbar-inverse .caret, .header-logo a:hover, .brand-logo a:hover, footer .widget ul>li:last-child a, footer ol.vcalendar li a, footer .widget ul li a, footer .widget ul li a:link, .widget ul.dropdown-menu li.active a:hover, footer.content-info a:hover, footer.content-info a { color:#13294b; } a { color:; } .widget ul li a:hover { color:; } .navbar-default .navbar-collapse, .navbar-default .navbar-form { border-top-color: #13294b; border-right-color-value: #13294b; border-bottom-color: #13294b; border-left-color-value: #13294b; } footer .widget ul>li a:hover, footer .widget ul>li:last-child a:hover {color: #fff;} .btn-primary:hover,<div class="btn-primary:focus"> </div> { background-color:#13294b; } .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li.active > a:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus, .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover, .navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus { background-color:#13294b; } .navbar-default .navbar-toggle { border-color: #13294b; } a:hover, a:focus, footer.content-info a:hover { color: #13294b; } </style> <style type="text/css"> .single #feat-img-h, article.media #feat-img-h {display: none;} .abovefold-container .search-form {display: none;} </style> <!-- Google Analytics tracking code output by Beehive Analytics --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-FMH6ME0LXY&l=beehiveDataLayer"></script> <script> window.beehiveDataLayer = window.beehiveDataLayer || []; function beehive_ga() {beehiveDataLayer.push(arguments);} beehive_ga('js', new Date()) beehive_ga('config', 'G-FMH6ME0LXY', { 'anonymize_ip': false, 'allow_google_signals': false, }) beehive_ga('config', 'G-H6M25018EL', { 'anonymize_ip': false, 'allow_google_signals': false, }) </script> <script> window.addEventListener("load",function(){ var c={script:false,link:false}; function ls(s) { if(!['script','link'].includes(s)||c[s]){return;}c[s]=true; var d=document,f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s); if(s==='script'){j.async=true;j.src='https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/vendor/toolset/blocks/public/js/frontend.js?v=1.6.14';}else{ j.rel='stylesheet';j.href='https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/vendor/toolset/blocks/public/css/style.css?v=1.6.14';} f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); }; function ex(){ls('script');ls('link')} window.addEventListener("scroll", ex, {once: true}); if (('IntersectionObserver' in window) && ('IntersectionObserverEntry' in window) && ('intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { var i = 0, fb = document.querySelectorAll("[class^='tb-']"), o = new IntersectionObserver(es => { es.forEach(e => { o.unobserve(e.target); if (e.intersectionRatio > 0) { ex();o.disconnect();}else{ i++;if(fb.length>i){o.observe(fb[i])}} }) }); if (fb.length) { o.observe(fb[i]) } } }) </script> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/toolset-blocks/vendor/toolset/blocks/public/css/style.css"> </noscript><link rel="icon" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2023/07/cropped-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2023/07/cropped-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2023/07/cropped-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2023/07/cropped-favicon-270x270.png" /> <!-- Begin Custom CSS --> <style type="text/css"> @import url(https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap-icons@1.11.3/font/bootstrap-icons.min.css);@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Montserrat:wght@400;600;700&amp;display=swap);@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:wght@400;600&amp;display=swap);body,html{overflow-x:hidden}.seatj-banner{border:0;margin-bottom:-20px!important}.seatj-table td{min-width:150px}.seatj-table th{text-align:center}.seatj-table .row-4 td,.seatj-table .row-8 td,.seatj-table .row-12 td,.seatj-table .row-17 td{background-color:aliceblue}.seatj-table .row-18 td{background-color:antiquewhite}dl.sc_footnotes,dl.sc_footnotes dt,dl.sc_footnotes dd{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;margin:0;font-size:.85rem}dl.sc_footnotes dt{width:5%;font-weight:bold;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-wrap:break-word;-ms-word-break:break-all;word-break:break-all;word-break:break-word;-ms-hyphens:auto;-moz-hyphens:auto;-webkit-hyphens:auto;hyphens:auto}dl.sc_footnotes dt,dl.sc_footnotes dd{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top}dl.sc_footnotes dd{width:94%}dt sup{top:5px;font-size:150%}.right{text-align:right}h2.widgettitle{padding:10px;margin:0;margin-top:-22px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:400;position:relative;text-align:left;display:block;border-bottom:solid 1px #4b9cd3;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif!important;color:#13294b;font-size:21px}.widget.widget_nav_menu::marker{color:white}.sidebar{padding-top:35.5px}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}*{scroll-margin-top:300px}.req-table{margin:0 -200px!important;padding:40px 150px!important;border:0}#tablepress-1 .column-2,#tablepress-1 .column-4,#tablepress-1 .column-6,#tablepress-1 .column-8,#tablepress-1 th.column-2,#tablepress-1 th.column-4,#tablepress-1 th.column-6,#tablepress-1 th.column-8{background-color:#d9edf77d!important}#tablepress-1{font-size:15px}.alignright{margin-left:50px;margin-right:-50px;border:0}.alignleft{margin-right:50px;margin-left:-50px;border:0}.wp-caption{border:0}#comments{display:none}.container{width:85%}aside .dropdown{font-family:"Source Sans Pro",sans-serif}.abovefold .col-sm-8,#respond{display:none}.abovefold .col-sm-4{float:right;text-align:right}.abovefold{background-color:#13294b;border-bottom:2px solid #13294b;padding:0}.menu-courses .dropdown-menu,.menu-majors-minors .dropdown-menu{column-count:2}@media screen and (min-width:992px){.menu-courses .dropdown-menu{margin-left:-150px}}.navbar-nav{margin:15px 0 5px 0}.navbar-nav>li>a{padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;font-size:16px}.navbar-brand-logo img{max-height:50px}.navbar-container{display:flex;justify-content:center;width:100vw;flex-direction:column;align-items:center}.navbar-brand{display:block}.dualheader .navbar-brand{opacity:1;width:auto;margin:0;padding:0;height:auto}.navbar-nav>li>.dropdown-menu{background-color:#f4f6f7}.dropdown-menu>li>a{color:black;font-size:16px}.dropdown-menu>li>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>li>a:focus{background-color:white;color:#444;border-left:3px solid rgb(0,165,173)}.dropdown-menu>.active>a,.dropdown-menu>.active>a:hover,.dropdown-menu>.active>a:focus{color:#000;text-decoration:none;outline:0;background-color:#fff;border-left:3px solid #6AC9D2}.widget ul.dropdown-menu li.active a{color:#2c7cb3}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:hover,.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li.active>a:hover,.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:focus{color:#4b9cd3}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:hover,.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li.active>a:hover,.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li>a:focus,.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover,.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus{background-color:#13294b}.navbar-default .navbar-nav>li.active>a{color:#4b9cd3;border:2px solid #4b9cd3}.lang-home{margin-bottom:15px}.lang-home img{margin:0 auto;transition:.3s}.lang-home img:hover,.lang-home img:focus{box-shadow:1px 1px 20px #4b9cd3}.site-title{padding-top:10px!important}.button{font-size:1.5em;border:2px solid;padding:10px;font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif}.float-right{float:right}.block-content{padding-top:10px}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,.dropdown,.navbar-nav,nav li,.widget li{font-family:Montserrat,sans-serif!important}.headline{border-left:3px solid #4b9cd3;padding:0 5px}h1{color:#2c7cb3}h2,h4{color:rgb(0,124,130)}h3{color:#13294b}.home .page-header{display:none}p,li,body,.panel-body{font-family:'Source Sans Pro',sans-serif;font-size:18px;line-height:1.75}h1:first-child{margin-top:1.25em}h2,h3,h4{margin:10px 0 15px}footer.content-info{background-color:#13294b;color:#fff}footer.content-info a{color:white}footer.content-info a:hover,footer.content-info a:focus{color:#4b9cd3}footer.content-info .widget{font-family:'Source Sans Pro'}footer.content-info .widget h3{font-family:Montserrat}#copyright{background-color:black;border:0;padding:5px 0}.search-3,.custom_html-7{width:30%}.custom_html-6{width:25%}.custom_html-5{width:45%}@media screen and (max-width:775px){.search-3,.custom_html-7,.custom_html-6,.custom_html-5{width:100%}.abovefold{display:none}.navbar-container{align-items:stretch}.menu-courses .dropdown-menu,.menu-majors-minors .dropdown-menu{column-count:1}}</style><!-- End Custom CSS --> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Feed" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/feed/"> <!-- Favicon --> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2023/07/cropped-favicon.png"> </head> <body class="page page-id-2016 utility-bar-displayed alert-published unc-utility-bar-plugin-enabled independent-study"> <div class=" adverse-alert alert-service-banner" id="17400125670001385992243"> <a href="https://alertcarolina.unc.edu" class="banner-link"> <span class="banner-text">!AlertCarolina! Adverse Conditions: Critical- University extending Condition 2 until 11:59 p.m. on Thursday, Feb. 20. More info: alertcarolina.unc.edu</span> </a> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a> </div> <!--[if lt IE 8]> <div class="alert alert-warning"> You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="http://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience.</div> <![endif]--> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <a class="skiptarget" href="#maincontent">Skip to main content</a> <div id="abovefold" class="abovefold" role="banner"> <div class="abovefold-container container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-8"> <div class="header-logo"> <a href='https://asianstudies.unc.edu' title='Asian and Middle Eastern Studies' rel='home'><img src='https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2022/03/AsianMiddleEasternStudies_logo_white_h.png' alt='Asian and Middle Eastern Studies'></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form form-inline" action="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" aria-label="Search this site" id="search" value="" name="s" class="search-field form-control" placeholder="Search this site..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button aria-labelledby="header-search" id="Submit" class="search-submit btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span><span id="header-search" class="hidden">Submit Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </form> <div id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="https://twitter.com/UNCAsianStudies" title="DAMES Twitter"><i class="bi bi-twitter-x" style="color: #4b9cd3;font-size:2em" aria-label="Twitter Link"></i></a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header> <div id="nav" role="navigation" aria-label="main" class="dualheader banner navbar navbar-default navbar-static-top "> <div class="navbar-container container"> <div class=""> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <a class="navbar-brand navbar-brand-logo" href='https://asianstudies.unc.edu' title='Asian and Middle Eastern Studies' rel='home'><img src='https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2022/03/AsianMiddleEasternStudies_logo_white_h.png' alt='Asian and Middle Eastern Studies'></a> </div> <div class="row"> <nav class="collapse navbar-collapse"> <!-- start primary navigation --><ul id="menu-primary_navigation" class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="menu-home"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/">Home</a></li> <li class="dropdown menu-about"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/mission/">About <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-antiracist-toolkit"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/antiracist-toolkit/">Antiracist Toolkit</a></li> <li class="menu-applying-to-be-a-visiting-scholar-with-dames"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/applying-to-be-a-visiting-scholar-with-dames/">Applying to be a visiting scholar with DAMES</a></li> <li class="menu-dei-in-dames"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/dei-in-dames/">DEI in DAMES</a></li> <li class="menu-digital-humanities-and-data-science-in-asian-studies"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/digital-humanities-and-data-science-in-asian-studies/">Digital Humanities and Data Science in Asian Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-mission"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/mission/">Mission</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown menu-people"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/people/faculty/">People <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-administration"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/people/administration/">Administration</a></li> <li class="menu-faculty"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/people/faculty/">Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-affiliate-faculty"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/people/affiliate-faculty/">Affiliate Faculty</a></li> <li class="menu-faculty-emeriti"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/faculty-emeriti/">Faculty Emeriti</a></li> <li class="menu-graduate-students"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/people/graduate-students/">Graduate Students</a></li> <li class="menu-in-memoriam"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/in-memoriam/">In Memoriam</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="active dropdown menu-for-students"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="https://casdev.unc.edu/asian-studies/advising/">For Students <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-advising"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/advising/">Advising</a></li> <li class="active menu-independent-study"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/" aria-current="page">Independent Study</a></li> <li class="menu-language-placement"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/placement/">Language Placement</a></li> <li class="menu-registration-faq"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/registration-faq/">Registration FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-senior-honors-thesis"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/senior-honors-thesis/">Senior Honors Thesis</a></li> <li class="menu-student-organizations-e-s-se-asia"><a href="http://carolinaasiacenter.unc.edu/organizations/">Student Organizations (E/S/SE Asia)</a></li> <li class="menu-student-organizations-middle-east"><a href="http://mideast.unc.edu/students/student-organizations/">Student Organizations (Middle East)</a></li> <li class="menu-study-abroad"><a href="https://studyabroad.unc.edu">Study Abroad</a></li> <li class="menu-undergraduate-catalog"><a href="https://catalog.unc.edu/undergraduate/departments/asian-studies/">Undergraduate Catalog</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown menu-majors-minors"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="#">Majors &amp; Minors <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-interdisciplinary-major-and-minor"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/interdisciplinary-concentration/">Interdisciplinary Major and Minor</a></li> <li class="menu-arabic-arab-cultures"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/arabic/">Arabic &amp; Arab Cultures</a></li> <li class="menu-chinese"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/chinese/">Chinese</a></li> <li class="menu-hebrew"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/hebrew/">Hebrew</a></li> <li class="menu-hindi-urdu"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/hindi-urdu/">Hindi-Urdu</a></li> <li class="menu-japanese"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/japanese/">Japanese</a></li> <li class="menu-korean"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/korean/">Korean</a></li> <li class="menu-middle-eastern-languages"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/middle-eastern-languages/">Middle Eastern Languages</a></li> <li class="menu-persian"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/">Persian</a></li> <li class="menu-south-asian-studies"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/hindi-urdu/">South Asian Studies</a></li> <li class="menu-turkish"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/turkish/">Turkish</a></li> <li class="menu-vietnamese"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/vietnamese/">Vietnamese</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown menu-m-a-program"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/">M.A. Program <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-m-a-program"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/">M.A. Program</a></li> <li class="menu-applying"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/applying/">Applying</a></li> <li class="menu-m-a-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/m-a-courses/">M.A. Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-requirements-for-the-m-a"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/requirements-for-the-m-a/">Requirements for the M.A.</a></li> <li class="menu-finance-and-funding-information"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/finance-and-funding-information/">Finance and Funding Information</a></li> <li class="menu-m-a-sample-plan-interdisciplinary-track"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/interdisciplinary-sample-plan/">M.A. Sample Plan – Interdisciplinary Track</a></li> <li class="menu-m-a-sample-plan-chinese-track"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/ma-program/chinese-sample-plan/">M.A. Sample Plan – Chinese Track</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown menu-courses"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="#">Courses <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-spring-2025-schedule"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/spring-2025-schedule/">Spring 2025 schedule</a></li> <li class="menu-courses-in-english"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/courses-in-english/">Courses in English</a></li> <li class="menu-arabic-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/arabic/arabic-language-courses/">Arabic Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-chinese-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/chinese/chinese-language-courses/">Chinese Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-hebrew-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/hebrew/hebrew-language-courses/">Hebrew Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-hindi-urdu-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/hindi-urdu/hindi-urdu-language-courses/">Hindi-Urdu Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-japanese-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/japanese/japanese-language-courses/">Japanese Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-korean-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/korean/korean-language-courses/">Korean Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-persian-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/persian/persian-language-courses/">Persian Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-turkish-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/turkish/turkish-language-courses/">Turkish Language Courses</a></li> <li class="menu-vietnamese-language-courses"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/vietnamese/vietnamese-language-courses/">Vietnamese Language Courses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown menu-for-alumni"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-target="#" href="#">For Alumni <b class="caret"></b></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="menu-newsletters"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li class="menu-alumni-clubs-in-asia"><a href="http://carolinaasiacenter.unc.edu/student-resources/careers-in-asia/">Alumni Clubs in Asia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-giving"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/make-a-gift/">Giving</a></li> </ul><!-- end primary navigation --> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div class="row"> </div> <div class="wrap row"> <div class="content container"> <div class="breadcrumbs" role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs" xmlns:v="http://rdf.data-vocabulary.org/#"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/" rel="v:url" property="v:title">Home</a> / <span class="current">Independent Study</span></div><!-- .breadcrumbs --> <div class="row "> <div class="skiptarget"><a id="maincontent" tabindex="-1"></a></div> <main class="main col-sm-9 col-sm-push-3"> <div class="page-header"> <h1> Independent Study </h1> </div> <p>The purpose of independent study is to allow a student (undergraduate or graduate) to pursue an academic interest that is not available in the regular course offerings. The student will work independently but also meet regularly with the professor supervising the independent study.</p> <p>Independent study should not be used to address scheduling problems. No independent study will be allowed with similar material to an existing course, even in a semester when the existing course is not being offered.</p> <p>If you wish to do an independent study in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, you will need to</p> <ol> <li>Plan in advance!  Each semester&#8217;s deadline for independent study enrollment is the same as the last day students can add classes online, typically a week into the semester.  We recommend planning and submitting your proposal during the previous semester.</li> </ol> <ol start="2"> <li>Have a GPA of at least 3.3 if you are an undergraduate.</li> </ol> <ol start="3"> <li>Find a professor in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies who is willing to supervise your independent study.</li> </ol> <p><em>Note that a professor’s decision about working with you on an independent study won’t depend solely on how serious you are and how worthy your project is. It’s also about whether your intended research topic is close enough to their area of expertise that they feel qualified to guide you in it, and whether they have the time to spend on this on top of their other obligations. There are also University restrictions on how many independent studies a professor can supervise at a time.</em></p> <ol start="4"> <li>Work out a plan for the independent study with the professor. You should figure out what it’s going to be about, what readings you’ll do, when assignments will be due, what you’ll be graded on, and a schedule of when the two of you will meet. When you do the online proposal, you will have the choice of responding to these questions in a webform, or just uploading a syllabus that addresses all the required points. If you submit a syllabus, your document should be in pdf format if possible.</li> </ol> <ol start="5"> <li>Go to  <a href="https://olcm.oasis.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://olcm.oasis.unc.edu/</a> to submit your independent study proposal. You can <a href="https://curricula.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1311/2023/03/OLCM-Student-View_Updated.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">refer to this help document</a> for step-by-step instructions. Choose the course number according to whether your independent study will be in English (ASIA 496), Arabic (ARAB 496), Chinese (CHIN 496), Hindi-Urdu (HNUR 496), Japanese (JAPN 496), or Korean (KOR 496).</li> </ol> <p>Once you have submitted your proposal, it will route to the professor for approval, and then on to the department’s independent study coordinator (in DAMES, that’s the Director of Undergraduate Studies for undergrads and the Director of Graduate Studies for grad students) for final approval. Then you will be enrolled in the appropriate course section.</p> <p>If you have questions about any part of this process, contact <a href="mailto:lori@unc.edu">Lori Harris</a>.</p> </main><!-- /.main --> <aside class="sidebar col-sm-3 col-sm-pull-9"> <div class="widget"><div class="widget"><h3>For Students</h3></div><ul id="menu-for-students-sidebar" class="menu"><li class="menu-advising"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/advising/">Advising</a></li> <li class="active menu-independent-study"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/independent-study/" aria-current="page">Independent Study</a></li> <li class="menu-language-placement"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/placement/">Language Placement</a></li> <li class="menu-registration-faq"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/registration-faq/">Registration FAQ</a></li> <li class="menu-senior-honors-thesis"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/senior-honors-thesis/">Senior Honors Thesis</a></li> <li class="menu-study-abroad-credit-approval"><a href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/study-abroad-credit-approval/">Study Abroad Credit Approval</a></li> <li class="menu-student-organizations-e-s-se-asia"><a href="http://carolinaasiacenter.unc.edu/organizations/">Student Organizations (E/S/SE Asia)</a></li> <li class="menu-student-organizations-middle-east"><a href="http://mideast.unc.edu/students/student-organizations/">Student Organizations (Middle East)</a></li> <li class="menu-study-abroad"><a href="https://studyabroad.unc.edu/">Study Abroad</a></li> <li class="menu-unc-undergraduate-bulletin"><a href="https://catalog.unc.edu/">UNC Undergraduate Bulletin</a></li> </ul></div> </aside><!-- /.sidebar --> </div> </div><!-- /.content --> </div><!-- /.wrap --> <div class="row"> </div> <div class="row"> <footer class="content-info"> <div class="footer-container container"> <div class="row"> <section class="widget_text widget custom_html-5 widget_custom_html col-md-4 col-sm-6"><h3>Address</h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget">The Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies<br> New West 113, CB# 3267 UNC-Chapel Hill<br> Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3267</div></section><section class="widget_text widget custom_html-6 widget_custom_html col-md-4 col-sm-6"><h3>Contact</h3><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><i class="bi bi-telephone-fill"></i> <a href="tel:919-962-4294">919-962-4294</a> <br> <i class="bi bi-printer"></i> 919-843-7817 <br> <i class="bi bi-envelope"></i> <a href="mailto:asia@unc.edu">asia@unc.edu</a></div></section><section class="widget_text widget custom_html-7 widget_custom_html col-md-4 col-sm-6"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><img src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1329/2022/03/AsianMiddleEasternStudies_logo_white_h.png" alt="Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies" width="100%" /> &nbsp; &nbsp; <p> <i class="bi bi-box-arrow-right"></i> <a href="http://asianstudies.web.unc.edu/" target="_blank">Intranet</a></p></div></section><section class="widget search-3 widget_search col-md-4 col-sm-6"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form form-inline" action="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="search" aria-label="Search this site" id="search" value="" name="s" class="search-field form-control" placeholder="Search this site..."> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button aria-labelledby="header-search" id="Submit" class="search-submit btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span><span id="header-search" class="hidden">Submit Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </form></section> </div> </div> <div id="copyright"> <p class="copyright">&copy; 2025 Asian and Middle Eastern Studies</p> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> /*<![CDATA[*/ (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_35044.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); /*]]>*/ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-utility-bar/blocks/alert-banner/build/frontend/alert-banner-frontend.css?ver=88fb2a7cc8fef436eff5"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js?ver=f77871ff7694fffea381" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="cookie-banner-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var cookieBannerSettings = {"text":"This website uses cookies and similar technologies to understand visitor experiences. By using this website, you consent to UNC-Chapel Hill's cookie usage in accordance with their <a href='https:\/\/www.unc.edu\/about\/privacy-statement\/'>Privacy Notice<\/a>.","buttonText":"I Accept","blogId":"1329"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/plugins/unc-cookie-banner/dist/cookie-banner.js?ver=22447759e5dd5bf1c282" id="cookie-banner-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/themes/heelium/assets/js/parallax.js?ver=1.0" id="parallax-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://asianstudies.unc.edu/wp-content/themes/heelium/assets/js/scripts.min.js?ver=f0e48f07f9419f3cf06e2352849a4cff" id="roots_scripts-js"></script> <script> jQuery('.modal').on('hidden.bs.modal', function (e) { // do something... jQuery('.modal iframe').attr("src", jQuery(".modal iframe").attr("src")); }); </script> <style type="text/css" id="unc-ebs-dynamic-styles"></style> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-6b53be0d94491620b86","applicationID":"781537153","transactionName":"YVdbMkRVDxUCB0cIDFgdbBRfG04PDQBWGU1GWkk=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1477,"atts":"TRBYRAxPHBs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10