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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IndyCar_roadster_layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IndyCar_roadster_layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>IndyCar roadster layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IndyCar_roadster_layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="رودستر (سيارة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودستر (سيارة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Роудстър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роудстър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convertible" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="رودستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رودستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_de_carrosserie#Roadster" title="Type de carrosserie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Type de carrosserie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="로드스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로드스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռոդսթեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոդսթեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="רודסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רודסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodsters" title="Rodsters – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodsters" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Родстер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Родстер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரோட்ஸ்டெர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரோட்ஸ்டெர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadster" title="Roadster – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roadster" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Родстер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Родстер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%81%DB%81" title="مکشوفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکشوفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%BA%A7%E6%95%9E%E7%AF%B7%E8%BB%8A" title="雙座敞篷車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雙座敞篷車" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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(automobile)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Open two-seat car</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the style of automobile. For other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Roadster_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Roadster (disambiguation)">Roadster (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Mazda_MX-5_(ND)_Roadster_GT_convertible_(2018-09-03)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg/220px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg/330px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg/440px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-09-03%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4413" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">2016 <a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-5" title="Mazda MX-5">Mazda MX-5</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg/220px-1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg/330px-1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg/440px-1931_Ford_Model_A_40B_Roadster_C9954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1931 Ford Model A roadster</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>roadster</b> (also <b>spider</b>, <b>spyder</b>) is an open two-seat car with emphasis on sporting appearance or character.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially an American term for a two-seat car with no weather protection, its usage has spread internationally and has evolved to include two-seat <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertibles</a>. </p><p>The roadster was also a style of racing car driven in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club" title="United States Auto Club">United States Auto Club</a> (USAC) Championship Racing, including the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a>, in the 1950s and 1960s. This type of racing car was superseded by <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">rear-mid-engine</a> cars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadster_(car)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_Vanderbilt_Cup,_American_roadster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg/220px-1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg/330px-1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg/440px-1909_Vanderbilt_Cup%2C_American_roadster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5374" data-file-height="3889" /></a><figcaption>Early roadster competing for the <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Cup" title="Vanderbilt Cup">Vanderbilt Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "roadster" originates in the United States, where it was used in the 19th century to describe a horse suitable for travelling.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haajanen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haajanen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the century, the definition had expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">bicycles</a> and tricycles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, the United States <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">Society of Automobile Engineers</a> defined a roadster as: "an open car seating two or three. It may have additional seats on <a href="/wiki/Running_board" title="Running board">running boards</a> or in rear deck."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since it has a single row of seats, the main seat for the driver and passenger was usually further back in the chassis than it would have been in a <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring car</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haajanen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haajanen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clough_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clough-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 258">: 258 </span></sup> Roadsters usually had a hooded <a href="/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">dashboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clough_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clough-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 257">: 257 </span></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, historically, the preferred terms were "open two-seater" and "two-seat tourer".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GOMp260_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOMp260-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s, the term "roadster" has also been increasingly used in the United Kingdom. It is noted that the optional 4-seat variant of the <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Roadster" title="Morgan Roadster">Morgan Roadster</a> would not be technically considered a roadster.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term "spider" or "spyder," sometimes used in names for convertible models, is said to come from before the automobile era. Some 19th-century lightweight horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">phaetons</a> had a small body and large wooden wheels with thin spokes; they were nicknamed "spiders" because of their appearance; the nickname was transferred to sports cars, although they did not look similar.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> introduced the <i>Monza Spyder</i>, a turbocharged version of its <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvair" title="Chevrolet Corvair">Corvair</a> compact, available as a convertible or coupe. Although not a true 2 passenger vehicle, it featured upgraded suspension and other equipment to classify it as a "sporty car." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadster_(car)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auto racing began with the first earnest contests in <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Rouen_(motor_race)" title="Paris–Rouen (motor race)">1894 in Europe</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Times-Herald_race" title="Chicago Times-Herald race">1895 in the United States</a>. Some of the earliest race cars were purpose-built or stripped for the greatest speed, with minimal or no bodywork at all, leading to a body style aptly named 'speedster'. The cut-down speedster body-style really took form in the 1900s. After removing most of the body (and fenders), an empty platform on the ladder-frame chassis was mounted with one or two seats, a gas tank, and spare tyres.<sup id="cite_ref-classicspeed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicspeed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American manufacturers Mercer and Stutz started offering ready-made racing speedsters, intentionally built to be driven to race(-track), raced, and driven back by their owner – essentially the first <a href="/wiki/Track_day_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Track day car">track day cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-classicspeed_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classicspeed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">1890s to 1920s speedsters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ransom Olds' 1896/1897 "Pirate" racer was one of the first speedsters."><img alt="Ransom Olds' 1896/1897 "Pirate" racer was one of the first speedsters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg/274px-RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg/411px-RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg/548px-RansomEliOldsOldsPirate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds" title="Ransom E. Olds">Ransom Olds'</a> 1896/1897 "Pirate" racer was one of the first speedsters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999,_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barney Oldfield and Henry Ford with Oldfield's 999 speedster, 1902"><img alt="Barney Oldfield and Henry Ford with Oldfield's 999 speedster, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg/317px-Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg/476px-Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg/634px-Henry_Ford_and_Barney_Oldfield_with_Old_999%2C_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barney Oldfield and Henry Ford with Oldfield's 999 speedster, 1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 model T speedster – announced winner of the 1909 Ocean to Ocean race, disqualified because of an engine change"><img alt="1909 model T speedster – announced winner of the 1909 Ocean to Ocean race, disqualified because of an engine change" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg/260px-1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg/390px-1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg/520px-1909_Model_T_Ford_race_winner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3565" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 model T speedster – announced winner of the 1909 Ocean to Ocean race, disqualified because of an engine change</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_(1912)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1910 Mercer 35R Raceabout (1912 specimen)"><img alt="1910 Mercer 35R Raceabout (1912 specimen)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/318px-Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/477px-Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/635px-Goodwood2007-051_Mercer_Raceabout_%281912%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1910 <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(automobile)#Type_35R_Raceabout" title="Mercer (automobile)">Mercer 35R Raceabout</a> (1912 specimen)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1912 Stutz Bear Cat / Bearcat, (1914 shown), available doorless through 1916"><img alt="The 1912 Stutz Bear Cat / Bearcat, (1914 shown), available doorless through 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg/255px-Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg/383px-Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg/510px-Stutz_Bearcat.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1912 Stutz Bear Cat / Bearcat, (1914 shown), available doorless through 1916</div> </li> </ul> <p>The immediate predecessor to the roadster was the <a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">runabout</a>, a body style with a single row of seats and no doors, windshield, or other weather protection. Another predecessor was the <a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">touring car</a>, similar in body style to the modern roadster except for its multiple rows of seats. By the 1920s roadsters were appointed similarly to touring cars, with doors, windshields, simple folding tops, and side curtains.<sup id="cite_ref-Haajanen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haajanen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roadster bodies were offered on automobiles of all sizes and classes, from mass-produced cars like the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austin_7" title="Austin 7">Austin 7</a> to extremely expensive cars like the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_V-16" title="Cadillac V-16">Cadillac V-16</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duesenberg_Model_J" title="Duesenberg Model J">Duesenberg Model J</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Royale" title="Bugatti Royale">Bugatti Royale</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">1920s to 1950s roadsters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1926 Ford Model T roadster"><img alt="1926 Ford Model T roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg/263px-Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg/394px-Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg/525px-Fire_Chief%27s_Model_T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1926 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> roadster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1932 Duesenberg J Murphy-bodied roadster"><img alt="1932 Duesenberg J Murphy-bodied roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg/279px-1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg/420px-1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg/558px-1932_Duesenberg_J_Murphy_coupe_convertible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1932 <a href="/wiki/Duesenberg_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Duesenberg J">Duesenberg J</a> Murphy-bodied roadster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1937 Delahaye 135MS roadster"><img alt="1937 Delahaye 135MS roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg/297px-1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg/445px-1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg/593px-1937_Delahaye_135MS_Roadster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="1209" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1937 <a href="/wiki/Delahaye_135" title="Delahaye 135">Delahaye 135</a>MS roadster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 173.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1949MGTCMidget.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1949 MG TC open two-seater marketed in USA as a roadster"><img alt="1949 MG TC open two-seater marketed in USA as a roadster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1949MGTCMidget.jpg/260px-1949MGTCMidget.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1949MGTCMidget.jpg/391px-1949MGTCMidget.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1949MGTCMidget.jpg/520px-1949MGTCMidget.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1949 <a href="/wiki/MG_TC" class="mw-redirect" title="MG TC">MG TC</a> open two-seater marketed in USA as a roadster</div> </li> </ul> <p>By the 1970s "roadster" could be applied to any two-seater car of sporting appearance or character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgano1971216_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgano1971216-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to market demand they were manufactured as well-equipped as convertibles<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulshawHorrobin2013482_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulshawHorrobin2013482-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with side windows that retracted into the doors. Popular models through the 1960s and 1970s were the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Spider" title="Alfa Romeo Spider">Alfa Romeo Spider</a>, <a href="/wiki/MG_MGB" title="MG MGB">MGB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triumph_TR4" title="Triumph TR4">Triumph TR4</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">1950s to 1980s roadsters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 208px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 206px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_(Hudson).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="1973 MGB"><img alt="1973 MGB" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG/309px-%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="206" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG/463px-%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG/617px-%2773_MG_MGB_Roadster_%28Hudson%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1973 <a href="/wiki/MG_MGB" title="MG MGB">MGB</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 247.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 245.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfa Romeo Spider"><img alt="Alfa Romeo Spider" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg/368px-Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg/552px-Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg/736px-Alfa_Romeo_Spider_front_20110410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4212" data-file-height="2062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Spider" title="Alfa Romeo Spider">Alfa Romeo Spider</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1983 Mercedes-Benz 380SL"><img alt="1983 Mercedes-Benz 380SL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg/379px-Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg/568px-Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg/757px-Mercedes_benz_1983_380sl_us.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1983 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_R107_and_C107" title="Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107">Mercedes-Benz 380SL</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadillac_Allante.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1987 Cadillac Allanté"><img alt="1987 Cadillac Allanté" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cadillac_Allante.jpg/279px-Cadillac_Allante.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cadillac_Allante.jpg/418px-Cadillac_Allante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cadillac_Allante.jpg/557px-Cadillac_Allante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1987 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Allant%C3%A9" title="Cadillac Allanté">Cadillac Allanté</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>The highest selling roadster is the <a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-5" title="Mazda MX-5">Mazda MX-5</a>, which was introduced in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early style of roadster with minimal weather protection is still in production by several low-volume manufacturers and fabricators, including the windowless <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Roadster" title="Morgan Roadster">Morgan Roadster</a>, the doorless <a href="/wiki/Caterham_7" title="Caterham 7">Caterham 7</a> and the bodyless <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Atom" title="Ariel Atom">Ariel Atom</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">1990s to present day roadsters</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BMW Z3"><img alt="BMW Z3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg/270px-BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg/406px-BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg/541px-BMW_Z3_1.9L_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/BMW_Z3" title="BMW Z3">BMW Z3</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PontiacSolstice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pontiac Solstice"><img alt="Pontiac Solstice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PontiacSolstice.jpg/301px-PontiacSolstice.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PontiacSolstice.jpg/452px-PontiacSolstice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/PontiacSolstice.jpg/602px-PontiacSolstice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pontiac_Solstice" title="Pontiac Solstice">Pontiac Solstice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Mazda_MX-5_(ND)_Roadster_GT_convertible_(2018-10-30)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mazda MX-5"><img alt="Mazda MX-5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg/324px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg/485px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg/647px-2015_Mazda_MX-5_%28ND%29_Roadster_GT_convertible_%282018-10-30%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4311" data-file-height="2401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mazda_MX-5" title="Mazda MX-5">Mazda MX-5</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxster_Type_986.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porsche Boxster"><img alt="Porsche Boxster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boxster_Type_986.jpg/270px-Boxster_Type_986.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boxster_Type_986.jpg/405px-Boxster_Type_986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Boxster_Type_986.jpg/540px-Boxster_Type_986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Boxster">Porsche Boxster</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MG_Cyberster_005_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MG Cyberster"><img alt="MG Cyberster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/510px-MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/680px-MG_Cyberster_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="2047" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/MG_Cyberster" title="MG Cyberster">MG Cyberster</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IndyCar_roadster_layout">IndyCar roadster layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadster_(car)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: IndyCar roadster layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg/220px-Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg/330px-Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg/440px-Kurtis_Indy_Roadster_Donington_pits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>1957 Kurtis Indy roadster</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>roadster</i> was used to describe a style of racing cars competing in the <a href="/wiki/American_open-wheel_car_racing" title="American open-wheel car racing">AAA/USAC Championship Cars</a> series (the IndyCar equivalents of the time) from 1952 to 1969. The roadster engine and drive shaft are offset from the centerline of the car. This allows the driver to sit lower in the chassis and facilitates a weight offset which is beneficial on oval tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One story of why this type of racing car is referred to as a "roadster" is that a team was preparing a new car for the Indianapolis 500. They had it covered in a corner of their shop. If they were asked about their car they would try and obscure its importance by saying that it was just their (hot rod) "roadster". After the Indianapolis racer was made public, the "roadster" name was still attached to it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kurtis" title="Frank Kurtis">Frank Kurtis</a> built the first roadster to race and entered it in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Indianapolis_500" title="1952 Indianapolis 500">1952 Indianapolis 500</a>. It was driven by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Vukovich" title="Bill Vukovich">Bill Vukovich</a> who led for most of the race until a steering failure eliminated him. The Howard Keck owned team with Vukovich driving went on to win the 1953 and 1954 contests with the same car. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sweikert" title="Bob Sweikert">Bob Sweikert</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1955_Indianapolis_500" title="1955 Indianapolis 500">1955 500</a> in a Kurtis after Vukovich was killed while leading. <a href="/wiki/A._J._Watson" title="A. J. Watson">A. J. Watson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Salih and Quinn Epperly were other notable roadster constructors. Watson-built roadsters won in <a href="/wiki/1956_Indianapolis_500" title="1956 Indianapolis 500">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/1959_Indianapolis_500" title="1959 Indianapolis 500">1959</a> – <a href="/wiki/1964_Indianapolis_500" title="1964 Indianapolis 500">1964</a> though the <a href="/wiki/1961_Indianapolis_500" title="1961 Indianapolis 500">1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/1963_Indianapolis_500" title="1963 Indianapolis 500">1963</a> winners were actually close copies built from Watson designs. The <a href="/wiki/1957_Indianapolis_500" title="1957 Indianapolis 500">1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/1958_Indianapolis_500" title="1958 Indianapolis 500">1958</a> winner was the same car built by Salih with help by Epperly built with a unique placement of the engine in a 'lay down' mounting so the cylinders were nearly horizontal instead of vertical as traditional design dictated.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave a slightly lower <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a> and a lower profile. </p><p>Roadsters continued to race until the late 1960s, although they became increasingly uncompetitive against the new rear-engined racing cars. The last roadster to complete the full race distance was in <a href="/wiki/1965_Indianapolis_500" title="1965 Indianapolis 500">1965</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Johncock" title="Gordon Johncock">Gordon Johncock</a> finished fifth in the Wienberger Homes Watson car. The last roadster to make the race was built and driven by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hurtubise" title="Jim Hurtubise">Jim Hurtubise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1968_Indianapolis_500" title="1968 Indianapolis 500">1968 race</a> and dropped out early.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pavement midget roadsters were built and raced into the early 1970s but never were dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadster_(car)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a>, a related two-seater body style designed primarily for racing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Convertible</a>, the general term to describe vehicles with retractable roofs and retractable side windows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_utility" title="Roadster utility">Roadster utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonneau" title="Tonneau">Tonneau cover</a>, a protective cover for the seats in an open car</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadster_(car)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPollard1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pollard, Elaine, ed. (1994). "R". <i>The Oxford Paperback Dictionary</i> (Fourth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 692. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280012-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280012-4"><bdi>0-19-280012-4</bdi></a>. <q><b>roadster</b> <i>noun</i> an open car without rear seats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=R&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Paperback+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=692&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-280012-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgano1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">Georgano, G. N.</a>, ed. (1971). "Glossary". <i>Encyclopedia of American Automobiles</i>. New York, NY USA: E. P. Dutton. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-097929" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-097929"><bdi>0-525-097929</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79147885">79147885</a>. <q><b>Roadster.</b> A two-passenger open car of sporting appearance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Automobiles&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+USA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79147885&rft.isbn=0-525-097929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterGoodrichPorter1861" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webster, Noah; Goodrich, Chauncey A.; Porter, Noah (1861). "Roadster". <i>An American Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Springfield, MA US: G. and C. Merriam. p. 959.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roadster&rft.btitle=An+American+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA+US&rft.pages=959&rft.pub=G.+and+C.+Merriam&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Goodrich%2C+Chauncey+A.&rft.au=Porter%2C+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haajanen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haajanen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haajanen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haajanen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaajanen2003" class="citation book cs1">Haajanen, Lennart W. (2003). <i>Illustrated Dictionary of Automobile Body Styles</i>. Illustrations by Bertil Nydén; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludvigsen" title="Karl Ludvigsen">Karl Ludvigsen</a>. Jefferson, NC USA: McFarland. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1276-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1276-3"><bdi>0-7864-1276-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002014546">2002014546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Automobile+Body+Styles&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC+USA&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002014546&rft.isbn=0-7864-1276-3&rft.aulast=Haajanen&rft.aufirst=Lennart+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Porter, Noah, ed. (1898). "Roadster". <i>Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language</i>. Springfield, MA US: G. and C. Merriam. p. 1246. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98001281">98001281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roadster&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+International+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA+US&rft.pages=1246&rft.pub=G.+and+C.+Merriam&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98001281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Automobile_Engineers1916" class="citation news cs1">Society of Automobile Engineers, Nomenclature Division (August 20, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10C1FFB3F5D17738DDDA90A94D0405B868DF1D3">"What's What in Automobile Bodies Officially Determined"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York, NY USA. Nomenclature Division, <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">Society of Automobile Engineers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522">1645522</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-31</span></span>. <q>Here it is, with other body types and distinctions, officially determined recently by the Nomenclature Division of the Society of Automobile Engineers:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What%27s+What+in+Automobile+Bodies+Officially+Determined&rft.date=1916-08-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1645522&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Society+of+Automobile+Engineers&rft.aufirst=Nomenclature+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10C1FFB3F5D17738DDDA90A94D0405B868DF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clough-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clough_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClough1913" class="citation book cs1">Clough, Albert L. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofauto00clourich"><i>A dictionary of automobile terms</i></a>. The Horseless Age Company. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/13003001">13003001</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+automobile+terms&rft.pub=The+Horseless+Age+Company&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F13003001&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofauto00clourich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulshawHorrobin2013" class="citation book cs1">Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. "Appendix 5 - Coachwork styles". <i>The complete catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975</i> (e-book ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">480–</span>484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845845-83-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845845-83-4"><bdi>978-1-845845-83-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+5+-+Coachwork+styles&rft.btitle=The+complete+catalogue+of+British+Cars+1895+-+1975&rft.place=Poundbury%2C+Dorchester%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E480-%3C%2Fspan%3E484&rft.edition=e-book&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-845845-83-4&rft.aulast=Culshaw&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Horrobin%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOMp260-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOMp260_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA256">"The Used Car Problem"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct8NAAAAQAAJ"><i>Garage Organization and Management</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>260<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-26</span></span>. <q>(for the purposes of this British publication) 'In order to avoid confusion, however, the universally understood terms "Tourer", "Coupé", "Saloon", "Limousine", etc., have been adopted, adding the American term 'Roadster' as the two-seater edition of the tourer.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Used+Car+Problem&rft.btitle=Garage+Organization+and+Management&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt8NAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvestro2018" class="citation web cs1">Silvestro, Brian (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a20685360/why-convertibles-are-called-spiders/">"Here's Why Convertibles Are Called Spiders"</a>. <i>Road & Track</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Road+%26+Track&rft.atitle=Here%27s+Why+Convertibles+Are+Called+Spiders&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Silvestro&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadandtrack.com%2Fcar-culture%2Fa20685360%2Fwhy-convertibles-are-called-spiders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classicspeed-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classicspeed_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classicspeed_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicspeedsters.com/blog/2018/9/24/the-cutdown-speedster">The Cutdown Speedster — ClassicSpeedsters.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgano1971216-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgano1971216_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgano1971">Georgano 1971</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulshawHorrobin2013482-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulshawHorrobin2013482_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulshawHorrobin2013">Culshaw & Horrobin 2013</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motortrend.com/news/mazda-produces-900000th-mx-5-recognized-worlds-best-selling-sports-car-28207/">"Mazda Produces 900,000th MX-5, Recognized as World's Best-Selling Sports Car"</a>. <i>www.motortrend.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.autocar.co.uk&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Mazda+MX-5+-+picture+special&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autocar.co.uk%2Fcar-news%2Fmotoring%2Fhistory-mazda-mx-5-picture-special&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cheatsheet.com/automobiles/mazda-miata-history.html/">"25 Snapshots of the Mazda Miata Through History"</a>. <i>www.cheatsheet.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cheatsheet.com&rft.atitle=25+Snapshots+of+the+Mazda+Miata+Through+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheatsheet.com%2Fautomobiles%2Fmazda-miata-history.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://macsmotorcitygarage.com/the-10-greatest-indy-roadsters-in-history/">"The 10 greatest Indy roadsters in history"</a>. <i>www.macsmotorcitygarage.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macsmotorcitygarage.com&rft.atitle=The+10+greatest+Indy+roadsters+in+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmacsmotorcitygarage.com%2Fthe-10-greatest-indy-roadsters-in-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewarbirds.org/automotive/1961indy.shtml">"(USAC) Championship Indy Car Roadster"</a>. <i>www.ewarbirds.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ewarbirds.org&rft.atitle=%28USAC%29+Championship+Indy+Car+Roadster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewarbirds.org%2Fautomotive%2F1961indy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curbsideclassic.com/blog/nostalgia-1958-indy-500-the-salih-and-epperly-laydown-roadsters/">"Brickyard Classic: 1958 Indy 500 – The Salih and Epperly "Laydown" Roadsters"</a>. <i>www.curbsideclassic.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.curbsideclassic.com&rft.atitle=Brickyard+Classic%3A+1958+Indy+500+%E2%80%93+The+Salih+and+Epperly+%22Laydown%22+Roadsters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curbsideclassic.com%2Fblog%2Fnostalgia-1958-indy-500-the-salih-and-epperly-laydown-roadsters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://racer.com/author/robin-miller/">"Robin Miller"</a>. <i>www.racer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.racer.com&rft.atitle=Robin+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fracer.com%2Fauthor%2Frobin-miller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadster+%28car%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donedmunds.com/RoadsterMidget.html">"The Don Edmunds Fully Independent Suspended Roadster Midget"</a>. <i>www.donedmunds.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Individual_wheel_drive" title="Individual wheel drive">Individual wheel drive</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke 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