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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_air_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Commercial air travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_air_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Environmental effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyrejse" title="Flyrejse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Flyrejse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugreise" title="Flugreise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flugreise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مسافرت هوایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسافرت هوایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjalanan_udara" title="Perjalanan udara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjalanan udara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Air travel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglalakbay_sa_himpapawid" title="Paglalakbay sa himpapawid – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paglalakbay sa himpapawid" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" 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for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Air+travel%22">"Air travel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Air+travel%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Air+travel%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Air+travel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Air+travel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Air+travel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Air_travel" title="Talk:Air travel">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese airline brand, see <a href="/wiki/Air_Travel_(airline)" title="Air Travel (airline)">Air Travel (airline)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_(VP-BVH)_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg/250px-S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg/375px-S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg/500px-S7_Airlines_B767-33AER_%28VP-BVH%29_landing_at_Domodedovo_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/S7_Airlines" title="S7 Airlines">S7 Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-300ER</a> landing</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg/250px-Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg/375px-Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg/500px-Eurocopter_AS350B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>A Eurocopter AS350B helicopter in flight</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Air travel</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a> in vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blimp" title="Blimp">blimps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">gliders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">parachutes</a>, or anything else that can sustain <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of air travel began vastly increasing in the 1930s: the number of Americans flying went from about 6,000 in 1930 to 450,000 by 1934 and to 1.2 million by 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has continued to greatly increase in recent decades, doubling worldwide between the mid-1980s and the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern air travel is much safer than road travel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_and_international_flights">Domestic and international flights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Domestic and international flights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air travel are separated into two general classifications: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_flight" title="Domestic flight">national/domestic</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_flight" title="International flight">international flights</a>. Flights from one point to another within the same country are domestic flights. Flights from a point in one country to a point within a different country are international flights. Travelers can use domestic or international flights in either private or public travel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_air_travel">Commercial air travel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commercial air travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> on an airplane is usually split into a two, three or four class model service. U.S. domestic flights usually have two classes: <a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">economy class</a> and a domestic first class partitioned into <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">cabins</a>. International flights may have up to four classes: <a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">economy class</a>; <a href="/wiki/Premium_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Premium economy">premium economy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">business class</a> or club class; and <a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">first class</a>. </p><p>Most air travel starts and ends at a commercial <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a>. The typical procedure is <a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">check-in</a>; <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a>; <a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">airport security</a> baggage and passenger check before entering the gate; <a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">boarding</a>; <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flying</a>; and pick-up of luggage and – limited to international flights – another border control at the host country's <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">border</a>. Most passengers must go through these steps when flying with a commercial airline. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For longer journeys, air travel may consist of several flights with a <a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">layover</a> in between. The number of layovers often depends on the number of <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub airports</a> the journey is routed through. </p><p>Airlines rely either on the <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">point-to-point model</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Spoke%E2%80%93hub_distribution_paradigm" title="Spoke–hub distribution paradigm">spoke-and-hub model</a> to operate flights in between airports. The point-to-point model, often used by low-cost carriers such as Southwest,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relies on scheduling flights directly between destination airports. The spoke-and-hub model, used by carriers such as American<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Delta,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relies on scheduling flights to and from hub airports. The hub-and-spoke model allows airlines to connect more destinations and provide more frequent routes, while the point-to-point system allows airlines to avoid layovers and have more cost effective operations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_effects">Environmental effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></div> <p>Modern aircraft consume less fuel per person and mile traveled than cars when fully booked.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the distances traveled are often significantly larger and will not replace car travel but instead add to it, and not every flight is booked out. </p><p>Instead, the scheduled flights are predominant, resulting in a far worse <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a>, flights produced 781 million tonnes (769 million long tons) of the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> in 2015 globally, as compared to an estimated total of 36 billion tonnes (35 billion long tons) anthropogenic CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a> is often proposed as solution to mitigate the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions of flying. There are many NGOs that offer to compensate CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions by advancing clean renewable energy, reducing energy consumption and capturing already released carbon in trees or other plants.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, carbon offsetting is a very controversial topic as it only tries to mitigate what has already been emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></div> <p>Modern air travel is significantly safer than road travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 in the United States, there were 1.27 fatalities per 100 million road vehicle miles, compared to no fatalities and almost zero accidents per million flying miles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were more than five million driving accidents, compared to 20 accidents in flying.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelers may perceive planes to be more dangerous as they do not allow individual control and because plane crashes are more catastrophic events (the <a href="/wiki/Availability_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Availability bias">availability bias</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_hazards_of_air_travel" title="Health hazards of air travel">Health hazards of air travel</a></div> <p>Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the third-most common vascular disease, next to stroke and heart attack. It is estimated that DVT affects one in 5,000 travelers on long flights.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC053016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC053016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk increases with exposure to more flights within a short time frame and with increasing duration of flights.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During flight, the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">cabin pressure</a> is usually maintained at the equivalent of 6,000–8,000 ft (1,800–2,400 m) above sea level. Most healthy travelers will not notice any effects. However, for travelers with cardiopulmonary diseases (especially those who normally require supplemental oxygen), cerebrovascular disease, anemia, or sickle cell disease, conditions in an aircraft can exacerbate underlying medical conditions. Aircraft cabin air is typically dry, usually 10%–20% humidity, which can cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and airways.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Air_travel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Air travel">Air travel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">Commercial aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_aviation" title="Environmental impact of aviation">Environmental impact of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">History of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">List of passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/45694/aviation">"Aviation."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airline+Networks%3A+A+Comparison+of+Hub-and+Spoke+and+Point-to-Point+Systems&rft.pub=Embry-Riddle+Aeronautical+University&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Gerald+N.+Cook+and+Jeremy+Goodwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.erau.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1443%26context%3Djaaer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Bland2012" class="citation web cs1">Alastair Bland (September 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-bad-is-air-travel-for-the-environment-51166834/">"How Bad Is Air Travel for the Environment?"</a>. smithsonian.com. <q>A large passenger jet may consume five gallons of fuel per mile traveled. Is it possible, then, that planes are more efficient than cars?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Bad+Is+Air+Travel+for+the+Environment%3F&rft.pub=smithsonian.com&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.au=Alastair+Bland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhow-bad-is-air-travel-for-the-environment-51166834%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegan_McArdle2013" class="citation news cs1">Megan McArdle (Aug 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-08-12/air-travel-is-worse-than-a-hummer-with-wings">"Air Travel Is Worse Than a Hummer With Wings"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <q>Almost eight times as many passenger miles are traveled by car as by plane, but passenger car travel only accounts for 3 to 4 times as much <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emission.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Air+Travel+Is+Worse+Than+a+Hummer+With+Wings&rft.date=2013-08-12&rft.au=Megan+McArdle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fview%2Farticles%2F2013-08-12%2Fair-travel-is-worse-than-a-hummer-with-wings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Clark2010" class="citation news cs1">Duncan Clark (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/blog/2010/sep/09/carbon-emissions-planes-shipping">"The surprisingly complex truth about planes and climate change"</a>. <i>Guardian</i>. <q>if we focus just on the impact over the next five years, then planes currently account for more <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> than all the cars on the world's roads – a stark reversal of the usual comparison. Per passenger mile, things are even more marked: flying turns out to be on average 50 times worse than driving in terms of a five-year warming impact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=The+surprisingly+complex+truth+about+planes+and+climate+change&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Duncan+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2Fblog%2F2010%2Fsep%2F09%2Fcarbon-emissions-planes-shipping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorken-KleefeldBerntsenFuglestvedt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Borken-Kleefeld, Jens; Berntsen, Terje; Fuglestvedt, Jan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es9039693/suppl_file/es9039693_si_001.pdf">"Specific Climate Impact of Passenger and Freight Transport"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol</i>. <b>44</b> (15): 5700–5706. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EnST...44.5700B">2010EnST...44.5700B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes9039693">10.1021/es9039693</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20666553">20666553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Specific+Climate+Impact+of+Passenger+and+Freight+Transport&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5700-5706&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20666553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes9039693&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EnST...44.5700B&rft.aulast=Borken-Kleefeld&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Berntsen%2C+Terje&rft.au=Fuglestvedt%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fsuppl%2F10.1021%2Fes9039693%2Fsuppl_file%2Fes9039693_si_001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707100424/https://www.atag.org/facts-figures.html">"Facts & figures"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atag.org/facts-figures.html">the original</a> on 2018-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+%26+figures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atag.org%2Ffacts-figures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://offset.climateneutralnow.org/aboutoffsetting">United Nations Carbon Offset Platform (n.d.). What is offsetting?</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1539906/Pros-and-cons-of-carbon-offsetting.html">The Telegraph (2007). Pros and cons of carbon offsetting</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://traveltips.usatoday.com/air-travel-safer-car-travel-1581.html">"Is Air Travel Safer Than Car Travel?"</a>. <i>Travel Tips - USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Tips+-+USA+Today&rft.atitle=Is+Air+Travel+Safer+Than+Car+Travel%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftraveltips.usatoday.com%2Fair-travel-safer-car-travel-1581.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC053016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC053016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchitelli2016" class="citation news cs1">Marchitelli, Rosa (30 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/shrinking-seats-airplanes-long-haul-flights-blood-clot-health-risk-1.3599406">"Air Canada passenger suffers 'horrible pain' after being stuck in cramped seat"</a>. <i>CBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Air+Canada+passenger+suffers+%27horrible+pain%27+after+being+stuck+in+cramped+seat&rft.date=2016-05-30&rft.aulast=Marchitelli&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Fshrinking-seats-airplanes-long-haul-flights-blood-clot-health-risk-1.3599406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuipersCannegieterMiddeldorpRobyn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kuipers, S; Cannegieter, SC; Middeldorp, S; Robyn, L; Büller, HR; Rosendaal, FR (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1989755">"The absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel: a cohort study of 8,755 employees of international organisations"</a>. <i>PLOS Med</i>. <b>4</b> (9): e290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040290">10.1371/journal.pmed.0040290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1989755">1989755</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17896862">17896862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Med&rft.atitle=The+absolute+risk+of+venous+thrombosis+after+air+travel%3A+a+cohort+study+of+8%2C755+employees+of+international+organisations&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e290&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1989755%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17896862&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040290&rft.aulast=Kuipers&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Cannegieter%2C+SC&rft.au=Middeldorp%2C+S&rft.au=Robyn%2C+L&rft.au=B%C3%BCller%2C+HR&rft.au=Rosendaal%2C+FR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1989755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-6-conveyance-and-transportation-issues/air-travel">"Air Travel - Chapter 6 - 2018 Yellow Book | Travelers' Health | CDC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+Travel+-+Chapter+6+-+2018+Yellow+Book+%26%23124%3B+Travelers%27+Health+%26%23124%3B+CDC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwnc.cdc.gov%2Ftravel%2Fyellowbook%2F2014%2Fchapter-6-conveyance-and-transportation-issues%2Fair-travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+travel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_travel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit 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href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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