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Tobler</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_R._Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Waldo_R._Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Waldo+R.+Tobler&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> (Redirected from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_Tobler&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldo Tobler">Waldo Tobler</a>) </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Waldo Rudolph Tobler (November 16, 1930 – February 20, 2018) was an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">American</a>-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographer">geographer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a>. Tobler is regarded as one of the most influential geographers and cartographers of the late 20th century and early 21st century. He is most well known for coining what has come to be referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_first_law_of_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's first law of geography">Tobler's first law of geography</a>. He also coined what has come to be referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_second_law_of_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's second law of geography">Tobler's second law of geography</a>. <table class="infobox biography vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"> <div class="fn"> Waldo Rudolph Tobler </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg/220px-Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg/330px-Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg/440px-Waldo_Tobler_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="890"></a> <div class="infobox-caption"> Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data">(1930-11-16)November 16, 1930 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portland,_Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, USA </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">February 20, 2018(2018-02-20) (aged 87)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandra_Arlinghaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandra Arlinghaus">Sandra Arlinghaus</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Tobler's career had a major impact on the development of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quantitative_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quantitative geography">quantitative geography</a>, and his research spanned and influenced the study of any discipline investigating geographic phenomena. He established the discipline of analytical cartography, contributed early to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_information_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">Geographic information systems</a> (GIS), and helped lay the groundwork for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_information_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographic information science">geographic information science</a> (GIScience) as a discipline. He had significant contributions to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_cartography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer cartography">computer cartography</a> and was one of the first geographers to explore using computers in geography. In cartography, he contributed to the literature on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Map_projection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Map projection">map projections</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choropleth_map?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choropleth map">choropleth maps</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flow_map?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flow map">flow maps</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartogram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartogram">cartograms</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animated_mapping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animated mapping">animated mapping</a>. His work with analytical cartography included contributions to the mathematical modeling of geographic phenomena, such as human movement in the creation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_hiking_function?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's hiking function">Tobler's hiking function</a>. Tobler's work has been described as ahead of its time, and many of his ideas are still unable to be fully implemented due to limitations of technology. Tobler held the positions of professor of geography and professor of statistics at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> and was an active Professor Emeritus at the Department of Geography until his death. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Military_service">2 Military service</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education_and_field">3 Education and field</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Career_and_academic_organizations">4 Career and academic organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Student_jobs">4.1 Student jobs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#System_Development_Corporation">4.2 System Development Corporation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pierce_County_planning_commission">4.3 Pierce County planning commission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#University_of_Michigan">4.4 University of Michigan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara">4.5 University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_organizations">4.6 Other organizations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_and_publications">5 Research and publications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cartography">5.1 Cartography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Map_projections">5.1.1 Map projections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Computer_cartography">5.1.2 Computer cartography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Analytical_cartography">5.1.3 Analytical cartography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Animated_mapping">5.1.4 Animated mapping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Choropleth">5.1.5 Choropleth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cartograms">5.1.6 Cartograms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flow_maps">5.1.7 Flow maps</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spatial_interpolation_and_isorhythmic_mapping">5.1.8 Spatial interpolation and isorhythmic mapping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spatial_Resolution">5.1.9 Spatial Resolution</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Laws_of_Geography">5.2 Laws of Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_Global_Demography_Project">5.3 The Global Demography Project</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tobler's_hiking_function">5.4 Tobler's hiking function</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Archeological_modeling">5.5 Archeological modeling</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Awards_and_honors">6 Awards and honors</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Memorials">6.1 Memorials</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tobler" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tobler">Tobler</a> was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portland,_Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, in 1930 to parents Verner Tobler and Hanny Urech Tobler.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thoits2018-2">[2]</a> His father was a Swiss consular employee, and this granted Waldo Tobler both Swiss and United States citizenship.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Unwin2019-5">[5]</a> His father's career resulted in moves to Seattle when Waldo Tobler was young, and later to Washington, D.C., when World War II started.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thoits2018-2">[2]</a> During World War II, his father's duties included reporting on the treatment of German Prisoners of War held in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> Tobler attended junior high school in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chevy_Chase,_Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chevy Chase, Maryland">Chevy Chase, Maryland</a>, while his father was stationed in Washington, D.C.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> In May 1945, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victory in Europe Day">Allied victory in Europe</a>, the family returned to Europe by boat from Boston, Massachusetts to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Havre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> France, then by train to Paris, and finally to his parents' native Switzerland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> His father was then stationed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budapest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, and Tobler attended boarding school for a year in Zurich, where he learned German, then public high school in St. Gall, and Bern.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thoits2018-2">[2]</a> Geographers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pradyumna_Prasad_Karan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pradyumna Prasad Karan (page does not exist)">Pradyumna Prasad Karan</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cotton_Mather_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cotton Mather (geographer) (page does not exist)">Cotton Mather</a> speculated that this frequent moving in early life may have influenced Tobler's later career choices and passion for geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> Tobler later stated that these early travels may have contributed to a career in geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Military service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> When Tobler turned 18 in 1948, Switzerland wanted to draft him into the Swiss Army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> To avoid the Swiss draft, Tobler traveled to France and joined the United States Army in 1948.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thoits2018-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dow1992-7">[7]</a> A native speaker of English, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a>, and French, the military trained him to speak Russian to serve as an interpreter for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Counterintelligence Corps">Counterintelligence Corps</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thoits2018-2">[2]</a> During his time in the military, he served as both an intelligence analyst and an interpreter in Europe (mostly in Austria) during the Korean War, and participated in interviewing Austrian Prisoners of War who had been released from the Soviet Union.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2018-8">[8]</a> Tobler described this activity as "little more than industrial espionage."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> He left the military in 1952 and used his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G.I._Bill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a> to attend university.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dow1992-7">[7]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Education_and_field">Education and field</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education and field" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:University_of_Washington_Quad,_Spring_2007.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg/300px-University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg/300px-University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg/450px-University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg/600px-University_of_Washington_Quad%2C_Spring_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> University of Washington "quad" in Spring 2007 </figcaption> </figure> After leaving the military, Tobler attended classes at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> in Vancouver, Canada.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dow1992-7">[7]</a> Here, Tobler was introduced to Canadian Geographer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Ross_Mackay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Ross Mackay">John Ross Mackay</a>, who Tobler convinced to allow him to take advanced cartography classes as a freshman.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a> After two years at the University of British Columbia, Tobler transferred to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> in Seattle, from which he received his B.A. (1955), M.A. (1957), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> (1961), all in geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1-10">[10]</a> Tobler returned for his PhD only after receiving a National Science Foundation fellowship to fund his studies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> At the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_of_Geography,_University_of_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Geography, University of Washington">Department of Geography, University of Washington</a>, Tobler participated in the quantitative revolution of the late 1950s, working with geography professors <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Ullman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Ullman">Edward Ullman</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Garrison_(geographer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Garrison (geographer)">William Garrison</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilson2015-11">[11]</a> Here, he became one of many of Garrison's grad students (dubbed the "space cadets") who would go on to be highly influential geographers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Unwin2019-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG2015-12">[12]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Getis1-13">[13]</a> His master's thesis is titled "An Empirical Evaluation of Some Aspects of Hypsometric Colors", and his dissertation "Map Transformations of Geographic Space."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thesis-14">[14]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Career_and_academic_organizations">Career and academic organizations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Career and academic organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Student_jobs">Student jobs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Student jobs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While the GI Bill funded much of Tobler's undergraduate courses, he took on several jobs during this time. As an undergraduate student, Tobler was offered positions on research expeditions to the Arctic.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> However, he turned down this position for a higher-paying job as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocker_Shovel_Loader?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocker Shovel Loader">mucker</a> in an underground gold mine in British Columbia. Tobler also worked parking cars part-time in Seatle and as a fire lookout in Seattle's Cedar River watershed. Tobler indicated that his choice to work in these positions rather than participate in research expeditions influenced his later specialization in geography. If he had taken the research position, he likely would have been a physical geographer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> After graduating with his B.S. in geography, Tobler was offered a position as a cartographic assistant at the University of Washington, which enabled him to pursue his master's degree.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="System_Development_Corporation">System Development Corporation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: System Development Corporation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SAGE_console.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/300px-SAGE_console.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3430" data-file-height="2498"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/300px-SAGE_console.jpeg" data-width="300" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/450px-SAGE_console.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/SAGE_console.jpeg/600px-SAGE_console.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) terminal used during the Cold War to analyze radar data in real-time to target Soviet bombers. </figcaption> </figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/System_Development_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="System Development Corporation">System Development Corporation</a> </div> In 1957, after obtaining his master's degree, Tobler began work for the System Development Corporation (SDC), a spinoff of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RAND_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, in Santa Monica, California.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barns2006-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a> Here, Tobler worked on developing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">Semi-Automatic Ground Environment</a> (SAGE) system, a system that combined both RADAR and computers to detect Soviet bomber aircraft, coordinate interceptor aircraft, and ultimately prevent a Soviet nuclear first strike.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a> Tobler's job entailed creating plastic overlay maps for Radar screens to train RADAR operators during exercises.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a> These maps were created manually but printed using computers such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IBM_704?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a> With these, SDC experimented with duplication and generating maps using computers directly. Tobler's experience here influenced his later academic publications and research on computer and analytical cartography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barns2006-15">[15]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a> In 1958, the American Association of Geographer's annual meeting was held in Los Angeles, California.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kostanick1958-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1958-18">[18]</a> At this meeting, Tobler arranged a tour of the computer facilities that SDC operated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Note01-19">[Note 1]</a> Tobler stated this was his first experience with the AAG.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pierce_County_planning_commission">Pierce County planning commission</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Pierce County planning commission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the SDC, Tobler worked for two years for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce County</a> planning commission.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Monmonier2019-20">[19]</a> During this time, he worked to create land-use maps by manually shading with colored pencils.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">[1]</a> He left this position when after getting an NSF fellowship and returned to school to get his PhD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="University_of_Michigan">University of Michigan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: University of Michigan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After earning his PhD in 1961, Tobler became an Assistant Professor at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Michigan1-21">[20]</a> While at the University of Michigan, Tobler was a member of the Michigan Inter-University Community of Mathematical Geographers (MICMOG), organized by fellow University of Washington geography PhD graduate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Bunge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Bunge">William Bunge</a>, which brought together faculty from both the University of Michigan and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_State_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bunge2001-22">[21]</a> These meetings sought to discuss topics related to quantitative geography, and organized joint seminars, which resulted in several discussion papers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Golledge1979-23">[22]</a> At the MICMOG meetings, Tobler was given the nickname "Ptobler," as he was "the greatest cartographer since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bunge2001-22">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Unwin2019-5">[5]</a> The MICMOG seminars and publications eventually led to the creation of the journal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_Analysis_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographical Analysis (journal)">Geographcial Analysis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> Tobler remained at the University of Michigan until 1977.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Michigan1-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: University of California, Santa Barbara" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg/220px-UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4552" data-file-height="2936"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg/220px-UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg/330px-UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg/440px-UCSB_University_Center_and_Storke_Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> UCSB University Center and Storke Tower </figcaption> </figure> In 1977, Tobler then moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara 1977, to be closer to the West Coast, where he grew up.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Here, he continued his research in employing computers to cartography, flow, and other applications.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> At UC Santa Barbara, he worked with geographers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reginald_Golledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reginald Golledge">Reginald Golledge</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Frank_Goodchild?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Frank Goodchild">Michael Frank Goodchild</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a> Until his retirement, he held the positions of Professor of Geography and Professor of Statistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1-10">[10]</a> He was an active <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professor_Emeritus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> here until his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_organizations">Other organizations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:NSF.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NSF.svg/200px-NSF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="284"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NSF.svg/200px-NSF.svg.png" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NSF.svg/300px-NSF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/NSF.svg/400px-NSF.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> National Science Foundation logo used from 1999 to 2009 </figcaption> </figure> Tobler was one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principal_investigator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principal investigator">principal investigators</a> and a senior <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientist">scientist</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Science_Foundation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>-sponsored <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Center_for_Geographic_Information_and_Analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis">National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1-10">[10]</a> Tobler served on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a> the Board on Earth Sciences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2018-8">[8]</a> He has been on the editorial board of several journals, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_American_Cartographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cartographer">The American Cartographer</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Regional_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Regional Science">Journal of Regional Science</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_Analysis_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographical Analysis (journal)">Geographical Analysis</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Journal_of_Geographical_Information_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Geographical Information Systems">International Journal of Geographical Information Systems</a>. He was a charter member of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, a council member of the Regional Science Association, member and chairman of the Mathematical Social Science Board, and served as the United States delegate to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Geographical_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Geographical Union">International Geographical Union</a> Commission on Geographical Data Processing and Sensing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2018-8">[8]</a> Until his retirement, he was a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> of Great Britain.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2018-8">[8]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Research_and_publications">Research and publications</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research and publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler_bibliography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waldo Tobler bibliography">Waldo Tobler bibliography</a> </div> While Tobler may have fewer publications than some contemporary geographers, his publications covered a broad range of topics and are considered of exceptional quality.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Unwin2019-5">[5]</a> His career in geography profoundly impacted the discipline, and he is perhaps the most influential geographer of the past century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a> The Library of Congress maintains some of Tobler's early work in "The Waldo Tobler Collection" within the broader "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) & Geospatial Resources," and the UC Santa Barbra Library maintains a collection of his work in "The Waldo Tobler Academic Archives."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LibraryofCongress1-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cartography">Cartography</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cartography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Waldo Tobler described himself as a "geographical cartographer," and his research interests reflect this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a> He published the first paper on using computers for making maps, established the discipline of analytical cartography, and contributed to the literature around thematic maps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS1-28">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a> His early work, including his dissertation, involved map projections, which he continued to work on throughout his life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> Tobler's time working at SDC on the SAGE system influenced his development of both computer and analytical cartography, and it is possible much of his work was kept confidential for some time due to military applications.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1976-29">[28]</a> Geographer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Monmonier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Monmonier">Mark Monmonier</a> described Tobler as "arguably the twentieth century's most innovative cartographer."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Memoir20176-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Map_projections">Map projections</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Map projections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Map_projection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Map projection">Map projection</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg/400px-Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg/400px-Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg/600px-Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg/800px-Tobler_Hyperelliptical_with_Tissot%27s_Indicatrices_of_Distortion.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Tobler hyperelliptical projection with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tissot%27s_indicatrix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tissot's indicatrix">Tissot's indicatrix</a> of deformation; α = 0, k = 3 </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg/400px-Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1035"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg/400px-Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg/600px-Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg/800px-Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection_SW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The world on Tobler hyperelliptical projection. 15° graticule; α = 0, γ=1.18314; k= 2.5. </figcaption> </figure> One of Tobler's largest interests, especially early in his career, was map projections, with much of his dissertation focusing on them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> He is the inventor of novel and unusual map projections, including the family of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler_hyperelliptical_projection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler hyperelliptical projection">Tobler hyperelliptical projections</a> and the first derivation of the partial differential equations for area cartograms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1973a-31">[30]</a> He also invented a method for smooth two-dimensional mass-preserving areal data redistribution. In 1972, Tobler translated and published <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a>'s 1772 "Notes and comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a> Tobler served as the third author of a book by Qihe Yang and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_P._Snyder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John P. Snyder">John P. Snyder</a> titled "Map Projection Transformation: Principles and Applications." This book was based on substantial translations by first author Qihe Yang from his work originally published in Chinese, and Tobler stepped in to help revise and assemble the book after Snyder died.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2000-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Computer_cartography">Computer cartography</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Computer cartography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_cartography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a> </div> Using his time and experience on the SAGE system, Tobler built upon the concepts and published his work in academic journals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2007-16">[16]</a> Computer cartography originates as a concept from a paper written by Waldo Tobler as a graduate student in 1959, titled "Automation and Cartography".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-LibraryofCongress1-26">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1990-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArchaeologyAward2014-35">[34]</a> This paper's concepts, such as the "Map in-Map out" system (MIMO), was extremely influential in early <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_Information_Systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic Information Systems">Geographic Information Systems</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArchaeologyAward2014-35">[34]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DeMers2023-36">[35]</a> Tobler's research in developing applications for computer cartography is described by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Monmonier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Monmonier">Mark Monmonier</a> as "a pivotal place in map history."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Monmonier2019-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Analytical_cartography">Analytical cartography</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Analytical cartography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Tobler's research emphasized mathematical modeling and graphic interpretations in geography through cartography. In 1976, he published a paper titled "Analytical Cartography," which pioneered the discipline of analytical cartography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1990-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2000-37">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McMaster2018-38">[37]</a> Analytical cartography is the foundation for many of the developments in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_information_systems?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic information systems">Geographic information systems</a>, and shapes how spatial analysis and cartography are taught today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1990-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2000-37">[36]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keith_C._Clarke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keith C. Clarke">Keith C. Clarke</a> defined Analytical cartography as "the theoretical and mathematical background behind cartography and the rules cartographers employed in the mapping process."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1990-33">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2000-37">[36]</a> Analytical cartography is described as the leading paradigm in cartography and is likely Tobler's most enduring contribution to the discipline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS1-28">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Mcmaster2002-39">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McMaster2018-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Animated_mapping">Animated mapping</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Animated mapping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif/220px-COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif/220px-COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif/330px-COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif/440px-COVID19_CASES_Mar21_May21.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Animated dot density map of COVID-19 cases in Connecticut between March 21, 2020 and May 21, 2020 </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animated_mapping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animated mapping">Animated mapping</a> </div> Tobler was among the first to create a true animated map, using animation to show change over time, in his famous 1970 paper, "A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a> While this paper is most often cited as the first time the first law of geography was invoked, the focus of the paper was on animation to show change over time, with the first law an "aside" to this.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Choropleth">Choropleth</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Choropleth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties,_2020.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="5100"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg/220px-Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg/330px-Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg/440px-Estimated_percentage_of_people_below_150%25_poverty_in_Contiguous_United_States_Counties%2C_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Estimated percentage of people below 150% poverty in Contiguous United States Counties, 2020 shown with a continuous, unclassified, colorscheme. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Choropleth_map?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Choropleth map">Choropleth map</a> </div> Tobler formally introduced the unclassified color scheme for choropleth maps in 1973.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Peterson1979-40">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dobson1973-41">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dobson1980-42">[41]</a> Tobler argued that these maps would increase data density, and avoided many of the issues with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Data_binning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Data binning">Data binning</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statistical_classification?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statistical classification">Statistical classification</a>. There has been significant debate around the best approach to solve this issue with choropleth maps, and most choropleth maps today continue to make use of class breaks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dobson1973-41">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Peterson1979-40">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dobson1980-42">[41]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Slocum2015-43">[42]</a> Other approaches to creating classes in choropleth maps include using the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenks_natural_breaks_optimization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenks natural breaks optimization">Jenks natural breaks optimization</a>, quantile, or equal class intervals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McMaster-44">[43]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CDC-45">[44]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ESRI1-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Cartograms">Cartograms</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cartograms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartogram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a> </div> Tobler's interest in cartograms stemmed from his interest in map projections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dorling2018-47">[46]</a> A chapter of his dissertation was developed for their creation, later adapted and published in the Geographical Review.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler2004b-48">[47]</a> Tobler was among the first to use computers to create cartogram maps, with the rubber sheet method being the first method he proposed for their creation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dorling2018-47">[46]</a> This method uses <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rubbersheeting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rubbersheeting">rubbersheeting</a> to transform the map coordinates based on the values of interest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dorling2018-47">[46]</a> He later proposed the "Pseudo-Cartogram" method, which approximates the pycnomirastic solution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1986-49">[48]</a> Tobler's methods for creating cartograms are still employed, however they have some practical problems in implementation that can sometimes ruin topology.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Gastner2004-50">[49]</a> Tobler's methods serve as the basis for many other methods to create them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Flow_maps">Flow maps</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Flow maps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flow_map?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flow map">Flow map</a> </div> Tobler was also concerned with representing flow (due to its involvement with movement as a mechanism of geographic change), and considered them critical to understanding geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a> Combining this interest in movement with his knowledge of cartography, Tobler worked on incorporating flow maps to the problem.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rey2020-51">[50]</a> While crude, the result of this research was that Tobler was the first to develop a software approach to creating flow maps in 1987.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GISTBoK-52">[51]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rey2020-51">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koylu2023-53">[52]</a> The first demonstration of this technology by Tobler involved mapping the flow of money through the US Federal Reserve to the various US states.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rey2020-51">[50]</a> In 2003, Tobler released a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freeware?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freeware">freeware</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Windows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>-based version of his flow representation software Flow Mapper.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Kim2012-54">[53]</a> Tobler's flow mapper software, and similar programs, continue to be built upon and applied to new topics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rey2020-51">[50]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koylu2023-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Spatial_interpolation_and_isorhythmic_mapping">Spatial interpolation and isorhythmic mapping</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Spatial interpolation and isorhythmic mapping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multivariate_interpolation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multivariate interpolation">Spatial interpolation</a>, which involves estimating values for a spatial surface from sample locations, is a major research focus and application in spatial analysis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Murray2020-55">[54]</a> Tobler published several studies on different approaches to spatial interpolation, including an extension of bilinear weighted interpolation and other models.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Murray2020-55">[54]</a> Tobler's pycnophylactic approach to interpolation had early applications to interpolation of surfaces used in isarithmic mapping on computers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Slocum2015-43">[42]</a> Tobler's approach was more straightforward then other methods of the time, and is more appropriate for samples collected at enumeration units like census tracts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Slocum2015-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Spatial_Resolution">Spatial Resolution</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Spatial Resolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to Tobler, a dictionary definition of resolution is "the capability of making distinguishable the individual parts of an object". In terms of digital raster data, which consists of pixels, spatial resolution (also referred to as ground sample distance GSD) refers to the size of one pixel on the ground.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1987-56">[55]</a> With regard to spatial resolution Tobler has formulated the following rule of thumb: “The usefulness of a GIS is constrained by its spatial resolution. The size of the smallest detectable feature is twice that of the resolution. The rule is: divide the denominator of the map scale by 1,000 to get the detectable size in meters. The resolution is one half of this amount.”<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1987-56">[55]</a> The spatial precision of a database is expressed by a distance and a scale, which are mathematically related by this rule of thumb about the relation between map scale and image resolution. This rule is derived from the equivalent of 0.5 mm on a map, the smallest physical mark that a cartographer can make: - Map Scale = Raster resolution (in meters) * 2 * 1,000 or - Raster resolution (in meters) = Map Scale /(2 * 1,000) By example, if the image resolution is 5m only the map scale should not be larger than 1:10,000. If you want to work at a scale of 1:2,000 the image resolution should be at least 1m. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Laws_of_Geography">Laws of Geography</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Laws of Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Q-fig2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Q-fig2.jpg/350px-Q-fig2.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="356"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Q-fig2.jpg/350px-Q-fig2.jpg" data-width="350" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Q-fig2.jpg/525px-Q-fig2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Q-fig2.jpg/700px-Q-fig2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A hand map with different spatial patterns, and corresponding Moran's I values. Moran's I is often used to demonstrate the practical applications of Tobler's first law of geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild1986-57">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Anselin2020-58">[57]</a> </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_first_law_of_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's first law of geography">Tobler's first law of geography</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_second_law_of_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's second law of geography">Tobler's second law of geography</a> </div> In a 1970 paper in the journal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economic_Geography_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economic Geography (journal)">Economic Geography</a> where he discussed creating a computer movie of Detroit, Tobler stated, "I invoke the first law of geography: everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Waters2017-59">[58]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1970-60">[59]</a> This text following the colon in his statement, which was not the main focus of the paper, is now known as "Tobler's First Law of Geography," and is probably what Tobler is most famous for.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sui2004-61">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes2004-62">[61]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Phillips2004-63">[62]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild1-64">[63]</a> The first law of geography is widely cited and is relevant today, particularly within the sub-discipline of geographic information science.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild2022-65">[64]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Westlund2013-66">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hecht1-67">[66]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref3-68">[67]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographic_Information_Science_and_Technology_Body_of_Knowledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge">Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge</a> "Model Curricula" in particular emphasizes the importance of the first law in the section on "Metrical relationships: distance and direction."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GISTBoK-52">[51]</a> It is considered the theoretical basis of many statistics in spatial analysis, including those involved in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cluster_analysis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cluster analysis">cluster analysis</a> and spatial autocorrelation (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moran%27s_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moran's I">Moran's I</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild1986-57">[56]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Anselin2020-58">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Miller2004-69">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Klippel2011-70">[69]</a> Spatial autocorrelation, and Tobler's 1970 paper, are considered central to modern approaches in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Technical_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Technical geography">technical geography</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Haidu2016-71">[70]</a> Tobler's first law is included in the children's book "ABCs of Geography" under the letter "T" for "Tobler."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ferrie2022-72">[71]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Puttick2023-73">[72]</a> In a 1999 paper titled "Linear pycnophylactic reallocation comment on a paper by D. Martin," Tobler stated "Philosophically, the phenomenon external to an area of interest affects what goes on in the inside; a sufficiently common occurrence as to warrant being called the second law of geography."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler1999-74">[73]</a> In his 2004 paper "On the First law of Geography: A reply," he discussed this concept again.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler2004-75">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McClain2023-76">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thompson2024-77">[76]</a> This has come to be known as Tobler's second law of geography.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McClain2023-76">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Thompson2024-77">[76]</a> In Tobler's 2004 paper, he discussed other potential candidates for laws of geography, including one proposed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Arbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giuseppe Arbia">Giuseppe Arbia</a>, R. Benedetti, and G. Espa in a 1996 paper that stated "Everything is related to everything else, but things observed at a coarse spatial resolution are more related than things observed at a finer resolution."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler2004-75">[74]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ref1-78">[77]</a> This has come to be known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arbia%27s_law_of_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arbia's law of geography">Arbia's law of geography</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Otto1-79">[78]</a> The laws of geography, particularly Tobler's first law of geography, have been debated heavily in literature, with their status as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientific_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientific law">scientific laws</a> questioned, changes and amendments proposed, exceptions noted, and corresponding defenses by proponents of the laws.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild1-64">[63]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Walker1-80">[79]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zhu-81">[80]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Manning2023-82">[81]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Zheng2023-83">[82]</a> Tobler weighed in on this debate surrounding his law, and others, in a 2004 article titled "On the First law of Geography: A reply."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Tobler2004-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_Global_Demography_Project">The Global Demography Project</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The Global Demography Project" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Global Demography Project was conducted by the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis to map the human population in a series of 5 by 5 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minute and second of arc">minute</a>, or roughly one-kilometer, grids for most of the Earth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dobson2000-84">[83]</a> While this project had serious limitations, largely due to data limitations, it was the finest scale population set produced to that point. The project was later supported by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Earth_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Earth Institute">Columbia University’s Center for International Earth Science Information Network</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke2015-27">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg/300px-Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg/300px-Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg/450px-Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg/600px-Tobler%27s_hiking_function.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tobler's hiking function – walking speed vs. slope angle chart. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tobler's_hiking_function">Tobler's hiking function</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tobler's hiking function" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler%27s_hiking_function?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler's hiking function">Tobler's hiking function</a> </div> Tobler was an avid hiker, and combined this with his interest flow and movement to generate "Tobler's hiking function," also known as "Tobler’s walking rule."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dorling2018-47">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild2020-85">[84]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Higgins2021-86">[85]</a> In this research, Tobler used himself as a subject, and was published the results in a 1993 paper.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild2020-85">[84]</a> With this function, he sought to model and predict an average hiker walking speed on various slopes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild2020-85">[84]</a> Researchers have suggested this function has applications in various fields, including self-driving cars, route decisions, and wayfinding apps.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Goodchild2020-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Archeological_modeling">Archeological modeling</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Archeological modeling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While at UC Santa Barbra in 1971, Tobler published models to predict the location of archaeological sites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilford1982-87">[86]</a> Using the frequency of locations being noted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuneiform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> tablets discussing commercial transactions, he estimated the distance between the towns in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Babylonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> using a reverse gravity model.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilford1982-87">[86]</a> Many of these predictions were for unknown locations and were proven accurate for at least three known towns; however, more excavation is needed to confirm the remainder of his predictions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flowerdew2011-9">[9]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilford1982-87">[86]</a> These ideas serve as the basis for numerous similar computer simulations to model ancient human migration, such as the settlement of Polynesia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wilford1982-87">[86]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Awards and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Zurich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Zurich">University of Zurich</a>, Switzerland, awarded him an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honorary_degree?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> in 1988.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Karan2000-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCGIS1-88">[87]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Austrian Academy of Sciences</a> created the Waldo Tobler Awards, which include the Waldo Tobler GIScience Prize and the Young Researcher Award in Geographic Information Science, to recognize Tobler's contributions to geographic research.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW3-89">[88]</a> The awards seek to "encourage scientific advancement in the disciplines of Geoinformatics and/or Geographic Information Science."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW1-90">[89]</a> The Waldo Tobler GIScience Prize is issued to individuals who have "exhibited outstanding and sustained contributions to the discipline worthy of inspiring young scientists in Geoinformatics or Geographic Information Science, and has accomplished significant advances in these fields."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW1-90">[89]</a> It has been issued since to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Mark_(scientist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Mark (scientist)">David Mark</a> (2016), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Poiker&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Thomas Poiker (page does not exist)">Thomas Poiker</a> (2017), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Helena_Mitasova&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Helena Mitasova (page does not exist)">Helena Mitasova</a> (2018), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Batty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Batty">Michael Batty</a> (2019), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luc_Anselin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luc Anselin">Luc Anselin</a> (2022), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sara_Irina_Fabrikant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sara Irina Fabrikant">Sara Irina Fabrikant</a> (2023).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW2-91">[90]</a> The Young Researcher Award in Geographic Information Science is awarded to "individuals, typically under the age of 35, acknowledging publications enhancing the body of Geoinformatics or GIScience literature."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW4-92">[91]</a> It has since been issued to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Filip_Biljecki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Filip Biljecki (page does not exist)">Filip Biljecki</a> (2015), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Xingjian_Liu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Xingjian Liu (page does not exist)">Xingjian Liu</a> (2016), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Song_Gao_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Song Gao (geographer) (page does not exist)">Song Gao</a> (2016), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Chen_Min_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Chen Min (geographer) (page does not exist)">Chen Min</a> (2017), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Cabrera_Barona&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pablo Cabrera Barona (page does not exist)">Pablo Cabrera Barona</a> (2017), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Auriol_Degbelo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Auriol Degbelo (page does not exist)">Auriol Degbelo</a> (2018), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wei_Luo_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wei Luo (geographer) (page does not exist)">Wei Luo</a> (2018), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Franz-Benjamin_Mocnik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Franz-Benjamin Mocnik (page does not exist)">Franz-Benjamin Mocnik</a> (2019), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yingjie_Hu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yingjie Hu (page does not exist)">Yingjie Hu</a> (2019), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Laura_Knoth&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Laura Knoth (page does not exist)">Laura Knoth</a> (2020),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Yuhao_Kang&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Yuhao Kang (page does not exist)">Yuhao Kang</a> (2023 ), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Weiming_Huang&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Weiming Huang (page does not exist)">Weiming Huang</a> (2022).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%C3%96AW2-91">[90]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Association_of_Geographers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Association of Geographers">American Association of Geographers</a> Geographic Information Science and Systems Specialty Group (AAG GISS) and the publication <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Transactions_in_GIS&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Transactions in GIS (page does not exist)">Transactions in GIS</a> hosts an annual session at the AAG conference titled "The Waldo Tobler Distinguished Lecture in GIScience."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS1-28">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS2-93">[92]</a> This session honors the legacy of Waldo Tobler by featuring a leading researcher in GIScience.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS1-28">[27]</a> The selected speakers are given the Tobler Lecture Award.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAGGISS1-28">[27]</a> Mark Monmonier noted that Tobler "is one of a small handful of then-living persons accorded one of the 52 biographical entries in the twentieth-century volume of the History of Cartography."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Monmonier2019-20">[19]</a> Other awards and honors Tobler received throughout his life include: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Millermedal.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Osborn Maitland Miller Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Millermedal.jpg/220px-Millermedal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="192"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Millermedal.jpg/220px-Millermedal.jpg" data-alt="Osborn Maitland Miller Medal" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Millermedal.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li>Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States</li> <li>Honorary Fellow, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Geographical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a> (1965)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AGS1960s-94">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osborn_Maitland_Miller_Medal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osborn Maitland Miller Medal">Osborn Maitland Miller Medal</a>, American Geographical Society 1989<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AGS1960s-94">[93]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-honorslist-95">[94]</a></li> <li>Meritorious Contributor Medallion, Association of American Geographers, 1971<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG2-96">[95]</a></li> <li>Andrew McNally Award, 1986<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a></li> <li>ESRI Lifetime Achievement Award, 1999.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArcNews1999-97">[96]</a></li> <li>AAG Microcomputer Specialty Award, 1993.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_Consortium_for_Geographic_Information_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University Consortium for Geographic Information Science">UCGIS</a> Honorary Fellow, 2012<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCGIS1-88">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a> Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology, 2014<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ArchaeologyAward2014-35">[34]</a></li> <li>GIS Hall of Fame Inductee, URISA (Urban and Regional Information Systems Association), 2016.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-URISA1-98">[97]</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Memorials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_(36069719981).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg/220px-UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg/220px-UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg/330px-UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg/440px-UC_Santa_Barbara_Library_%2836069719981%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> UC Santa Barbara Library where the Waldo Tobler Archives are hosted. </figcaption> </figure> Rachel Tobler (Waldo Tobler's widow) and the Geography department at UC Santa Barbra established the "Waldo Tobler Memorial Lecture Fund" in honor of Waldo Tobler.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GivingUCSB-99">[98]</a> The fund helps "to support open lectures in the fields of demography, mapping and cartography, and geographic information science." Rachel Tobler donated Waldo Tobler's collection of papers and research materials to the UCSB Library, which now hosts them as "The Waldo Tobler Academic Archives".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UCSantaBarbra2023-25">[24]</a> On March 6, 2018, UCSB lowered their flag to honor Tobler after his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Yang2018-8">[8]</a> The journal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartography_and_Geographic_Information_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartography and Geographic Information Science">Cartography and Geographic Information Science</a> honored Tobler with both an obituary authored by Keith C. Clarke and a graphic composite on the cover featuring themes of his work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Clarke1-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cole-100">[99]</a> The journal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographical_Analysis_(journal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographical Analysis (journal)">Geographical Analysis</a> dedicated a special issue titled "In honor of Waldo Tobler," edited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alan_T._Murray&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alan T. Murray (page does not exist)">Alan T. Murray</a> and Keith C. Clarke, which contained several articles discussing his research, including discussions and overviews of Tobler's contributions to the journal.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Murray2020-55">[54]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Murray2020b-101">[100]</a> Two of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Cartographic_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Cartographic Association">International Cartographic Association</a> journals, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Cartographic_Journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Cartographic Journal">The Cartographic Journal</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Journal_of_Cartography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Cartography">International Journal of Cartography</a>, honored Tobler with obituary articles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Dorling2018-47">[46]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-McMaster2018-38">[37]</a> Geographer Mark Monmonier published an obituary for Waldo Tobler in the journal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imago_Mundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imago Mundi">Imago Mundi</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Monmonier2019-20">[19]</a> The journals Transactions in GIS and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_GIS&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Annals of GIS (page does not exist)">Annals of GIS</a> both published obituary articles in tribute to Tobler as well.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Unwin2019-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jo%C3%A3o2018-102">[101]</a> The American Association of Geographers published a memorial for him on their website.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-AAG1-10">[10]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a> – American geographer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duane_Marble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duane Marble">Duane Marble</a> – American geographer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geographers_on_Film?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geographers on Film">Geographers on Film</a> – Archival series of interviews with geographers</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_F._Jenks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George F. Jenks">George F. Jenks</a> – American geographer and cartographer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mei-Po_Kwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mei-Po Kwan">Mei-Po Kwan</a> – GeographerPages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Dacey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Dacey">Michael Dacey</a> – American geographer and spatial statistician</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Tomlinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger Tomlinson">Roger Tomlinson</a> – English-Canadian geographer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stewart_Fotheringham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stewart Fotheringham">Stewart Fotheringham</a> – British-American geographer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qualitative_geography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative geography</a> – Subfield of geographic methods</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tobler_(name)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tobler (name)">Tobler (name)</a> – family namePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note01-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Note01_19-0">^</a> In Tobler's Autobiography, he indicates that the AAG annual meeting occurred in the Spring. However, the schedule published in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Professional_Geographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Professional Geographer">The Professional Geographer</a> has the 1958 conference in the week of August 17. The 1958 conference schedule does not mention a trip to SDC facilities but does mention a field trip to the "Los Angeles Urban-Industrial Area."</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ToblerAutobiography-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-14">o</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-15">p</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-16">q</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-17">r</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-18">s</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-19">t</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ToblerAutobiography_1-20">u</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTobler2002" class="citation book cs1">Tobler, Waldo (2002). "Ma Vie". In Gould, Peter; Pitts, Forrest R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB1OAAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DMa%2520Vie">Geographical Voices: Fourteen Autobiographical Essays</a> (1 ed.). Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 293–322. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2940-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2940-0"><bdi>0-8156-2940-0</bdi></a>. 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Geographical Review. 49 (4): 526–534. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959GeoRv..49..526T">1959GeoRv..49..526T</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F212211">10.2307/212211</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/212211">212211</a>. 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American Geographical Society. Retrieved June 17, 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-AAG2-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-AAG2_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.aag.org/award-grant/aag-honors/">"AAG Honors"</a>. American Association of Geographers. Retrieved 8 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Geographers&rft.atitle=AAG+Honors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aag.org%2Faward-grant%2Faag-honors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ArcNews1999-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ArcNews1999_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall99articles/08-drwaldo.html">"Dr. Waldo Tobler Presented the Lifetime Achievement in GIS Award"</a>. ArcNews. ESRI. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArcNews&rft.atitle=Dr.+Waldo+Tobler+Presented+the+Lifetime+Achievement+in+GIS+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esri.com%2Fnews%2Farcnews%2Ffall99articles%2F08-drwaldo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-URISA1-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-URISA1_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://urisa.org/general/custom.asp?page%3DGIS_HallofFame">"URISA GIS HALL OF FAME"</a>. The Urban and Regional Information Systems Association. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URISA+GIS+HALL+OF+FAME&rft.pub=The+Urban+and+Regional+Information+Systems+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furisa.org%2Fgeneral%2Fcustom.asp%3Fpage%3DGIS_HallofFame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GivingUCSB-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GivingUCSB_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://giving.ucsb.edu/Funds/Give?id%3D339">"Department of Geography – Waldo Tobler Memorial Lecture Fund"</a>. Giving UCSB. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Giving+UCSB&rft.atitle=Department+of+Geography+%E2%80%93+Waldo+Tobler+Memorial+Lecture+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgiving.ucsb.edu%2FFunds%2FGive%3Fid%3D339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cole-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cole_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chrisman, Nicholas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cartogis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2019_US_National_Report.pdf">"Cartography and Geographic Information Science: An International Journal"</a> (PDF). US National Committee for the International Cartographic Association. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+National+Committee+for+the+International+Cartographic+Association&rft.atitle=Cartography+and+Geographic+Information+Science%3A+An+International+Journal&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Chrisman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcartogis.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2F2019_US_National_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Murray2020b-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Murray2020b_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayClarke2020" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Alan T.; Clarke, Keith C., eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15384632/2020/52/4">"Special Issue:In honor of Waldo Tobler"</a>. Geographical Analysis (4): 475–661. Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Analysis&rft.atitle=Special+Issue%3AIn+honor+of+Waldo+Tobler&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-661&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Ftoc%2F15384632%2F2020%2F52%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-João2018-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waldo_Tobler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jo%C3%A3o2018_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_de_Abreu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Francisco de Abreu, João (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19475683.2018.1471521">"First law of geography, first computer map, cartograms, analytical cartography, wind model – tribute to Waldo Tobler: scientist, geographer, cartographer"</a>. Annals of GIS. 24 (3): 221–222. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AnGIS..24..221D">2018AnGIS..24..221D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F19475683.2018.1471521">10.1080/19475683.2018.1471521</a>. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+GIS&rft.atitle=First+law+of+geography%2C+first+computer+map%2C+cartograms%2C+analytical+cartography%2C+wind+model+%E2%80%93+tribute+to+Waldo+Tobler%3A+scientist%2C+geographer%2C+cartographer&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-222&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19475683.2018.1471521&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AnGIS..24..221D&rft.aulast=Francisco+de+Abreu&rft.aufirst=Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F19475683.2018.1471521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWaldo+R.+Tobler" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Waldo_R._Tobler&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Waldo_R._Tobler" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Waldo R. 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