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(July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (July 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Internet Protocol television (IPTV), also called TV over broadband,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> is the service delivery of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> over <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) networks. Usually sold and run by a <a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">telecom provider</a>, it consists of broadcast <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Streamed" class="mw-redirect" title="Streamed">streamed</a> over the Internet (<a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>) — in contrast to delivery through traditional <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> transmission formats — as well as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> services for watching or replaying content (<a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mview_IPTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/220px-Mview_IPTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/330px-Mview_IPTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mview_IPTV.jpg/440px-Mview_IPTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"></a><figcaption>An IPTV set-top box connected to a TV set, designed to receive television from a service called Mview</figcaption></figure>IPTV broadcasts started gaining usage during the 2000s alongside the rising use of <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a>-based internet connections.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> It is often provided bundled with internet access services by <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISPs</a> to subscribers and runs in a closed network.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> IPTV normally requires the use of a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, which receives the encoded television content in the <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> via <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a>, and converts the <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">packets</a> to be watched on a TV set or other kind of display.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> It is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top (OTT)</a> services, which are based on a direct one-to-one transmission mechanism. IPTV methods have been standardised by organisations such as <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> IPTV has found success in some regions: for example in Western Europe in 2015, pay IPTV users overtook pay satellite TV users.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> IPTV is also used for media delivery around corporate and private networks.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Markets">3 Markets</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Residential">3.1 Residential</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Commercial_and_corporate">3.2 Commercial and corporate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Architecture">4 Architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Elements">4.1 Elements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Architecture_of_a_video_server_network">4.2 Architecture of a video server network</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Residential_IPTV_home_networks">4.3 Residential IPTV home networks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Telecomms_IMS_architecture">4.4 Telecomms IMS architecture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Protocols">5 Protocols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Via_satellite">6 Via satellite</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Hybrid_IPTV">7 Hybrid IPTV</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Advantages">8 Advantages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Interactivity">8.1 Interactivity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Video_on_demand">8.2 Video on demand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#IPTV-based_converged_services">8.3 IPTV-based converged services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Limitations">9 Limitations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Latency">9.1 Latency</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bandwidth_requirements">10 Bandwidth requirements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Privacy_implications">11 Privacy implications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Vendors">12 Vendors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Service_bundling">13 Service bundling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Regulation">14 Regulation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">15 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">16 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">17 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Further_reading">18 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] over IP networks, <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport streams</a> over IP networks and a number of proprietary systems. One official definition approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> focus group on IPTV (ITU-T FG IPTV) is: <blockquote>IPTV is defined as multimedia services such as television/video/audio/text/graphics/data delivered over IP-based networks managed to provide the required level of quality of service and experience, security, interactivity and reliability.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></blockquote> Another definition of IPTV, relating to the telecommunications industry, is the one given by <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Telecommunications_Industry_Solutions" title="Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions">Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions</a> (ATIS) IPTV Exploratory Group in 2005: <blockquote>IPTV is defined as the secure and reliable delivery to subscribers of entertainment video and related services. These services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand (VOD) and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_television" title="Interactive television">Interactive TV (iTV)</a>. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video and control signals. In contrast to video over the public Internet, with IPTV deployments, network security and performance are tightly managed to ensure a superior entertainment experience, resulting in a compelling business environment for content providers, advertisers and customers alike.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Up until the early 1990s, it was not thought possible that a <a href="/wiki/Television_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programme">television programme</a> could be squeezed into the limited <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunication</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephone_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cable">telephone cable</a> to provide a <a href="/wiki/Video-on-demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Video-on-demand">video-on-demand</a> (VOD) television service of acceptable quality, as the required bandwidth of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> signal was around 200 <a href="/wiki/Megabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit per second">Mbit/s</a>, which was 2,000 times greater than the bandwidth of a speech signal over a copper <a href="/wiki/Telephone_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone wire">telephone wire</a>. VOD services were only made possible as a result of two major technological developments: <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">asymmetric digital subscriber line</a> (ADSL) <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">data transmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-10">[10]</a> Motion-compensated DCT algorithms for <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standards">video coding standards</a> include the <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> formats from 1988 onwards and the <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats from 1991 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-12">[12]</a> Motion-compensated DCT video compression significantly reduced the amount of bandwidth required for a television signal, while at the same time ADSL increased the bandwidth of data that could be sent over a copper telephone wire. ADSL increased the bandwidth of a telephone line from around 0.1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, while DCT compression reduced the required bandwidth of a digital television signal from around 200 Mbit/s down to about 2 Mbit/s. The combination of DCT and ADSL technologies made it possible to practically implement VOD services at around 2 Mbit/s bandwidth in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Lea-10">[10]</a> The term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Precept_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Precept Software">Precept Software</a> by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Estrin" title="Judith Estrin">Judith Estrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_N._Carrico_Jr." title="William N. Carrico Jr.">Bill Carrico</a>. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV. IP/TV was an <a href="/wiki/Mbone" title="Mbone">Mbone</a> compatible Windows and Unix-based application that transmitted single and multi-source audio and video traffic, ranging from low to DVD quality, using both <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> and <a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a> <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) and <a href="/wiki/Real_time_control_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real time control protocol">Real time control protocol</a> (RTCP). The software was written primarily by Steve Casner, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Auerbach" title="Karl Auerbach">Karl Auerbach</a>, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Cisco retains the IP/TV trademark. Telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/US_West" title="US West">US West</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a>) launched an IPTV service called TeleChoice in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> in 1998 using <a href="/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL">VDSL</a> technology, becoming the first company in the United States to provide digital television over telephone lines.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The service was shut down in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> company <a href="/wiki/AudioNet" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioNet">AudioNet</a> started the first continuous <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live</a> <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">webcasts</a> with content from <a href="/wiki/WFAA" title="WFAA">WFAA</a>-TV in January 1998 and <a href="/wiki/KCTU-LP" class="mw-redirect" title="KCTU-LP">KCTU-LP</a> on 10 January 1998.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Communications">Kingston Communications</a>, a regional telecommunications operator in the UK, launched Kingston Interactive Television (KIT), an IPTV over <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) service in September 1999. The operator added additional VOD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, a VOD content provider. Kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VOD over <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations and policy on IPTV. In 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/NBTel" title="NBTel">NBTel</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aliant" title="Bell Aliant">Bell Aliant</a>) was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> using the Alcatel 7350 <a href="/wiki/DSLAM" title="DSLAM">DSLAM</a> and middleware created by iMagic TV (owned by NBTel's parent company <a href="/wiki/Bruncor" title="Bruncor">Bruncor</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>). The service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, and later expanded into <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> in early 2000<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> after the formation of <a href="/wiki/Aliant" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliant">Aliant</a>. iMagic TV was later sold to <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Sasktel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasktel">Sasktel</a> was the second in Canada to commercially deploy IPTV over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform.<a href="#cite_note-rlp20080204-24">[24]</a> In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) channels over an IPTV service.<a href="#cite_note-rlp20061017-25">[25]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Bredbandsbolaget" title="Bredbandsbolaget">Bredbandsbolaget</a> launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest provider any longer; <a href="/wiki/TeliaSonera" class="mw-redirect" title="TeliaSonera">TeliaSonera</a>, who launched their service later, now has more customers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2007, TPG launched their IPTV service in Australia after a limited beta.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Telecommunication_Company_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited">Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited</a> (PTCL) launched IPTV under the brand name of <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country offering 140 live channels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2010, <a href="/wiki/CenturyLink" class="mw-redirect" title="CenturyLink">CenturyLink</a> – after acquiring <a href="/wiki/Embarq" title="Embarq">Embarq</a> (2009) and Qwest (2010) – entered five U.S. markets with an IPTV service called Prism.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This was after successful test marketing in Florida. Later in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> (a major division, if not the largest division of <a href="/wiki/BCE_Inc." title="BCE Inc.">BCE</a>) announced it would begin offering residential and business/commercial customers in Montreal, Quebec and Toronto, Ontario IPTV over a number of different modalities, including <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the node">fibre to the node</a> and <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a>. This flavour of IPTV would be packaged with other services and branded as "Bell Fibe," providing Canadian customers with everything from local analogue trunk connectivity (<a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a>), to <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Internet">fibre Internet</a> to TV service via IPTV.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Bell further announced in the September 13th (2010) press release it would begin deploying fiber optic Ethernet to homes in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Bell has since continued to install fiber optic Ethernet to homes (fibre to the home) across <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Bell Canada's two largest customer territories. Bell was very successful with the deployment of the Bell Fibe product offering. Many customers in Ontario and Quebec switched from legacy (<a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cable_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable companies">cable companies</a> to Bell's Fibe product because of Bell's marketing around IPTV and their at-home wireless PVR offering. Bell's wireless PVR would permit customers to place a TV anywhere they wanted - as long as they had a power outlet. Bell Fibe TV commercials would show young families watching TV outside on the couch with large 70+ inch LCDs and their Bell Fibe wireless PVR.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In Brazil, since at least 2012, <a href="/wiki/Vivo_(telecommunications_company)" title="Vivo (telecommunications company)">Vivo</a> has been offering the service Vivo TV Fibra in 200+ cities where it has FTTH coverage (4Q 2020 data) . Since at least 2018, Oi has also been offering IPTV under its FTTH service "Oi Fibra". Also, several regional FTTH providers also offer IPTV along with FTTH internet services. In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Television" title="Korean Central Television">Korean Central Television</a> (KCTV) introduced the <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a> called <a href="/wiki/Manbang" title="Manbang">Manbang</a>, reportedly providing video-on-demand services in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> via quasi-internet protocol television (IPTV). Manbang allows viewers to watch five different TV channels in real-time, and find political information regarding the <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of North Korea">Supreme Leader</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> ideology, and read articles from state-run news organizations. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential">Residential</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/220px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/220px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/330px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg/440px-IP_STB-_HC_I_Series.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An IPTV set-top box on display from a Taiwanese provider</figcaption></figure> The global IPTV market was expected to grow from 28 million subscribers at US$12 billion revenue in 2009 to 83 million and US$38 billion in 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Europe and Asia are the leading territories in terms of the overall number of subscribers. But in terms of service revenues, Europe and North America generate a larger share of global revenue, due to very low average revenue per user (ARPU) in China and India, the fastest growing (and ultimately, the biggest markets) is Asia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/220px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/330px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg/440px-Deutsche_Telekom_Media_Receiver_400-5954.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> Media Receiver 400 set-top box for an IPTV service in Germany</figcaption></figure> Services also launched in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> launched IPTV early and after a slow initial growth, in February 2009 <a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT</a> announced that it had reached 398,000 subscribers to its <a href="/wiki/BT_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="BT Vision">BT Vision</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A free IPTV service by the public broadcasters was launched in 2024 named <a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claro_(mobile_phone_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claro (mobile phone network)">Claro</a> has launched their own IPTV service called "Claro TV". This service is available in several countries in which they operate, such as <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. IPTV is just beginning to grow in Central and Eastern Europe and Latin America, and now it is growing in South Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> but significant plans exist in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> introduced<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> its own IPTV services by the national provider Kazakhtelecom JSC<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and content integrator Alacast under the "iD TV" brand in two major cities Astana and Almaty in 2009 and is about to go nationwide starting 2010.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Australian ISP iiNet launched Australia's first IPTV with Fetch TV.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/MTNL" class="mw-redirect" title="MTNL">MTNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSNL" title="BSNL">BSNL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jio" title="Jio">Jio</a> in New Delhi, Mumbai and Punjab. <a href="/wiki/APSFL" class="mw-redirect" title="APSFL">APSFL</a> is another IPTV provider in the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, IPTV was first launched by NEW IT VENTURE CORPORATION called <a href="/wiki/Net_TV_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Net TV Nepal">Net TV Nepal</a>, the service can be accessed through its app, web app and Set-top boxes provided by local ISPs, another IPTV was started by <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecom</a> called WOW Time in 2016 which can be accessed through its app. In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Telecom">Sri Lanka Telecom</a> (operated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=SLT_VisionCom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLT VisionCom (page does not exist)">SLT VisionCom</a>) in 2008, under the brand name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=PEO_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEO TV (page does not exist)">PEO TV</a>. This service is available throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Dialog_TV" title="Dialog TV">Dialog TV</a> has been available through the service since 2018. In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, IPTV was launched by <a href="/wiki/PTCL" title="PTCL">PTCL</a> in 2008, under the brand name of <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a>. This service is available in 150 major cities of the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/PLDT" title="PLDT">PLDT</a> offers <a href="/wiki/Cignal" title="Cignal">Cignal</a> IPTV services as an add-on in certain ADSL and fiber optic plans.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, various companies have attempted to launch IPTV services since 2005. Failed PayTV provider <a href="/wiki/MiTV" class="mw-redirect" title="MiTV">MiTV</a> attempted to use an IPTV-over-UHF service but the service failed to take off. <a href="/wiki/HyppTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HyppTV">HyppTV</a> was supposed to use an IPTV-based system, but not true IPTV as it does not provide a set-top box and requires users to view channels using a computer. True IPTV providers available in the country at the moment are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fine_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fine TV (page does not exist)">Fine TV</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=DETV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DETV (page does not exist)">DETV</a>. In Q2 2010, Telekom Malaysia launched IPTV services through their <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a> product <a href="/wiki/Unifi_(internet_service_provider)" title="Unifi (internet service provider)">Unifi</a> in select areas. In April 2010, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> began testing IPTV services on TIME dotCom Berhad's high-speed <a href="/wiki/Fibre_to_the_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre to the home">fibre to the home</a> optical fibre network. In December 2010, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> began trials with customers in high-rise condominium buildings around the Mont Kiara area. In April 2011, <a href="/wiki/Astro_(satellite_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astro (satellite TV)">Astro</a> commercially launched its IPTV services under the tag line "The One and Only Line You'll Ever Need", a triple play offering in conjunction with TIME dotCom Berhad that provides all the Astro programming via IPTV, together with voice telephone services and broadband Internet access all through the same fibre optic connection into the customer's home. In 2020, Astro launched "Plug-and-Play", which uses Unicast technology for streaming TV. In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/TTNET" title="TTNET">TTNET</a> launched IPTV services under the name IPtivibu in 2010. It was available in pilot areas in the cities of Istanbul, İzmir and Ankara. As of 2011, IPTV service is launched as a large-scale commercial service and widely available across the country under the trademark "Tivibu EV".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Superonline plans to provide IPTV under the different name "WebTV" in 2011. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom" title="Türk Telekom">Türk Telekom</a> started building the fibre optic substructure for IPTV in late 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_and_corporate">Commercial and corporate</h3></div> IPTV has been widely used since around 2002[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] to distribute television and <a href="/wiki/Audio-visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio-visual">audio-visual</a> (AV) media around businesses and commercial sites, whether as live TV channels or Video on Demand (VOD). Examples of types of commercial users include airports, schools, offices, hotels, and sports stadiums, to name just a few. <a href="/wiki/Hotel_television_systems" title="Hotel television systems">Hotel television systems</a> are the in-suite television content presented in hotel rooms, other hotel environments and in the hospitality industry for in-room entertainment, as well as hospitals, assisted living, senior care and nursing homes. These services may be free for the guest or paid, depending on the service and the individual hotel's or hotel chain's policy. Generally, these services are controlled by using the remote control. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPTVnet.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/220px-IPTVnet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/220px-IPTVnet.png" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/330px-IPTVnet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IPTVnet.png/440px-IPTVnet.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A simplified network diagram for IPTV</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements">Elements</h3></div> An IPTV head-end is a place where live <a href="/wiki/TV_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="TV channel">TV channels</a> and AV sources are encoded, encrypted, and delivered as IP <a href="/wiki/Multicast_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicast stream">multicast streams</a>. Meanwhile, a <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD) platform stores on-demand video assets and serves them as IP unicast streams when a user requests them. Sometimes, the VOD platform is located within the IPTV head-end. An interactive portal allows users to navigate within the different IPTV services, such as the VOD catalogue. A delivery network is a packet-switched network that carries IP packets, including <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> and multicast streams. Endpoints refer to user equipment that can request, decode, and deliver IPTV streams for display to the user. This can include computers, mobile devices, and <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>. At a residential IPTV user's home, the home TV gateway is the piece of equipment that terminates the access link from the delivery network. Lastly, the user set-top box is the piece of endpoint equipment that decodes and decrypts TV and VOD streams for display on the TV screen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_of_a_video_server_network">Architecture of a video server network</h3></div> Depending on the network architecture of the service provider, there are two main types of video server architecture that can be considered for IPTV deployment: centralised and distributed. The centralised architecture model is a relatively simple and easy-to-manage solution. Because all media content is stored in centralised servers, it does not require a comprehensive content distribution system. Centralised architecture is generally good for a network that provides relatively small VOD service deployment, has adequate core and edge bandwidth or has an efficient <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">content delivery network</a> (CDN). A distributed architecture has bandwidth usage advantages and inherent system management features that are essential for managing a larger server network. Distributed architecture requires intelligent and sophisticated content distribution technologies to augment effective delivery of multimedia content over the service provider's network.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_IPTV_home_networks">Residential IPTV home networks</h3></div> In many cases, the <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a> that provides connectivity with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> network is not located close to the IPTV set-top box. This scenario becomes very common as service providers start to offer service packages with multiple set-top boxes per subscriber. Networking technologies that take advantage of existing <a href="/wiki/Home_wiring" title="Home wiring">home wiring</a> (such as power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables) or of <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> hardware have become common solutions for this problem, although fragmentation in the wired home networking market has limited somewhat the growth in this market.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In December 2008, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> adopted Recommendation <a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/G.9960" class="mw-redirect" title="G.9960">G.9960</a>), which is a next-generation home networking standard that specifies a common PHY/MAC that can operate over any home wiring (power lines, phone lines or coaxial cables).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">Multimedia over Coax Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/HomePlug_Powerline_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="HomePlug Powerline Alliance">HomePlug Powerline Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_Phoneline_Networking_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Phoneline Networking Alliance">Home Phoneline Networking Alliance</a>, and Quasar Alliance (<a href="/wiki/Plastic_Optical_Fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic Optical Fiber">Plastic Optical Fibre</a>)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> each advocate their own technologies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecomms_IMS_architecture">Telecomms IMS architecture</h3></div> There is a growing standardisation effort on the use of the 3GPP <a href="/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem" title="IP Multimedia Subsystem">IP Multimedia Subsystem</a> (IMS) as an architecture for supporting IPTV services in telecommunications carrier networks. Both ITU-T and ETSI are working on so-called "IMS-based IPTV" standards (see e.g. ETSI TS 182 027<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>). Carriers will be able to offer both voice and IPTV services over the same core infrastructure and the implementation of services combining conventional TV services with telephony features (e.g. caller ID on the TV screen) will become straightforward.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Protocols">Protocols</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> IPTV supports both <a href="/wiki/Live_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Live TV">live TV</a> as well as stored video-on-demand. Playback requires a device connected to either a fixed or wireless IP network in the form of a standalone <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet tablet">touch screen tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game console</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connected_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected TV">connected TV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box#IPTV_receiver" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>. Content is compressed by <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codecs</a> and then encapsulated in <a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> or other packets. IP multicasting allows for live data to be sent to multiple receivers using a single multicast group address. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In standards-based IPTV systems, the primary underlying protocols used are: <ul><li>Service-provider-based streaming: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGMP" class="mw-redirect" title="IGMP">IGMP</a> for subscribing to a live multicast stream (TV channel) and for changing from one live multicast stream to another (TV channel change). IP multicast operates within LANs (including VLANs) and across WANs also.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] IP multicast is usually routed in the network core by <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Independent_Multicast" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Independent Multicast">Protocol Independent Multicast</a> (PIM), setting up correct distribution of multicast streams (TV channels) from their source all the way to the customers who wants to view them, duplicating received packets as needed. On-demand content uses a negotiated unicast connection. <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">Real-time Transport Protocol</a> (RTP) over <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">User Datagram Protocol</a> (UDP) or the lower overhead <a href="/wiki/H.222" class="mw-redirect" title="H.222">H.222</a> transport stream over <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) are generally the preferred methods of encapsulation.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a>-based unicast only live and VOD streaming: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> prefers <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Messaging_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Messaging Protocol">RTMP</a> over TCP with setup and control via either <a href="/wiki/Action_Message_Format" title="Action Message Format">AMF</a> or <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> or <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> transactions.</li> <li>Apple iOS uses <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Live_Streaming" title="HTTP Live Streaming">HLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a> over <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> with setup and control via an embedded <a href="/wiki/M3U" title="M3U">M3U</a> playlist file.</li> <li>Microsoft Silverlight uses <a href="/wiki/Smooth_Streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth Streaming">smooth streaming</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adaptive_bitrate_streaming" title="Adaptive bitrate streaming">adaptive bitrate streaming</a>) over HTTP.</li></ul></li> <li>Web-based multicast live and unicast VOD streaming: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) recommends RTP over UDP or <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> transports with setup and control using <a href="/wiki/RTSP" class="mw-redirect" title="RTSP">RTSP</a> over TCP.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected TV">Connected TVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box#IPTV_receiver" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_personal_video_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Network personal video recorder">network personal video recorders</a>: <ul><li>Local network content uses <a href="/wiki/Universal_Plug_and_Play#AV_standards" title="Universal Plug and Play">UPnP AV</a> for unicast via HTTP over TCP or for multicast live RTP over UDP.</li> <li>Web-based content is provided through either inline Web plug-ins or a television broadcast-based application that uses a <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> language such as <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG-5</a> that triggers an event such as loading an inline Web browser using an <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Player" title="Adobe Flash Player">Adobe Flash Player</a> plug-in.</li></ul></li></ul> Local IPTV, as used by businesses for <a href="/wiki/Audio_visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio visual">audio visual</a> AV distribution on their company networks is typically based on a mixture of: <ol><li>Conventional TV reception equipment and IPTV encoders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_gateway" title="TV gateway">TV gateways</a> that receive live <a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB) MPEG transport streams (channels) from terrestrial aerials, satellite dishes, or cable feeds and convert them into IP streams</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Via_satellite">Via satellite</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Although IPTV and conventional <a href="/wiki/Satellite_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite TV">satellite TV</a> distribution have been seen as complementary technologies, they are likely to be increasingly used together in hybrid IPTV networks. IPTV is largely neutral to the transmission medium, and IP traffic is already routinely carried by satellite for <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a> trunking and corporate <a href="/wiki/VSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VSAT">VSAT</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The copper twisted pair cabling that forms the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a> of the telephone and broadband network in many countries is not able to provide a sizeable proportion of the population with an IPTV service that matches even existing terrestrial or satellite digital TV distribution. For a competitive multi-channel TV service, a connection speed of 20 Mbit/s is likely to be required, but unavailable to most potential customers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The increasing popularity of high-definition television increases connection speed requirements or limits IPTV service quality and connection eligibility even further. However, satellites are capable of delivering in excess of 100 Gbit/s via multi-spot beam technologies, making satellite a clear emerging technology for implementing IPTV networks. Satellite distribution can be included in an IPTV network architecture in several ways. The simplest to implement is an IPTV-<a href="/wiki/Direct_to_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct to home">direct to home</a> (DTH) architecture, in which hybrid DVB-broadband <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a> in subscriber homes integrate satellite and IP reception to give additional bandwidth with return channel capabilities. In such a system, many live TV channels may be multicast via satellite and supplemented with stored video-on-demand transmission via the broadband connection. <a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a>’s Satellite Media Solutions Division suggests "IPTV works best in a hybrid format. For example, you would use broadband to receive some content and satellite to receive other, such as live channels".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Hybrid_IPTV">Hybrid IPTV</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2011)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hybrid IPTV refers to the combination of traditional broadcast TV services and video delivered over either managed IP networks or the public Internet. It is an increasing trend in both the consumer and pay TV markets.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The growth of Hybrid IPTV is driven by two major factors. Since the emergence of online video aggregation sites, like <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> in the mid-2000s, traditional <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> operators have come under increasing pressure to provide their subscribers with a means of viewing <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-based video on their televisions. At the same time, specialist IP-based operators have looked for ways to offer <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital terrestrial">digital terrestrial</a> services to their operations, without adding either additional cost or complexity to their transmission operations. <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a> is a valuable asset for operators, so many have looked for alternative ways to deliver these new services without investing in additional network infrastructures. A hybrid set-top allows content from a range of sources, including <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a> broadcast, satellite, and cable, to be brought together with video delivered over the Internet via an Ethernet connection on the device. This enables television viewers to access a greater variety of content on their TV sets, without the need for a separate box for each service. Hybrid IPTV set-top boxes may also enable users to access a range of advanced interactive services, such as VOD, <a href="/wiki/Catch-up_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-up TV">catch-up TV</a>, as well as Internet applications, including <a href="/wiki/Video_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Video telephony">video telephony</a>, surveillance, gaming, shopping, <a href="/wiki/E-government" title="E-government">e-government</a> accessed via a <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television set</a>. From a <a href="/wiki/Pay-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay-TV">pay-TV</a> operator's perspective, a hybrid IPTV set-top box gives them greater long-term flexibility to deploy new services and applications as and when consumers require, most often without the need to upgrade equipment or for a technician to visit and reconfigure or swap out the device. This reduces the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market and limits disruption for consumers.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV" title="Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV">Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV</a> (HbbTV) consortium of industry companies the establishment of an open European standard for hybrid set-top boxes for the reception of broadcast and broadband digital TV and multimedia applications with a single user interface.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> These trends led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_Broadcast_Broadband_TV" title="Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV">Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV</a> set-top boxes that included both a <a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">broadcast tuner</a> and an Internet connection – usually via an <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> port. The first commercially available hybrid IPTV set-top box was developed by <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Digital_Broadcast" title="Advanced Digital Broadcast">Advanced Digital Broadcast</a>, a developer of digital television hardware and software, in 2005. The platform was developed for Spanish pay TV operator <a href="/wiki/Telefonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefonica">Telefonica</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and used as part of its Movistar TV service, launched to subscribers at the end of 2005. An alternative approach is the IPTV version of the <a href="/wiki/Headend_in_the_Sky" title="Headend in the Sky">Headend in the Sky</a> cable TV solution. Here, multiple TV channels are distributed via satellite to the ISP or IPTV provider's <a href="/wiki/Point_of_presence" title="Point of presence">point of presence</a> (POP) for IP-encapsulated distribution to individual subscribers as required by each subscriber. This can provide a huge selection of channels to subscribers without overburdening incoming Internet to the POP, and enables an IPTV service to be offered to small or remote operators outside the reach of terrestrial high-speed WAN connection. An example is a network combining fibre and satellite distribution via an <a href="/wiki/SES_New_Skies" class="mw-redirect" title="SES New Skies">SES New Skies</a> satellite of 95 channels to Latin America and the Caribbean, operated by IPTV Americas.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> The Internet protocol-based platform offers significant advantages, including the ability to integrate television with other IP-based services like high-speed Internet access and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a>. A switched IP network also allows for the delivery of significantly more content and functionality. In a typical TV or satellite network, using broadcast video technology, all the content constantly flows downstream to each customer, and the customer switches the content at the set-top box. The customer can select from as many choices as the telecomms, cable or satellite company can stuff into the pipe flowing into the home. A switched IP network works differently. Content remains in the network, and only the content the customer selects is sent into the customer's home. That frees up bandwidth, and the customer's choice is less restricted by the size of the pipe into the home. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactivity">Interactivity</h3></div> An IP-based platform also allows significant opportunities to make the TV viewing experience more interactive and personalised. The provider may, for example, include an interactive programme guide that allows viewers to search for content by title or actor's name, or a <a href="/wiki/Picture-in-picture" title="Picture-in-picture">picture-in-picture</a> functionality that allows them to <a href="/wiki/Channel_surf" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel surf">channel surf</a> without leaving the programme they're watching. Viewers may be able to look up a player's stats while watching a sports game or control the camera angle. They also may be able to access photos or music from their PC on their television, use a wireless phone to schedule a recording of their favourite show, or even adjust parental controls so their child can watch a documentary for a school report, while they're away from home. A feedback channel from the viewer to the provider is required for this interactivity. Terrestrial, satellite, and some cable networks for television do not feature a feedback channel and thus don't allow interactivity. However, interactivity with those networks can be possible by combining TV networks with data networks such as the Internet or a mobile communication network. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_on_demand">Video on demand</h3></div> IPTV technology is used for <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> (VOD),<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> which permits a customer to browse an online programme or film catalogue, to watch trailers and to then select a program. The <a href="/wiki/Playout" title="Playout">playout</a> of the selected item starts nearly instantaneously on the customer's TV or PC. Technically, when the customer selects the program, a point-to-point unicast connection is set up between the customer's decoder (set-top box or PC) and the delivering streaming server. The signalling for the trick mode functionality (pause, slow-motion, wind/rewind etc.) may be communicated using, for instance, RTSP. In an attempt to avoid content piracy, the VOD content is usually encrypted and <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> may be applied. A film that is chosen, for example, may be playable for 24 hours following payment, after which time it becomes unavailable. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IPTV-based_converged_services">IPTV-based converged services</h3></div> Another advantage is the opportunity for integration and convergence. This opportunity is amplified when using IMS-based solutions.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Converged services implies interaction of existing services in a seamless manner to create new value-added services. One example is on-screen <a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">caller ID</a>, getting caller ID on a TV, and the ability to handle the call (send it to voice mail, etc.). IP-based services help to provide consumers anytime and anywhere access to content over their televisions, PCs, and mobile device, and to integrate services and content to tie them together. Within businesses and institutions, IPTV eliminates the need to run a parallel infrastructure to deliver live and stored video services. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> IPTV is sensitive to packet loss and delays. An IPTV channel has a minimum bandwidth requirement. Some systems are able to adapt to lower available bandwidth by reducing picture quality. Although a few countries have very high-speed broadband-enabled populations,<a href="#cite_note-68">[a]</a> in other countries legacy networks struggle to provide 3–5 Mbit/s<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] and so simultaneous use of IPTV, VOIP and Internet access may not be viable. The last-mile delivery for IPTV usually has a bandwidth restriction that only allows a small number of simultaneous TV channel streams – typically from one to three – to be delivered.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latency">Latency</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">network delay</a> inherent in the use of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">satellite Internet access</a> is often held up as a reason why satellites cannot be successfully used for IPTV. In practice, however, delay is not an important factor for IPTV, since it is a service that does not require real-time transmission, as is the case with telephony or videoconferencing services. It is the delay of response to requests to change channel, display an EPG, etc. that most affects customers’ perceived quality of service. Existing video transmission systems of both analogue and digital formats already introduce known quantifiable delays. Existing <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> TV channels that <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a> by both terrestrial and satellite transmissions experience the same 0.25-second delay difference between the two services with no detrimental effect, and it goes unnoticed by viewers. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bandwidth_requirements">Bandwidth requirements</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Special:EditPage/Internet Protocol television">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/400px-Figure2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 277px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/400px-Figure2a.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/600px-Figure2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Figure2a.jpg/800px-Figure2a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bandwidth capacity for simultaneously two HDTV streams, two SD streams, additional to HSD and voice</figcaption></figure> Digital video is a sequence of digital images, called frames, each made up of <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> or picture elements. Three bytes are typically used to represent the colour of the high quality image. Movies use 24 frames per second, North America television uses approximately 30 frames per second where the Europe television frame rate is 25 frames per second. Each digital video has dimensions width and height; SDTV is 720 × 480 pixels, HDTV uses up to 1920 × 1080 pixels. For checking the bandwidth requirements, you need to dimension your IPTV service, such as defining number of SD and HD TV channels, number of planned subscribers, VOD and nPVR concurrency. Based on these, you can calculate required bandwidth on each DSL line, in access network and in core IP network.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Privacy_implications">Privacy implications</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Due to limitations in bandwidth, an IPTV channel is delivered to the user one at a time. Changing a channel requires requesting the head-end server to provide a different broadcast stream, much like VOD.<a href="#cite_note-72">[b]</a> This could enable the service provider to accurately track each and every programme watched and the duration of watching for each viewer. In conjunction with regulatory differences between IPTV and cable TV, this tracking could pose a threat to privacy according to critics.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> For IP multicast scenarios, since a particular multicast group (TV channel) needs to be requested before it can be viewed, the same privacy concerns apply. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Vendors">Vendors</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Some major telecoms vendors are active in this space, notably <a href="/wiki/Accenture" title="Accenture">Accenture</a> (Accenture Video Solution), <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> (sometimes working with Movistar TV), <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> (notably since acquiring <a href="/wiki/Tandberg_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandberg Television">Tandberg Television</a>), <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTCL_Smart_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="PTCL Smart TV">PTCL Smart TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Telecom">Sri Lanka Telecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson SA">Thomson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>, as are some IT houses, led by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Miami-based AlphaOTT, Tokyo-based The New Media Group, Malaysian-based <a href="/wiki/Select-TV" title="Select-TV">Select-TV</a>, Oslo/Norway-based SnapTV, and California-based <a href="/wiki/UTStarcom" title="UTStarcom">UTStarcom</a>, Inc. also offer end-to-end networking infrastructure for IPTV-based services, and Hong Kong-based BNS Ltd. provides turnkey open platform IPTV technology solutions. Others include <a href="/wiki/Movistar_TV" title="Movistar TV">Movistar TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber</a> offers an IPTV service in various US cities which includes up to 1 Gigabit-speed internet and over 290 channels depending on package via the fibre optic network being built out in Kansas City Kansas and Kansas City Missouri. Many of these IPTV solution vendors participated in the biennial Multiservice Switching Forum Interoperability 2008 (GMI) event which was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/MultiService_Forum" title="MultiService Forum">MultiService Forum</a> (MSF) at five sites worldwide from 20 to 31 October 2008. Test equipment vendors including Netrounds, <a href="/wiki/Codenomicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Codenomicon">Codenomicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empirix" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirix">Empirix</a>, Ixia, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu Dynamics">Mu Dynamics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spirent" title="Spirent">Spirent</a> joined solution vendors such as the companies listed above in one of the largest IPTV proving grounds ever deployed. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Service_bundling">Service bundling</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> For residential users, IPTV is often provided in conjunction with VOD and may be bundled with <a href="/wiki/Internet_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service">Internet services</a> such as Internet access and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">voice over Internet Protocol</a> (VoIP) telecommunications services. Commercial bundling of IPTV, VoIP and Internet access is sometimes referred to in marketing as <a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple play</a> service. When these three are offered with cellular service, the combined service may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_play" title="Quadruple play">quadruple play</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> Historically, cable TV operators have been regulated differently from telecommunication operators. As IPTV allows TV and VOD to be transmitted over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, new regulatory issues arise.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Professor Eli M. Noam highlights in his report "TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?" some of the key challenges with sector-specific regulation that is becoming obsolete due to convergence in this field.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Content delivery network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="DVB-IPTV">DVB-IPTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">Over-the-top media service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sat-IP" title="Sat-IP">SAT>IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">Software as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Streaming television</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, for instance, has 6 million homes benefiting from a minimum connection speed of 100 Mbit/s. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> For VOD, the stream is delivered using unicast whereas IPTV typically uses multicast. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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MobileWare'08. Innsbruck, Austria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c-mobile.ptinovacao.pt/files/PaperMobilWare2008.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MobileWare%2708&rft.atitle=Session+and+Media+Signalling+for+IPTV+via+IMS&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.au=Riede%2C+Christian&rft.au=Al-Hezmi%2C+Adel&rft.au=Magedanz%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc-mobile.ptinovacao.pt%2Ffiles%2FPaperMobilWare2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Bulkley, Kate. "IPTV's Eastern Promise" Digital TV Europe October 2008 p 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Brown, Peter J. "Super Headends And High Expectations" Via Satellite April 2006 p 18–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis2020" class="citation web cs1">Denis, Lacković (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements">"Network Requirements for IPTV and OTT Service"</a>. Uniqcast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208124601/https://www.uniqcast.com/blog/iptv-ott-service-requirements">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 30 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniqcast&rft.atitle=Network+Requirements+for+IPTV+and+OTT+Service&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=Lackovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniqcast.com%2Fblog%2Fiptv-ott-service-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx">IPTV privacy risks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105172921/http://www.cedmagazine.com/iptv-privacy-risks.aspx">Archived</a> 5 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf">"Ericsson report on need for regulation"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115174848/http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/ericsson_business_review/pdf/308/308_38_41_reshaping.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ericsson+report+on+need+for+regulation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericsson.com%2Fericsson%2Fcorpinfo%2Fpublications%2Fericsson_business_review%2Fpdf%2F308%2F308_38_41_reshaping.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"> (217 KB) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(CRTC)2008" class="citation web cs1">(CRTC), Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (3 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm">"TV or Not TV: Three Screens, One Regulation?"</a>. www.crtc.gc.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213034731/http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/media/noam2008.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crtc.gc.ca&rft.atitle=TV+or+Not+TV%3A+Three+Screens%2C+One+Regulation%3F&rft.date=2008-09-03&rft.aulast=%28CRTC%29&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Canada%2C+Canadian+Radio-television+and+Telecommunications+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crtc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fmedia%2Fnoam2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Nate2006" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Nate (12 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/guides/other/iptv.ars">"An Introduction to IPTV"</a>. Ars Technica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+IPTV&rft.date=2006-03-12&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fguides%2Fother%2Fiptv.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+Protocol+television" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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</section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&oldid=1263666006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&oldid=1263666006</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Protocol_television&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 December 2024, at 00:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%81%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="تلفزة وفق بروتوكول الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفزة وفق بروتوكول الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্টারনেট প্রোটোকল টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Television" title="Internet Protocol Television – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet Protocol Television" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="آی‌پی تی‌وی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌پی تی‌وی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_IP" title="Télévision IP – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télévision IP" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल टेलीविजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल टेलीविजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_protokol_internet" title="Televisi protokol internet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi protokol internet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Интернет протокол телевизија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интернет протокол телевизија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF." title="ഐ.പി. ടി.വി. – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.പി. ടി.വി." data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="IP放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IP放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protokolli_televideniye" title="Internet protokolli televideniye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Internet protokolli televideniye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Television" title="Internet Protocol Television – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internet Protocol Television" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television" title="Internet Protocol television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Internet Protocol television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைய நெறிமுறைத் தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறைத் தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5" title="ไอพีทีวี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอพีทีวี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_giao_th%E1%BB%A9c_Internet" title="Truyền hình giao thức Internet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình giao thức Internet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPTV" title="IPTV – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IPTV" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last 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