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While many scientists initially favored the hypothesis that the virus emerged naturally from an animal reservoir,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Kristian G. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Lipkin |first3=W. Ian |last4=Holmes |first4=Edward C. |last5=Garry |first5=Robert F. |title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 |journal=Nature Medicine |date=April 2020 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=450–452 |doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 |pmid=32284615 |pmc=7095063 |issn=1546-170X}}</ref> the absence of a confirmed animal source has led to increased consideration of the possibility that the virus leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-origin-china-lab-leak-807b7b0a|title=Lab Leak Most Likely Origin of Covid-19 Pandemic, Energy Department Now Says|website=WSJ|date=26 February 2023}}</ref> A 2023 classified intelligence report from the U.S. Department of Energy concluded that a laboratory leak was the most likely origin of the pandemic, although this assessment was made with "low confidence." Other agencies in the U.S. intelligence community remain divided on the question.<ref name="Frutos">{{cite journal |last1=Frutos |first1=Roger |last2=Gavotte |first2=Laurent |last3=Devaux |first3=Christian A. |title=Understanding the origin of COVID-19 requires to change the paradigm on zoonotic emergence from the spillover to the circulation model |journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution |date=18 March 2021 |volume=95 |page=104812 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104812 |pmid=33744401 |pmc=7969828 |bibcode=2021InfGE..9504812F |issn=1567-1348}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Montagnier was born in [[Chabris]] in central France.<ref name = NYT/> Montagnier became interested in science as a teenager. He studied science at the [[University of Poitiers]], France, and then became an assistant in the Faculty of Sciences at [[Sorbonne University]], where he obtained a PhD.<ref name="lancet">{{Cite journal |last=Watts |first=Geoff |date=2022-05-14 |title=Luc Antoine Montagnier |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=399 |issue=10338 |pages=1862 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00829-7 | pmid=35569457 |s2cid=248726384 |issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Career== In 1960, Montagnier moved to [[Carshalton]], UK as a postdoctoral fellow at the now defunct Virus Research Unit of the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)]]. In 1963, he moved to the [[Glasgow Institute of Virology]]. He developed a soft agar culture medium to culture viruses.<ref name="lancet"/> From 1965 until 1972 he was Laboratory Chief at the [[Institut Curie]], then moved to the [[Institut Pasteur]] working on the effects of interferon on viruses.<ref name="lancet"/> ===Discovery of HIV=== In 1982, [[Willy Rozenbaum]], a clinician at the ''[[Hôpital Bichat]]'' hospital in [[Paris]], asked Montagnier for assistance in establishing the cause of a mysterious new [[syndrome]], AIDS (known at the time as "[[gay-related immune deficiency]]" or GRID).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-22 |title=Luc Montagnier obituary |language=en |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/luc-montagnier-obituary-r7tnlb5hm |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Illman |first=John |date=2022-02-25 |title=Luc Montagnier: Nobel prize winner and HIV science pioneer |url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.o494 |journal=BMJ |volume=376 |language=en |pages=o494 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o494 |s2cid=247108167 |issn=1756-1833}}</ref> Rozenbaum had suggested at scientific meetings that the cause of the disease might be a [[retrovirus]]. Montagnier and members of his group at the [[Pasteur Institute]], notably including [[Françoise Barré-Sinoussi]] and [[Jean-Claude Chermann]], had extensive experience with retroviruses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-28 |title=Françoise Barré-Sinoussi: A life dedicated to beating Aids |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/francoise-barresinoussi-a-life-dedicated-to-beating-aids-9441110.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Montagnier and his team examined samples taken from Rozenbaum's [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] patients in 1983 and found the virus that would later become known as HIV in a [[lymph node]] [[biopsy]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barré-Sinoussi |first=Françoise |date=2009 |title=A significant discovery, now a dream for a cure |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=10–11 |doi=10.2471/blt.09.040109 |issn=1564-0604 |pmc=2649596 |pmid=19197398}}</ref> They named it "lymphadenopathy-associated virus", or LAV, since it was not then clear that it was the cause of AIDS, and published their findings in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' on 20 May 1983.<ref name="Science4599"/> A team led by [[Robert Gallo]] of the United States published similar findings in the same issue of ''Science'' and later confirmed the discovery of the virus and presented evidence that it caused AIDS. Gallo called the virus "human T-lymphotropic virus type III" (HTLV-III) because of perceived similarities with HTLV-I and -II, which had previously been discovered in his lab.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC|title=Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS|journal=Science|volume=224|issue=4648|pages=497–500|year=1984|pmid=6200935|doi=10.1126/science.6200935|bibcode=1984Sci...224..497P }}</ref> Because of the timing of the discoveries, whether Montagnier's or Gallo's group was first to isolate HIV was for many years the subject of an acrimonious dispute. HIV isolates usually have a high degree of variability because the virus mutates rapidly.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Santoro |first1=Maria Mercedes |last2=Perno |first2=Carlo Federico |date=2013 |title=HIV-1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications |journal=ISRN Microbiology |volume=2013 |pages=481314 |doi=10.1155/2013/481314 |issn=2090-7478 |pmc=3703378 |pmid=23844315 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In comparison, the first two-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates, Lai/LAV (formerly LAV, isolated at the Pasteur Institute) and Lai/IIIB (formerly HTLV-IIIB, isolated from a pooled culture at the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) of the [[National Cancer Institute]]) were strikingly similar in sequence, suggesting that the two isolates were in fact the same, and likely from the same source.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wain-Hobson |first1=S. |last2=Vartanian |first2=J. P. |last3=Henry |first3=M. |last4=Chenciner |first4=N. |last5=Cheynier |first5=R. |last6=Delassus |first6=S. |last7=Martins |first7=L. P. |last8=Sala |first8=M. |last9=Nugeyre |first9=M. T. |last10=Guétard |first10=D. |date=1991-05-17 |title=LAV revisited: origins of the early HIV-1 isolates from Institut Pasteur |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2035026 |journal=Science |volume=252 |issue=5008 |pages=961–965 |doi=10.1126/science.2035026 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=2035026|bibcode=1991Sci...252..961W }}</ref> In November 1990, the [[United States Office of Research Integrity|Office of Scientific Integrity]] at the [[National Institutes of Health]] attempted to clear up the matter by commissioning a group at [[Hoffmann–La Roche|Roche]] to analyze archival samples established at the Pasteur Institute and the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology (LTCB) of the National Cancer Institute between 1983 and 1985. The group, led by American epidemiologist Sheng-Yung Chang, examined archival specimens and concluded in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in 1993 that the American sample in fact originated from the French lab.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=S. Y. |last2=Bowman |first2=B. H. |last3=Weiss |first3=J. B. |last4=Garcia |first4=R. E. |last5=White |first5=T. J. |date=1993-06-03 |title=The origin of HIV-1 isolate HTLV-IIIB |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8502298 |journal=Nature |volume=363 |issue=6428 |pages=466–469 |doi=10.1038/363466a0 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=8502298|bibcode=1993Natur.363..466C |s2cid=4288880 }}</ref> Chang determined that the French group's LAV was a virus from one patient that had contaminated a culture from another. On request, Montagnier's group had sent a sample of this culture to Gallo, not knowing it contained two viruses. It then contaminated the pooled culture on which Gallo was working.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Sheng-Yung P. Chang|author2=Barbara H. Bowman|author3=Judith B. Weiss|author4=Rebeca E. Garcia|author5=Thomas J. White|year=1993|title=The origin of HIV-1 isolate HTLV-IIIB|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=363|pages=466–469|doi=10.1038/363466a0|issue=6428|pmid=8502298|bibcode=1993Natur.363..466C |s2cid=4288880}} (Open access)</ref> Before the 1993 publication of Chang's results, Gallo's lab was accused and initially found guilty of "minor misconduct" by the Office of Scientific Integrity in 1991, and then by the newly created [[United States Office of Research Integrity|Office of Research Integrity]] in 1992 for the misappropriation of a sample of HIV produced at the Pasteur Institute.<ref name=sumf>{{cite web|url=http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/unh_round1/www.unh.edu/rcr/Misconduct-FraudGoTo2.htm|title=Summary of fraud accusation|publisher=Ori.hhs.gov|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> The subsequent publication in 1993 of Chang's investigation cleared Gallo's lab of the charges, although his reputation had already been tainted by the accusations. Today it is agreed that Montagnier's group first isolated HIV,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Enserink|first1=Martin|last2=Cohen|first2=Jon|url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2008/1006/1|title=Nobel Prize Surprise|website=ScienceNOW Daily News|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> but Gallo's group is credited with discovering that the virus causes AIDS and with generating much of the science that made the discovery possible, including a technique previously developed by Gallo's lab for growing [[T cell]]s in the laboratory.<ref name=Morgan76>{{cite journal|author1=DA Morgan|author2=FW Ruscetti|author3=R Gallo|title=Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes from normal human bone marrows|journal=Science|volume=193|issue=4257|pages=1007–1008|date=10 September 1976|doi=10.1126/science.181845|pmid=181845|bibcode=1976Sci...193.1007M}}</ref> When Montagnier's group first published their discovery, they said HIV's role in causing AIDS "remains to be determined."<ref name="science nobel">{{cite journal|title=HIV, HPV Researchers Honored, But One Scientist is Left Out|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=October 2008|volume=322|pages=149–328}}</ref> The question of whether the true discoverers of the virus were French or American was more than a matter of prestige. A US government patent for the AIDS test, filed by the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services]] and based on what was claimed to be Gallo's identification of the virus, was at stake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hilts |first=Philip J. |date=1992-03-02 |title=American Co-discoverer of H.I.V. Is Investigated Anew |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/02/us/american-co-discoverer-of-hiv-is-investigated-anew.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. INQUIRY DISCREDITS GALLO ON AIDS PATENT |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-06-19-9406190360-story.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Chicago Tribune|date=19 June 1994 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butler |first=Declan |date=1995 |title=US accused of 'cover-up in' defence of Gallo claims |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=373 |issue=6513 |pages=372 |doi=10.1038/373372a0 |pmid=7830778 |bibcode=1995Natur.373..372B |s2cid=4268972 |issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 1987, both governments attempted to end the dispute by arranging to split the prestige of the discovery and the proceeds from the patent 50–50,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hilts|first=Philip|title=U.S. Drops Misconduct Case Against an AIDS Researcher|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 November 1993|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9F0CEFDB1F3BF930A25752C1A965958260}}</ref> naming Montagnier and Gallo co-discoverers.<ref name="science nobel"/> The two scientists continued to dispute each other's claims until 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scott |first=Janny |date=1991-05-31 |title=U.S. Scientist Admits Mix-Up in AIDS Virus Specimen : Health: Dr. Gallo says his sample may have been contaminated. Issue goes to heart of dispute over who gets credit for finding cause of disease. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-05-31-mn-2814-story.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> It was not until French President [[François Mitterrand]] and American President [[Ronald Reagan]] met in person that the major issues were ironed out. The scientists finally agreed to share credit for the discovery of HIV, and in 1986, both the French and the US names (LAV and HTLV-III) were dropped in favor of the new term ''human immunodeficiency virus'' (virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, abbreviated HIV or VIH) (Coffin, 1986). They concluded that the origin of the HIV-1 Lai/IIIB isolate discovered by Gallo was the same as that discovered by Montagnier (but not known by Montagnier to cause AIDS). This compromise allowed Montagnier and Gallo to end their feud and collaborate with each other again, writing a chronology that appeared in ''Nature'' that year.<ref name="science nobel"/> On 29 November 2002 issue of ''Science'', Gallo and Montagnier published a series of articles, one of which was co-written by both scientists, in which they acknowledged the pivotal roles that each had played in the discovery of HIV.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Montagnier L|year=2002|title=Historical essay. A History of HIV Discovery|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5599|pages=1727–8|doi=10.1126/science.1079027|pmid=12459575 |s2cid=57481800}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Gallo RC|year=2002|title=Historical essay. The Early Years of HIV/AIDS|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5599|pages=1728–30|doi=10.1126/science.1078050|pmid=12459576 |s2cid=82899411}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Gallo RC, Montagnier L|year=2002|title=Historical essay. Prospects for the Future|journal=Science|volume=298|issue=5599|pages=1730–1|doi=10.1126/science.1079864|pmid=12459577 |s2cid=34227893}}</ref> == Personal life and death == In 1961, Montagnier married Dorothea Ackerman, and they had three children.<ref name = NYT>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/10/science/luc-montagnier-dead.html|title = Luc Montagnier, Nobel-Winning Discoverer of H.I.V., Is Dead at 89|last = Hutter Epstein|first = Randi|date = 10 February 2022|accessdate = 10 February 2022|work = [[The New York Times]]|url-access = limited}}</ref> He died in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] on 8 February 2022, at the age of 89.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Service Checknews|title=Le professeur Luc Montagnier est mort|url=https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/le-professeur-luc-montagnier-est-mort-20220210_T3AVUEDJGJHVNJLGKPYOGSRQEU/|access-date=2022-02-10|website=Libération|language=fr}}</ref> == Awards and honors == The 2008 [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] was awarded to Montagnier and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi for the discovery of HIV.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/health/07nobel.html?hp|work=The New York Times|title=Discoverers of AIDS and Cancer Viruses Win Nobel|first=Lawrence K.|last=Altman|date=7 October 2008|access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> They shared the Prize with [[Harald zur Hausen]], who discovered that [[human papilloma virus]]es can cause [[cervical cancer]].<ref name="science nobel"/><ref name="nytimes-nobel">{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=6 October 2008|access-date=6 October 2008|last=Altman|first=Lawrence|title=Three Europeans Win the 2008 Nobel for Medicine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/health/07nobel.html}}</ref> Montagnier said he was "surprised" that Robert Gallo was not also recognized by the Nobel Committee: "It was important to prove that HIV was the cause of AIDS, and Gallo had a very important role in that. I'm very sorry for Robert Gallo."<ref name="science nobel"/> According to Maria Masucci, a member of the [[Nobel Assembly]], "there was no doubt as to who made the fundamental discoveries."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Montagnier was the co-founder of the World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention and co-directed the Program for International Viral Collaboration. He was the founder and a former president of the Houston-based [[World Foundation for Medical Research and Prevention]]. He received more than 20 major awards, including the [[National Order of Merit (France)|National Order of Merit]] (Commander, 1986) and the [[Légion d'honneur]] (Knight: 1984; Officer: 1990; Commander: 1993; Grand Officer: 2009),<ref name="jofr20090101">{{Cite journal|journal=[[Journal Officiel de la République Française|JORF]]|volume=2009|issue=1|title=Décret du 31 décembre 2008 portant élévation et nomination aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier|date=1 January 2009|page=14|id=PREX0828225D|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/WAspad/UnTexteDeJorf?numjo=PREX0828225D|access-date=10 March 2009|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://montagnier.org/Luc-Montagnier-honors-and-awards|title=montagnier.org|website=montagnier.org|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Lasker Award]] and the [[Scheele Award]] (1986), the [[Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine|Louis-Jeantet Prize for medicine]] (1986), the [[Gairdner Foundation International Award|Gairdner Award]] (1987), the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] (1987),<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}</ref> [[King Faisal International Prize]] (1993) (known as the Arab Nobel Prize), and the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] (2000). He was also a member of the [[Académie Nationale de Médecine]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.academie-medecine.fr/detailMembre.cfm?idRub=19&idLigne=130858|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213080641/http://www.academie-medecine.fr/detailMembre.cfm?idRub=19&idLigne=130858|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-02-13|title=Académie Nationale de Médecine}}</ref> and was awarded the honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (L.H.D.) from [[Whittier College]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whittier.edu/alumni/poetnation/honorary|title=Honorary Degrees {{!}} Whittier College|website=www.whittier.edu|access-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> == Controversies == === Electromagnetic signals from DNA === {{Main|DNA teleportation}} In 2009, Montagnier published two controversial independent research studies, one of which was entitled "Electromagnetic Signals Are Produced by Aqueous Nanostructures Derived from Bacterial DNA Sequences".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Montagnier|first1=Luc|last2=Aïssa|first2=Jamal|last3=Ferris|first3=Stéphane|last4=Montagnier|first4=Jean-Luc|last5=Lavallée|first5=Claude|date=2009-06-01|title=Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20640822/|journal=Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences|volume=1|issue=2|pages=81–90|doi=10.1007/s12539-009-0036-7|issn=1913-2751|pmid=20640822|s2cid=7158953}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullman |first=Dana |date=2021 |title=Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions |journal=Dose-Response |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=15593258211022983 |doi=10.1177/15593258211022983 |issn=1559-3258 |pmc=8207273 |pmid=34177397}}</ref> Jeff Reimers, of the University of Sydney, said that if its conclusions are true, "these would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry".<ref name=Coghlan/> The paper concluded that diluted DNA from pathogenic bacterial and viral species was able to emit "specific radio waves" and that "these radio waves [are] associated with 'nanostructures' in the solution that might be able to recreate the pathogen".<ref name=":1" /> They were published in a new journal, of which he was chair of the editorial board,<ref name=ISCLS_board/> allegedly<ref name=Coghlan/> detecting [[Electromagnetic wave|electromagnetic signals]] from bacterial [[DNA]] (''M. pirum'' and ''E. coli'') in water that had been prepared using agitation and high dilutions,<ref name=Montagnier_2009_v1_n2>{{cite journal | last1=Montagnier | first1=Luc | last2=Aïssa | first2=Jamal | last3=Ferris | first3=Stéphane | last4=Montagnier | first4=Jean-Luc | last5=Lavalléee | first5=Claude | title=Electromagnetic signals are produced by aqueous nanostructures derived from bacterial DNA sequences | journal=Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences | volume=1 | issue=2 | date=4 March 2009 | issn=1913-2751 | doi=10.1007/s12539-009-0036-7 | pages=81–90| pmid=20640822 | s2cid=7158953 }}</ref> and similar research on electromagnetic detection of HIV [[RNA]] in the blood of AIDS patients treated by [[antiretroviral therapy]].<ref name=Montagnier_2009_v1_n4>{{cite journal | last1=Montagnier | first1=Luc | last2=Aïssa | first2=Jamal | last3=Lavallée | first3=Claude | last4=Mbamy | first4=Mireille | last5=Varon | first5=Joseph | last6=Chenal | first6=Henri | title=Electromagnetic detection of HIV DNA in the blood of AIDS patients treated by antiretroviral therapy | journal=Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences | volume=1 | issue=4 | date=14 November 2009 | issn=1913-2751 | doi=10.1007/s12539-009-0059-0 | pages=245–253| pmid=20640802 | s2cid=29991828 }}</ref> === Homeopathy === On 28 June 2010, Montagnier spoke at the [[Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting]] in Germany,<ref name=Lindau>{{cite web | title=Meeting Program | website=lindau-nobel.org | date=27 July 2011 | url=http://www.lindau-nobel.org/PublicMeetingProgram.AxCMS?Meeting=278 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034143/http://www.lindau-nobel.org/PublicMeetingProgram.AxCMS?Meeting=278 | archive-date=27 July 2011 | url-status=dead | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> "where 60 Nobel prize winners had gathered, along with 700 other scientists, to discuss the latest breakthroughs in medicine, chemistry and physics."<ref name=Australian/> He "stunned his colleagues ... when he presented a new method for detecting viral infections that bore close parallels to the basic tenets of [[homeopathy]]. Although fellow Nobel prize winners – who view homeopathy as [[quackery]] – were left openly shaking their heads, Montagnier's comments were rapidly embraced by homeopaths eager for greater credibility. Cristal Sumner, of the [[British Homeopathic Association]], said Montagnier's work gave homeopathy 'a true scientific ethos'."<ref name=Australian>{{cite web | title=Nobel laureate gives homeopathy a boost - The Australian | website=theaustralian.com.au | date=25 December 2010 | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/nobel-laureate-gives-homeopathy-a-boost/story-e6frg8y6-1225887772305 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225050453/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/nobel-laureate-gives-homeopathy-a-boost/story-e6frg8y6-1225887772305 | archive-date=25 December 2010 | url-status=dead | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> When asked by Canada's CBC ''[[Marketplace (Canadian TV program)|Marketplace]]'' program if his work was indeed a theoretical basis for homeopathy as homeopaths had claimed, Montagnier replied that one "cannot extrapolate it to the products used in homeopathy".<ref name="cbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/episodes/2011-episodes/cure-or-con |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144840/http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/episodes/2011-episodes/cure-or-con |title=Cure Or Con? |archive-date=13 April 2014 |work=CBC Marketplace }} Approx 17:00 of 22:29.</ref> ==== Responses, criticisms, and interviews ==== The homeopathy paper met with harsh criticism for not being peer-reviewed, and its claims unsubstantiated by modern mainstream conventions of physics and chemistry. In response to Montagnier's statement that the generally unfavorable response is due to the "non-understanding or misunderstanding of the breakthrough findings", blogger Andy Lewis has written that he has found it difficult to assert what the paper "actually claims", saying: "The paper ... lacks any rigour. ... important experimental steps are described dismissively in a sentence and little attempt is made to describe the detail of the work".<ref name="AL">{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Andy | title=Why I am Nominating Luc Montagnier for an IgNobel Prize – The Quackometer Blog | website=quackometer.net | url=http://www.quackometer.net/blog/2009/10/why-i-am-nominating-luc-montagnier-for.html | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> While homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism.<ref name="Coghlan" /><ref name="PZ_Myers" /><ref name="NS_editorial" /> In a 24 December 2010 ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' magazine interview entitled "French Nobelist Escapes 'Intellectual Terror' to Pursue Radical Ideas in China", he was questioned about his research and plans. In the interview he stated that [[Jacques Benveniste]], whose controversial [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] work had been discredited, was "a modern [[Galileo]]". When asked if he was not "worried that your colleagues will think you have drifted into pseudo-science", he replied: "No, because it's not [[pseudoscience]]. It's not [[quackery]]. These are real phenomena which deserve further study." He also mentioned that his applications for funding had been turned down and that he was leaving his home country to set up shop in China so he could escape what he called the "intellectual terror" which he claimed had prevented others from publishing their results. He stated that China's [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] is more "open minded" to his research.<ref name="Enserink" /> There he was chairman of the editorial board<ref name="ISCLS_board">{{cite web | title=Editors | website=Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences | url=https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/bioinformatics/journal/12539?detailsPage=editorialBoard | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> of a new journal which published his research.<ref name="Enserink" /> Montagnier was also questioned on his beliefs about homeopathy, to which he replied: "I can't say that homeopathy is right in everything. What I can say now is that the high dilutions are right. High dilutions of something are not nothing. They are water structures which mimic the original molecules. We find that with DNA, we cannot work at the extremely high dilutions used in homeopathy; we cannot go further than a 10<sup>−18</sup> dilution, or we lose the signal. But even at 10<sup>−18</sup>, you can calculate that there is not a single molecule of DNA left. And yet we detect a signal."<ref name="Enserink">{{cite journal | last=Enserink | first=M. | title=French Nobelist Escapes 'Intellectual Terror' to Pursue Radical Ideas in China | journal=Science | volume=330 | issue=6012 | date=23 December 2010 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.330.6012.1732 | pages=1732| pmid=21205644 | bibcode=2010Sci...330.1732E | doi-access=free }} [https://www.scribd.com/doc/47426344/Luc-Montagnier-French-Nobelist-on-homeopathy Full article mirror]</ref> A 12 January 2011 ''[[New Scientist]]'' editorial described the controversial nature of the research, while also noting how many researchers "reacted with disbelief", with chemist and university president [[Gary Schuster]] comparing it to "[[pathological science]]".<ref name="Coghlan" /> Evolutionary biologist [[PZ Myers]] also described the work as "pathological science". He described the paper as "one of the more unprofessional write-ups I've ever run across",<ref name="PZ_Myers" /> and criticized the publication process as having an "unbelievable turnaround" time: "another suspicious sign are the dates. This paper was submitted on 3 January 2009, revised on 5 January 2009, and accepted on 6 January 2009", leading him to ask: "Who reviewed this, the author's mother? Maybe someone even closer. Guess who the chairman of the editorial board is: Luc Montagnier."<ref name="PZ_Myers" /><ref name="Novella_SI_2011">{{cite journal |last1=Novella |first1=Steven |title=The Memory of Water |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=June 2011 |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=28–29 |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2019/03/SI-MJ-11.pdf |access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref> On 25 May 2012, he gave the keynote address<ref name="AO2012" /> at the 2012 conference for AutismOne, an anti-vaccination group. Similar to the controversy he aroused by extolling homeopathy, his latest group, Chronimed, claimed to have made a discovery for [[autistic]] children that was sharply criticized by computational biologist [[Steven Salzberg]].<ref name="Forbes" /> In 2017, 106 academic scientists wrote an open letter "calling [Montagnier] to order". The letter read: "We, academics of medicine, cannot accept that one of our peers is using his Nobel prize [status] to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge."<ref name="Connexion">{{Cite web|last=France|first=Connexion|title=French Nobel prize winner: 'Covid-19 made in lab'|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Disputed-French-Nobel-winner-Luc-Montagnier-says-Covid-19-was-made-in-a-lab-laboratory|access-date=2021-05-25|website=www.connexionfrance.com|language=en}}</ref> === COVID-19 pandemic === In 2020, Montagnier argued that [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]], the virus that causes [[COVID-19]], was man-made in a laboratory and that it might have been the result of an attempt to create a vaccine for [[HIV/AIDS]]. His allegation came after the United States had launched a probe into whether the virus came from a laboratory. According to Montagnier, the "presence of elements of HIV and germ of [[malaria]] in the genome of coronavirus is highly suspect and the characteristics of the virus could not have arisen naturally."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Jean Claude |last2=Montagnier |first2=Luc |date=1 August 2020 |title=COVID-19, SARS and Bats Coronaviruses Genomes Peculiar Homologous RNA Sequences |journal=International Journal of Research – Granthaalayah |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=217–263 |doi=10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.678 |s2cid=225511882 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Montagnier's conclusions were rejected as hasty by the scientific community, considering the gene sequences were common among similar organisms;<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=France|first=Connexion|title=French Nobel prize winner: 'Covid-19 was made in lab'|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Disputed-French-Nobel-winner-Luc-Montagnier-says-Covid-19-was-made-in-a-lab-laboratory|access-date=2021-07-24|website=www.connexionfrance.com|language=en | quote=The letter read: 'We, academics of medicine, cannot accept that one of our peers is using his Nobel prize [status] to spread dangerous health messages outside of his field of knowledge.'}}</ref> no evidence arose that SARS-CoV-2 was genetically engineered.<ref name="Frutos" /><ref name="CellReview">{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Edward C. |last2=Goldstein |first2=Stephen A. |last3=Rasmussen |first3=Angela L. |last4=Robertson |first4=David L. |last5=Crits-Christoph |first5=Alexander |last6=Wertheim |first6=Joel O. |last7=Anthony |first7=Simon J. |last8=Barclay |first8=Wendy S. |last9=Boni |first9=Maciej F. |last10=Doherty |first10=Peter C. |last11=Farrar |first11=Jeremy |last12=Geoghegan |first12=Jemma L. |last13=Jiang |first13=Xiaowei |last14=Leibowitz |first14=Julian L. |last15=Neil |first15=Stuart J.D. |date=August 2021 |title=The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=19 |pages=4848–4856 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017 |pmc=8373617 |pmid=34480864 |doi-access=free |last16=Skern |first16=Tim |last17=Weiss |first17=Susan R. |last18=Worobey |first18=Michael |last19=Andersen |first19=Kristian G. |last20=Garry |first20=Robert F. |last21=Rambaut |first21=Andrew}}</ref> In a 2021 interview with the French media group "Hold Up", Montagnier claimed that the use of vaccinations for COVID was steering the evolution of new strains, and that the process of [[antibody-dependent enhancement]] (ADE) would cause vaccinated individuals to suffer more strongly. The former claim had no obvious basis in fact, while ADE had only ever been conclusively demonstrated for [[dengue virus]] infections, and not for COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jameel |first=Shahid |date=27 May 2021 |title=Luc Montagnier's Views on COVID Vaccines Are Latest Of His Wrong, Vexing Ideas |url=https://science.thewire.in/health/luc-montagniers-views-on-covid-vaccines-are-latest-of-his-wrong-vexing-ideas/ |website=The Wire (India)}}</ref> For his defense of such anti-scientific views, Montagnier has been cited as an example of the phenomenon called [[Nobel disease]].<ref name="LilienfeldSI">{{cite journal |last1=Basterfield |first1=Candice |last2=Lilienfeld |first2=Scott |author-link2=Scott Lilienfeld |last3=Bowes |first3=Shauna |last4=Costello |first4=Thomas |author-link4=Tom Costello (journalist) |title=The Nobel disease: When intelligence fails to protect against irrationality |journal=Skeptical Inquirer |date=2020 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=32–37}}</ref><ref name="Gorski2">{{cite web |last1=Gorski |first1=David |author-link=David Gorski |title=Luc Montagnier and the Nobel Disease |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/luc-montagnier-and-the-nobel-disease/ |website=Science Based Medicine |date=4 June 2012 |access-date=13 May 2020}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Biography}} * ''[[And the Band Played On]]'', a book written about the discovery of AIDS ** ''[[And the Band Played On (film)|And the Band Played On]]'', a film based on the book * [[History of RNA biology]] * [[HIV trial in Libya]] * [[List of RNA biologists]] == References == <references> <ref name="BBC_Nobel">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7654214.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk, Nobel prize for viral discoveries|work=BBC News|date=6 October 2008|access-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> <ref name="sjtu">{{cite web|url=http://en.sjtu.edu.cn/news/sjtu-appointed-luc-montagnier-university-chair-professor/|title=SJTU Appointed Luc Montagnier University Chair Professor|publisher=En.sjtu.edu.cn|access-date=15 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423093200/http://en.sjtu.edu.cn/news/sjtu-appointed-luc-montagnier-university-chair-professor/|archive-date=2020-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Science4599">{{cite journal|vauthors=Barré-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vézinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L|title=Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)|journal=Science|volume=220|issue=4599|pages=868–871|year=1983|pmid=6189183|doi=10.1126/science.6189183|bibcode=1983Sci...220..868B|s2cid=390173}}</ref> <ref name=Coghlan>{{cite web | last=Coghlan | first=Andy | title=Scorn over claim of teleported DNA | website=New Scientist | date=12 January 2011 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20927952-900-scorn-over-claim-of-teleported-dna/ | access-date=3 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=PZ_Myers>{{cite web | last=Myers | first=PZ | title=It almost makes me disbelieve that HIV causes AIDS! | website=ScienceBlogs | date=24 January 2011 | url=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2011/01/24/it-almost-makes-me-disbelieve/ | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=NS_editorial>{{cite web | title=Why we have to teleport disbelief | website=New Scientist | date=26 February 2019 | url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20927951-900-why-we-have-to-teleport-disbelief/ | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=AO2012>{{cite web | title=autismone.org | website=autismone.org | date=5 September 2014 | url=http://www.autismone.org/search_site/content?tid=All&keys=montagnier | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905012409/http://www.autismone.org/search_site/content?tid=All&keys=montagnier | archive-date=5 September 2014 | url-status=unfit | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name=Forbes>{{cite web | last=Salzberg | first=Steven | title=Nobel laureate joins anti-vaccination crowd at Autism One | website=Forbes | date=27 May 2012 | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2012/05/27/nobel-laureate-joins-anti-vaccination-crowd-at-autism-one/ | access-date=3 August 2021}}</ref> </references> == External links == {{Commons category|Luc Montagnier}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208185155/http://www.pasteur.fr/ip/easysite/go/03b-000027-00i/the-discovery-of-the-aids-virus-in-1983 The discovery of the AIDS virus in 1983] – Official position of the Pasteur Institute. * {{Nobelprize}} including the Nobel lecture "25 Years after HIV Discovery: Prospects for Cure and Vaccine" (7 December 2008) * [https://archive.today/20121204145538/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1435029.php/PROFILE_Luc_Montagnier_Francoise_Barre-Sinoussi_-_AIDS_pioneers_ PROFILE: Luc Montagnier, Francoise Barre-Sinoussi – AIDS pioneers] * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00653-y Luc Montagnier's obituary on Nature] {{2008 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 2001-2025}} {{Japan Prize}} {{Heineken Prizes}} {{Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research}} {{COVID-19 pandemic}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Montagnier, Luc}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Autism researchers]] [[Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:French Nobel laureates]] [[Category:French anti-vaccination activists]] [[Category:21st-century French biologists]] [[Category:French conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:French health activists]] [[Category:French medical researchers]] [[Category:French virologists]] [[Category:CUNY Graduate Center faculty]] [[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS researchers]] [[Category:Homeopathy]] [[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]] [[Category:Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization]] [[Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Pasteur Institute]] [[Category:People from Indre]] [[Category:Queens College, City University of New York faculty]] [[Category:Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award]] [[Category:University of Paris alumni]] [[Category:University of Poitiers alumni]] [[Category:Winners of the Heineken Prize]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:2008_Nobel_Prize_winners&action=edit" title="Template:2008 Nobel Prize winners">edit</a>) </li><li><a 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