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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Peer-to-peer&returntoquery=action%3Dedit%26section%3D13" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Applications== ===Content delivery=== In P2P networks, clients both provide and use resources. This means that unlike client–server systems, the content-serving capacity of peer-to-peer networks can actually ''increase'' as more users begin to access the content (especially with protocols such as [[Bittorrent]] that require users to share, refer a performance measurement study<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6488040 | doi=10.1109/NCC.2013.6488040 | chapter=Performance analysis of BitTorrent protocol | title=2013 National Conference on Communications (NCC) | date=2013 | last1=Sharma | first1=Parul | last2=Bhakuni | first2=Anuja | last3=Kaushal | first3=Rishabh | pages=1–5 | isbn=978-1-4673-5952-8 }}</ref>). This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Li |first=Jin |title=On peer-to-peer (P2P) content delivery |journal=Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications |volume=1 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s12083-007-0003-1 |pages=45–63 ≤≥|url=http://www.land.ufrj.br/~classes/coppe-redes-2008/biblio/P2P-content-delivery.pdf |year=2008 |s2cid=16438304 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stutzbach |first=Daniel |chapter=The scalability of swarming peer-to-peer content delivery |editor-last=Boutaba |editor-first=Raouf |title=NETWORKING 2005 -- Networking Technologies, Services, and Protocols; Performance of Computer and Communication Networks; Mobile and Wireless Communications Systems |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-3-540-25809-4 |pages=15–26 |chapter-url=http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~reza/PUB/networking05.pdf |display-authors=etal|display-editors=etal}}</ref> ===File-sharing networks=== [[Peer-to-peer file sharing]] networks such as [[Gnutella]], [[Gnutella2|G2]], and the [[eDonkey network]] have been useful in popularizing peer-to-peer technologies. These advancements have paved the way for [[Content delivery network|Peer-to-peer content delivery networks]] and services, including distributed caching systems like Correli Caches to enhance performance.<ref>Gareth Tyson, Andreas Mauthe, Sebastian Kaune, Mu Mu and Thomas Plagemann. Corelli: A Dynamic Replication Service for Supporting Latency-Dependent Content in Community Networks. In Proc. 16th ACM/SPIE Multimedia Computing and Networking Conference (MMCN), San Jose, CA (2009).{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/staff/tysong/files/MMCN09.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429181811/http://www.dcs.kcl.ac.uk/staff/tysong/files/MMCN09.pdf |archive-date=2011-04-29 |access-date=2011-03-12}}</ref> Furthermore, peer-to-peer networks have made possible the software publication and distribution, enabling efficient sharing of [[Linux distribution]] and various games though [[file sharing]] networks. ====Copyright infringements==== Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States, over conflicts with [[copyright]] law.<ref name="Springer">{{cite book |last=Glorioso |first=Andrea |chapter=The Social Impact of P2P Systems |editor=Shen |title=Handbook of Peer-to-Peer Networking|publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-387-09750-3 |page=48 |display-authors=etal|display-editors=etal}}</ref> Two major cases are ''[[Grokster]] vs RIAA'' and ''[[MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.]]''.<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |author=John Borland |title=Judge: File-Swapping Tools are Legal |url=http://news.cnet.com/Judge-File-swapping-tools-are-legal/2100-1027_3-998363.html/ |date=April 25, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310165410/http://news.cnet.com/Judge-File-swapping-tools-are-legal/2100-1027_3-998363.html |archive-date=2012-03-10 |website=news.cnet.com |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the last case, the Court unanimously held that defendant peer-to-peer file sharing companies Grokster and Streamcast could be sued for inducing copyright infringement. ===Multimedia=== The [[P2PTV]] and [[PDTP]] protocols are used in various peer-to-peer applications. Some [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] multimedia applications leverage a peer-to-peer network in conjunction with streaming servers to stream audio and video to their clients. [[Peercasting]] is employed for multicasting streams. Additionally, a project called [[LionShare]], undertaken by [[Pennsylvania State University]], MIT, and [[Simon Fraser University]], aims to facilitate file sharing among educational institutions globally. Another notable program, [[Osiris (Serverless Portal System)|Osiris]], enables users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals that are distributed via a peer-to-peer network. ===Other P2P applications=== [[File:Torrent peers.png|thumb|[[Torrent file]] connect peers]][[Dat (software)|Dat]] is a distributed version-controlled publishing platform. [[I2P]], is an [[overlay network]] used to browse the Internet [[Internet anonymity|anonymously]]. Unlike the related I2P, the [[Tor network]] is not itself peer-to-peer{{Dubious|date=December 2022}}; however, it can enable peer-to-peer applications to be built on top of it via [[onion services]]. The [[InterPlanetary File System]] (IPFS) is a [[Communications protocol|protocol]] and network designed to create a [[content-addressable storage|content-addressable]], peer-to-peer method of storing and sharing [[hypermedia]] distribution protocol, with nodes in the IPFS network forming a [[distributed file system]]. [[Jami (software)|Jami]] is a peer-to-peer chat and [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] app. [[JXTA]] is a peer-to-peer protocol designed for the [[Java platform]]. [[Netsukuku]] is a [[Wireless community network]] designed to be independent from the Internet. [[Open Garden]] is a connection-sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. [[Resilio Sync]] is a directory-syncing app. Research includes projects such as the [[Chord project]], the [[PAST storage utility]], the [[P-Grid]], and the [[CoopNet content distribution system]]. [[Secure Scuttlebutt]] is a peer-to-peer [[gossip protocol]] capable of supporting many different types of applications, primarily [[Social networking service|social networking]]. [[Syncthing]] is also a directory-syncing app. [[Tradepal]] l and [[M-commerce]] applications are designed to power real-time marketplaces. The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Leslie |date=2001-11-08 |title=Uncle Sam Wants Napster! |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=washtech/techthursday/columns/dotcom&contentId=A59099-2001Nov7 |access-date=2010-05-22 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In May 2003, [[Anthony Tether]], then director of [[DARPA]], testified that the United States military uses P2P networks. [[WebTorrent]] is a P2P [[Stream (computing)|streaming]] [[torrent client]] in [[JavaScript]] for use in [[web browser]]s, as well as in the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] standalone version that bridges WebTorrent and [[BitTorrent]] serverless networks. [[Microsoft]], in [[Windows 10]], uses a proprietary peer-to-peer technology called "Delivery Optimization" to deploy operating system updates using end-users' PCs either on the local network or other PCs. According to Microsoft's Channel 9, this led to a 30%-50% reduction in Internet bandwidth usage.<ref>Hammerksjold Andreas; Engler, Narkis, [https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Ignite/Microsoft-Ignite-Orlando-2017/BRK2048 "Delivery Optimization - a deep dive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231107/https://channel9.msdn.com/Events/Ignite/Microsoft-Ignite-Orlando-2017/BRK2048|date=2019-02-04}}, ''[[Channel 9 (Microsoft)|Channel 9]]'', 11 October 2017, Retrieved on 4 February 2019.</ref> Artisoft's [[LANtastic]] was built as a peer-to-peer operating system where machines can function as both servers and workstations simultaneously. [[Hotline Communications]] Hotline Client was built with decentralized servers and tracker software dedicated to any type of files and continues to operate today. 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