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Datorită corpurilor fructifere bine vizibile, cu pălărie și în cele mai multe cazuri cu picior, speciile ordinului se numără printre cele mai cunoscute ciuperci.<ref>Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, ed. a 5-a, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1979, p. 42-53, încă nu sub denumirea „Agaricomycetes”, ISBN 3-405-12116-7</ref> == Istoric == Bazând pe ceasul molecular determinat prin [[Secvențierea ADN]]se estimează că clasa ''Agaricomycetes'' are o vârstă de aproximativ 290 milioane de ani, adică cu rădăcini încă în [[Permian]].<ref>[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/336/6089/1715 Science, vol. 336, 29 iunie 2012]</ref> O studie asupra 5.284 de genomi a dovedit următoarele date de evoluție, începând din timpul perioadei geologice în [[mezozoic]]:<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0834-1 Nature Ecology & Evolution], vol. 3, 2019</ref> * ''[[Agaricomycetidae]]'' (192-174 milioane de ani) * ''[[Cantharellales]]'' (251-144 milioane de ani) * ''[[Agaricales]]'' (182-160 milioane de ani) * ''[[Hymenochaetales]]'' (180-130 milioane de ani) * ''[[Boletales]]'' (153-133 milioane de ani) Clasa a fost determinată de microbiologul rusesc Alexandr Borissovici Doweld în cartea sa ''Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium'' din 2001.<ref> Alexandr Doweld: „Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium”, Editura GEOS, Moscova 2001, p. LXXVII [https://books.google.de/books?id=MBAIAf3OAPcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prosyllabus+Tracheophytorum,+Tentamen+systematis+plantarum+vascularium&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjInPT1tYniAhXIsaQKHXu-CxgQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&q=Prosyllabus%20Tracheophytorum%2C%20Tentamen%20systematis%20plantarum%20vascularium&f=false]</ref> == Habitat == Aproape toate speciile sunt terestre care apar într-o gamă largă de medii în care majoritatea funcționează ca descompunători [[saprofit|saprofiți]], în special de lemn. Cu toate acestea, unele specii sunt patogene sau [[parazitism|parazitare]], iar altele [[micoriză|simbiotice]], adică mutualiste (mutualism = interacțiunea dintre două feluri de organisme), printre care se numără și simbionții ecto-micorizali importanți ai copacilor de pădure. Discuțiile generale privind formele și ciclurile de viață ale acestor ciuperci sunt dezvoltate în articolul despre ciuperci, în tratamentele diferitelor ordine și în conturile individuale de specii.<ref>Ewald Gerhard: „Der große BLV Pilzführer“ (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, p. 7-12, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4</ref> Unele soiuri sunt chiar și acvatice, dar cu o participare de mai puțin de 1 %.<ref>[https://docplayer.org/51538571-1-einleitung-aquatische-pilze.html Aquatische Pilze, p. 4]</ref> == Descriere == Toți membrii acestei clase produc bazidiocarpi și variază de la păhăruțe mici (''Ceraceomyces sublaevis'' sin. ''Corticium sublaeve'' [[Giacomo Bresadola|Bres.]]<ref>Walter Jülich: „Monographie der Athelieae (Corticiaceae, Basidiomycetes)”, în: „Wildenowia” nr 7 (suplement), 1972, p. 147</ref>) sau ciuperci de putregai de câțiva milimetri, ca de exemplu ''Athelia neuhoffii'' sin. ''Corticium neuhoffii'' Bres.<ref>Marinus Anton Donk: „Athelia neuhoffii”, în: „Fungus”, vol. 27, Wageningen 1957, p. 12 </ref> până la, de exemplu, doi ''[[Polyporus]]'' giganți, ''[[Phellinus ellipsoideus]]'' sin. ''Fomitiporia ellipsoidea'' mai mare de câțiva metri și cântărind până la 500 de kilograme<ref>Yu-Cheng Dai, Bao-Kai Cui: „Phellinus ellipsoideus”, în: „Mycological Progress”, vol. 12, nr. 2, Editura Springer, Berlin-New York 2013, p. 348</ref> și [[Rigidoporus ulmarius]] cu un diametru de până la 1,5 m și o greutate de nu rar peste 300 kg<ref>Rokuya Imazeki: „Rigidoporus ulmarius”, în: „Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro”, nr. 57, Tokio 1952, p. 112</ref> sau ''[[Armillaria ostoyae]]'',<ref>[[Bruno Cetto]]: „I funghi dal vero”, vol. 4, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1983, p. 24-25, ISBN 88-85013-25-2</ref> răspândită (subteran) peste 900 de hectare, cu o greutate de aproximativ 600 de tone și o vârstă de 2.400 de ani. Ea reprezintă cel mai mare organism cunoscut din lume.<ref>[https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article526936/Der-groesste-Organismus-der-Welt.html Welt N24]</ref><ref>Craig L. Schmitt, Michael L. Tatum: „The Malheur National Forest. Location of the World’s Largest Living Organism - The Humongous Fungus”, United States Department of Agriculture, 2008 [http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fsbdev3_033146.pdf]</ref> Este cel mai dezvoltat grup de ciuperci, pentru care o formare de basidii (cu 2-8, în mod normal 4 [[sterigme]]) ca [[sporange|sporanguri]] în reproducerea sexuală (teleomorfă) este caracteristică. Meiosporii se formează la ele deschis. Răspândirea vegetativă se realizează printr-un [[miceliu]] ramificat cu unul sau două nuclee din [[hife]] septate (pătrunse de pereți despărțitori) în mod regulat sau prin celulele de germeni.<ref>[https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/staenderpilze/63298 Spectrum.de]</ref> == Sistematică == ''Agaricomycetes'' se disting de alte clase prin caracteristici [[biologie moleculară|biologic-moleculare]] cum sunt secvența [[ARN ribozomal|ARN-ului ribozomal]] și analizele [[proteină|proteinelor]]. Grupul este [[Cladistică|monofiletic]]. Se deosebesc următoarele subclase și ordini conținuși în ele: {| align="center" | valign="top" | * '''''[[Agaricomycetidae]]''''' ** ''[[Agaricales]]'' (32 familii, peste 410 genuri) ** ''[[Amylocorticiales]]'' (1 familie, 14 genuri) ** ''[[Atheliales]]'' (1 familie, 22 genuri) ** ''[[Boletales]]'' (16 familii, peste 95 genuri) ** ''[[Lepidostromatales]]'' (1 familie, 3 genuri) * '''''[[Phallomycetidae]]''''' ** ''[[Geastrales]]'' (1 familie, 8 genuri) ** ''[[Gomphales]]'' (1 familie, 17 genuri) ** ''[[Hysterangiales]]'' (5 familii, 18 genuri) ** ''[[Jaapiales]]'' (1 familie, 1 gen) ** ''[[Lepidostromatales]]'' (3 familii, 18 genuri) ** ''[[Phallales]]'' (2 familii, 26 genuri) | valign="top" | * '''''[[Incertae sedis]]''''' ** ''[[Auriculariales]]'' (7 familii, peste 30 genuri) ** ''[[Cantharellales]]'' (7 familii, 39 genuri) ** ''[[Corticiales]]'' (3 familii, peste 30 genuri) ** ''[[Gloeophyllales]]'' (1 familie, 7 genuri) ** ''[[Hymenochaetales]]'' (3 familii, peste 50 genuri) ** ''[[Polyporales]]'' (21 familii, peste 300 genuri) ** ''[[Russulales]]'' (12 familii, peste 80 genuri) ** ''[[Sebacinales]]'' (1 familie, 8 genuri) ** ''[[Stereopsidales]]'' (1 familie, 2 genuri) ** ''[[Thelephorales]]'' (2 familii, 18 genuri) ** ''[[Trechisporales]]'' (1 familie, 15 genuri) |} == Galerie de imagini == <gallery class="center"> Agaricus augustus 47964.jpg|[[Agaricus augustus]] Agrocybe.praecox4.-.lindsey.jpg|[[Agrocybe praecox]] Albatrellus-confluens.jpg|[[Albatrellus confluens]] 2009-05 Amanita phalloides crop.jpg|[[Amanita phalloides]] Armillaria ostoyae MO.jpg|[[Armillaria ostoyae]] Athelia neuhoffii - Lindsey.jpg|Athelia neuhoffii Auricularia auricula-judae G6 (4).JPG|[[Auricularia auricula-judae]] Battarrea phalloides 15328.jpg|[[Battarrea phalloides]] 2015-06-21 Rubroboletus lupinus 530214.jpg|[[Boletus lupinus]] Bleigrauen Zwergbovist Bovista plumbea.jpg|[[Bovista plumbea]] Calocybe gambosa 080420wb.jpg|[[Calocybe gambosa]] 20120629Calvatia gigantea5.jpg|[[Calvatia gigantea]] Cantharellus cibarius 20090717-02.jpg|[[Cantharellus cibarius]] Ceraceomyces sublaevis 38439.jpg|Ceraceomyces sublaevis sin. Corticium sublaeve Semmelgelber-Schleimkopf-Cortinarius-varius.jpg|[[Cortinarius varius]] Clavulina cinerea - Lindsey.jpg|[[Clavulina cinerea]] Clitocybe odora G2.jpg|[[Clitocybe odora]] Mushrooms near Piliscsaba.JPG|[[Coprinopsis picacea]] Coprinus comatus-1 hg.jpg|[[Coprinus comatus]] Craterellus cornucopioides a2 (2).JPG|[[Craterellus cornucopioides]] Entoloma sinuatum group.JPG|[[Entoloma sinuatum]] PR Vysoký tok, choroš zespoda (002).jpg|[[Fistulina hepatica]] XN Flammulina velutipes 489.jpg|[[Flammulina velutipes]] Fomitiporia ellipsoidea.jpg|Phellinus ellipsoideus Gifthauebling.jpg|[[Galerina marginata]] Ganoderma applanatum 2011 G2.jpg|[[Ganoderma applanatum]] Gomphidius glutinosus MS7 (2).jpg|[[Gomphidius glutinosus]] Collybia fusipes 031005w.jpg|[[Gymnopus fusipes]] Piaskowiec modrzak 6.jpg|thumb|[[Gyroporus cyanescens]] Hydnum repandum 01.jpg|[[Hydnum repandum]] Hygrocybe coccinea mo38986.jpg|[[Hygrocybe coccinea]] Marzschnecklinge.jpg|[[Hygrophorus marzuolus]] Hypholoma capnoides G6.jpg|[[Hypholoma capnoides]] 2010-05-27 Inocybe erubescens.jpg|[[Inocybe erubescens]] Kuehneromyces mutabilis 031111Bw.jpg|[[Kuehneromyces mutabilis]] Laccaria laccata 1.jpg|[[Laccaria laccata]] 2009-09-28 Lactarius deliciosus cropped.jpg|[[Lactarius deliciosus]] Laetiporus sulphureus 1.jpg|[[Laetiporus sulphureus]] Tolgyfaerdestinoru.jpg|[[Leccinum aurantiacum]] Lepiota clypeolaria 110923w.JPG|[[Lepiota clypeolaria]] Lepista nuda LC0372.jpg|[[Lepista nuda]] Lycoperdon pyriforme Schaeff 887627.jpg|[[ Lycoperdon pyriforme]] Parasolzwam2009.jpg|[[Macrolepiota procera]] 2010-10-16 Marasmius oreades (Bolton) Fr 112276.jpg|[[Marasmius oreades]] Gemeine Hundsrute Mutinus caninus.JPG|[[Mutinus caninus]] Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer 699862.jpg|[[Omphalotus olearius]] 0006 Paxillus involutus (Copy).jpg|[[Paxillus involutus]] Phallus impudicus being devoured.jpg|[[Phallus impudicus]] Aranysargalemezes.jpg|[[Phylloporus pelletieri]] Goldfellschueppling.jpg|[[Pholiota squarrosa]] Pleurocybella porrigens.JPG|[[Pleurocybella porrigens]] 2011-06-30 Pleurotus cornucopiae 3 70824.jpg|[[Pleurotus cornucopiae]] Polyporus squamosus 2011 G2.jpg|[[Polyporus squamosus]] Pseudohydnum gelatinosum 9.JPG|[[Pseudohydnum gelatinosum]] 2012-09-03 Ramaria aurea crop.jpg|[[Ramaria aurea]] Meripilaceae - Rigidoporus ulmarius.JPG|Rigidoporus ulmarius Fichtenspeitaeubling.jpg|[[Russula emetica]] Habichtspilz-Sarcodon-imbricatus.jpg|[[Sarcodon imbricatus]] Schizophyllum commune (849609).jpg|[[Schizophyllum commune]] Scleroderma citrinum.jpg|[[Scleroderma citrinum]] Krause-Glucke405.jpg|[[Sparassis crispa]] Fungi of Sumadija.jpg|[[Strobilomyces strobilaceus]] 2005-03-28 Strobilurus esculentus.jpg|[[Strobilurus esculentus]] Límcovka měděnková.JPG|[[Stropharia aeruginosa]] Suillus-granulatus.jpg|[[Suillus granulatus]] Samtfußkrempling.jpg|[[Tapinella atrotomentosa]] Gemeine Schwefel-Ritterling Tricholoma sulphureum.JPG|[[Tricholoma sulphureum]] Hořčák08088.JPG|thumb|[[Tylopilus felleus]] Scheidling Wolliger002.JPG|thumb|[[Volvariella bombycina]] Xerocomus chrysenteron1.jpg|[[Xerocomellus chrysenteron]] </gallery> == Note == {{listănote|2}} == Bibliografie == * Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber, Günther F. Kraus: „Definition und Abgrenzung der Pilze”, în: „Pilze in Innenräumen und am Arbeitsplatz”, Editura Springer, Viena - Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-1234-2, p. 1-15 * Karl Mägdefrau: „Beiträge zur Biologie der niederen Pflanzen: Systemtik, Stammesgeschichte, Ökologie”, Editura Urban & Fischer bei Elsev, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3437302620 * Dr. Franz Oberwinkler: „Pflanzen und ihre Pilze”, Tübingen 2000 == Legături externe == * {{Commonscat-inline|Agaricomycetes }} [[Categorie:Agaricomycetes]] [[Categorie:2001 în știință]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Formate folosite în această pagină: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Format:;" title="Format:;">Format:;</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:;&action=edit" title="Format:;">vedeți sursa</a>) (protejat ca format)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Format:Anglicise_rank" title="Format:Anglicise rank">Format:Anglicise rank</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Format:Anglicise_rank&action=edit" 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