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Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions

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<style>.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=false]{display:block}.block-main-menu[aria-hidden=true]{display:none}</style> <style>.main-menu-toggle{display:var(--main-menu-toggle--display);height:21px;max-width:26px;min-width:26px}.main-menu-toggle span{color:var(--main-menu-toggle--color,#222);display:block;position:relative;width:75%}.main-menu-toggle span,.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{background-color:currentColor;border-radius:100vw/100vw;height:2px;transition:all .2s ease-in-out}.main-menu-toggle span:after,.main-menu-toggle span:before{content:"";position:absolute;right:-25%;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle span:before{top:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle span:after{bottom:-8.5px}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span{background:transparent;width:100%}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] span:before{rotate:45deg;top:0}.main-menu-toggle[aria-expanded=true] 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span{text-wrap:nowrap}.group-archive-banner__text{margin-top:.5em}</style> <style>.animation-banner{margin-left:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1);margin-right:calc(-50vw + 50% - var(--scrollbar-width, 0px)/2*-1)}.animation-banner__content{margin:0 auto;max-width:1440px;padding-left:var(--safe-area-inline);padding-right:var(--safe-area-inline)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle{--_toggle-weight:1px;--_toggle-size:1rem;display:inline-block;margin-left:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5);position:relative;translate:0 -.125rem;width:calc(var(--_toggle-size)*.5)}.animation-banner__cta-toggle:after,.animation-banner__cta-toggle:before{background-color:var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-bottom:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);border-top:var(--_toggle-weight) solid var(--toggle-color,currentColor);content:"";display:block;height:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:var(--toggle-top,calc(50% - var(--_toggle-weight)));transition:all .2s ease-in-out,transform 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height="400" alt="Aspiration by Douglas Rogers" /> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="banner__content"> <div class="banner__text"> <h1 class="banner__heading"> The Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions (YCRI)</h1> <div class="banner__body"> <div class="ck-content"><p>YCRI is dedicated to the study of representative institutions, broadly defined, in global and comparative perspective. It is an interdisciplinary undertaking, examining historical cases together with the political theory and social thought informing them.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="group__content"> <div class="group__sections"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-sm layout--has-header layout--published layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-26977"> <div class="layout__content"> <div class="layout__header"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-26977" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> The Latest </h2> </header> </div> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region--gap-sm layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-view-block-26978" class="view-block" data-js="view-block"> <div class="view view--block-latest-with-featured view--unformatted view--content-stories js-view-dom-id-233f5f02c480804d0717052781e272ff1d38bac47714d1542d753e31d9b66e40 view--hide-groups"> <div class="view__content"> <div class="view__rows"> <div class="view__row view__row--1"> <article id="node-story-450155" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-md"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/cri/stories/practically-american-canadian-woman-confronts-united-states-citizen-only-hiring-law"><span>A “Practically American” Canadian Woman Confronts a United States Citizen-Only Hiring Law: Katharine Short and the California Alien Teachers Controversy of 1915</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2021-10-01T08:00:00-04:00">Oct 1, 2021</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="720" height="540" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_720/public/shanahan_brendan_0.webp?itok=PMACCkgN 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_1440/public/shanahan_brendan_0.webp?itok=HgYBWIlw 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="360" height="270" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_360/public/shanahan_brendan_0.webp?itok=ILWZT3rd 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_720/public/shanahan_brendan_0.webp?itok=PMACCkgN 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="720" height="540" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_720/public/shanahan_brendan_0.jpg?itok=PMACCkgN 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_1440/public/shanahan_brendan_0.jpg?itok=HgYBWIlw 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="360" height="270" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_360/public/shanahan_brendan_0.jpg?itok=ILWZT3rd 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_720/public/shanahan_brendan_0.jpg?itok=PMACCkgN 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="360" height="270" alt="Brendan A. 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Deborah KangProfessor S. Deborah Kang" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/deborah_kang_0.jpg?h=1e7f630e&amp;itok=D_uk-ZwP" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--3"> <article id="node-story-450137" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/cri/stories/fall-2020-ycri"><span>Fall 2020 with YCRI</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2020-10-16T08:00:00-04:00">Oct 16, 2020</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/jasper_johns.webp?itok=Rl4GeYjf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/jasper_johns.webp?itok=WkpSZtM8 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/jasper_johns.webp?itok=Bq2_3rF9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/jasper_johns.webp?itok=t0KmWjyV 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/jasper_johns.jpeg?itok=Rl4GeYjf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/jasper_johns.jpeg?itok=WkpSZtM8 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/jasper_johns.jpeg?itok=Bq2_3rF9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/jasper_johns.jpeg?itok=t0KmWjyV 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/jasper_johns.jpeg?itok=Bq2_3rF9" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--4"> <article id="node-story-450133" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/cri/stories/parliamentarism-book-colloquium"><span>Parliamentarism Book Colloquium</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2020-02-06T07:00:00-05:00">Feb 6, 2020</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/parliamentarism.webp?itok=Dw76RUqm 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/parliamentarism.webp?itok=2vukllkt 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/parliamentarism.webp?itok=qxsn9x0h 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/parliamentarism.webp?itok=SIhyAGUI 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/parliamentarism.jpg?itok=Dw76RUqm 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/parliamentarism.jpg?itok=2vukllkt 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/parliamentarism.jpg?itok=qxsn9x0h 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/parliamentarism.jpg?itok=SIhyAGUI 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="image is a poster with an impressionistic depiction of the Houses of Parliament; text below lists speakers, date, time and location for Parliamentarism book colloquiumParliamentarism poster" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/parliamentarism.jpg?itok=qxsn9x0h" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="view__row view__row--5"> <article id="node-story-450128" class="node-teaser node-teaser--story node-teaser--image-size-sm"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__groups"> Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/cri/stories/isaiah-berlin-philosopher-freedom-2018-film-screening-and-discussion"><span>Isaiah Berlin: Philosopher of Freedom (2018)—Film Screening and Discussion</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__published-date"> <time datetime="2019-10-18T08:00:00-04:00">Oct 18, 2019</time> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.webp?itok=AAkePlWl 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.webp?itok=QR-L0ml1 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.webp?itok=nzm3Y3Ev 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.webp?itok=SHeU-gSS 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/png" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.png?itok=AAkePlWl 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.png?itok=QR-L0ml1 2x"/> <source type="image/png" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.png?itok=nzm3Y3Ev 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.png?itok=SHeU-gSS 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="event poster reading &quot;Isaiah Berlin: Philosopher of Freedom&quot; A film screening and discussion. Background image of Isaiah Berlin seated in a chair.Isaiah Berlin: Philosopher of Freedom (2018)" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/isaiah_berlin_10_23.png?itok=nzm3Y3Ev" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region-item"> <div id="paragraph-cta-link-26980" class="cta-link cta-link--secondary" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/node/3002981/news" hreflang="en">All News</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="group__spotlight"> <div class="spotlight spotlight--group"> <div class="spotlight__content"> <div class="spotlight__image"> <figure data-js="media-image" class="media media--image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.webp?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=r9SVF2Cp 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.webp?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=dgW2RRya 2x"/> <source type="image/webp" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.webp?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=3xF79_97 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.webp?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=ync7dyyP 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="400" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_400/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.jpg?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=r9SVF2Cp 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_800/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.jpg?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=dgW2RRya 2x"/> <source type="image/jpeg" width="320" height="320" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.jpg?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=3xF79_97 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/square_640/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.jpg?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=ync7dyyP 2x"/> <img loading="lazy" width="320" height="320" alt="Oh Se-Hoon, Mayor of Seoul, smiling at man" class="lazyload" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/square_320/public/2024-06/YaleMacMillan2023_MayorofSeoul_Sneakpeeks-2880-flipped.jpg?h=ebe22c30&amp;itok=3xF79_97" /> </picture> </figure> </div> <div class="spotlight__intro"> <p>In its role as a central resource to all disciplines, departments, and Schools at Yale, MacMillan encompasses the full scope of international and regional engagement throughout the University.</p> </div> <div class="spotlight__links"> <div class="spotlight__focus-text"> Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions focuses on: </div> <div class="spotlight__link-list"> <div class="link-list"> <div class="link-list__links"> <div class="link-list__link"> <a href="/node/1434449/good-governance"> Good Governance</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="spotlight__title"> An informed, inclusive, and flourishing world </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__group-connect-with"> <section class="group-connect-with"> <div class="group-connect-with__content"> <h2 class="group-connect-with__heading">Connect with Yale Center for the Study of Representative Institutions </h2> <div class="group-connect-with__link-container"> <div class="group-connect-with__newsletter-signup"> <a href="https://subscribe.yale.edu/login?returnURL=https%3A//subscribe.yale.edu/browse%3Fsearch%3DCenter%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BStudy%2Bof%2BRepresentative%2BInstitutions%2B%2528YCRI%2529">Sign up for our newsletter</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="site-footer__content"> <div class="site-footer__branding-group"> <div class="site-footer__yale">Yale</div> <div class="site-footer__site-name">The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International &amp; 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