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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Program memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_data_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_data_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Internal data memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_data_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Internal registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPIO_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPIO_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>GPIO ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPIO_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EEPROM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EEPROM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>EEPROM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EEPROM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Program execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruction_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruction_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Instruction set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instruction_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MCU_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MCU_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>MCU speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MCU_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Programming interfaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Programming_interfaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Programming interfaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Programming_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>ISP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>PDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UPDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UPDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>UPDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UPDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-voltage_serial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-voltage_serial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>High-voltage serial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-voltage_serial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-voltage_parallel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-voltage_parallel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>High-voltage parallel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-voltage_parallel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bootloader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bootloader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bootloader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bootloader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ROM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ROM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>ROM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ROM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-aWire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#aWire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>aWire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-aWire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debugging_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debugging_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Debugging interfaces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debugging_interfaces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debugging interfaces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debugging_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-debugWIRE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#debugWIRE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>debugWIRE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-debugWIRE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JTAG" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JTAG"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>JTAG</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JTAG-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_tools_and_evaluation_kits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_tools_and_evaluation_kits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Development tools and evaluation kits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_tools_and_evaluation_kits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development tools and evaluation kits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_tools_and_evaluation_kits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-STK600_starter_kit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STK600_starter_kit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>STK600 starter kit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STK600_starter_kit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STK500_starter_kit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STK500_starter_kit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>STK500 starter kit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STK500_starter_kit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-STK200_starter_kit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#STK200_starter_kit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>STK200 starter kit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-STK200_starter_kit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmel-ICE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmel-ICE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Atmel-ICE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmel-ICE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVRISP_and_AVRISP_mkII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVRISP_and_AVRISP_mkII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>AVRISP and AVRISP mkII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVRISP_and_AVRISP_mkII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVR_Dragon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVR_Dragon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>AVR Dragon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVR_Dragon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JTAGICE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JTAGICE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>JTAGICE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JTAGICE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JTAGICE_mkII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JTAGICE_mkII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>JTAGICE mkII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JTAGICE_mkII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JTAGICE3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JTAGICE3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>JTAGICE3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JTAGICE3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AVR_ONE!" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AVR_ONE!"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>AVR ONE!</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AVR_ONE!-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butterfly_demonstration_board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butterfly_demonstration_board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Butterfly demonstration board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butterfly_demonstration_board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AT90USBKey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AT90USBKey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>AT90USBKey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AT90USBKey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raven_wireless_kit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raven_wireless_kit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Raven wireless kit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raven_wireless_kit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_programmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_programmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Third-party programmers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_programmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FPGA_clones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FPGA_clones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>FPGA clones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FPGA_clones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">AVR microcontrollers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D8%B1" title="أتمل أيه في آر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتمل أيه في آر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroladors_AVR" title="Microcontroladors AVR – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Microcontroladors AVR" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_AVR" title="Microchip AVR – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Microchip AVR" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%B1" title="ریزکنترل‌گر ای‌وی‌آر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریزکنترل‌گر ای‌وی‌آر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8A%B8%EB%A9%9C_AVR" title="아트멜 AVR – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아트멜 AVR" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR" title="Atmel AVR – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atmel AVR" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR" title="AVR – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="AVR" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_vi_%C4%91i%E1%BB%81u_khi%E1%BB%83n_AVR" title="Họ vi điều khiển AVR – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ vi điều khiển AVR" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the series of AVR microcontrollers. For the AVR instruction set, see <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">Atmel AVR instruction set</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avr_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avr_logo.svg/220px-Avr_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avr_logo.svg/330px-Avr_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Avr_logo.svg/440px-Avr_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="33" /></a><figcaption>AVR logo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVR_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AVR_group.jpg/220px-AVR_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AVR_group.jpg/330px-AVR_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/AVR_group.jpg/440px-AVR_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Various older AVR microcontrollers: ATmega8 in 28-pin narrow dual in-line package (<a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a>-28N), ATxmega128A1 in 100-pin thin quad flat pack (<a href="/wiki/TQFP" class="mw-redirect" title="TQFP">TQFP</a>-100) package, ATtiny45 in 8-pin small outline (<a href="/wiki/Small_Outline_Integrated_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Outline Integrated Circuit">SO</a>-8) package</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg/220px-ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg/330px-ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg/440px-ATMEGA328P-PU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2214" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ATmega328" title="ATmega328">ATmega328</a>P in 28-pin narrow dual in-line package (<a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a>-28N). It is commonly found on <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> boards.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>AVR</b> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontrollers">microcontrollers</a> developed since 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a>, acquired by <a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip Technology</a> in 2016. These are <a href="/wiki/Modified_Harvard_architecture" title="Modified Harvard architecture">modified Harvard architecture</a> <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a> single-chip microcontrollers. AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> for program storage, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable read-only memory">one-time programmable ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a>, or <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> used by other microcontrollers at the time. </p><p>AVR microcontrollers find many applications as <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. They are especially common in hobbyist and educational embedded applications, popularized by their inclusion in many of the <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> line of <a href="/wiki/Open_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hardware">open hardware</a> development boards. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AVR architecture was conceived by two students at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Norwegian Institute of Technology">Norwegian Institute of Technology</a> (NTH),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alf-Egil Bogen<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vegard Wollan.<sup id="cite_ref-storyofavr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofavr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atmel says that the name AVR is not an acronym and does not stand for anything in particular. The creators of the AVR give no definitive answer as to what the term "AVR" stands for.<sup id="cite_ref-storyofavr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-storyofavr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is commonly accepted that AVR stands for <b>A</b>lf and <b>V</b>egard's <b>R</b>ISC processor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note that the use of "AVR" in this article generally refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR microcontrollers. </p><p>The original AVR MCU was developed at a local <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a> house<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Meaning of the phrase is unclear. (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim, Norway">Trondheim, Norway</a>, called Nordic VLSI at the time, now <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor" title="Nordic Semiconductor">Nordic Semiconductor</a>, where Bogen and Wollan were working as students.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was known as a μRISC (Micro RISC)<sup id="cite_ref-NTNU_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NTNU-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was available as silicon IP/building block from Nordic VLSI.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the technology was sold to Atmel from Nordic <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a>, the internal architecture was further developed by Bogen and Wollan at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary of Atmel. The designers worked closely with compiler writers at <a href="/wiki/IAR_Systems" title="IAR Systems">IAR Systems</a> to ensure that the AVR instruction set provided efficient <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilation</a> of <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-codesign_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codesign-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the first of the AVR line was the AT90S8515, which in a 40-pin DIP package has the same pinout as an <a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a> microcontroller, including the external multiplexed address and data bus. The polarity of the <span style="text-decoration: overline">RESET</span> line was opposite (8051's having an active-high RESET, while the AVR has an active-low <span style="text-decoration: overline">RESET</span>), but other than that the pinout was identical. </p><p>The AVR 8-bit microcontroller architecture was introduced in 1997. By 2003, Atmel had shipped 500 million AVR flash microcontrollers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> platform, developed for simple electronics projects, was released in 2005 and featured ATmega8 AVR microcontrollers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Device_overview">Device overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Device overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AVR is a modified Harvard architecture machine, where program and data are stored in separate physical memory systems that appear in different address spaces, but having the ability to read data items from program memory using special instructions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_families">Basic families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AVRs are generally classified into following: </p><p><b>tinyAVR</b> – the ATtiny series </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ATtiny_microcontroller_comparison_chart" title="ATtiny microcontroller comparison chart">ATtiny microcontroller comparison chart</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash size</a> </th> <th>Frequency<br />[MHz] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Package</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>0.5–32 KB </td> <td>1.6–20 </td> <td>6–32-pin package </td> <td>32–3072 bytes </td> <td>64–512 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ATtiny series features small package microcontrollers with a limited peripheral set available. However, the improved tinyAVR 0/1/2-series (released in 2016) include: </p> <ul><li>Peripherals equal to or exceed megaAVR 0-series</li> <li>Event System</li> <li>Improved AVRxt instruction set (improved timing of calls), hardware multiply</li></ul> <p><b>megaAVR</b> – the ATmega series </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash size</a> </th> <th>Frequency<br />[MHz] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Package</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>4–256 KB </td> <td>1.6–20 </td> <td>28–100-pin package </td> <td>256–16384 bytes </td> <td>256–4096 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ATmega series features microcontrollers that provide an extended instruction set (multiply instructions and instructions for handling larger program memories), an extensive peripheral set, a solid amount of program memory, as well as a wide range of pins available. The megaAVR 0-series (released in 2016) also has functionality such as: </p> <ul><li>Event system</li> <li>New peripherals with enhanced functionality</li> <li>Improved AVRxt instruction set (improved timing of calls)</li></ul> <p><b>AVR Dx</b> – The AVR Dx family features multiple microcontroller series, focused on <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">HCI</a>, analog signal conditioning and functional safety. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash size</a> </th> <th>Frequency<br />[MHz] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Package</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> </th> <th>Release year </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>16–128 KB </td> <td>20–24 at 1.8–5.5 V </td> <td>14–64-pin package </td> <td>4–16 KB </td> <td>512 bytes </td> <td>2020 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The parts numbers is formatted as AVR<i>ff</i>D<i>xpp</i>, where <i>ff</i> is flash size, <i>x</i> is family, and <i>pp</i> is number of pins. Example: AVR128DA64 – 64-pin DA-series with 128k flash. All devices in the AVR Dx family include: </p> <ul><li>an Async Type D timer that can run faster than the CPU</li> <li>12-bit ADC</li> <li>10-bit DAC</li> <li><b>AVR DA-series</b> (early 2020) – The high memory density makes these MCUs well suited for both wired and wireless communication-stack-intensive functions. <ul><li>integrated sensors for capacitative touch measurement (<a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">HCI</a>)</li> <li>updated core independent peripherals (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_peripheral_operation" title="Autonomous peripheral operation">CIPs</a>) and a analog perihperals</li> <li>no external high frequency crystal</li></ul></li> <li><b>AVR DB-series</b> (mid-late 2020) – inherits many features from the DA-family, while adding its own: <ul><li>2 or 3 on-chip opamps</li> <li>MultiVoltage IO (MVIO) on PORTC</li> <li>Supports external HF crystal</li></ul></li> <li><b>AVR DD-series</b> <ul><li>16–64 KiB Flash</li> <li>2–8 KiB SRAM</li> <li>14–32-pin package</li> <li>internal 24 MHz oscillator</li> <li>7–23-channel 130 kS/s 12-bit differential Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)</li> <li>no amplifiers</li> <li>1 analog comparator</li> <li>Two USARTs, one SPI, one dual-mode TWI</li> <li>Multi-Voltage Input/Output (MVIO) support on 3 or 4 pins on Port C</li> <li>4 Configurable Custom Logic (CCL) cells, 6 Event System channels</li></ul></li> <li><b>AVR EA-series</b> <ul><li>8–64 KiB Flash</li> <li>28–48-pin package</li> <li>internal 20 MHz oscillator</li> <li>24–32-channel 130 kS/s 12-bit differential Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)</li> <li>Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) with up to 16x gain</li> <li>2 analog comparators</li> <li>Three USARTs, one SPI, one dual-mode TWI</li> <li>no Multi-Voltage Input/Output (MVIO)</li> <li>4 Configurable Custom Logic (CCL) cells, 6 Event System channels</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>XMEGA</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash size</a> </th> <th>Frequency<br />[MHz] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Package</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> </th> <th>Release year </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>16–256 KB </td> <td>32 </td> <td>44–100-pin package </td> <td>1–32 KB </td> <td>512–2048 bytes </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>the ATxmega series offers a wide variety of peripherals and functionality such as: </p> <ul><li>Extended performance features, such as DMA, "Event System", and cryptography support</li> <li>Extensive peripheral set with <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">ADCs</a></li></ul> <p><b>Application-specific AVR</b> </p> <ul><li>megaAVRs with special features not found on the other members of the AVR family, such as LCD controller, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> controller, advanced PWM, CAN, etc.</li></ul> <p><b>FPSLIC (AVR with FPGA)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a> 5k to 40k gates</li> <li>SRAM for the AVR program code, unlike all other AVRs</li> <li>AVR core can run at up to 50 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>32-bit AVRs</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></div> <ul><li>In 2006, Atmel released microcontrollers based on the 32-bit <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a> architecture. This was a completely different architecture unrelated to the 8-bit AVR, intended to compete with the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>-based processors. It had a 32-bit data path, <a href="/wiki/SIMD" class="mw-redirect" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">DSP</a> instructions, along with other audio- and video-processing features. The instruction set was similar to other RISC cores, but it was not compatible with the original AVR (nor any of the various ARM cores). Since then support for AVR32 has been dropped from Linux as of kernel 4.12; compiler support for the architecture in <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> was never mainlined into the compiler's central source-code repository and was available primarily in a vendor-supported fork. At the time that AVR32 was introduced, Atmel had already been a licensee of the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a>, with both <a href="/wiki/ARM7" title="ARM7">ARM7</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM9" title="ARM9">ARM9</a> microcontrollers having been released prior to and concurrently with the AVR32; later Atmel focused most development effort on 32-bit chips with <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M" title="ARM Cortex-M">ARM Cortex-M</a> and <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-A" title="ARM Cortex-A">Cortex-A</a> cores.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Device_architecture">Device architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Device architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG/220px-AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG/330px-AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG/440px-AVR_ATXMEGA_128A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Atmel ATxmega128A1 in 100-pin <a href="/wiki/TQFP" class="mw-redirect" title="TQFP">TQFP</a> package</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATMEL_MEGA32U4_(Micro_Controller).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png/220px-ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png/330px-ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png/440px-ATMEL_MEGA32U4_%28Micro_Controller%29.png 2x" data-file-width="12621" data-file-height="11024" /></a><figcaption>ATMEL MEGA32U4 die shot</figcaption></figure> <p>The AVRs have 32 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">single-byte</a> <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> are all integrated onto a single chip, removing the need for external memory in most applications. Some devices have a parallel external bus option to allow adding additional data memory or memory-mapped devices. Almost all devices (except the smallest TinyAVR chips) have serial interfaces, which can be used to connect larger serial EEPROMs or flash chips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Program_memory">Program memory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Program memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Program instructions are stored in <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-volatile">non-volatile</a> <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>. Although the <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontroller unit">MCUs</a> are 8-bit, each instruction takes one or two 16-bit words. The size of the program memory is usually indicated in the naming of the device itself (e.g., the ATmega64x line has 64 KB of flash, while the ATmega32x line has 32 KB). There is no provision for off-chip program memory; all code executed by the AVR core must reside in the on-chip flash. However, this limitation does not apply to the AT94 FPSLIC AVR/FPGA chips. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_data_memory">Internal data memory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal data memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The data <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Register_file" title="Register file">register file</a>, I/O registers, and <a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a>. Some small models also map the program ROM into the data address space, but larger models do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_registers">Internal registers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Internal registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the tinyAVR and megaAVR variants of the <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">AVR architecture</a>, the working registers are mapped in as the first 32 data memory addresses (0000<sub>16</sub>–001F<sub>16</sub>), followed by 64 I/O registers (0020<sub>16</sub>–005F<sub>16</sub>). In devices with many peripherals, these registers are followed by 160 “extended I/O” registers, only accessible as <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">memory-mapped I/O</a> (0060<sub>16</sub>–00FF<sub>16</sub>). </p><p>Actual SRAM starts after these register sections, at address 0060<sub>16</sub> or, in devices with "extended I/O", at 0100<sub>16</sub>. </p><p>Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for accessing the register file and the first 64 I/O registers, all can also be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. </p><p>The very smallest of the tinyAVR variants use a reduced architecture with only 16 registers (r0 through r15 are omitted) which are not addressable as memory locations. I/O memory begins at address 0000<sub>16</sub>, followed by SRAM. In addition, these devices have slight deviations from the standard AVR instruction set. Most notably, the direct load/store instructions (LDS/STS) have been reduced from 2 words (32 bits) to 1 word (16 bits), limiting the total direct addressable memory (the sum of both I/O and SRAM) to 128 bytes. Conversely, the indirect load instruction's (LD) 16-bit address space is expanded to also include non-volatile memory such as Flash and configuration bits; therefore, the Load Program Memory (LPM) instruction is unnecessary and omitted. (For detailed info, see <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">Atmel AVR instruction set</a>.) </p><p>In the XMEGA variant, the working register file is not mapped into the data address space; as such, it is not possible to treat any of the XMEGA's working registers as though they were SRAM. Instead, the I/O registers are mapped into the data address space starting at the very beginning of the address space. Additionally, the amount of data address space dedicated to I/O registers has grown substantially to 4096 bytes (0000<sub>16</sub>–0FFF<sub>16</sub>). As with previous generations, however, the fast I/O manipulation instructions can only reach the first 64 I/O register locations (the first 32 locations for bitwise instructions). Following the I/O registers, the XMEGA series sets aside a 4096 byte range of the data address space, which can be used optionally for mapping the internal EEPROM to the data address space (1000<sub>16</sub>–1FFF<sub>16</sub>). The actual SRAM is located after these ranges, starting at 2000<sub>16</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPIO_ports">GPIO ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: GPIO ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each <a href="/wiki/GPIO" class="mw-redirect" title="GPIO">GPIO</a> port on a tiny or mega AVR drives up to eight pins and is controlled by three 8-bit registers: DDR<i>x</i>, PORT<i>x</i> and PIN<i>x</i>, where <i>x</i> is the port identifier. </p> <ul><li>DDR<i>x</i>: Data Direction Register, configures the pins as either inputs or outputs.</li> <li>PORT<i>x</i>: Output port register. Sets the output value on pins configured as outputs. Enables or disables the <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_resistor" title="Pull-up resistor">pull-up resistor</a> on pins configured as inputs.</li> <li>PIN<i>x</i>: Input register, used to read an input signal. On some devices, this register can be used for pin toggling: writing a logic one to a PIN<i>x</i> bit toggles the corresponding bit in PORT<i>x</i>, irrespective of the setting of the DDR<i>x</i> bit.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Newer ATtiny AVR's, like ATtiny817 and its siblings, have their port control registers somewhat differently defined. xmegaAVR have additional registers for push/pull, totem-pole and pullup configurations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="EEPROM">EEPROM</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: EEPROM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all AVR microcontrollers have internal <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> for semi-permanent data storage. Like flash memory, EEPROM can maintain its contents when electrical power is removed. </p><p>In most variants of the AVR architecture, this internal EEPROM memory is not mapped into the MCU's addressable memory space. It can only be accessed the same way an external peripheral device is, using special pointer registers and read/write instructions, which makes EEPROM access much slower than other internal RAM. </p><p>However, some devices in the SecureAVR (AT90SC) family<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use a special EEPROM mapping to the data or program memory, depending on the configuration. The XMEGA family also allows the EEPROM to be mapped into the data address space. </p><p>Since the number of writes to EEPROM is limited –  Atmel specifies 100,000 write cycles in their datasheets –  a well designed EEPROM write routine should compare the contents of an EEPROM address with desired contents and only perform an actual write if the contents need to be changed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_execution">Program execution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Program execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atmel's AVRs have a two-stage, single-level <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipeline</a> design. This means the next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among <a href="/wiki/Eight-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-bit">eight-bit</a> microcontrollers. </p><p>The AVR processors were designed with the efficient execution of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> code in mind and have several built-in pointers for the task. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruction_set">Instruction set</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instruction set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">Atmel AVR instruction set</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">AVR instruction set</a> is more <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set" title="Orthogonal instruction set">orthogonal</a> than those of most eight-bit microcontrollers, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051 clones</a> and <a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC microcontrollers</a> with which AVR competes today. However, it is not completely regular: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointer_register" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer register">Pointer registers</a> X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">Register</a> locations R0 to R15 have more limited addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31.</li> <li>I/O ports 0 to 31 can be bit addressed, unlike I/O ports 32 to 63.</li> <li>CLR (clear all bits to zero) affects flags, while SER (set all bits to one) does not, even though they are complementary instructions. (CLR is pseudo-op for EOR R, R; while SER is short for LDI R,$FF. Arithmetic operations such as EOR modify flags, while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.)</li> <li>Accessing read-only data stored in the program memory (flash) requires special LPM instructions; the flash bus is otherwise reserved for instruction memory.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, some chip-specific differences affect code generation. Code pointers (including return addresses on the stack) are two bytes long on chips with up to 128 KB of flash memory, but three bytes long on larger chips; not all chips have hardware multipliers; chips with over 8 KB of flash have branch and call instructions with longer ranges; and so forth. </p><p>The mostly regular instruction set makes C (and even Ada) compilers fairly straightforward and efficient. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a> has included AVR support for quite some time, and that support is widely used. <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a> also has rudimentary AVR support. In fact, Atmel solicited input from major developers of compilers for small microcontrollers, to determine the instruction set features that were most useful in a compiler for high-level languages.<sup id="cite_ref-codesign_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codesign-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MCU_speed">MCU speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: MCU speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0 to 20 MHz, with some devices reaching 32 MHz. Lower-powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All recent (Tiny, Mega, and Xmega, but not 90S) AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Some AVRs also have a system clock prescaler that can divide down the system clock by up to 1024. This prescaler can be reconfigured by software during run-time, allowing the clock speed to be optimized. </p><p>Since all operations (excluding multiplication and 16-bit add/subtract) on registers R0–R31 are single-cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1 <a href="/wiki/Million_instructions_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Million instructions per second">MIPS</a> per MHz, i.e. an 8 MHz processor can achieve up to 8 MIPS. Loads and stores to/from memory take two cycles, branching takes two cycles. Branches in the latest "3-byte PC" parts such as ATmega2560 are one cycle slower than on previous devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are sold under various names that share the same basic core, but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Compatibility between chips in each family is fairly good, although I/O controller features may vary. </p><p>See <a href="#External_links">external links</a> for sites relating to AVR development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features">Features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>AVRs offer a wide range of features: </p> <ul><li>Multifunction, bi-directional general-purpose I/O ports with configurable, built-in <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_resistor" title="Pull-up resistor">pull-up resistors</a></li> <li>Multiple internal oscillators, including RC oscillator without external parts</li> <li>Internal, self-programmable instruction <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> up to 256 KB (384 KB on XMega) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programmable</a> using serial/parallel low-voltage proprietary interfaces or <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a></li> <li>Optional boot code section with independent lock bits for protection</li></ul></li> <li>On-chip debugging (OCD) support through JTAG or <a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> on most devices <ul><li>The JTAG signals (TMS, TDI, TDO, and TCK) are multiplexed on <a href="/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="General Purpose Input/Output">GPIOs</a>. These pins can be configured to function as JTAG or GPIO depending on the setting of a <a href="/wiki/Fuse_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse bit">fuse bit</a>, which can be programmed via ISP or HVSP. By default, AVRs with JTAG come with the JTAG interface enabled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> uses the /RESET pin as a bi-directional communication channel to access on-chip debug circuitry. It is present on devices with lower pin counts, as it only requires one pin.</li></ul></li> <li>Internal data <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> up to 4 KB</li> <li>Internal <a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> up to 16 KB (32 KB on XMega)</li> <li>External 64 KB little endian data space on certain models, including the Mega8515 and Mega162. <ul><li>The external data space is overlaid with the internal data space, such that the full 64 KB address space does not appear on the external bus and accesses to e.g. address 0100<sub>16</sub> will access internal RAM, not the external bus.</li> <li>In certain members of the XMega series, the external data space has been enhanced to support both SRAM and SDRAM. As well, the data addressing modes have been expanded to allow up to 16 MB of data memory to be directly addressed.</li></ul></li> <li>8-bit and 16-bit timers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a> output (some devices have an enhanced PWM peripheral which includes a dead-time generator)</li> <li>Input capture that record a time stamp triggered by a signal edge</li></ul></li> <li>Analog comparator</li> <li>10 or 12-bit <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">A/D converters</a>, with multiplex of up to 16 channels</li> <li>12-bit <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">D/A converters</a></li> <li>A variety of serial interfaces, including <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI)</li> <li>Synchronous/asynchronous serial peripherals (<a href="/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver/transmitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter">UART</a>/USART) (used with <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a>, and more)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">Serial Peripheral Interface Bus</a> (SPI)</li> <li>Universal Serial Interface (USI): a multi-purpose hardware communication module that can be used to implement an SPI,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I<sup>2</sup>C<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or UART<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> interface.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a> detection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_timer" title="Watchdog timer">Watchdog timer</a> (WDT)</li> <li>Multiple power-saving sleep modes</li> <li>Lighting and motor control (<a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">PWM</a>-specific) controller models</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controller_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller area network">CAN</a> controller support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> controller support <ul><li>Proper full-speed (12 Mbit/s) hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR.</li> <li>Also freely available low-speed (1.5 Mbit/s) (<a href="/wiki/Human_interface_device" title="Human interface device">HID</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bit-banging" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit-banging">bitbanging</a> software emulations</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> controller support</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> controller support</li> <li>Low-voltage devices operating down to 1.8 V (to 0.7 V for parts with built-in DC–DC upconverter)</li> <li>picoPower devices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> controllers and "event system" peripheral communication.</li> <li>Fast cryptography support for <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">AES</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_Encryption_Standard" title="Data Encryption Standard">DES</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_interfaces">Programming interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Programming interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many means to load program code into an AVR chip. The methods to program AVR chips varies from AVR family to family. Most of the methods described below use the <span style="text-decoration: overline">RESET</span> line to enter programming mode. In order to avoid the chip accidentally entering such mode, it is advised to connect a pull-up resistor between the <span style="text-decoration: overline">RESET</span> pin and the positive power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISP">ISP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ISP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isp_headers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Isp_headers.svg/220px-Isp_headers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Isp_headers.svg/330px-Isp_headers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Isp_headers.svg/440px-Isp_headers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>6- and 10-pin ISP header diagrams</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">in-system programming</a> (ISP) programming method is functionally performed through <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a>, plus some twiddling of the Reset line. As long as the SPI pins of the AVR are not connected to anything disruptive, the AVR chip can stay soldered on a <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> while reprogramming. All that is needed is a 6-pin connector and programming adapter. This is the most common way to develop with an AVR. </p><p>The Atmel-ICE device or AVRISP mkII (Legacy device) connects to a computer's USB port and performs in-system programming using Atmel's software. </p><p>AVRDUDE (AVR Downloader/UploaDEr) runs on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></span>, and supports a variety of in-system programming hardware, including Atmel AVRISP mkII, Atmel JTAG ICE, older Atmel serial-port based programmers, and various third-party and "do-it-yourself" programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PDI">PDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: PDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Program and Debug Interface (PDI) is an Atmel proprietary interface for external programming and on-chip debugging of XMEGA devices. The PDI supports high-speed programming of all non-volatile memory (NVM) spaces; flash, EEPROM, fuses, lock-bits and the User Signature Row. This is done by accessing the XMEGA NVM controller through the PDI interface, and executing NVM controller commands. The PDI is a 2-pin interface using the Reset pin for clock input (PDI_CLK) and a dedicated data pin (PDI_DATA) for input and output.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UPDI">UPDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UPDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unified Program and Debug Interface (UPDI) is a one-wire interface for external programming and on-chip debugging of newer ATtiny and ATmega devices. UPDI chips can be programmed by an Atmel-ICE, a PICkit 4, an Arduino (flashed with jtag2updi),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or though a UART (with a <span class="nowrap">1 kΩ</span> resistor between the TX and RX pins) controlled by Microchip's <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> utility pymcuprog.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-voltage_serial">High-voltage serial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: High-voltage serial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-voltage serial programming (HVSP)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is mostly the backup mode on smaller AVRs. An 8-pin AVR package does not leave many unique signal combinations to place the AVR into a programming mode. A 12-volt signal, however, is something the AVR should only see during programming and never during normal operation. The high voltage mode can also be used in some devices where the reset pin has been disabled by fuses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-voltage_parallel">High-voltage parallel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: High-voltage parallel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-voltage parallel programming (HVPP) is considered the "final resort" and may be the only way to correct bad fuse settings on an AVR chip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bootloader">Bootloader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bootloader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most AVR models can reserve a <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> region, 256 bytes to 4 KB, where re-programming code can reside. At reset, the bootloader runs first and does some user-programmed determination whether to re-program or to jump to the main application. The code can re-program through any interface available, or it could read an encrypted binary through an Ethernet adapter like <a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a>. Atmel has application notes and code pertaining to many bus interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ROM">ROM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: ROM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AT90SC series of AVRs are available with a factory mask-ROM rather than flash for program memory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the large up-front cost and minimum order quantity, a mask-ROM is only cost-effective for high-production runs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="aWire">aWire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: aWire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>aWire is a new one-wire debug interface available on the new UC3L AVR32 devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debugging_interfaces">Debugging interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Debugging interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AVR offers several options for debugging, mostly involving on-chip debugging while the chip is in the target system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="debugWIRE">debugWIRE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: debugWIRE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> is Atmel's solution for providing on-chip debug capabilities via a single microcontroller pin. It is particularly useful for lower pin-count parts which cannot provide the four "spare" pins needed for JTAG. The JTAGICE mkII, mkIII and the AVR Dragon support debugWIRE. debugWIRE was developed after the original JTAGICE release, and now clones support it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JTAG">JTAG</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: JTAG"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Joint Test Action Group (<a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a>) feature provides access to on-chip debugging functionality while the chip is running in the target system.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JTAG allows accessing internal memory and registers, setting breakpoints on code, and single-stepping execution to observe system behaviour. </p><p>Atmel provides a series of JTAG adapters for the AVR: </p> <ol><li>The Atmel-ICE<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the latest adapter. It supports JTAG, debugWire, aWire, SPI, TPI, and PDI interfaces.</li> <li>The JTAGICE 3<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a midrange debugger in the JTAGICE family (JTAGICE mkIII). It supports JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces.</li> <li>The JTAGICE mkII<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> replaces the JTAGICE and is similarly priced. The JTAGICE mkII interfaces to the PC via USB, and supports both JTAG and the newer debugWIRE interface. Numerous third-party clones of the Atmel JTAGICE mkII device started shipping after Atmel released the communication protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The AVR Dragon<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a low-cost (approximately $50) substitute for the JTAGICE mkII for certain target parts. The AVR Dragon provides in-system serial programming, high-voltage serial programming and parallel programming, as well as JTAG or debugWIRE emulation for parts with 32 KB of program memory or less. ATMEL changed the debugging feature of AVR Dragon with the latest firmware of AVR Studio 4 – AVR Studio 5 and now it supports devices over 32 KB of program memory.</li> <li>The JTAGICE adapter interfaces to the PC via a standard serial port.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the JTAGICE adapter has been declared "<a href="/wiki/End-of-life_(product)" class="mw-redirect" title="End-of-life (product)">end-of-life</a>" by Atmel, it is still supported in AVR Studio and other tools.</li></ol> <p>JTAG can also be used to perform a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_scan" title="Boundary scan">boundary scan</a> test,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which tests the electrical connections between AVRs and other boundary scan capable chips in a system. Boundary scan is well-suited for a production line, while the hobbyist is probably better off testing with a multimeter or oscilloscope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_tools_and_evaluation_kits">Development tools and evaluation kits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Development tools and evaluation kits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg/220px-Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg/330px-Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg/440px-Atmel_STK_500_DSC00557_wp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1187" /></a><figcaption>Atmel STK500 development board</figcaption></figure> <p>Official Atmel AVR development tools and evaluation kits contain a number of starter kits and debugging tools with support for most AVR devices: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STK600_starter_kit">STK600 starter kit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: STK600 starter kit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The STK600 starter kit and development system is an update to the STK500.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The STK600 uses a base board, a signal routing board, and a target board. </p><p>The base board is similar to the STK500, in that it provides a power supply, clock, in-system programming, an RS-232 port and a CAN (Controller Area Network, an automotive standard) port via DE9 connectors, and stake pins for all of the GPIO signals from the target device. </p><p>The target boards have <a href="/wiki/Zero_insertion_force" title="Zero insertion force">ZIF</a> sockets for <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small-outline_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-outline integrated circuit">SOIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quad_Flat_No_leads_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad Flat No leads package">QFN</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Quad_Flat_Package" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad Flat Package">QFP</a> packages, depending on the board. </p><p>The signal routing board sits between the base board and the target board, and routes the signals to the proper pin on the device board. There are many different signal routing boards that could be used with a single target board, depending on what device is in the ZIF socket. </p><p>The STK600 allows in-system programming from the PC via USB, leaving the RS-232 port available for the target microcontroller. A 4 <a href="/wiki/Pin_header" title="Pin header">pin header</a> on the STK600 labeled 'RS-232 spare' can connect any TTL level USART port on the chip to an onboard MAX232 chip to translate the signals to RS-232 levels. The RS-232 signals are connected to the RX, TX, CTS, and RTS pins on the DB-9 connector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STK500_starter_kit">STK500 starter kit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: STK500 starter kit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The STK500 starter kit and development system features ISP and high voltage programming (HVP) for all AVR devices, either directly or through extension boards. The board is fitted with DIP sockets for all AVRs available in DIP packages. </p><p>STK500 Expansion Modules: Several expansion modules are available for the STK500 board: </p> <ul><li>STK501 – Adds support for microcontrollers in 64-pin TQFP packages.</li> <li>STK502 – Adds support for LCD AVRs in 64-pin TQFP packages.</li> <li>STK503 – Adds support for microcontrollers in 100-pin TQFP packages.</li> <li>STK504 – Adds support for LCD AVRs in 100-pin TQFP packages.</li> <li>STK505 – Adds support for 14 and 20-pin AVRs.</li> <li>STK520 – Adds support for 14 and 20, and 32-pin microcontrollers from the AT90PWM and ATmega family.</li> <li>STK524 – Adds support for the ATmega32M1/C1 32-pin CAN/LIN/Motor Control family.</li> <li>STK525 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 64-pin TQFP packages.</li> <li>STK526 – Adds support for the AT90USB microcontrollers in 32-pin TQFP packages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="STK200_starter_kit">STK200 starter kit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: STK200 starter kit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The STK200 starter kit and development system has a <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> socket that can host an AVR chip in a 40, 20, or 8-pin package. The board has a 4 MHz clock source, 8 <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED)s, 8 input buttons, an <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a> port, a socket for a 32 KB <a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> and numerous general I/O. The chip can be programmed with a dongle connected to the parallel port. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supported microcontrollers (according to the manual) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Chip </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash size</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Static_random-access_memory" title="Static random-access memory">SRAM</a> </th> <th>Frequency<br />[MHz] </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">Package</a> </th></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S1200 </td> <td>1 KB </td> <td>64 B </td> <td>0 B </td> <td>12 </td> <td>PDIP-20 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S2313 </td> <td>2 KB </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>10 </td> <td>PDIP-20 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S/LS2323 </td> <td>2 KB </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>10 </td> <td>PDIP-8 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S/LS2343 </td> <td>2 KB </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>128 B </td> <td>10 </td> <td>PDIP-8 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S4414 </td> <td>4 KB </td> <td>256 B </td> <td>256 B </td> <td>8 </td> <td>PDIP-40 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S/LS4434 </td> <td>4 KB </td> <td>256 B </td> <td>256 B </td> <td>8 </td> <td>PDIP-40 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S8515 </td> <td>8 KB </td> <td>512 B </td> <td>512 B </td> <td>8 </td> <td>PDIP-40 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td align="left">AT90S/LS8535 </td> <td>8 KB </td> <td>512 B </td> <td>512 B </td> <td>8 </td> <td>PDIP-40 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmel-ICE">Atmel-ICE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Atmel-ICE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atmel ICE is the currently supported inexpensive tool to program and debug all AVR devices (unlike the AVRISP/AVRISP mkII, Dragon, etc. discussed below). It connects to and receives power from a PC via USB, and supports <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentaho_Data_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaho Data Integration">PDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/AWire" class="mw-redirect" title="AWire">aWire</a>, <a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/JTAG#Similar_interface_standards" title="JTAG">SWD</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiny_Programming_Interface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiny Programming Interface (page does not exist)">TPI</a>, and UPDI (the Microchip Unified Program and Debug Interface) interfaces. </p><p>The ICE can program and debug all AVRs via the JTAG interface, and program with additional interfaces as supported on each device: </p> <ul><li>8-bit AVR XMEGA devices via the PDI 2-wire interface</li> <li>8-bit megaAVR and tinyAVR devices via SPI for all with OCD (on-chip debugger) support</li> <li>8-bit tinyAVR microcontrollers with TPI support</li> <li>32-bit SAM Arm Cortex-M based microcontrollers via SWD</li></ul> <p>Target operating voltage ranges of 1.62V to 5.5V are supported as well as the following clock ranges: </p> <ul><li>Supports JTAG & PDI clock frequencies from 32 kHz to 7.5 MHz</li> <li>Supports aWire baud rates from 7.5 kbit/s to 7 Mbit/s</li> <li>Supports debugWIRE baud rates from 4 kbit/s to 0.5 Mbit/s</li> <li>Supports SPI clock frequencies from 8 kHz to 5 MHz</li> <li>Supports SWD clock frequencies from 32 kHz to 2 MHz</li></ul> <p>The ICE is supported by the Microchip Studio IDE, as well as a command line interface (atprogram). </p><p>The Atmel-ICE supports a limited implementation of the Data Gateway Interface (DGI) when debugging and programming features are not in use. The Data Gateway Interface is an interface for streaming data from a target device to the connected computer. This is meant as a useful adjunct to the unit to allow for demonstration of application features and as an aid in application level debugging. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVRISP_and_AVRISP_mkII">AVRISP and AVRISP mkII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: AVRISP and AVRISP mkII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AVRISP_mkII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AVRISP_mkII.jpg/220px-AVRISP_mkII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AVRISP_mkII.jpg/330px-AVRISP_mkII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AVRISP_mkII.jpg/440px-AVRISP_mkII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>AVRISP mkII</figcaption></figure> <p>The AVRISP and AVRISP mkII are inexpensive tools allowing all AVRs to be programmed via <a href="/wiki/In-circuit_serial_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="In-circuit serial programming">ICSP</a>. </p><p>The AVRISP connects to a PC via a serial port and draws power from the target system. The AVRISP allows using either of the "standard" ICSP pinouts, either the 10-pin or 6-pin connector. </p><p>The AVRISP mkII connects to a PC via USB and draws power from USB. <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a> visible through the translucent case indicate the state of target power. </p><p>As the AVRISP mkII lacks driver/buffer ICs,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can have trouble programming target boards with multiple loads on its SPI lines. In such occurrences, a programmer capable of sourcing greater current is required. Alternatively, the AVRISP mkII can still be used if low-value (~150 ohm) load-limiting resistors can be placed on the SPI lines before each peripheral device. </p><p>Both the AVRISP and the AVRISP mkII are now discontinued, with product pages removed from the Microchip website. As of July 2019 the AVRISP mkII is still in stock at a number of distributors. There are also a number of 3rd party clones available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVR_Dragon">AVR Dragon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: AVR Dragon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AvrDragon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AvrDragon.png/220px-AvrDragon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AvrDragon.png/330px-AvrDragon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/AvrDragon.png/440px-AvrDragon.png 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>AVR Dragon with <a href="/wiki/In-System_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="In-System Programming">ISP programming cable</a> and attached, blue/greenish <a href="/wiki/Zero_insertion_force" title="Zero insertion force">ZIF Socket</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Atmel Dragon is an inexpensive tool which connects to a PC via USB. The Dragon can program all AVRs via JTAG, HVP, PDI,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or ICSP. The Dragon also allows debugging of all AVRs via JTAG, PDI, or debugWire; a previous limitation to devices with 32 KB or less program memory has been removed in AVR Studio 4.18.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dragon has a small prototype area which can accommodate an 8, 28, or 40-pin AVR, including connections to power and programming pins. There is no area for any additional circuitry, although this can be provided by a third-party product called the "Dragon Rider".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JTAGICE">JTAGICE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: JTAGICE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a> In Circuit Emulator (JTAGICE) debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with a JTAG interface. The original JTAGICE (sometimes retroactively referred to as JTAGICE mkI) uses an RS-232 interface to a PC and can only program AVR's with a JTAG interface. The JTAGICE mkI is no longer in production, however it has been replaced by the JTAGICE mkII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JTAGICE_mkII">JTAGICE mkII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: JTAGICE mkII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The JTAGICE mkII debugging tool supports on-chip debugging (OCD) of AVRs with SPI, JTAG, PDI, and debugWIRE interfaces. The debugWire interface enables debugging using only one pin (the Reset pin), allowing debugging of applications running on low pin-count microcontrollers. </p><p>The JTAGICE mkII connects using USB, but there is an alternate connection via a serial port, which requires using a separate power supply. In addition to JTAG, the mkII supports ISP programming (using 6-pin or 10-pin adapters). Both the USB and serial links use a variant of the STK500 protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JTAGICE3">JTAGICE3</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: JTAGICE3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The JTAGICE3 updates the mkII with more advanced debugging capabilities and faster programming. It connects via USB and supports the JTAG, aWire, SPI, and PDI interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kit includes several adapters for use with most interface pinouts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AVR_ONE!"><span id="AVR_ONE.21"></span>AVR ONE!</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: AVR ONE!"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The AVR ONE! is a professional development tool for all Atmel 8-bit and 32-bit AVR devices with On-Chip Debug capability. It supports SPI, JTAG, PDI, and aWire programming modes and debugging using debugWIRE, JTAG, PDI, and aWire interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butterfly_demonstration_board">Butterfly demonstration board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Butterfly demonstration board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATmega169-MLF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ATmega169-MLF.jpg/220px-ATmega169-MLF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ATmega169-MLF.jpg/330px-ATmega169-MLF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ATmega169-MLF.jpg/440px-ATmega169-MLF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Atmel ATmega169 in 64-pad <a href="/wiki/MicroLeadFrame" class="mw-redirect" title="MicroLeadFrame">MLF</a> package on the back of an Atmel AVR Butterfly board</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AVR_Butterfly" title="AVR Butterfly">AVR Butterfly</a></div> <p>The very popular AVR Butterfly demonstration board is a self-contained, battery-powered computer running the Atmel AVR ATmega169V microcontroller. It was built to show off the AVR family, especially a then new built-in LCD interface. The board includes the LCD screen, joystick, speaker, serial port, real time clock (RTC), flash memory chip, and both temperature and voltage sensors. Earlier versions of the AVR Butterfly also contained a CdS <a href="/wiki/Photoresistor" title="Photoresistor">photoresistor</a>; it is not present on Butterfly boards produced after June 2006 to allow <a href="/wiki/RoHS" title="RoHS">RoHS</a> compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small board has a shirt pin on its back so it can be worn as a name badge. </p><p>The AVR Butterfly comes preloaded with software to demonstrate the capabilities of the microcontroller. Factory firmware can scroll your name, display the sensor readings, and show the time. The AVR Butterfly also has a piezoelectric transducer that can be used to reproduce sounds and music. </p><p>The AVR Butterfly demonstrates LCD driving by running a 14-segment, six alpha-numeric character display. However, the LCD interface consumes many of the I/O pins. </p><p>The Butterfly's ATmega169 CPU is capable of speeds up to 8 MHz, but it is factory set by software to 2 MHz to preserve the button battery life. A pre-installed bootloader program allows the board to be re-programmed via a standard RS-232 serial plug with new programs that users can write with the free Atmel IDE tools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AT90USBKey">AT90USBKey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: AT90USBKey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This small board, about half the size of a business card, is priced at slightly more than an AVR Butterfly. It includes an AT90USB1287 with <a href="/wiki/USB_On-The-Go" title="USB On-The-Go">USB On-The-Go</a> (OTG) support, 16 MB of <a href="/wiki/DataFlash" title="DataFlash">DataFlash</a>, LEDs, a small joystick, and a temperature sensor. The board includes software, which lets it act as a <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class" title="USB mass storage device class">USB mass storage device</a> (its documentation is shipped on the DataFlash), a USB joystick, and more. To support the USB host capability, it must be operated from a battery, but when running as a USB peripheral, it only needs the power provided over USB. </p><p>Only the JTAG port uses conventional 2.54 mm pinout. All the other AVR I/O ports require more compact 1.27 mm headers. </p><p>The AVR Dragon can both program and debug since the 32 KB limitation was removed in AVR Studio 4.18, and the JTAGICE mkII is capable of both programming and debugging the processor. The processor can also be programmed through USB from a Windows or Linux host, using the USB "Device Firmware Update" protocols. Atmel ships proprietary (source code included but distribution restricted) example programs and a USB protocol stack with the device. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=LUFA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LUFA (page does not exist)">LUFA</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a third-party <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> (<a href="/wiki/MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>) USB protocol stack for the USBKey and other 8-bit USB AVRs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raven_wireless_kit">Raven wireless kit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Raven wireless kit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RAVEN kit supports wireless development using Atmel's <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">IEEE 802.15.4</a> chipsets, for <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> and other wireless stacks. It resembles a pair of wireless more-powerful Butterfly cards, plus a wireless USBKey; and costing about that much (under $US100). All these boards support JTAG-based development. </p><p>The kit includes two AVR Raven boards, each with a 2.4 GHz transceiver supporting IEEE 802.15.4 (and a freely licensed Zigbee stack). The radios are driven with ATmega1284p processors, which are supported by a custom <a href="/wiki/Segmented_LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented LCD">segmented LCD</a> driven by an ATmega3290p processor. Raven peripherals resemble the Butterfly: piezo speaker, DataFlash (bigger), external EEPROM, sensors, 32 kHz crystal for <a href="/wiki/Real-time_clock" title="Real-time clock">RTC</a>, and so on. These are intended for use in developing remote sensor nodes, to control relays, or whatever is needed. </p><p>The USB stick uses an AT90USB1287 for connections to a USB host and to the 2.4 GHz wireless links. These are intended to monitor and control the remote nodes, relying on host power rather than local batteries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third-party_programmers">Third-party programmers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Third-party programmers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of third-party programming and debugging tools are available for the AVR. These devices use various interfaces, including RS-232, PC parallel port, and USB.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG/220px-Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG/330px-Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG/440px-Arduino_Duemilanove_0509.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Atmel AVR <a href="/wiki/ATmega328" title="ATmega328">ATmega328</a> 28-pin DIP on an Arduino Duemilanove board</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg/220px-Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg/330px-Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg/440px-Atmega8_Development_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Atmel AVR ATmega8 28-pin DIP on a custom development board</figcaption></figure> <p>AVRs have been used in various automotive applications such as security, safety, powertrain and entertainment systems. Atmel has recently launched a new publication "Atmel Automotive Compilation" to help developers with automotive applications. Some current usages are in BMW, Daimler-Chrysler and TRW. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_computing" title="Physical computing">physical computing</a> platform is based on an <a href="/wiki/ATmega328" title="ATmega328">ATmega328</a> microcontroller (ATmega168 or ATmega8 in board versions older than the Diecimila). The ATmega1280 and ATmega2560, with more pinout and memory capabilities, have also been employed to develop the <a href="/wiki/Arduino_Mega" class="mw-redirect" title="Arduino Mega">Arduino Mega</a> platform. Arduino boards can be used with its language and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a>, or with more conventional programming environments (<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembler</a>, etc.) as just standardized and widely available AVR platforms. </p><p>USB-based AVRs have been used in the Microsoft Xbox hand controllers. The link between the controllers and Xbox is USB. </p><p>Numerous companies produce AVR-based microcontroller boards intended for use by hobbyists, robot builders, experimenters and small system developers including: Cubloc,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gnusb,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/BasicX" title="BasicX">BasicX</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oak Micros,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZX Microcontrollers,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and myAVR.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a large community of <a href="/wiki/Arduino-compatible_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Arduino-compatible boards">Arduino-compatible boards</a> supporting similar users. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a> used to produce the M3000 Motor and Motion Control Chip, incorporating an Atmel AVR Core and an advanced motion controller for use in a variety of motion applications but this has been discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FPGA_clones">FPGA clones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: FPGA clones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the growing popularity of <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGAs</a> among the open source community, people have started developing open source processors compatible with the AVR instruction set. The <a href="/wiki/OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> website lists the following major AVR clone projects: </p> <ul><li>pAVR,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>, is aimed at creating the fastest and maximally featured AVR processor, by implementing techniques not found in the original AVR processor such as deeper pipelining.</li> <li>avr_core,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>, is a clone aimed at being as close as possible to the ATmega103.</li> <li>Navré,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>, implements all <a href="/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set" title="Atmel AVR instruction set">Classic Core</a> instructions and is aimed at high performance and low resource usage. It does not support <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>.</li> <li>softavrcore,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>, implements the <a href="/wiki/AVR_instruction_set" class="mw-redirect" title="AVR instruction set">AVR instruction set</a> up to AVR5, supports interrupts along with optional automatic interrupt acknowledgement, power saving via <a href="/wiki/Idle_(CPU)" title="Idle (CPU)">sleep mode</a> plus some peripheral interfaces and <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware accelerators</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/UART" class="mw-redirect" title="UART">UART</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">cyclic redundancy check</a> calculation unit and <a href="/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer" title="Programmable interval timer">system timers</a>). These peripherals demonstrate how could these be attached to and configured for this core. Within the package, a full-featured <a href="/wiki/FreeRTOS" title="FreeRTOS">FreeRTOS</a> port is also available as an example for the core + peripheral utilization.</li> <li>The opencores project CPU lecture<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> by Dr. Jürgen Sauermann explains in detail how to design a complete AVR-based <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> (SoC).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_vendors">Other vendors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the chips manufactured by Atmel, clones are available from LogicGreen Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These parts are not exact clones – they have a few features not found in the chips they are "clones" of, and higher maximum clock speeds, but use SWD (<a href="/wiki/Serial_Wire_Debug" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Wire Debug">Serial Wire Debug</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a> from <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a>) instead of ISP for programming, so different programming tools must be used. </p><p>Microcontrollers using the ATmega architecture are being manufactured by NIIET in <a href="/wiki/Voronesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Voronesh">Voronezh</a>, Russia, as part of the 1887 series of integrated circuits. This includes an <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATmega128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATmega128 (page does not exist)">ATmega128</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_integrated_circuit_designation" title="Soviet integrated circuit designation">designation</a> 1887VE7T (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru">1887ВЕ7Т</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-niiet_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niiet-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 1996, NTH has become part of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a> (NTNU)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222054354/https://alfbogen.com/about/">alfbogen.com</a> blog</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-storyofavr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-storyofavr_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-storyofavr_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/HrydNwAxbcY">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017175119/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrydNwAxbcY">Wayback Machine</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrydNwAxbcY">"The Story of AVR"</a>. youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+AVR&rft.pub=youtube.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHrydNwAxbcY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623131604/http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~pcb/avr/avr.html">"UNSW School of Computer Science and Engineering - General AVR Info"</a>. Cse.unsw.edu.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~pcb/avr/avr.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNSW+School+of+Computer+Science+and+Engineering+-+General+AVR+Info&rft.pub=Cse.unsw.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.unsw.edu.au%2F~pcb%2Favr%2Favr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NTNU-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NTNU_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itk.ntnu.no/fag/TTK4155/2004/foiler_forelesninger/Atmel_AVR_Forelesning.pdf">An introduction to Atmel and the AVR microcontroller</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041224014455/http://www.idi.ntnu.no/~dam/fag/digdat/DigDat301002.pdf">"Embedded Systems and Microcontrollers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atmel&rft.atitle=AVR+JTAGICE+mkII&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqaswww.atmel.com%2Ftools%2Favrjtagicemkii.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2587.pdf">"JTAGICE mkII Communication Protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050516182708/http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2587.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2005-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ECROS+Technology+-+Dragon+Rider&rft.pub=Ecrostech.com&rft.date=2008-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecrostech.com%2FAtmelAvr%2FDragonRider%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmel.com/tools/JTAGICE3.aspx">JTAGICE3 Product Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmel.com/tools/AVRONE_.aspx">AVR ONE! Product Page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools_card.asp?tool_id=3146">AVR Butterfly</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourwalledcubicle.com/LUFA.php">"LUFA (Formerly MyUSB)"</a>. Four Walled Cubicle<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=myAVR&rft.pub=Laser+%26+Co.+Solutions+GmbH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myavr.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202120117/http://www.imshome.com/products/m3000.html">"M3000 Motion controller on a chip"</a>. <i>imshome.com</i>. Schneider Electric Motion USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imshome.com/products/m3000.html">the original</a> on 2009-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imshome.com&rft.atitle=M3000+Motion+controller+on+a+chip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imshome.com%2Fproducts%2Fm3000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencores.org/project,pavr">"pAVR :: Overview"</a>. OpenCores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pAVR+%3A%3A+Overview&rft.pub=OpenCores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencores.org%2Fproject%2Cpavr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencores.org/project,avr_core">"AVR Core :: Overview"</a>. OpenCores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AVR+Core+%3A%3A+Overview&rft.pub=OpenCores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencores.org%2Fproject%2Cavr_core&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencores.org/project,navre">"Navré AVR clone (8-bit RISC) Overview"</a>. OpenCores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navr%C3%A9+AVR+clone+%288-bit+RISC%29+Overview&rft.pub=OpenCores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencores.org%2Fproject%2Cnavre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencores.org/projects/softavrcore">"Soft AVR Core + Interfaces Overview"</a>. OpenCores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soft+AVR+Core+%2B+Interfaces+Overview&rft.pub=OpenCores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopencores.org%2Fprojects%2Fsoftavrcore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opencores.org/project,cpu_lecture">"CPU lecture"</a>. OpenCores<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPU+lecture&rft.pub=OpenCores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopencores.org%2Fproject%2Ccpu_lecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829052145/http://www.lgt-semi.com/?page_id=5267&lang=en">"LGT8F88A FLASH Microcontroller"</a>. LogicGreen Technologies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgt-semi.com/?page_id=5267&lang=en">the original</a> on 2017-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-18</span></span>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LGT8F88A+FLASH+Microcontroller&rft.pub=LogicGreen+Technologies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgt-semi.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5267%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span> a clone of the ATmega88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niiet-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-niiet_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822175635/http://niiet.ru/goods/chips/microcont">"Микроконтроллеры"</a> [Microcontrollers] (in Russian). Voronezh: OAO "NIIET". Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://niiet.ru/goods/chips/microcont">the original</a> on 22 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.place=Voronezh&rft.pub=OAO+%22NIIET%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fniiet.ru%2Fgoods%2Fchips%2Fmicrocont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arduino#Further_reading" title="Arduino">List of books about Arduino</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2014" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Elliot (2014). <i>AVR Programming: Learning to Write Software for Hardware</i>. Maker Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449355784" title="Special:BookSources/978-1449355784"><bdi>978-1449355784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AVR+Programming%3A+Learning+to+Write+Software+for+Hardware&rft.pub=Maker+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1449355784&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Elliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2011" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Maik (2011). <i>Arduino: A Quick Start Guide</i>. Pragmatic Bookshelf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934356-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934356-66-1"><bdi>978-1-934356-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arduino%3A+A+Quick+Start+Guide&rft.pub=Pragmatic+Bookshelf&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-934356-66-1&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Maik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargush2011" class="citation book cs1">Margush, Timothy S. (2011). <i>Some Assembly Required: Assembly Language Programming with the AVR Microcontroller</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439820643" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439820643"><bdi>978-1439820643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Assembly+Required%3A+Assembly+Language+Programming+with+the+AVR+Microcontroller&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439820643&rft.aulast=Margush&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazidiNaimiNaimi2010" class="citation book cs1">Mazidi, Muhammad Ali; Naimi, Sarmad; Naimi, Sepehr (2010). <i>AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Using Assembly and C</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0138003319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0138003319"><bdi>978-0138003319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AVR+Microcontroller+and+Embedded+Systems%3A+Using+Assembly+and+C&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0138003319&rft.aulast=Mazidi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rft.au=Naimi%2C+Sarmad&rft.au=Naimi%2C+Sepehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAVR+microcontrollers" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=AVR_microcontrollers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Official Website</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microchip.com/en-us/products/microcontrollers-and-microprocessors/8-bit-mcus/avr-mcus">Atmel AVR</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Official Community</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avrfreaks.net/">AVR Freaks community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microchip.com/forums/">Microchip Forum</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pinout Diagrams</dt></dl> <ul><li>AVR DIP-Packages: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451023182/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATtiny44/45/84/85</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801033936/http://www.pighixxx.com/pgdev/Temp/arduino_atmega328_Web.png">ATmega328P</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8449933887/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATmega644P</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451021230/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATmega1284P</a></li> <li>AVR SMD-Packages: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8449935217/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATmega328</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8451021492/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATmega2560</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/28521811@N04/8467610175/sizes/l/in/photostream/">ATmega32U4</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Simulators</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/wokwi/avr8js">AVR8js (8-bit in-browser simulator)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Microarchitecture" title="Microarchitecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000_series" title="Motorola 68000 series">68000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_MSP430" title="TI MSP430">MPS430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontrollers" title="PIC microcontrollers">PIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">Word length</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am2900" title="AMD Am2900">Am2900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP400" title="COP400">COP400</a></li> <li>MARC4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_PPS-4" title="Rockwell PPS-4">PPS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1C6x" title="S1C6x">S1C6x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments_TMS1000" title="Texas Instruments TMS1000">TMS1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CCOM-4" class="mw-redirect" title="ΜCOM-4">μCOM-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">6800</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC05" title="Motorola 68HC05">68HC05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC08" title="Motorola 68HC08">68HC08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68HC11" title="Motorola 68HC11">68HC11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_S08" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale S08">S08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_RS08" title="Freescale RS08">RS08</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">6502</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C134" title="WDC 65C134">65C134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C265" title="WDC 65C265">65C265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_740" title="Mitsubishi 740">MELPS 740</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78K" title="78K">78K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_MCS-48" title="Intel MCS-48">8048</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8051" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 8051">8051</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XC800_family" title="XC800 family">XC800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COP8" title="COP8">COP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC10/12/16/17/18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ST6_and_ST7" title="ST6 and ST7">ST6/ST7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STM8" title="STM8">STM8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8" title="Zilog Z8">Z8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Z80</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_eZ80" title="Zilog eZ80">eZ80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_2000" title="Rabbit 2000">Rabbit 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-870</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WDC_65C816" title="WDC 65C816">65C816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freescale_68HC12" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale 68HC12">68HC12</a>/<a href="/wiki/Freescale_68HC16" class="mw-redirect" title="Freescale 68HC16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C166_family" title="C166 family">C166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CR16/C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_MSP430" title="TI MSP430">MSP430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#PIC24_and_dsPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC24/dsPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R8C" title="R8C">R8C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RL78" title="RL78">RL78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Z8000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am29000" title="AMD Am29000">Am29000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_applications_of_ARM_cores" class="mw-redirect" title="List of applications of ARM cores">ARM</a> <a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M" title="ARM Cortex-M">Cortex-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EFM32" title="EFM32">EFM32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NXP_LPC" title="NXP LPC">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel_ARM-based_processors" title="Atmel ARM-based processors">SAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STM32" title="STM32">STM32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon_XMC" title="Infineon XMC">XMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu_FR" title="Fujitsu FR">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FR-V_(microprocessor)" title="FR-V (microprocessor)">FR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H8_Family" title="H8 Family">H8SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MN103" title="MN103">MN103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">68000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NXP_ColdFire" title="NXP ColdFire">ColdFire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#PIC32MX" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">PIC32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPC5xx" title="MPC5xx">MPC5xx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax_Propeller" title="Parallax Propeller">Propeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshiba_TLCS" title="Toshiba TLCS">TLCS-900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infineon_TriCore" title="Infineon TriCore">TriCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RX_microcontroller_family" class="mw-redirect" title="RX microcontroller family">RX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensilica" title="Tensilica">Xtensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80000" title="Zilog Z80000">Z80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_Cortex-R" title="ARM Cortex-R">ARM Cortex-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPC#64-bit_PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-circuit serial programming</a> (ICSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programming</a> (ISP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PDI">Program and Debug Interface</a> (PDI)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#High_voltage_serial">High-voltage serial programming</a> (HVSP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#High_voltage_parallel">High voltage parallel programming</a> (HVPP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#ROM">ROM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#aWire">aWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_(standard)" title="Nexus (standard)">Nexus (standard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">Joint Test Action Group</a> (JTAG) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DebugWIRE" title="DebugWIRE">debugWIRE</a> (Atmel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontroller#In-circuit_debugging" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC microcontroller">In-circuit debugging</a> (ICD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-circuit_emulation" title="In-circuit emulation">In-circuit emulator</a> (ICE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-target_probe" title="In-target probe">In-target probe</a> (ITP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers" title="List of common microcontrollers">List of common microcontrollers</a></li> <li>By manufacturer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_microprocessor#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel microprocessor">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freescale_products#Microcontrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Freescale products">NXP/Freescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers#Infineon" title="List of common microcontrollers">Infineon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics#Products" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas Electronics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wi-Fi_microcontrollers" title="List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers">List of Wi-Fi microcontrollers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">Programmable logic controller</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_MIPS" title="Stanford MIPS">Stanford MIPS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In active development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_Devices" title="Analog Devices">Analog Devices</a> <a href="/wiki/Blackfin" title="Blackfin">Blackfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARC_(processor)" title="ARC (processor)">ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESi-RISC" title="ESi-RISC">eSi-RISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LatticeMico8" title="LatticeMico8">LatticeMico8</a>, <a href="/wiki/LatticeMico32" title="LatticeMico32">LatticeMico32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_ISA" title="Power ISA">Power ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a> <a href="/wiki/M32R" title="M32R">M32R</a>, <a href="/wiki/SuperH" title="SuperH">SuperH</a>, <a href="/wiki/V850" title="V850">V850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunway_(processor)" title="Sunway (processor)">Sunway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicore" title="Unicore">Unicore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> <a href="/wiki/MicroBlaze" title="MicroBlaze">MicroBlaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/PicoBlaze" title="PicoBlaze">PicoBlaze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Alpha" title="DEC Alpha">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD_Am29000" title="AMD Am29000">AMD Am29000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PRISM" title="Apollo PRISM">Apollo PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> <a href="/wiki/AVR32" title="AVR32">AVR32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper_architecture" title="Clipper architecture">Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CompactRISC" title="CompactRISC">CR16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Hobbit" title="AT&T Hobbit">CRISP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_PRISM" title="DEC PRISM">DEC PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">Intel i860</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_META" title="Imagination META">META</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIPS-X" title="MIPS-X">MIPS-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">Motorola 88000</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C2%B7CORE" title="M·CORE">M·CORE</a></li> <li><a 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