CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nerium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"669a6724-9644-4974-a1c0-0a5bd930f98b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nerium","wgTitle":"Nerium","wgCurRevisionId":1281028512,"wgRevisionId":1281028512,"wgArticleId":1185479,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles with 'species' microformats","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017","Commons category link from Wikidata","Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items","Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs","Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs","IUCN Red List least concern species","Monotypic Apocynaceae genera","Drought-tolerant trees","Flora of North Africa","Flora of Western Asia","Garden plants of Africa","Garden plants of Asia","Medicinal plants","Ornamental trees","Shrubs","Nerieae","Flora of Lebanon","Flora of the Mediterranean basin","Constantly blooming plants"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nerium","wgRelevantArticleId":1185479,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Oleander","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Nerium","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q155833","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg/1200px-Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="876"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg/960px-Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="584"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="467"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nerium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nerium rootpage-Nerium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nerium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nerium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nerium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nerium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Description </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taxonomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taxonomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synonymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Synonymy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaf_scorch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaf_scorch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Leaf scorch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaf_scorch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultivation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamental_gardening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamental_gardening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ornamental gardening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamental_gardening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colors_and_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors_and_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Colors and varieties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors_and_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Effects of poisoning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oracle_of_Delphi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oracle_of_Delphi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Oracle of Delphi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oracle_of_Delphi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 In painting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature,_film_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature,_film_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 In literature, film and music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature,_film_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nerium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selonsroos" title="Selonsroos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Selonsroos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89" title="دفلى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفلى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="عادی اوْلئاندر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی اوْلئاندر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keny%C3%A9ri" title="Kenyéri – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kenyéri" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80" title="করবী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="করবী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Алеандр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алеандр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Зокум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зокум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladre" title="Baladre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baladre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandr_obecn%C3%BD" title="Oleandr obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oleandr obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerie" title="Nerie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nerie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Πικροδάφνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πικροδάφνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandro" title="Oleandro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oleandro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heriotzorri" title="Heriotzorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heriotzorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="خرزهره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرزهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurier-rose" title="Laurier-rose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laurier-rose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiliandar" title="Oiliandar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oiliandar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loendro" title="Loendro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Loendro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A3" title="કરેણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કરેણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%91%EC%A3%BD%EB%8F%84" title="협죽도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="협죽도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Դափնեվարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դափնեվարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कनेर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनेर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandar" title="Oleandar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oleandar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozlauro" title="Rozlauro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rozlauro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga_mentega" title="Bunga mentega – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bunga mentega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Олеандр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Олеандр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="הרדוף הנחלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרדוף הנחלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembang_ment%C3%A9ga" title="Kembang mentéga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kembang mentéga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%82" title="ಗಣಗಲೆ ಹೂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಗಲೆ ಹೂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelfa" title="Adelfa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Adelfa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="ოლეანდრე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოლეანდრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Талгүл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Талгүл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BBl" title="Rûl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rûl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandrs" title="Oleandrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oleandrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nyfaj)" title="Leander (növényfaj) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leander (növényfaj)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Зокум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зокум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="അരളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0" title="कण्हेर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कण्हेर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89" title="دفلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دفلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anis" title="Anis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="နွယ်သာကီပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နွယ်သာကီပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="करवीर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="करवीर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%81%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6" title="キョウチクトウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キョウチクトウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambitgul" title="Sambitgul – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sambitgul" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਨੇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਨੇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کنیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گنډېری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گنډېری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander_pospolity" title="Oleander pospolity – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oleander pospolity" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandro" title="Oleandro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oleandro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandru" title="Oleandru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oleandru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80" title="Олеандр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Олеандр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="करवीरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="करवीरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliandru" title="Oliandru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Oliandru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadni_oleander" title="Navadni oleander – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadni oleander" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95" title="ژاڵە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژاڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Олеандер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Олеандер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandar" title="Oleandar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oleandar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleanteri" title="Oleanteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oleanteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander" title="Oleander – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oleander" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpa" title="Adelpa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adelpa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="அரளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alili" title="Alili – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Alili" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilili" title="Ilili – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilili" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Талгөл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Талгөл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="గన్నేరు చెట్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గన్నేరు చెట్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%96" title="ยี่โถ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยี่โถ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Бедгул – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бедгул" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolie" title="Lolie – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lolie" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakkum" title="Zakkum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zakkum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Олеандр звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олеандр звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="کنیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAc_%C4%91%C3%A0o" title="Trúc đào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trúc đào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" title="Nerium oleander – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nerium oleander" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%B9%E7%AB%B9%E6%A1%83" title="夹竹桃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="夹竹桃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%BE%E7%AB%B9%E6%A1%83" title="夾竹桃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夾竹桃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%BE%E7%AB%B9%E6%A1%83" title="夾竹桃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夾竹桃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155833#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nerium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nerium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nerium">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nerium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nerium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&oldid=1281028512" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nerium&id=1281028512&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNerium">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNerium">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nerium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nerium" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155833" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleander&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">Oleander</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arali" redirects here. For the underworld in Babylonian mythology, see <a href="/wiki/Irkalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkalla">Irkalla</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oleander" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oleander_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oleander (disambiguation)">Oleander (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the species of plant. For the multi-level marketing firm Nerium International, see <a href="/wiki/Neora_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Neora LLC">Neora LLC</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Nerium </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg/250px-Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg/330px-Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg/500px-Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1809" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /> <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a>  (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Nerium" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apocynoideae" title="Apocynoideae">Apocynoideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nerieae" title="Nerieae">Nerieae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerium</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">N. oleander</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Nerium oleander <div style="font-size: 85%;">L.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> Numerous, see <a href="#Synonyms">text</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Nerium oleander (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɪəriəm ... /</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NEER-ee-əm</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> commonly known as oleander or rosebay,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> is a shrub or small tree cultivated worldwide in temperate and subtropical areas as an ornamental and landscaping plant. It is the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">only species</a> currently classified in the genus Nerium, belonging to subfamily <a href="/wiki/Apocynoideae" title="Apocynoideae">Apocynoideae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dogbane" title="Dogbane">dogbane</a> family <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though it is usually associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Nerium grows to 2–6 metres (7–20 feet) tall. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk. It is tolerant to both drought and inundation, but not to prolonged frost. White, pink or red five-lobed flowers grow in clusters year-round, peaking during the summer. The fruit is a long narrow pair of follicles, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds. Nerium is a <a href="/wiki/Poisonous_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous plant">poisonous plant</a> but its bitterness renders it unpalatable to humans and most animals, so poisoning cases are rare and the general risk for human mortality is low. Ingestion of larger amounts may cause nausea, vomiting, excess salivation, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea and irregular heart rhythm. Prolonged contact with sap may cause skin irritation, eye inflammation and <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Detail of the candy-striped corona and feathery style of a single peach-colored flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG/250px-Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG/330px-Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG/500px-Adelfa-est-gin-1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Oleander grows to 2–6 metres (7–20 feet) tall, with erect stems that splay outward as they mature; first-year stems have a <a href="/wiki/Glaucous" title="Glaucous">glaucous</a> bloom, while mature stems have a grayish bark. The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are in pairs or <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a> of three, thick and leathery, dark-green, narrow <a href="/wiki/Lanceolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceolate">lanceolate</a>, 5–21 centimetres (2–8 inches) long and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1–3.5 cm (3⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) broad, and with an entire <a href="/wiki/Leaf_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf margin">margin</a> filled with minute reticulate venation web typical of <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">eudicots</a>. The leaves are light green and very glossy when young, maturing to a dull dark green. The flowers grow in clusters at the end of each branch; they are white, pink to red,<a href="#cite_note-4">[Note 1]</a> 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter, with a deeply 5-lobed fringed <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (botany)">corolla</a> round the central <a href="/wiki/Corolla_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla tube">corolla tube</a>. They are often, but not always, sweet-scented.<a href="#cite_note-5">[Note 2]</a> The fruit is a long narrow pair of <a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">follicles</a> 5–23 cm (2–9 in) long, which splits open at maturity to release numerous downy seeds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy">edit</a>]</div> Nerium oleander is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium. It belongs to (and gives its name to) the small tribe <a href="/wiki/Nerieae" title="Nerieae">Nerieae</a> of subfamily <a href="/wiki/Apocynoideae" title="Apocynoideae">Apocynoideae</a> of the dogbane family <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>. The genera most closely related thus include the equally ornamental (and equally toxic) <a href="/wiki/Adenium" title="Adenium">Adenium</a> <a href="/wiki/G.Don" class="mw-redirect" title="G.Don">G.Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strophanthus" title="Strophanthus">Strophanthus</a> <a href="/wiki/DC." class="mw-redirect" title="DC.">DC.</a> - both of which contain (like oleander) potent <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycosides" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac glycosides">cardiac glycosides</a> that have led to their use as <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow poisons">arrow poisons</a> in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Gurib-Fakim-6">[4]</a> The three remaining genera <a href="/wiki/Alafia_(plant)" title="Alafia (plant)">Alafia</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie_Aubert_du_Petit-Thouars" title="Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars">Thouars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farquharia" title="Farquharia">Farquharia</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stapf_(botanist)" title="Otto Stapf (botanist)">Stapf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isonema" title="Isonema">Isonema</a> <a href="/wiki/R.Br." class="mw-redirect" title="R.Br.">R.Br.</a> are less well-known in cultivation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synonymy">Synonymy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Synonymy">edit</a>]</div> The plant has been described under a wide variety of names that are today considered its synonyms:<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Oleander Medik.</li> <li>Nerion Tourn. ex St.-Lag.</li> <li>Nerion oleandrum St.-Lag.</li> <li>Nerium carneum Dum.Cours.</li> <li>Nerium flavescens Spin</li> <li>Nerium floridum Salisb.</li> <li>Nerium grandiflorum Desf.</li> <li>Nerium indicum Mill.</li> <li>Nerium japonicum Gentil</li> <li>Nerium kotschyi Boiss.</li> <li>Nerium latifolium Mill.</li> <li>Nerium lauriforme Lam.</li> <li>Nerium luteum Nois. ex Steud.</li> <li>Nerium madonii M.Vincent</li> <li>Nerium mascatense A.DC.</li> <li>Nerium odoratissimum Wender.</li> <li>Nerium odoratum Lam.</li> <li>Nerium odorum Aiton</li> <li>Nerium splendens Paxton</li> <li>Nerium thyrsiflorum Paxton</li> <li>Nerium verecundum Salisb.</li> <li>Oleander indica (Mill.) Medik.</li> <li>Oleander vulgaris Medik.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> name Nerium oleander was first assigned by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> The genus name Nerium is the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> name for the plant nẽrion (νήριον), which is in turn derived from the Greek for water, nẽros (νηρός), because of the natural habitat of the oleander along rivers and streams.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The origins of the species name are disputed. The word oleander appears as far back as the first century AD, when the Greek physician <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> cited it as one of the terms used by the Romans for the plant.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> believes the word is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> corruption of <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> names for the plant: arodandrum or lorandrum, or more plausibly rhododendron (another Ancient Greek name for the plant), with the addition of olea because of the superficial resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Olea_europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Olea europea">olive</a> tree (Olea europea)<a href="#cite_note-11">[Note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Another theory posited is that oleander is the Latinized form of a Greek compound noun: οllyo (ὀλλύω) 'I kill', and the Greek noun for man, aner, genitive andros (ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός).<a href="#cite_note-Jashemski-14">[11]</a> ascribed to oleander's toxicity to humans. The etymological association of oleander with the <a href="/wiki/Bay_laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay laurel">bay laurel</a> has continued into the modern day: in France the plant is known as "laurier rose",<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> while the Spanish term, "Adelfa", is the descendant of the original Ancient Greek name for both the bay laurel and the oleander, daphne, which subsequently passed into <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> usage and thence to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> in Morocco may have taken its name from the <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> name alili or oualilt for the flower.<a href="#cite_note-awhf-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oleander growing wild in a wadi, Libya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG/250px-A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG/330px-A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG/500px-A_wadi_west_of_Susa03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">wadi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></figcaption></figure> Nerium oleander is either native or naturalized to a broad area spanning from Northwest Africa and Iberian and Italian Peninsula eastward through the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean region</a> and warmer areas of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> region, Arabian Peninsula, southern Asia, and as far east as <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> in southern parts of China.<a href="#cite_note-Europa-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-China-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inchem-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-21">[18]</a> It typically occurs around stream beds in river valleys, where it can alternatively tolerate long seasons of drought and inundation from winter rains. N. oleander is planted in many subtropical and tropical areas of the world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the East Coast of the US, it grows as far north as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a>, while in California and Texas miles of oleander shrubs are planted on <a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">median strips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> There are estimated to be 25 million oleanders planted along highways and roadsides throughout the state of California.<a href="#cite_note-sandiegoreader_2009-02-05-23">[20]</a> Because of its durability, oleander was planted prolifically on <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> in Texas after the disastrous <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 Galveston Hurricane">Hurricane of 1900</a>. They are so prolific that Galveston is known as the 'Oleander City'; an annual oleander festival is hosted every spring.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moody_Gardens" title="Moody Gardens">Moody Gardens</a> in Galveston hosts the propagation program for the International Oleander Society, which promotes the cultivation of oleanders. New varieties are hybridized and grown on the Moody Gardens grounds, encompassing every named variety.<a href="#cite_note-moody-25">[22]</a> Beyond the traditional Mediterranean and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical climate">subtropical</a> range of oleander, the plant can also be cultivated in mild <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climates</a> with the appropriate precautions. It is grown without protection in warmer areas in Switzerland, southern and western Germany and southern England and can reach great sizes in London and to a lesser extent in Paris<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> This is also the case with North American cities in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> like <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. Plants may suffer damage or die back in such marginal climates during severe winter cold but will rebound from the roots.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> Some invertebrates are known to be unaffected by oleander toxins, and feed on the plants. Caterpillars of the polka-dot wasp moth (<a href="/wiki/Syntomeida_epilais" title="Syntomeida epilais">Syntomeida epilais</a>) feed specifically on oleanders and survive by eating only the pulp surrounding the leaf-veins, avoiding the fibers. Larvae of the common crow butterfly (<a href="/wiki/Euploea_core" title="Euploea core">Euploea core</a>) and oleander hawk-moth (<a href="/wiki/Daphnis_nerii" title="Daphnis nerii">Daphnis nerii</a>) also feed on oleanders, and they retain or modify toxins, making them unpalatable to potential predators such as birds, but not to other invertebrates such as spiders and wasps.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The flowers require insect visits to set seed, and seem to be <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinated</a> through a deception mechanism. The showy corolla acts as a potent advertisement to attract pollinators from a distance, but the flowers are nectarless and offer no reward to their visitors. They therefore receive very few visits, as typical of many rewardless flower species.<a href="#cite_note-Herrera1991-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Fears of honey contamination with toxic oleander nectar are therefore unsubstantiated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaf_scorch">Leaf scorch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leaf scorch">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OleanderLeafScorch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OleanderLeafScorch.jpg/220px-OleanderLeafScorch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OleanderLeafScorch.jpg/330px-OleanderLeafScorch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/OleanderLeafScorch.jpg/440px-OleanderLeafScorch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Infected with <a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa" title="Xylella fastidiosa">X. fastidiosa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_AZ" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix, AZ">Phoenix</a></figcaption></figure> A bacterial disease known as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>oleander leaf scorch (<a href="/wiki/Xylella_fastidiosa_subspecies_sandyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylella fastidiosa subspecies sandyi">Xylella fastidiosa subspecies sandyi</a><a href="#cite_note-cabixf-34">[31]</a>) has become a serious threat to the shrub since it was first noticed in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Springs">Palm Springs</a>, California, in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-scorch-35">[32]</a> The disease has since devastated hundreds of thousands of shrubs mainly in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, but also on a smaller scale in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007-37">[34]</a> The culprit is a bacterium which is <a href="/wiki/Insect_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect vector">spread via insects</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Glassy-winged_sharpshooter" title="Glassy-winged sharpshooter">glassy-winged sharpshooter</a> primarily) which feed on the tissue of oleanders and spread the bacteria. This inhibits the circulation of water in the tissue of the plant, causing individual branches to die until the entire plant is consumed. Symptoms of leaf scorch infection may be slow to manifest themselves, but it becomes evident when parts of otherwise healthy oleanders begin to yellow and wither, as if scorched by heat or fire. Die-back may cease during winter dormancy, but the disease flares up in summer heat while the shrub is actively growing, which allows the bacteria to spread through the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> of the plant. As such it can be difficult to identify at first because gardeners may mistake the symptoms for those of <a href="/wiki/Drought_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought stress">drought stress</a> or nutrient deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Pruning out affected parts can slow the progression of the disease but not eliminate it.<a href="#cite_note-scorch-35">[32]</a> This malaise can continue for several years until the plant completely dies—there is no known cure.<a href="#cite_note-sandiegoreader_2009-02-05-23">[20]</a> The best method for preventing further spread of the disease is to prune infected oleanders to the ground immediately after the infection is noticed. The responsible <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> was identified as the <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> sandyi by Purcell et al., 1999.<a href="#cite_note-cabixf-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg/250px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg/330px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg/500px-Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_An_Oleander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>An Oleander, an 1882 painting by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>. </figcaption></figure> Nerium oleander has a history of cultivation going back millennia, especially amongst the great ancient civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Some scholars believe it to be the rhodon (rose), also called the 'Rose of Jericho', mentioned in apocryphal writings (<a href="/wiki/Ecclesiasticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiasticus">Ecclesiasticus</a> XXIV, 13)<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> dating back to between 450 and 180 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The ancient Greeks had several names for the plant, including rhododaphne, nerion, rhododendron and rhodon.<a href="#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-40">[37]</a> Pliny confirmed that the Romans had no <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for the plant, but used the Greek terms instead.<a href="#cite_note-Pliny-42">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> states in his 1st century AD pharmacopeia <a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a> that the Romans used the Greek rhododendron but also the Latin Oleander and Laurorosa. The Egyptians apparently called it scinphe, the North Africans rhodedaphane, and the <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucanians</a> (a southern Italic people) icmane.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Both Pliny and Dioscorides stated that oleander was an effective antidote to venomous snake bites if mixed with <a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">rue</a> and drunk. However, both rue and oleander are poisonous themselves, and consuming them after a venomous snake bite can accelerate the rate of mortality and increase fatalities. A 2014 article in the medical journal <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Perspectives in Biology and Medicine">Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</a> posited that oleander was the substance used to induce hallucinations in the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a>, the female priestess of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, also known as the Oracle of <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> in Ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> According to this theory, the symptoms of the Pythia's trances (enthusiasmos) correspond to either inhaling the smoke of or chewing small amounts of oleander leaves, often called by the generic term laurel in Ancient Greece, which led to confusion with the <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">bay laurel</a> that ancient authors cite. In his book Enquiries into Plants of circa 300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> described (among plants that affect the mind) a shrub he called onotheras, which modern editors render oleander: "the root of onotheras [oleander] administered in wine", he alleges, has a beneficial effect on mood: <blockquote>The root of onotheras [oleander] administered in wine makes the temper gentler and more cheerful. The plant has a leaf like that of the <a href="/wiki/Almond_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond tree">almond</a>, but smaller, and the flower is red like a rose. The plant itself (which loves hilly country) forms a large bush; the root is red and large, and, if this is dried, it gives off a fragrance like wine.</blockquote> In another mention, of "wild bay" (Daphne agria), Theophrastus appears to intend the same shrub.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Oleander was a very popular ornamental shrub in Roman peristyle gardens; it is one of the flora most frequently depicted on murals in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and elsewhere in Italy. These murals include the famous garden scene from the House of Livia at <a href="/wiki/Prima_Porta" title="Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a> outside Rome, and those from the House of the Wedding of Alexander and the Marine Venus in Pompeii.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">Carbonized</a> fragments of oleander wood have been identified at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a>, likewise buried by the <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79_AD" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jashemski-14">[11]</a> They were found to have been planted in a decorative arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citron</a> trees (Citrus medica) alongside the villa's swimming pool. <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbaria</a> of oleander varieties are compiled and held at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> in Washington, D.C., and at <a href="/wiki/Moody_Gardens" title="Moody Gardens">Moody Gardens</a> in Galveston, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-moody-25">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamental_gardening">Ornamental gardening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ornamental gardening">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_(24669336630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg/250px-Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg/330px-Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg/500px-Starr-090617-0851-Nerium_oleander-flowers_and_variegated_leaves-Ulumalu_Haiku-Maui_%2824669336630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Variegation" title="Variegation">Variegated</a> variety</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Joshua Tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg/220px-White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg/330px-White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg/440px-White_Oleander_in_Bloom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption>White variety in bloom</figcaption></figure> Oleander is a vigorous grower in warm subtropical regions, where it is extensively used as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plant</a> in parks, along roadsides and in private gardens. It is most commonly grown in its natural shrub form, but can be trained into a small tree with a single trunk.<a href="#cite_note-culture-47">[44]</a> Hardy versions like white, red and pink oleander will tolerate occasional light frost down to −10 °C (14 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Huxley-21">[18]</a> though the leaves may be damaged. The toxicity of oleander renders it deer-resistant and its large size makes for a good windbreak – as such it is frequently planted as a hedge along property lines and in agricultural settings. The plant is tolerant of poor soils, intense heat, salt spray, and sustained drought – although it will flower and grow more vigorously with regular water. Although it does not require pruning to thrive and bloom, oleander can become unruly with age and older branches tend to become gangly, with new growth emerging from the base. For this reason gardeners are advised to prune mature shrubs in the autumn to shape and induce lush new growth and flowering for the following spring.<a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007-37">[34]</a> Unless they wish to harvest the seeds, many gardeners choose to prune away the seedpods that form on spent flower clusters, which are a drain on energy.<a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007-37">[34]</a> Propagation can be made from <a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a>, where they can readily root after being placed in water or in rich organic potting material, like <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>. In Mediterranean climates oleanders can be expected to bloom from April through October, with the heaviest bloom usually occurring between May and June. <a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">Free-flowering</a> varieties like 'Petite Salmon' or 'Mont Blanc' require no period of rest and can flower continuously throughout the year if the weather remains warm. In cold winter climates, oleander is a popular summer potted plant readily available at most nurseries. They require frequent heavy watering and fertilizing as compared to being planted in the ground, but oleander is nonetheless an ideal flowering shrub for patios and other spaces with hot sunshine. During the winter they should be moved indoors, ideally into an unheated greenhouse or basement where they can be allowed to go dormant.<a href="#cite_note-culture-47">[44]</a> Once they are dormant they require little light and only occasional watering. Placing them in a space with <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a> and poor air flow can make them susceptible to a variety of pests – <a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">aphids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mealybugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mealybugs">mealybugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleander_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander scale">oleander scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitefly" title="Whitefly">whitefly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spider_mites" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider mites">spider mites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colors_and_varieties">Colors and varieties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Colors and varieties">edit</a>]</div> Oleander flowers are showy, profuse, and often fragrant, which makes them very attractive in many contexts. Over 400 cultivars have been named, with several additional flower colors not found in wild plants having been selected, including yellow, peach and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">salmon</a>. Many cultivars, like 'Hawaii' or 'Turner's Carnival', are multi-colored, with brilliant striped corollas.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The solid whites, reds and a variety of pinks are the most common. Double flowered cultivars like 'Mrs. Isadore Dyer' (deep pink), 'Mathilde Ferrier' (yellow) or 'Mont Blanc' (white) are enjoyed for their large, rose-like blooms and strong fragrance. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Variegation" title="Variegation">variegated</a> form, 'Variegata', featuring leaves striped in yellow and white.<a href="#cite_note-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007-37">[34]</a> Several dwarf cultivars have also been developed, offering a more compact form and size for small spaces. These include 'Little Red', 'Petite White', 'Petite Pink' and 'Petite Salmon', which grow to about 8 feet (2.4 m) at maturity.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleandrin-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/220px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/330px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Oleandrin-skeletal.svg/440px-Oleandrin-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">Oleandrin</a>, one of the toxins present in oleander</figcaption></figure> Oleander is a <a href="/wiki/Poisonous_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisonous plant">poisonous plant</a> because of toxic compounds it contains, especially when consumed in large amounts. Among these compounds are <a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">oleandrin</a> and oleandrigenin, known as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">cardiac glycosides</a>, which are known to have a narrow <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">therapeutic index</a> and are toxic when ingested. Side effects after ingestion are weakness, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, stomach pain, and death. <a href="#cite_note-FH-51">[48]</a> Toxicity studies of animals concluded that birds and rodents were observed to be relatively insensitive to the administered oleander cardiac glycosides.<a href="#cite_note-Szabuniewicz-52">[49]</a> Other mammals, however, such as dogs and humans, are relatively sensitive to the effects of cardiac glycosides and the clinical manifestations of "glycoside intoxication".<a href="#cite_note-Szabuniewicz-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> It is also hazardous to animals such as <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, and other grazing animals, with as little as 100 g being enough to kill an adult horse.<a href="#cite_note-Knight-55">[52]</a> Plant clippings are especially dangerous to horses, as they are sweet. In July 2009, several horses were poisoned in this manner from the leaves of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Symptoms of a poisoned horse include severe diarrhea and abnormal heartbeat. This is aptly reflected in the plant's <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> name aśvamāra (अश्वमार), a compound of aśva "horse" and māra "killing". In reviewing oleander toxicity cases seen in-hospital, Lanford and Boor<a href="#cite_note-Oleander_toxicity-57">[54]</a> concluded that, except for children who might be at greater risk, "the human mortality associated with oleander ingestion is generally very low, even in cases of moderate intentional consumption (suicide attempts)."<a href="#cite_note-Oleander_toxicity-57">[54]</a> In 2000, a rare instance of death from oleander poisoning occurred when two toddlers adopted from an orphanage ate the leaves from a neighbor's shrub in <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo,_California" title="El Segundo, California">El Segundo, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Because oleander is extremely bitter, officials speculated that the toddlers had developed a condition caused by malnutrition, <a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">pica</a>, which causes people to eat otherwise inedible material.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_poisoning">Effects of poisoning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Effects of poisoning">edit</a>]</div> Ingestion of this plant can affect the gastrointestinal system, the heart, and the central nervous system. The main effect of cardiotoxic glycosides is positive <a href="/wiki/Inotrope" title="Inotrope">inotropy</a>. Glycosides bind to the sarcolemma transmembrane ATPase of cardiac muscle cells and compete with K+ ions, inactivating the enzyme. This results in an accumulation of Na+ and Ca2+ ions into the cardiac muscle cells, leading to stronger and faster heart contractions. Moreover, the increased amount of extracellular K+ ions may lead to lethal hyperkalemia. Therefore, clinical features of oleander poisoning are similar to digoxin toxicity and include <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, and vomiting due to stimulation of the area postrema of the medulla oblongata, neuropsychic disorders, and pathological motor manifestations.<a href="#cite_note-Inchem-20">[17]</a> Cardiotoxic glycosides are also responsible for stimulating the vagus nerve (leading to sinus bradycardia) and the phrenic nerve (leading to hyperventilation), and lethal brady- and tachyarrhythmias, including asystole and ventricular fibrillation.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Oleander poisoning can also result in blurred vision, and vision disturbances, including halos appearing around objects.<a href="#cite_note-sinai-61">[58]</a> Oleander sap can cause skin irritations, severe eye inflammation and irritation, and allergic reactions characterized by dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-Goetz-62">[59]</a> The severity of the intoxication can vary based on the quantity ingested and an individual's physiological response, as well as the time of symptom onset after oleander ingestion: they can rapidly occur after drinking teas prepared with oleander leaves or roots or develop more slowly due to the ingestion of unprepared plant parts.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> Poisoning and reactions to oleander plants are evident quickly, requiring immediate medical care in suspected or known poisonings of both humans and animals.<a href="#cite_note-Goetz-62">[59]</a> Induced vomiting and <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">gastric lavage</a> are protective measures to reduce absorption of the toxic compounds. <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a> may also be administered to help absorb any remaining toxins.<a href="#cite_note-Inchem-20">[17]</a> Further medical attention may be required depending on the severity of the poisoning and symptoms. Temporary cardiac pacing will be required in many cases (usually for a few days) until the toxin is excreted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Digoxin_Immune_Fab" class="mw-redirect" title="Digoxin Immune Fab">Digoxin immune fab</a> is the best way to cure an oleander poisoning if inducing vomiting has no or minimal success, although it is usually used only for life-threatening conditions due to side effects.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Drying of plant materials does not eliminate the toxins. There is a wide range of toxins and secondary compounds within oleander, and care should be taken around this plant due to its toxic nature. Different names for oleander are used around the world in different locations, so, when encountering a plant with this appearance, regardless of the name used for it, one should exercise great care and caution to avoid ingestion of any part of the plant, including its sap and dried leaves or twigs. The dried or fresh branches should not be used for spearing food, for preparing a cooking fire, or as a food skewer. Many of the oleander relatives, such as the desert rose (<a href="/wiki/Adenium" title="Adenium">Adenium obesum</a>) found in East Africa, have similar leaves and flowers and are equally toxic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Drugs derived from N. oleander have been investigated as a treatment for cancer, but have failed to demonstrate clinical utility.<a href="#cite_note-Henary-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>, the trials conducted so far have produced no evidence of benefit, while they did cause adverse side effects.<a href="#cite_note-Cancer-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oracle_of_Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oracle of Delphi">edit</a>]</div> In a research study done by Haralampos V. Harissis, he claims that the laurel the <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a> is commonly depicted with is actually an oleander plant, and the poisonous plant and its subsequent hallucinations are the source of the oracle's mystical power and subsequent prophecies. Many of the symptoms that primary sources such as <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> report align with results of oleander poisoning. Harissis also provides evidence claiming that the word laurel may have been used to describe an oleander leaf.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Folklore">edit</a>]</div> The toxicity of the plant makes it the center of an <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> documented on several continents and over more than a century. Often told as a true and local event, typically an entire family, or in other tellings a group of scouts, succumbs after consuming <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a> or other food roasted over a campfire using oleander sticks.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Some variants tell of this happening to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s or <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FullerMcClintock1986-70">[67]</a> There is an ancient account mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pliny-42">[39]</a> who described a region in <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> in Turkey where the honey was poisoned from bees having pollinated poisonous flowers, with the honey left as a poisonous trap for an invading army.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton1984-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> The flowers have sometimes been mis-translated as oleander,<a href="#cite_note-Jashemski-14">[11]</a> but oleander flowers are nectarless and therefore cannot transmit any toxins via nectar.<a href="#cite_note-Herrera1991-32">[29]</a> The actual flower referenced by Pliny was either <a href="/wiki/Azalea#Toxicology" title="Azalea">Azalea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron#Toxicology" title="Rhododendron">Rhododendron</a>, which is still used in Turkey to produce a <a href="/wiki/Mad_honey" title="Mad honey">hallucinogenic honey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2014-74">[71]</a> Oleander is the official flower of the city of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, having been the first to bloom following the atomic bombing of the city in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_painting">In painting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In painting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/220px-WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/330px-WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg/440px-WLA_metmuseum_Oleanders_by_Vincent_van_Gogh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Oleanders by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></figcaption></figure> Oleander was part of subject matter of paintings by famous artists including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, who painted "Two Girls with an Oleander" between 1890 and 1892.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a> painted his famous "Oleanders" in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> in 1888. Van Gogh found the flowers "joyous" and "life-affirming" because of their inexhaustible blooms and vigour.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a></li> <li>Anglo-Dutch artist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> incorporated oleanders into his classically inspired paintings, including "An Oleander" (1882), "Courtship", "Under the Roof of Blue Ionian Weather"<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> and "A Roman Flower Market" (1868).</li> <li>"The Terrace at Méric (Oleanders)", an 1867 Impressionist painting by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bazille" title="Frédéric Bazille">Frédéric Bazille</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature,_film_and_music">In literature, film and music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In literature, film and music">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Fitch" title="Janet Fitch">Janet Fitch</a>'s 1999 novel <a href="/wiki/White_Oleander" title="White Oleander">White Oleander</a> is centered around a young Southern California girl's experiences growing up in foster care after her mother is imprisoned for poisoning an ex-boyfriend with the plant.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The book was adapted into a 2002 <a href="/wiki/White_Oleander_(film)" title="White Oleander (film)">film of the same name</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lohman" title="Alison Lohman">Alison Lohman</a>.</li> <li>In the 17th century AD <a href="/wiki/Farsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi">Farsi</a>-language book the <a href="/wiki/Tuzk-e-Jahangiri" title="Tuzk-e-Jahangiri">Jahangirnama</a>, the Mughal emperor Jahangir passes a stream overgrowing with oleanders along its banks. He orders the nobles in his train to adorn their turbans with oleander blossoms, creating a "field of flowers" on their heads.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steely_Dan" title="Steely Dan">Steely Dan</a>'s 1973 song "<a href="/wiki/My_Old_School_(song)" title="My Old School (song)">My Old School</a>" contains the line "Oleanders growing outside her door, soon they're gonna be in bloom up in Annandale" in the second verse. It has been theorized that this reference is either a metaphor for a harmful relationship, or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a>, which is the subcontext of the song.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_oleander_peach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peach colored flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nerium_oleander_peach.jpg/120px-Nerium_oleander_peach.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nerium_oleander_peach.jpg/250px-Nerium_oleander_peach.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2426" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_Oleander_(yellow,_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cultivated, Galveston"><img alt="Unusual yellow-flowered variety. Cultivated, Galveston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg/120px-Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg/180px-Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg/240px-Nerium_Oleander_%28yellow%2C_unusual--may_be_Sue_Hawley_Oakes%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2654" data-file-height="2126" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cultivated, <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First oleander planted in Galveston (1841)"><img alt="First oleander planted in Galveston (1841)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg/120px-Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg/250px-Original_Oleander_Planting_in_Galveston.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="2676" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First oleander planted in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> (1841)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_Oleander(Red).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nerium_Oleander%28Red%29.jpg/120px-Nerium_Oleander%28Red%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nerium_Oleander%28Red%29.jpg/250px-Nerium_Oleander%28Red%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2560" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Follicle spreading seeds"><img alt="Follicle spreading seeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg/120px-Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg/180px-Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg/240px-Oleander_Capsule_Opens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">Follicle</a> spreading seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pink flowers and leaves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg/120px-Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg/180px-Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg/240px-Nerium_oleander_pink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="1899" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg/120px-Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg/250px-Nerium_oleander_Ouarzazate_wild1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RoscheiderhofHerbst2018H3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RoscheiderhofHerbst2018H3a.jpg/120px-RoscheiderhofHerbst2018H3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/RoscheiderhofHerbst2018H3a.jpg/250px-RoscheiderhofHerbst2018H3a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="N. oleander in West Bengal"><img alt="Flowers of N. oleander in West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/120px-Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/180px-Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg/240px-Flowers_of_Nerium_oleander_in_West_Bengal%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">N. oleander in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OleaUA2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closed buds of an oleander shrub near Yalta, Ukraine"><img alt="Closed buds of an oleander shrub near Yalta, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OleaUA2013.jpg/120px-OleaUA2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OleaUA2013.jpg/180px-OleaUA2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OleaUA2013.jpg/240px-OleaUA2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Closed buds of an oleander shrub near <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, Ukraine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascabela_thevetia" title="Cascabela thevetia">Cascabela thevetia</a> (yellow oleander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ineffective_cancer_treatments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ineffective cancer treatments">List of ineffective cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_poisonous_to_equines" title="List of plants poisonous to equines">List of plants poisonous to equines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">List of poisonous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibesti-Jebel_Uweinat_montane_xeric_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands">Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The "Yellow Oleander" is <a href="/wiki/Cascabela_thevetia" title="Cascabela thevetia">Cascabela thevetia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> In the past, scented plants were sometimes treated as the distinct species N. odorum, but the character is not constant and it is no longer regarded as a separate taxon. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Oleaster" title="Oleaster">oleaster</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Lansdown, R.V. 2013. Nerium oleander. The <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202961A13537523. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202961A13537523.en">https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202961A13537523.en</a>. Accessed on 21 December 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSunset_Books1995" class="citation book cs1">Sunset Books (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpFZm3eHJucC">Sunset Western Garden Book</a>. Sunset Publishing Corporation. pp. 606–607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-376-03850-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-376-03850-0"><bdi>978-0-376-03850-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunset+Western+Garden+Book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E606-%3C%2Fspan%3E607&rft.pub=Sunset+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-376-03850-0&rft.au=Sunset+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpFZm3eHJucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-rosebay" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/4058348783">"rosebay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F4058348783">10.1093/OED/4058348783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=rosebay&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4058348783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4058348783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurib-Fakim-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Gurib-Fakim_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmelzerA._Gurib-Fakim2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmelzer, G.H.; A. Gurib-Fakim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7FJqgQ3_tnUC">Medicinal Plants</a>. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. pp. 43–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5782-204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5782-204-9"><bdi>978-90-5782-204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Plants&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Plant+Resources+of+Tropical+Africa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-5782-204-9&rft.aulast=Schmelzer&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rft.au=A.+Gurib-Fakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7FJqgQ3_tnUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=135196">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for Nerium oleander"</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families%2C+entry+for+Nerium+oleander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fsynonomy.do%3Fname_id%3D135196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=135164">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, entry for Nerium"</a>. Retrieved May 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families%2C+entry+for+Nerium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fsynonomy.do%3Fname_id%3D135164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=832">"Nerium"</a>. Atlas of Florida Plants. Retrieved 2017-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nerium&rft.pub=Atlas+of+Florida+Plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflorida.plantatlas.usf.edu%2FGenus.aspx%3Fid%3D832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedanius_Dioscorides" class="citation book cs1">Pedanius Dioscorides. De Materia Medica. p. V.42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica&rft.pages=V.42&rft.au=Pedanius+Dioscorides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oleander">"Oleander: Definition of Oleander"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander%3A+Definition+of+Oleander&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Foleander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=oleander">"Oleander (n.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2017-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Doleander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jashemski-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jashemski_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jashemski_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jashemski_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilhelmina_Feemster_JashemskiFrederick_G._Meyer2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski; Frederick G. Meyer (19 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xfjyTqqR7IC&pg=PA133">The Natural History of Pompeii</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80054-9"><bdi>978-0-521-80054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Pompeii&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-09-19&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80054-9&rft.au=Wilhelmina+Feemster+Jashemski&rft.au=Frederick+G.+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xfjyTqqR7IC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-french/oleander">"French translation of 'oleander'"</a>. Collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+translation+of+%27oleander%27&rft.pub=Collinsdictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish-french%2Foleander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=0iV3sx7">"adelfa"</a>. Diccionario de le lengua española. Retrieved 2017-12-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=adelfa&rft.pub=Diccionario+de+le+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2F%3Fid%3D0iV3sx7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-awhf-17"><a href="#cite_ref-awhf_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020180151/http://www.awhf.net/?p=573">"Archaeological Site of Volubilis"</a>. African World Heritage Fund. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awhf.net/?p=573">the original</a> on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-05-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Site+of+Volubilis&rft.pub=African+World+Heritage+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awhf.net%2F%3Fp%3D573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europa-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Europa_18-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Nerium&SPECIES_XREF=oleander&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=">Pankhurst, R. (editor). Nerium oleander L. Flora Europaea.</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a>. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-China-19"><a href="#cite_ref-China_19-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018424">Bingtao Li, Antony J. M. Leeuwenberg, and D. J. Middleton. "Nerium oleander L.", Flora of China.</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Retrieved on 2009-07-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Inchem-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inchem_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inchem_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inchem_20-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/plant/pim366.htm">INCHEM (2005). Nerium oleander L. (PIM 366). International Programme on Chemical Safety: INCHEM. Retrieved on 2009-07-27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huxley-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huxley_21-1">b</a> Huxley, A.; Griffiths, M.; Levy, M. (eds.) (1992). The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-47494-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-47494-5">0-333-47494-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTony_Bizjak2015" class="citation news cs1">Tony Bizjak (2015-04-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacbee.com/news/local/transportation/back-seat-driver/article18001583.html">"Will freeway oleander survive the drought?"</a>. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Will+freeway+oleander+survive+the+drought%3F&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.au=Tony+Bizjak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacbee.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftransportation%2Fback-seat-driver%2Farticle18001583.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sandiegoreader_2009-02-05-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sandiegoreader_2009-02-05_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sandiegoreader_2009-02-05_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Ron (5 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2009/feb/05/oleanders/">"Oleanders are Dying in San Diego"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Reader" title="San Diego Reader">San Diego Reader</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Reader&rft.atitle=Oleanders+are+Dying+in+San+Diego&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegoreader.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F05%2Foleanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708072642/http://oleander.org/oleander-history/">"History - International Oleander Society"</a>. oleander.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oleander.org/oleander-history/">the original</a> on 2017-07-08. Retrieved 2016-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oleander.org&rft.atitle=History+-+International+Oleander+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foleander.org%2Foleander-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moody-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moody_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moody_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oleander.org/moody-gardens-the-ios/">"Moody Gardens & the IOS"</a>. International Oleander Society. Retrieved 2019-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moody+Gardens+%26+the+IOS&rft.pub=International+Oleander+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foleander.org%2Fmoody-gardens-the-ios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Delavie2016" class="citation web cs1">Alain Delavie (2016-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pariscotejardin.fr/tag/laurier-rose/">"Paris côté jardin Archives de mots clés Laurier Rose"</a>. Retrieved 2017-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+c%C3%B4t%C3%A9+jardin+Archives+de+mots+cl%C3%A9s+Laurier+Rose&rft.date=2016-08-07&rft.au=Alain+Delavie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pariscotejardin.fr%2Ftag%2Flaurier-rose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=810">"Oleander"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS Gardening</a>. Retrieved 2017-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RHS+Gardening&rft.atitle=Oleander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fadvice%2Fprofile%3FPID%3D810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Yemm2008" class="citation news cs1">Helen Yemm (2008-09-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardeningadvice/3350060/Gardening-advice-Thorny-problems.html">"Gardening Advice: Thorny problems"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gardening/gardeningadvice/3350060/Gardening-advice-Thorny-problems.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12. Retrieved 2017-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gardening+Advice%3A+Thorny+problems&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.au=Helen+Yemm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fgardening%2Fgardeningadvice%2F3350060%2FGardening-advice-Thorny-problems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Mennessier2014" class="citation news cs1">Marc Mennessier (2014-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/jardin/2014/07/18/30008-20140718ARTFIG00057-au-jardin-ce-week-end-prolongez-vos-vacances-en-plantant-un-laurier-rose.php">"Jardin: Prolongez vous vos vacances en plantant in laurier-rose"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>. Retrieved 2018-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jardin%3A+Prolongez+vous+vos+vacances+en+plantant+in+laurier-rose&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.au=Marc+Mennessier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fjardin%2F2014%2F07%2F18%2F30008-20140718ARTFIG00057-au-jardin-ce-week-end-prolongez-vos-vacances-en-plantant-un-laurier-rose.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoree_Bohl2013" class="citation news cs1">Loree Bohl (2013-07-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedangergarden.com/2013/07/hey-check-out-that-parking-lot.html">"Hey check out that parking lot!"</a>. Thedangergarden.com. Retrieved 2018-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hey+check+out+that+parking+lot%21&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.au=Loree+Bohl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedangergarden.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fhey-check-out-that-parking-lot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/common-crow-butterfly/">"Common Crow Butterfly"</a>. The Australian Museum. Retrieved 23 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Crow+Butterfly&rft.pub=The+Australian+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralian.museum%2Flearn%2Fanimals%2Finsects%2Fcommon-crow-butterfly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera1991-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera1991_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrera1991_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerrera1991" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera, Javier (1991). "The reproductive biology of a riparian Mediterranean shrub, Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae)". <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" title="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society">Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</a>. 106 (2): 147–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1991.tb02289.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.1991.tb02289.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+reproductive+biology+of+a+riparian+Mediterranean+shrub%2C+Nerium+oleander+L.+%28Apocynaceae%29&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1991.tb02289.x&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Shmida, A., Ivri, Y., and Cohen, D. The enigma of the oleander. Eretz VeTeva, January–February 1995 (in Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-cabixf-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cabixf_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cabixf_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurbank2022" class="citation journal cs1">Burbank, Lindsey (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2Fcabireviews202217021">"Threat of Xylella fastidiosa and options for mitigation in infected plants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CAB_International" title="CAB International">CABI Reviews</a>. 17 (21). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2Fcabireviews202217021">10.1079/cabireviews202217021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251514273">251514273</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ORCID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ORCID (identifier)">ORCID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9614-1259">0000-0002-9614-1259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CABI+Reviews&rft.atitle=Threat+of+Xylella+fastidiosa+and+options+for+mitigation+in+infected+plants&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=21&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fcabireviews202217021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251514273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burbank&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1079%252Fcabireviews202217021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scorch-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scorch_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scorch_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7480.html">"Oleander Leaf Scorch"</a>. University of California Agriculture & Natural Resources. April 2008. Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+Leaf+Scorch&rft.pub=University+of+California+Agriculture+%26+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipm.ucanr.edu%2FPMG%2FPESTNOTES%2Fpn7480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFU.C._Master_Gardeners1998" class="citation news cs1">U.C. Master Gardeners (1998-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-21-hm-46038-story.html">"How to Battle Oleander Leaf Scorch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+to+Battle+Oleander+Leaf+Scorch&rft.date=1998-11-21&rft.au=U.C.+Master+Gardeners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-nov-21-hm-46038-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kathleen_Norris_Brenzel_2007_37-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Norris_Brenzel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Norris Brenzel (2007). Sunset Western Garden Book. p. 495.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunset+Western+Garden+Book&rft.pages=495&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Kathleen+Norris+Brenzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Murphy2007" class="citation web cs1">Laura Murphy (2007-09-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cals.arizona.edu/mohave/master_gardeners/lake_havasu/articles/oleander.pdf">"Oleanders under attack"</a> (PDF). College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Arizona. Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleanders+under+attack&rft.pub=College+of+Agriculture+and+Life+Sciences+at+the+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft.au=Laura+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcals.arizona.edu%2Fmohave%2Fmaster_gardeners%2Flake_havasu%2Farticles%2Foleander.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Ecclesiasticus XXXIV, 13.</cite> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyclopaedia-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyclopaedia_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_McClintock1880" class="citation book cs1">John McClintock (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaofbib04mccl">Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopaediaofbib04mccl/page/129">129</a>–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopaedia+of+Biblical%2C+Theological%2C+and+Ecclesiastical+Literature&rft.pages=129-130&rft.date=1880&rft.au=John+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopaediaofbib04mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartha_Modzelevich" class="citation news cs1">Martha Modzelevich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowersinisrael.com/Neriumoleander_page.htm">"Plants of the Bible: Oleander"</a>. flowersinisrael.com. Retrieved 2018-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Plants+of+the+Bible%3A+Oleander&rft.au=Martha+Modzelevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flowersinisrael.com%2FNeriumoleander_page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pliny-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pliny_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPliny" class="citation book cs1">Pliny. Natural History. p. 24.90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=24.90&rft.au=Pliny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPedanius_Dioscorides" class="citation book cs1">Pedanius Dioscorides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/57520993/The-Herbal-of-Dioscorides-the-Greek-Book-Four">De Materia Medica</a>. p. V.42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Materia+Medica&rft.pages=V.42&rft.au=Pedanius+Dioscorides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F57520993%2FThe-Herbal-of-Dioscorides-the-Greek-Book-Four&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarissis" class="citation news cs1">Harissis, Haralampos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/581067">"A Bittersweet Story: The True Nature of the Laurel of the Oracle of Delphi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_in_Biology_and_Medicine" title="Perspectives in Biology and Medicine">Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</a>. pp. 351–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+in+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Bittersweet+Story%3A+The+True+Nature+of+the+Laurel+of+the+Oracle+of+Delphi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.aulast=Harissis&rft.aufirst=Haralampos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F581067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTheophrastus" class="citation book cs1">Theophrastus. Inquiry into Plants. Translated by A. F. Hort. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>. pp. I.9.3, IX.19.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+Plants&rft.pages=I.9.3%2C+IX.19.1&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.au=Theophrastus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarrar,_Linda2002" class="citation book cs1">Farrar, Linda (2002). Ancient Roman Gardens. Budding Books. pp. 141–2, 143–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84015-190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84015-190-9"><bdi>978-1-84015-190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Roman+Gardens&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E2%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Budding+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84015-190-9&rft.au=Farrar%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-culture-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-culture_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-culture_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oleander.org/culture/">"Oleander Culture"</a>. International Oleander Society. Retrieved 2018-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+Culture&rft.pub=International+Oleander+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foleander.org%2Fculture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElvin_McDonald1987" class="citation news cs1">Elvin McDonald (1987-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1987/04/26/shedding-light-on-growing-oleander-indoors/">"Shedding Light on Growing Oleanders Indoors"</a>. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2018-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Shedding+Light+on+Growing+Oleanders+Indoors&rft.date=1987-04-27&rft.au=Elvin+McDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1987%2F04%2F26%2Fshedding-light-on-growing-oleander-indoors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oleanderhaus.at/english/oleander-collections/blooming-oleanders-usa/">"Blooming Oleanders of the American Collection"</a>. Oleanderhaus.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blooming+Oleanders+of+the+American+Collection&rft.pub=Oleanderhaus.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oleanderhaus.at%2Fenglish%2Foleander-collections%2Fblooming-oleanders-usa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_French1989" class="citation news cs1">Linda French (1989-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-07-01-vw-2382-story.html">"Gardening : Nerium oleander : Petite oleanders: Evergreen drought-tolerant dwarf shrubs with showy flowers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2017-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gardening+%3A+Nerium+oleander+%3A+Petite+oleanders%3A+Evergreen+drought-tolerant+dwarf+shrubs+with+showy+flowers&rft.date=1989-07-01&rft.au=Linda+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-07-01-vw-2382-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FH_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbid_Aqsa,_Mushtaq_Ahmad,_Muhammad_Zafar,_Sadia_Zafar,_Mohamed_Fawzy_Ramadan,_Ashwaq_T._Althobaiti,_Shazia_Sultana,_Omer_Kilic,_Trobjon_Makhkamov,_Akramjon_Yuldashev,_Oybek_Mamarakhimov,_Khislat_Khaydarov,_Afat_O._Mammadova,_Komiljon_Komilov2023" class="citation journal cs1">Abid Aqsa, Mushtaq Ahmad, Muhammad Zafar, Sadia Zafar, Mohamed Fawzy Ramadan, Ashwaq T. Althobaiti, Shazia Sultana, Omer Kilic, Trobjon Makhkamov, Akramjon Yuldashev, Oybek Mamarakhimov, Khislat Khaydarov, Afat O. Mammadova, Komiljon Komilov, and Salman Majeed (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Ffhort-2023-0019">"Foliar epidermal and trichome micromorphological diversity among poisonous plants and their taxonomic significance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folia_Horticulturae" title="Folia Horticulturae">Folia Horticulturae</a>. 35 (2): 243–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Ffhort-2023-0019">10.2478/fhort-2023-0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2083-5965">2083-5965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=Foliar+epidermal+and+trichome+micromorphological+diversity+among+poisonous+plants+and+their+taxonomic+significance&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Ffhort-2023-0019&rft.issn=2083-5965&rft.aulast=Abid+Aqsa%2C+Mushtaq+Ahmad%2C+Muhammad+Zafar%2C+Sadia+Zafar%2C+Mohamed+Fawzy+Ramadan%2C+Ashwaq+T.+Althobaiti%2C+Shazia+Sultana%2C+Omer+Kilic%2C+Trobjon+Makhkamov%2C+Akramjon+Yuldashev%2C+Oybek+Mamarakhimov%2C+Khislat+Khaydarov%2C+Afat+O.+Mammadova%2C+Komiljon+Komilov&rft.aufirst=and+Salman+Majeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Ffhort-2023-0019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Szabuniewicz-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szabuniewicz_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szabuniewicz_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzabuniewiczSchwartzMcCradyCamp1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miros%C5%82aw_Szabuniewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirosław Szabuniewicz (page does not exist)">Szabuniewicz, Mirosław</a>; Schwartz, WL; McCrady, JD; Camp, BJ (1972). "Experimental oleander poisoning and treatment". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_Veterinarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southwestern Veterinarian (page does not exist)">Southwestern Veterinarian</a>. 25 (2): 105–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Veterinarian&rft.atitle=Experimental+oleander+poisoning+and+treatment&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Szabuniewicz&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+WL&rft.au=McCrady%2C+JD&rft.au=Camp%2C+BJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSzabuniewiczMcCradyCamp1971" class="citation journal cs1">Szabuniewicz, M; McCrady, J. D; Camp, B. J (1971). "Treatment of experimentally induced oleander poisoning". <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_internationales_de_Pharmacodynamie_et_de_Th%C3%A9rapie" class="extiw" title="de:Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie">Archives internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie</a>. 189 (1): 12–21. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5167071">5167071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+internationales+de+Pharmacodynamie+et+de+Th%C3%A9rapie&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+experimentally+induced+oleander+poisoning&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5167071&rft.aulast=Szabuniewicz&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=McCrady%2C+J.+D&rft.au=Camp%2C+B.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHougenLloydSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hougen, T. J; Lloyd, B. L; Smith, T. W (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.44.1.23">"Effects of inotropic and arrhythmogenic digoxin doses and of digoxin-specific antibody on myocardial monovalent cation transport in the dog"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Circulation_Research" title="Circulation Research">Circulation Research</a>. 44 (1): 23–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.res.44.1.23">10.1161/01.res.44.1.23</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/758230">758230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation+Research&rft.atitle=Effects+of+inotropic+and+arrhythmogenic+digoxin+doses+and+of+digoxin-specific+antibody+on+myocardial+monovalent+cation+transport+in+the+dog&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2F01.res.44.1.23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F758230&rft.aulast=Hougen&rft.aufirst=T.+J&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+B.+L&rft.au=Smith%2C+T.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252F01.res.44.1.23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Knight_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight1999" class="citation web cs1">Knight, A. P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vth.colostate.edu/poisonous_plants/report/report_detail_1.cfm?ID=334">"Guide to Poisonous Plants: Oleander"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colorado_State_University" title="Colorado State University">Colorado State University</a>. Retrieved 2009-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Poisonous+Plants%3A+Oleander&rft.pub=Colorado+State+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vth.colostate.edu%2Fpoisonous_plants%2Freport%2Freport_detail_1.cfm%3FID%3D334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevino2009" class="citation web cs1">Trevino, Monica (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/08/01/california.horses/index.html">"Dozens of horses poisoned at California farm"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 2009-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dozens+of+horses+poisoned+at+California+farm&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Trevino&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FCRIME%2F08%2F01%2Fcalifornia.horses%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oleander_toxicity-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oleander_toxicity_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oleander_toxicity_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangfordBoor1996" class="citation journal cs1">Langford, Shannon D; Boor, Paul J (1996). "Oleander toxicity: An examination of human and animal toxic exposures". <a href="/wiki/Toxicology_(journal)" title="Toxicology (journal)">Toxicology</a>. 109 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Toxgy.109....1L">1996Toxgy.109....1L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0300-483X%2895%2903296-R">10.1016/0300-483X(95)03296-R</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619248">8619248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology&rft.atitle=Oleander+toxicity%3A+An+examination+of+human+and+animal+toxic+exposures&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8619248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0300-483X%2895%2903296-R&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996Toxgy.109....1L&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Shannon+D&rft.au=Boor%2C+Paul+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press2000" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> (2000-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/8726086cea20740cc612907b1e48bda7">"Oleander Poisoning Kills 2 Kids"</a>. apnews.com. Retrieved 2018-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oleander+Poisoning+Kills+2+Kids&rft.date=2000-07-25&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F8726086cea20740cc612907b1e48bda7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Garrison2000" class="citation news cs1">Jessica Garrison (2000-07-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-jul-26-me-59440-story.html">"2 Toddlers Died from Oleander Poisoning, Coroner Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved 2018-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=2+Toddlers+Died+from+Oleander+Poisoning%2C+Coroner+Says&rft.date=2000-07-26&rft.au=Jessica+Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-jul-26-me-59440-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandaraWeinsteinWhiteEddleston2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bandara, Veronika; Weinstein, Scott A.; White, Julian; Eddleston, Michael (2010-09-01). "A review of the natural history, toxinology, diagnosis and clinical management of Nerium oleander (common oleander) and Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) poisoning". Toxicon. 56 (3): 273–281. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Txcn...56..273B">2010Txcn...56..273B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxicon.2010.03.026">10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0101">0041-0101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20438743">20438743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicon&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+natural+history%2C+toxinology%2C+diagnosis+and+clinical+management+of+Nerium+oleander+%28common+oleander%29+and+Thevetia+peruviana+%28yellow+oleander%29+poisoning&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxicon.2010.03.026&rft.issn=0041-0101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20438743&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Txcn...56..273B&rft.aulast=Bandara&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Scott+A.&rft.au=White%2C+Julian&rft.au=Eddleston%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinai-61"><a href="#cite_ref-sinai_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/oleander-poisoning">"Oleander poisoning Information"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Health_System" title="Mount Sinai Health System">Mount Sinai Health System</a>. Retrieved 2022-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mount+Sinai+Health+System&rft.atitle=Oleander+poisoning+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountsinai.org%2Fhealth-library%2Fpoison%2Foleander-poisoning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goetz-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goetz_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goetz_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1998" class="citation web cs1">Goetz, Rebecca. J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100223014712/http://www.vet.purdue.edu/toxic/plant52.htm">"Oleander"</a>. Indiana Plants Poisonous to Livestock and Pets. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Cooperative Extension Service, Purdue University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vet.purdue.edu/toxic/plant52.htm">the original</a> on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2009-07-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Plants+Poisonous+to+Livestock+and+Pets&rft.atitle=Oleander&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Goetz&rft.aufirst=Rebecca.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vet.purdue.edu%2Ftoxic%2Fplant52.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMantelliCarolloLossoCostantini2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mantelli, Giovanni; Carollo, Massimo; Losso, Lorenzo; Costantini, Ilaria; Morando, Elia; Bacchion, Matilde; Pizzuto, Mauro; Spagnuolo, Letizia; Ricci, Giorgio (2023-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598396">"Laurel but Hardy: unintended poisoning, a case report of oleander misidentification as bay laurel"</a>. Toxicology Reports. 11: 385–388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ToxR...11..385M">2023ToxR...11..385M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2023.10.010">10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-7500">2214-7500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598396">10598396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37885923">37885923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Reports&rft.atitle=Laurel+but+Hardy%3A+unintended+poisoning%2C+a+case+report+of+oleander+misidentification+as+bay+laurel&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E388&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10598396%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ToxR...11..385M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37885923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxrep.2023.10.010&rft.issn=2214-7500&rft.aulast=Mantelli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Carollo%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Losso%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Costantini%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Morando%2C+Elia&rft.au=Bacchion%2C+Matilde&rft.au=Pizzuto%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Spagnuolo%2C+Letizia&rft.au=Ricci%2C+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10598396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPao-FrancoHammondWeathertonDeClementi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pao-Franco, Amaris; Hammond, Tara N.; Weatherton, Linda K.; DeClementi, Camille; Forney, Scott D. (29 July 2017). "Successful use of digoxin-specific immune Fab in the treatment of severe Nerium oleander toxicosis in a dog". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Veterinary_Emergency_and_Critical_Care&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care (page does not exist)">Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care</a>. 27 (5): 596–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fvec.12634">10.1111/vec.12634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28755414">28755414</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3798547">3798547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Emergency+and+Critical+Care&rft.atitle=Successful+use+of+digoxin-specific+immune+Fab+in+the+treatment+of+severe+Nerium+oleander+toxicosis+in+a+dog&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E596-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=2017-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3798547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28755414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fvec.12634&rft.aulast=Pao-Franco&rft.aufirst=Amaris&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Tara+N.&rft.au=Weatherton%2C+Linda+K.&rft.au=DeClementi%2C+Camille&rft.au=Forney%2C+Scott+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henary-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Henary_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHenaryKurzrockFalchookNaing2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henary, H. A; Kurzrock, R; Falchook, G. S; Naing, A; Moulder, S. L; Wheler, J. J; Tsimberidou, A. M; Durand, J; Yang, P; Johansen, M. J; Newman, R; Khan, R; Patel, U; Hong, D. S (2011). "Final results of a first-in-human phase I trial of PBI-05204, an inhibitor of AKT, FGF-2, NF-Kb, and p70S6K in advanced cancer patients". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (15_suppl): 3023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2Fjco.2011.29.15_suppl.3023">10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.3023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Final+results+of+a+first-in-human+phase+I+trial+of+PBI-05204%2C+an+inhibitor+of+AKT%2C+FGF-2%2C+NF-Kb%2C+and+p70S6K+in+advanced+cancer+patients&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=15_suppl&rft.pages=3023&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2Fjco.2011.29.15_suppl.3023&rft.aulast=Henary&rft.aufirst=H.+A&rft.au=Kurzrock%2C+R&rft.au=Falchook%2C+G.+S&rft.au=Naing%2C+A&rft.au=Moulder%2C+S.+L&rft.au=Wheler%2C+J.+J&rft.au=Tsimberidou%2C+A.+M&rft.au=Durand%2C+J&rft.au=Yang%2C+P&rft.au=Johansen%2C+M.+J&rft.au=Newman%2C+R&rft.au=Khan%2C+R&rft.au=Patel%2C+U&rft.au=Hong%2C+D.+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewmanYangPawlusBlock2008" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, R. A; Yang, P; Pawlus, A. D; Block, K. I (2008). "Cardiac Glycosides as Novel Cancer Therapeutic Agents". Molecular Interventions. 8 (1): 36–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmi.8.1.8">10.1124/mi.8.1.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18332483">18332483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Interventions&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Glycosides+as+Novel+Cancer+Therapeutic+Agents&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fmi.8.1.8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18332483&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=R.+A&rft.au=Yang%2C+P&rft.au=Pawlus%2C+A.+D&rft.au=Block%2C+K.+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cancer-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Cancer_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315175936/http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/oleander-leaf">"Oleander Leaf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/herbsvitaminsandminerals/oleander-leaf">the original</a> on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2018-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+Leaf&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2Ftreatment%2Ftreatmentsandsideeffects%2Fcomplementaryandalternativemedicine%2Fherbsvitaminsandminerals%2Foleander-leaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarissis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harissis, Haralampos V. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25959349/#heading">"A bittersweet story: the true nature of the laurel of the Oracle of Delphi"</a>. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 57 (3): 351–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpbm.2014.0032">10.1353/pbm.2014.0032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1529-8795">1529-8795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25959349">25959349</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9297573">9297573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+in+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+bittersweet+story%3A+the+true+nature+of+the+laurel+of+the+Oracle+of+Delphi&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1529-8795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9297573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25959349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpbm.2014.0032&rft.aulast=Harissis&rft.aufirst=Haralampos+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F25959349%2F%23heading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikkelson2011" class="citation web cs1">Mikkelson, Barbara (2011-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/oleander.asp">"Oleander Poisoning: snopes.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Snopes.com">Snopes.com</a>. Retrieved 2015-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleander+Poisoning%3A+snopes.com&rft.pub=Snopes.com&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.aulast=Mikkelson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fhorrors%2Fpoison%2Foleander.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FullerMcClintock1986-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FullerMcClintock1986_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_C._FullerElizabeth_May_McClintock1986" class="citation book cs1">Thomas C. Fuller; Elizabeth May McClintock (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0-op0XwlDmQC">Poisonous Plants of California</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0-op0XwlDmQC/page/n84">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05569-8"><bdi>978-0-520-05569-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisonous+Plants+of+California&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05569-8&rft.au=Thomas+C.+Fuller&rft.au=Elizabeth+May+McClintock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_0-op0XwlDmQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPliny" class="citation book cs1">Pliny. Natural History. p. 21.77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=21.77&rft.au=Pliny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton1984-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton1984_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_John_Hamilton1984" class="citation book cs1">William John Hamilton (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjHW2VXQVCwC&pg=PA160">Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia</a>. Georg Olms Verlag. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-41321-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-41321-1"><bdi>978-3-487-41321-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Asia+Minor%2C+Pontus+and+Armenia&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-487-41321-1&rft.au=William+John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjHW2VXQVCwC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_John_Hamilton1842" class="citation book cs1">William John Hamilton (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_hF0GAAAAQAAJ">Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia: With Some Account of Their Antiquities and Geology [in 1836]</a>. John Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_hF0GAAAAQAAJ/page/n406">384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+in+Asia+Minor%2C+Pontus%2C+and+Armenia%3A+With+Some+Account+of+Their+Antiquities+and+Geology+%26%2391%3Bin+1836%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1842&rft.au=William+John+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_hF0GAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2014-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2014_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryce2014" class="citation web cs1">Bryce, Emma (2014-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://modernfarmer.com/2014/09/strange-history-hallucinogenic-mad-honey/">"The Strange History of 'Mad Honey'"</a>. Modern Farmer. Retrieved 2019-08-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Farmer&rft.atitle=The+Strange+History+of+%27Mad+Honey%27&rft.date=2014-09-04&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmodernfarmer.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fstrange-history-hallucinogenic-mad-honey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrediciTsuchida1993" class="citation journal cs1">Tredici, PD; Tsuchida, H (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-hibaku-trees-of-hiroshima.pdf">"Hibaku trees of Hiroshima"</a> (PDF). Arnoldia: 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arnoldia&rft.atitle=Hibaku+trees+of+Hiroshima&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Tredici&rft.aufirst=PD&rft.au=Tsuchida%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu%2Fpdf%2Farticles%2F1993-53-3-hibaku-trees-of-hiroshima.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wadsworthshop.org/products/gustav-klimt-two-girls-with-oleander">"Gustav Klimt, Two Girls with an Oleander"</a>. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gustav+Klimt%2C+Two+Girls+with+an+Oleander&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Atheneum+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wadsworthshop.org%2Fproducts%2Fgustav-klimt-two-girls-with-oleander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/62.24/">"Oleanders"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2017-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oleanders&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fworks-of-art%2F62.24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Ash1992" class="citation book cs1">Russell Ash (1992). Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Harry Abrams.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Lawrence+Alma-Tadema&rft.pub=Harry+Abrams&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Russell+Ash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikiart.org/en/frederic-bazille/the-terrace-at-m-ric-oleander">"The Terrace at Méric (Oleanders)"</a>. wikiart.org. Retrieved 2018-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Terrace+at+M%C3%A9ric+%28Oleanders%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikiart.org%2Fen%2Ffrederic-bazille%2Fthe-terrace-at-m-ric-oleander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/White-Oleander-by-Janet-Fitch_1">"White Oleander"</a>. Oprah.com. 1999-05-06. Retrieved 2017-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=White+Oleander&rft.pub=Oprah.com&rft.date=1999-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oprah.com%2Foprahsbookclub%2FWhite-Oleander-by-Janet-Fitch_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParvati_Sharma2018" class="citation news cs1">Parvati Sharma (2018-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-emperor-of-oleander-blossoms/article25451431.ece">"The emperor of oleander blossoms"</a>. The Hindu. Retrieved 2019-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+emperor+of+oleander+blossoms&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.au=Parvati+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fthe-emperor-of-oleander-blossoms%2Farticle25451431.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2006/03/17/origins-steely-dan/">"The origins of Steely Dan"</a>. Entertainment Weekly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+Steely+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2006%2F03%2F17%2Forigins-steely-dan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nerium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Nerium">Nerium</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nerium_oleander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nerium oleander">Nerium oleander</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/plants/landscape/shrubs/hgic1079.html">Oleander Facts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a>. Retrieved on 2018-03-26.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305061850/http://www.oleander.org/toxic.html">Information on Oleander toxicity</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Oleander_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Oleander Society (page does not exist)">International Oleander Society</a>. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614180746/http://www.jardibotanic.bcn.es/22_6_eng.htm">Plants of North Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jard%C3%AD_Bot%C3%A0nic_de_Barcelona" title="Jardí Botànic de Barcelona">Jardí Botànic de Barcelona</a> Retrieved on 2009-07-27.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614112441/http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/index.htm">Medical problems caused by plants: Plant Toxins, Cardiac Glycosides</a>. Erwin, Van den Enden. 2004. Illustrated Lecture Notes on Tropical Medicine. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_Institute_of_Tropical_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine">Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.vcu.edu/~urdesai/car.htm#Cardiac%20Glycosides">Cardiac glycosides</a>. Desai, Umesh R. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a>. School of Pharmacy. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/horrors/poison/oleander.htm">Legend of Oleander-poisoning at Campfire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a>. Retrieved on 2009-07-27.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190443/http://kielo.luomus.fi/laji/?t=Nerium+oleander&l=en">Distribution over the world</a>, N. oleander, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers12539" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers12539" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Nerium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3874774" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q3874774">Q3874774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nerium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Nerium">Nerium</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/192977">192977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/82788">82788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63BQ">63BQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Nerium">Nerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1NERG">1NERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22621">22621</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=122175">122175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Nerium">Nerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122175">122175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3169755">3169755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=8189">8189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47564">47564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30305280-2">30305280-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1306191">1306191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30183">30183</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=63461">63461</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/551d6649-c3af-4d24-aaf5-de7f64459317">551d6649-c3af-4d24-aaf5-de7f64459317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=586718">586718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54730">54730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/NERIU">NERIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30305280-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30305280-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40027626">40027626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/f220946f-71e6-4950-837e-e75d611f011b">f220946f-71e6-4950-837e-e75d611f011b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000025960">wfo-4000025960</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Nerium oleander</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155833" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q155833">Q155833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nerium_oleander" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Nerium oleander">Nerium oleander</a></li> <li>AoFP: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1725">1725</a></li> <li>APA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=412">412</a></li> <li>APDB: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/71692">71692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/82816">82816</a></li> <li>APSA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://apsa.anu.edu.au/sample/251-37-1">251-37-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/nerium-oleander/">nerium-oleander</a></li> <li>BioLib: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id61248">61248</a></li> <li>Calflora: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8462">8462</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4768L">4768L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Herbarium_of_South_Australia" title="State Herbarium of South Australia">eFloraSA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Nerium_oleander">Nerium_oleander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/581314">581314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/NEROL">NEROL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/152565">152565</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18356">18356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200018424">200018424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Nerium%20oleander">Nerium oleander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018424">200018424</a></li> <li>FoIO: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/NEROLE">NEROLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3169756">3169756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=25229">25229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fossil_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Fossil Plant Names Index">IFPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpni.org/species.htm?id=F0291B74-A530-B534-BB56-96EF6CA3EA34">F0291B74-A530-B534-BB56-96EF6CA3EA34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47563">47563</a></li> <li>IPA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=14137">14137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/2454-1">2454-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10852210">10852210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/36220">36220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30184">30184</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/202961">202961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=276089">276089</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.144510/">2.144510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=63479">63479</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/3f5d6878-fc56-41f0-828b-5033fe62f977">3f5d6878-fc56-41f0-828b-5033fe62f977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3234">3234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/136459/">136459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=65881">65881</a></li> <li>PalDat: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Nerium_oleander">Nerium_oleander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Nerium+oleander">Nerium oleander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-135196">kew-135196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/NEOL">NEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A80460-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:80460-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/98456/wd/Details">98456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Biodiversity_Institute" title="South African National Biodiversity Institute">SANBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redlist.sanbi.org/species.php?species=985-1">985-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/1800765">1800765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/6bd9f73b-9d2a-4bb0-9c77-9769d4955142">6bd9f73b-9d2a-4bb0-9c77-9769d4955142</a></li> <li>WoI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000251577">wfo-0000251577</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1353" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155833#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4172547-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93009542">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15052400g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15052400g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007553816905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerium&oldid=1281028512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerium&oldid=1281028512</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monotypic_Apocynaceae_genera" title="Category:Monotypic Apocynaceae genera">Monotypic Apocynaceae genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Drought-tolerant_trees" title="Category:Drought-tolerant trees">Drought-tolerant trees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_North_Africa" title="Category:Flora of North Africa">Flora of North Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Western_Asia" title="Category:Flora of Western Asia">Flora of Western Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_plants_of_Africa" title="Category:Garden plants of Africa">Garden plants of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Garden_plants_of_Asia" title="Category:Garden plants of Asia">Garden plants of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicinal_plants" title="Category:Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ornamental_trees" title="Category:Ornamental trees">Ornamental trees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shrubs" title="Category:Shrubs">Shrubs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nerieae" title="Category:Nerieae">Nerieae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Flora of Lebanon">Flora of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Mediterranean_basin" title="Category:Flora of the Mediterranean basin">Flora of the Mediterranean basin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constantly_blooming_plants" title="Category:Constantly blooming plants">Constantly blooming plants</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2025" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_multiple_manual_Wikidata_items" title="Category:Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items">Taxonbars with multiple manual Wikidata items</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_20%E2%80%9324_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_45%2B_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 45+ taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 March 2025, at 21:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Nerium</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 91 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-866f5d587f-xxh5g","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.166","walltime":"1.414","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11325,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":187218,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8819,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":78,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":287105,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":49,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1264.763 1 -total"," 30.53% 386.133 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.97% 379.010 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 14.52% 183.697 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 14.12% 178.627 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 8.61% 108.860 16 Template:Cite_book"," 6.26% 79.153 27 Template:Cite_web"," 5.40% 68.277 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.12% 52.171 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.11% 51.943 14 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.791","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15108241,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b8cb67659-b46rj","timestamp":"20250327233213","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nerium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nerium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155833","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155833","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-19T00:33:50Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T21:27:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Nerium_oleander_flowers_leaves.jpg","headline":"species of plant"}</script> </body> </html>