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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation of the Kraków Ghetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghetto_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghetto_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ghetto history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghetto_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_Council_(Judenrat)_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Council_(Judenrat)_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Kraków Ghetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Council_(Judenrat)_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Resistance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Resistance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organized_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organized_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Organized resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organized_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyganeria_Bombing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyganeria_Bombing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Cyganeria Bombing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyganeria_Bombing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religious resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_and_outside_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_and_outside_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rescue and outside aid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rescue_and_outside_aid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rescue and outside aid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rescue_and_outside_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Righteous_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Righteous_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Righteous Gentiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Righteous_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Żegota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Żegota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Żegota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Żegota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kraków Ghetto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovsk%C3%A9_ghetto" title="Krakovské ghetto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krakovské ghetto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3wghettoen" title="Krakówghettoen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krakówghettoen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Krakau" title="Ghetto Krakau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghetto Krakau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γκέτο της Κρακοβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέτο της Κρακοβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto_de_Cracovia" title="Gueto de Cracovia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gueto de Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakova_geto" title="Krakova geto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krakova geto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%81" title="گتو کراکوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گتو کراکوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_de_Cracovie" title="Ghetto de Cracovie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghetto de Cracovie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_di_Cracovia" title="Ghetto di Cracovia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghetto di Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91" title="גטו קרקוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גטו קרקוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_van_Krakau" title="Getto van Krakau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Getto van Krakau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="क्राको गेट्टो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्राको गेट्टो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC" title="クラクフ・ゲットー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クラクフ・ゲットー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_krakowskie" title="Getto krakowskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Getto krakowskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto_de_Crac%C3%B3via" title="Gueto de Cracóvia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gueto de Cracóvia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetoul_Cracovia" title="Ghetoul Cracovia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghetoul Cracovia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Краковское гетто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Краковское гетто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kraków Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovsk%C3%A9_geto" title="Krakovské geto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krakovské geto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Краковски гето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Краковски гето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovski_geto" title="Krakovski geto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krakovski geto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krakovan_getto" title="Krakovan getto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Krakovan getto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3ws_getto" title="Krakóws getto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krakóws getto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Gettosu" title="Kraków Gettosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kraków Gettosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Краківське гето – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Краківське гето" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90" title="קראקעווער געטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קראקעווער געטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%8D%80" title="克拉科夫猶太人區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克拉科夫猶太人區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q309472#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #f4e9c5;">Kraków Ghetto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/330px-Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/440px-Jews_forced_to_shovel_snow_from_the_street_in_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1170" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jews forced to shovel snow from the street</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"> <div class="floatnone"> <div style="width:268px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; ;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/268px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="268" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/402px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/536px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 71.7%; left: 35.5%;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 8px; left: -4px; top: -4px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 90%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Map of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust in Poland</a> including <a href="/wiki/Death_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Death camps">death camps</a> marked with skulls, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Nazi-era Ghettos</a> marked with red-gold stars. Red dot shows the location of Kraków Ghetto in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">the interwar period</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kraków Ghetto</b> was one of five major metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a> created by Germany in the new <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> territory during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German occupation of Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and persecution of local <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>. The ghetto was later used as a staging area for separating the "able workers" from those to be deported to <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Operation Reinhard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ghetto was liquidated between June 1942 and March 1943, with most of its inhabitants deported to the <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec extermination camp</a> as well as to <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Płaszów slave-labor camp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, 60 kilometres (37 mi) rail distance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German-Soviet invasion</a> of 1939, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> was an influential centre for the <span class="nowrap">60,000–80,000</span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> who had lived there <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_Polish_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Jewish Polish history">since the 13th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krakow-poland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persecution of the Jewish population of Kraków began immediately after the German troops entered the city on 6 September 1939 in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">German aggression against Poland</a>. Jews were ordered to report for forced labour beginning in September 1939. In November, all Jews twelve years or older were required to wear identifying armbands. Throughout Kraków, synagogues were closed and all their relics and valuables confiscated by the Nazi authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-dws-xip_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dws-xip-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krakow-poland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kraków was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> (the part of <a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">occupied Poland</a> not directly incorporated into Germany), and by May 1940 the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupation authority headed by the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a> announced that Kraków should become the “racially cleanest" city in the General Government. Massive deportations of Jews from the city ensued. Of the more than 68,000 Jews in Kraków at the time of the German invasion, only 15,000 workers and their families were permitted to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All other Jews were ordered out of the city, to be resettled into surrounding rural areas of the General Government.<sup id="cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krakow-poland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto"><span id="Formation_of_the_Krak.C3.B3w_Ghetto"></span>Formation of the Kraków Ghetto</h2></div> <p>In April 1940, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a> proposed the removal of 50,000 Jews from the city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krakow_Cracow_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakow_Cracow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank's reason for removing Jews from the Jewish quarter was that the area "...will be cleansed and it will be possible to establish pure German neighborhoods..." within Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From May 1940 to 15 August 1940, a voluntary expulsion program was enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews that chose to leave Kraków were allowed to take all of their belongings and relocate throughout the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General-Government</a> (Generalgouvernement).<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 15 August 1940, 23,000 Jews had left Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this date, mandatory expulsions were enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 November 1940, the Order for the Deportation of Jews from the Municipal District of Kraków was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This order declared that no more Jews were allowed into the city of Kraków, Jews residing in Kraków required a special permit, and locations outside of Kraków that Jews were forced to move to were chosen by authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews forced to leave were also only allowed to bring along 25 kg (62½ lbs.) of their belongings when they left.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 4 December 1940, 43,000 Jews were removed from Kraków, both voluntarily and involuntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews that were still residing in Kraków at this time were deemed "...economically useful..." and they had to obtain a residence permit that "...had to be renewed each month."<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, on 3 March 1941, the establishment of the Kraków Ghetto was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ghetto was to be set up in the <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> District of Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-Krakow_Cracow_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krakow_Cracow-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:72_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podgórze was chosen as the site of the ghetto instead of the traditional Jewish quarter, <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz" title="Kazimierz">Kazimierz</a>, because Hans Frank believed Kazimierz was more significant to the history of Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podgórze was a suburb of Kraków at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Wächter</a> claimed that formation of the ghetto was necessary for public health and order.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kraków ghetto was officially established on 20 March 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When relocating to the ghetto, Jews were only allowed to bring 25 kg of their belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of their possessions were taken by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Trust_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Trust Office (page does not exist)">German Trust Office</a> (Treuhandstelle).<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jews were resettled to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Brzesko_Ghetto" title="Brzesko Ghetto">ghetto of Brzesko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All non-Jewish residents of the area were required to relocate in other districts by 20 March 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghetto was guarded by the German police (Schutzpolizei), the Polish police (<a href="/wiki/Blue_Police" title="Blue Police">Blue Police</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_Jewish_Police" title="Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police">Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police</a> (J<i>üdischer Ordnungsdienst</i> – OD), but the only police force inside the ghetto was the Jewish Police.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the formation of the ghetto, the OD had an office established at Józefińska Street 37 in Podgórze.<sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1941, the ghetto was enclosed by a wall made of barbed wire and stone; the stones used were designed to look like tombstones, but also included "...Jewish monuments and tombstones from the cemetery."<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ghetto wall was constructed using Jewish forced labor.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ghetto was accessible by three entrances: one near the Podgórze Market, Limanowskiego Street, and the Plac Zgody.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kraków Ghetto was a closed ghetto meaning that it was physically closed off from the surrounding area and access was restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within other German-occupied areas, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">open ghettos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">destruction ghettos</a> existed.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement in and out of the ghetto was restricted and Jews working outside of the ghetto had to have the proper documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews had to "...obtain the appropriate stamps for the Kennkarten [identification cards]..." from the Labor Office (Arbeitsamt).<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghetto was populated by approximately 16,000 Jews when it was first formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the ghetto was cordoned off, it was home to around 3,500 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-:33_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:33-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ghetto consisted of 320 buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accommodate the density, apartments within the ghetto were divided on a 2m² per person basis or by a standard of three people to one window.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish Council (<a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a>) was responsible for determining the new housing assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Kraków ghetto, Yiddish was the official language, not Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 1939, an order was announced mandating that all Jews within the General Government wear an armband identifying them as Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The white armbands with the blue Star of David were still required once Jews were moved into the ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 October 1941, the Third Decree of the General Governor's was enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decree stated that Jews found outside "...their designated residential area will be punished with death."<sup id="cite_ref-:63_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punishment also applied to anyone found aiding Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decree applied to all residents within the General Government.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 November 1941, the area that encompassed the ghetto was reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the Kraków Ghetto increased because Nazis required the Jewish residents of 29 nearby villages to move to the ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the ghetto was reduced again in June 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-:53_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:53-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:82_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reductions in the size of the ghetto were associated with the deportation of Jews, including deportations to the <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec extermination camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When apartments that were no longer included in the ghetto were vacated, possessions were stolen and the units were reassigned.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Municipal Housing Office was responsible for these apartments.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1942. the Kraków ghetto was divided into two parts: Ghetto "A" and Ghetto "B."<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghetto "A" was intended for people that were working and Ghetto "B" was for everyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division was planned with future liquidations of the ghetto in mind.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghetto_history">Ghetto history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296,_Krakau,_Judenlager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg/402px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg/536px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0296%2C_Krakau%2C_Judenlager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kraków area, late 1939. Captive Jews, assembled for slave labor, sit on an open field surrounded by new <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> fence</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516,_Polen,_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg/402px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg/536px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25516%2C_Polen%2C_Bau_der_Mauer_f%C3%BCr_ein_Ghetto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Construction of the ghetto walls, May 1941</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg/268px-Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg/402px-Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg/536px-Krakow_Ghetto_06694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Deportation of Jews from the ghetto, March 1943</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg/268px-Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg/402px-Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg/536px-Krakow_Ghetto_39066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bundles abandoned by Jewish deportees from the Kraków Ghetto, March 1943</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Kraków Ghetto was formally established on 3 March 1941 in the <a href="/wiki/Podg%C3%B3rze" title="Podgórze">Podgórze</a> district and not, as often believed, in the historic Jewish district of Kazimierz. Displaced Polish families from Podgórze took up residences in the former Jewish dwellings outside the newly established ghetto. Meanwhile, 15,000 Jews were crammed into an area previously inhabited by 3,000 people who used to live in a district consisting of 30 streets, 320 residential buildings, and 3,167 rooms. As a result, one apartment was allocated to every four Jewish families, and many less fortunate lived on the street.<sup id="cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krakow-poland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghetto was surrounded by the newly built walls that kept it separated from the rest of the city. In a grim foreshadowing of the near future, these walls contained brick panels in the shape of tombstones. All windows and doors that opened onto the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>" side were ordered to be bricked up. Only four guarded entrances allowed traffic to pass in or out. Small sections of the wall still remain today, one part is fitted with a memorial plaque, which reads "Here they lived, suffered and perished at the hands of Hitler's executioners. From here they began their final journey to the death camps."<sup id="cite_ref-dws-xip_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dws-xip-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishkrakow.net-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young people of the Akiva <a href="/wiki/Zionist_youth_movement" title="Zionist youth movement">youth movement</a>, who had undertaken the publication of an underground newsletter, <i>HeHaluc HaLohem</i> ("The Fighting Pioneer"), joined forces with other <a href="/wiki/Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionists">Zionists</a> to form a local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Fighting Organization</a> (ŻOB, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa), and organize resistance in the ghetto, supported by the Polish underground <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>. The group carried out a variety of resistance activities including the bombing of the Cyganeria cafe – a gathering place of Nazi officers. Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a>, their efforts did not lead to a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">general uprising</a> before the ghetto was liquidated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerenji_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerenji-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 30 May 1942 onward, the Nazis began systematic <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">deportations from the Ghetto</a> to surrounding concentration camps. Thousands of Jews were transported in the succeeding months as part of the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_Krakau" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Krakau">Aktion Krakau</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberführer">Oberführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a>. Jews were assembled on Zgody Square first and then escorted to the railway station in Prokocim. The first transport consisted of 7,000 people, the second, of additional 4,000 Jews deported to <a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec death camp</a> on 5 June 1942. On 13–14 March 1943, the final 'liquidation' of the ghetto was carried out under the command of <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-<a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a> <a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a>. Two thousand Jews deemed able to work were transported to the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Płaszów labor camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hekrak_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hekrak-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those deemed unfit for work – some 2,000 Jews – were killed in the streets of the ghetto on those days with the use of "<a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a>" police auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hekrak_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hekrak-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining 3,000 were sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishkrakow.net-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hekrak_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hekrak-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_Council_(Judenrat)_of_the_Kraków_Ghetto"><span id="Jewish_Council_.28Judenrat.29_of_the_Krak.C3.B3w_Ghetto"></span>Jewish Council (Judenrat) of the Kraków Ghetto</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_Jewish_Council" title="Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council">Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council</a></div> <p>A 24-person Jewish board was formed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and later in the Krakow Ghetto, when the ghetto was formed on March 3, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Jewish Council was in charge of the inhabitants of the ghetto but received many orders from local <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> officials, even though it retained some degree of autonomy. Some of its functions included overseeing labor and welfare, conducting a census and taxing the population.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_life">Cultural life</h2></div> <p>Cultural life in the Kraków Ghetto was bleak and dangerous for the Jewish population. Each day dragged on, consistently becoming harder and harder to tolerate and survive. There was not much for the Jews to live for. The mood was somber, spirits were low, and the majority of the ghetto's inhabitants remained hopeless. </p><p>Jews in the Kraków ghetto were required to wear a <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> on their arm, identifying them as being Jewish, which led to the revoking of most rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A curfew was implemented that stripped Jews of many opportunities to participate in the cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on, Jews needed to obtain permits in order to enter and exit the ghetto, robbing them of any freedom they felt they had left at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the Jews were unable to participate in certain areas of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto, “various cultural and religious activities continued within the ghetto."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the practice of religion was banned, that did not stop those in the Kraków ghetto from praying and staying true to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least three synagogues or other religious facilities were still in use that served as a place for the Jews to go to and pray.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also a café where artists played live music within the ghetto, which proved to be instrumental in keeping Jews' spirits up. Finally, there was a ghetto pharmacy, which was a place where people could go to discuss problems, read underground and official newspapers and learn the realities of what was happening and what atrocities they were living through.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous songs were created by those living in the ghetto, serving three major purposes: “documentation of ghetto life, a diversion from reality, and the upholding of tradition.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These songs portrayed their immense suffering coupled with their dedication and determination to survive. Some of the most popular lyrics are “Me hot zey in dr’erd, me vet zey iberlebn, me vet noch derlebn” (“To hell with them, we will survive them, we will yet survive”),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conveying and sharing the feelings of the Jewish people through music. Laughter, which was a rarity in the Kraków ghetto, was another way numerous victims attempted to cope with their strong hatred for the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes prisoners performed ghetto songs, while other times small groups performed them with various instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Street songs are a sub-genre of ghetto music with four dominant themes: hunger, corrupt administration, hope for freedom and a call for revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music has always been a traditional and important aspect of both Jewish holidays and Jewish home life more generally. The prisoners in the Kraków Ghetto did their best to keep this tradition alive, especially during Passover and Yom Kippur.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although music brought some comfort to many, suicide rates were significantly higher among the musicians than other camp workers. Many of the musicians were forced to watch the murder of their families and friends due to the Nazi's insistence that the prisoner-musicians play music while the other prisoners were marched to the gas chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kulisiewicz" title="Aleksander Kulisiewicz">Aleksander Kulisiewicz</a> was an aspiring musician who did his best to “collect, compose, and perform songs” while living in the ghetto even though it was illegal to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inmates in the Kraków ghetto worked 12-hour days that left them more exhausted than imaginable.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to pass the time, songs were sung throughout the work day.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gebirtig" title="Mordechai Gebirtig">Mordechai Gebirtig</a>, who is “known for his beautiful and prescient songs and poems”<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> emerged from the Kraków ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His song “Our Town Is Burning” which was written in 1938 became “one of the most popular songs in the ghettos and concentration camps."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, Gebirtig was shot and killed in the Kraków ghetto. </p><p>Another individual who was in the Kraków ghetto was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, who became a famous film director upon his survival of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polanski eventually directed a film that told the story of the musician <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Szpilman" title="Władysław Szpilman">Władysław Szpilman</a> who survived the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to pass time while trapped in these horrendous conditions, a lot of Jewish children in the Kraków ghetto played the violin and any other instruments they had access to.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music proved to be an instrumental aspect of cultural life in the Kraków ghetto that aided in keeping the spirits of Jews up as much as possible during such low and awful times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance">Resistance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organized_resistance">Organized resistance</h3></div> <p>The Kraków Jewish underground resistance existed from 1942 to late 1943, and stemmed from youth groups such as Akiva.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two groups that formed were <a href="/wiki/Iskra" title="Iskra">Iskra</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hahalutz_Halochem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hahalutz Halochem (page does not exist)">Hahalutz Halochem</a>, or the Fighting Organization of the Jewish youth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite ultimately focusing on more classical armed resistance actions, they originally focused on providing support for education and welfare organizations within the ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually establishing a magazine, the groups initially focused on working with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground</a> and the <i>Communist Partia Robotnicza</i> <i>(</i>PPR<i>)</i>. They ultimately planned for action against the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Resistance conducted demonstrations against several <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a>-frequented institutions, including café Cyganeria, café Esplanada, and a theater.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Polish Underground group also aided the Jews with a program called <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, rather than aligning with either communist or <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> groups, the Iskra Resistance group aimed solely at combating and destroying the Nazis. From the outset, Iskra's inaugural members were Heszek Bauminger, Shlomo Sh., and eventually Gola Mire. Heszek Bauminger fought for the Polish army at the beginning of the war, and despite participating in the Social Zionist <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a> group, he moved his allegiances to communism. Gola Mire – another Hatzair former member – became involved in the Polish Communist Party. Accordingly, Iskra worked in conjunction with the communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> division – <i><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></i> – in an armed initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, German armed forces were the target of Iskra. Further, Resistance in the Kraków ghetto decided to attack the “Aryan” portion of the city rather than fight a futile war from within.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen itself, Iskra merged with Hahalutz Halochem – thus mixing communist leanings with a Zionist group<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently forming the Jewish fighting Organization (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ZOB)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the similarity in name this ZOB was independent from the ZOB involved in Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians will argue that the youth movements involved had significant, but realistic aims. It is suggested that Nazi intentions were evident to the youth and they consequently decided to fight the Nazis vision, even though they knew success would be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, composed of members of the Akiva Zionist youth movement, Hahalutz Halochem worked with Iskra along with communist to stage the Cyganeria bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aligning with Hahalutz Halochem motivated Akiva to transition to armed resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the underground movements published a paper called “Hechalutz Halochem” which was edited by Simon Dranger. This paper served to combat the German work of “Zydowska Gazeta”; this was an underground work which attempted to conceal the Nazis' genocidal aims and thus stem any opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyganeria_Bombing">Cyganeria Bombing</h3></div> <p>The Cyganeria Bombing is one of the more discussed attacks conducted by the Kraków Resistance movements. It was one of a series of attacks in a retaliatory response to the implementation of mass deportations. Prior to Cyganeria, attacks occurred at the Optima factory and the Cosmo Club – the Cosmo Club attack killed several Nazi elites. Furthermore, three attacks were planned for Dec. 24, 1942: Cyganeria Café, Esplanada Café, Sztuka theater, and an officers’ club.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the Hahalutz Halochem and Iskra resistance groups bombed Cyganeria on December 22 and killed from 7 to 70 Germans and injured many others.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack at the theater was relatively unsuccessful due to poor planning and a refusal to harm innocent Poles in attendance; however, Esplanada Café and the Officers’ club attacks were successful.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relative success of the Resistance groups was hindered by Julek Appel and Natek Waisman who betrayed the resistance. Hahalutz Halochem was quickly subdued by the Nazis – due to Appel and Waisman – but better security habits protected Iskra for a limited time.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, two key resistance members – Adolf Liebeskind and Tennenbaum – died in the attack. Finally, following the Cyganeria Café attack, weapons, various currencies, and enemy uniforms were found by the Gestapo. The Gestapo sent a message to Nazi elites via <i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">SS-Obergruppenfüher</a></i> Wolff and <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsfüher</a></i> Himmler. Lucien Steinberg, the author of <i>Jews Against Hitler,</i> argues that this communicated the attack's significance to Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publicly the identity of the attacks perpetrators were not revealed and it was rumored to be the Polish Underground or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the Jews who carried out the attack, they were disguised as Poles. This reflected a concern, within Hahalutz Halochem, of Nazi retaliation against the ghetto if the Jews were implicated.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_resistance">Religious resistance</h3></div> <p>Additionally, Jews in the Kraków Ghetto participated in a form of religious resistance by continuing to practice <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in secret. This succeeded through the safeguard of the <a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Jewish police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rescue_and_outside_aid">Rescue and outside aid</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Righteous_Gentiles">The Righteous Gentiles</h3></div> <p>The only pharmacy enclosed within the Kraków Ghetto boundary belonged to the Polish <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pankiewicz" title="Tadeusz Pankiewicz">Tadeusz Pankiewicz</a>, permitted by the German authorities to operate his "Under the Eagle Pharmacy" there upon his request. The scarce medications and tranquillizers supplied to the ghetto's residents often free of charge – apart from health-care considerations – contributed to their survival. Pankiewicz passed around hair dyes to Jews compelled to cross the ghetto walls illegally. In recognition of his heroic deeds in helping countless Jews in the ghetto during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">the Holocaust</a>, he was bestowed the title of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_among_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Righteous among the Nations">Righteous among the Nations</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> on February 10, 1983. Pankiewicz is the author of a book describing, among other events, the ghetto liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishkrakow.net-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crowe_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of several dozen <a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_among_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Righteous among the Nations">Polish Righteous</a> from Kraków,<sup id="cite_ref-sztetl-righteous_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sztetl-righteous-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes Maria and Bronisław Florek who lived at Czyżówka Street and saved Goldberger and Nichtberger families. Notably, Maria Florek smuggled forged identity papers procured at the <i>Emalia</i> Factory of <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schindler" title="Oskar Schindler">Oskar Schindler</a> (without his awareness), for the Jews hiding on the 'Aryan side' of Kraków.<sup id="cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-f_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprawiedliwi-f-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Władysław Budyński, who provided help without remuneration even to complete strangers, ended up marrying a Jewish girl, Chana Landau in 1943, but they were caught by Gestapo in 1944 and deported to different concentration camps. Both survived, reunited in Kraków, and in 1969 emigrated to Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-b_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprawiedliwi-b-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish gynaecologist Dr Helena Szlapak turned her home at Garbarska Street into a safe house for trafficked Jews and distribution of falsified documents as well as secret messages and storage of photographs from Auschwitz. She collaborated with <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a>, attended to sick Jews in hiding and placed them in hospitals under false identities.<sup id="cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-s_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprawiedliwi-s-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Żegota"><span id=".C5.BBegota"></span>Żegota</h3></div> <p>Żegota also had prominence in Kraków. The goal of Żegota was to aid the Jews on a day-to-day basis – rather than aiming for an overall solution.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zegota provided opportunity with false documents, doctors for healthcare, money, and several other pivotal resources and aid for the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Zegota</i>, historians assert that Polish – Jewish relations were strong before the war, and Żegota became involved to strengthen the organically arising aid. Moreover, led by Stanislaw Dobrowolski, food, medicine, funds, and means for escape were provided. Several Żegota members – Jozefa Rysinska, Mieczyslaw Kurz, Tadeusz Bilewicz, Zygmunt Kuzma, and Ada Prochnicka – facilitated transport of supplies and overall aid in the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG/200px-Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG/300px-Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG/400px-Krakow_ghetto_wall_%26_home.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">One of two preserved parts of the ghetto wall (27 Lwowska Street), with a memorial plaque and typical ghetto home in the background</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg/200px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg/300px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg/400px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_wall_62_Limanowskiego_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The second preserved piece of the ghetto wall at 62 Limanowskiego Street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial,_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg/200px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg/300px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg/400px-Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_and_Jewish_Deportation_Holocaust_Memorial%2C_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Memorial to Jews from the Kraków Ghetto on their deportation site. Each steel chair represents 1,000 victims</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Movie director <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, a survivor of the ghetto, in his 1984 memoir <i>Roman</i> evoked his childhood experiences there before the mass deportations of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Operation Reinhard in Kraków</a>. "My own feeling – Polański wrote – was that if only one could explain to them that we had done nothing wrong, the Germans would realize that it all was a gigantic misunderstanding."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many years later, <a href="/wiki/Roma_Ligocka" title="Roma Ligocka">Roma Ligocka</a>, Polish artist and author, and a first cousin to Roman Polański who, as a small girl, was rescued and survived the ghetto, wrote a novel based on her experiences, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_in_the_Red_Coat" title="The Girl in the Red Coat">The Girl in the Red Coat</a>: A Memoir</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is mistakenly thought to be portrayed in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_List" title="Schindler's List">Schindler's List</a></i>. The scene, however, was constructed on the memories of Zelig Burkhut, survivor of Plaszow (and other work camps). When being interviewed by Spielberg before the making for the film, Burkhut told of a young girl wearing a pink coat, no older than four, who was shot by a Nazi officer right before his eyes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Schindler" title="Oskar Schindler">Oskar Schindler</a> was portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Schindler%27s_Ark" title="Schindler's Ark">Schindler's Ark</a></i> (the basis for <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s film <i>Schindler's List</i>). In an especially dramatic event, 300 of Schindler's workers were deported to the Auschwitz death camp despite his efforts, and he personally intervened to return them to him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other notable people include <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Gebirtig" title="Mordechai Gebirtig">Mordechai Gebirtig</a>, who was one of the most influential and popular writers of Yiddish songs and poems. He was shot there in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Akavia" title="Miriam Akavia">Miriam Akavia</a>, an Israeli writer, survived the Kraków ghetto and concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-dziennik_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dziennik-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dialog_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dialog-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renowned dermatologist and co-discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Reyes_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Reyes Syndrome">Reyes Syndrome</a>, Dr Jim Jacob Baral was also a Kraków Ghetto survivor; his mother pushed him and his brother Martin under the barbed wire to hide at the home of a Polish rescuer who took them to <a href="/wiki/Bochnia" title="Bochnia">Bochnia</a> where their mother and sister joined them later.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Offen" title="Bernard Offen">Bernard Offen</a>, born in 1929 in Kraków survived the ghetto and several Nazi concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Zakulski" title="Jerzy Zakulski">Jerzy Zakulski</a>, an attorney, and member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> (<i>Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</i>, NSZ) in German-occupied Kraków was sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Stalinist officials</a> and executed in Soviet-controlled postwar Poland on <span class="nowrap">trumped-up</span> charges of being an enemy spy.<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-Bi_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-Bi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Jewish Holocaust survivor from Kraków, Maria Błeszyńska <i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a></i> Bernstein, attempted to save Zakulski's life <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">in gratitude for his rescue</a> of her and her daughter during the Holocaust; however, she was unsuccessful. The certified letter she sent to the Regional Military Court in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> was thrown out, along with the plea for presidential mercy.<sup id="cite_ref-IPN-Bi_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPN-Bi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zuzanna_Ginczanka" title="Zuzanna Ginczanka">Zuzanna Ginczanka</a> and her husband left the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lvov ghetto</a> for the Kraków ghetto in September 1942. She was arrested and shot in a prison in January 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mosberg" title="Edward Mosberg">Edward Mosberg</a>, at the time 14 years old, and his immediate family, grandparents, cousins, and aunt were moved into one small apartment in the Kraków Ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, his grandmother, aunts, and cousins were deported from it to <a href="/wiki/Belzec_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Belzec concentration camp">Belzec concentration camp</a> in German-occupied Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, the Kraków Ghetto was liquidated, and the remaining Mosberg family was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="Płaszów">Płaszów</a> just south of Kraków, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a> operated by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>, which had been constructed on the grounds of two former Jewish cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">History of the Jews in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_Jewish_Police" title="Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police">Kraków Ghetto Jewish Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto_Jewish_Council" title="Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council">Kraków Ghetto Jewish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsamt_in_occupied_Poland" title="Arbeitsamt in occupied Poland">Arbeitsamt in occupied Poland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDr_S_D_Stein2007" class="citation web cs1">Dr S D Stein (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310151949/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Life Unworthy of Life" and other Medical Killing Programmes"</a>. <i>The 'Euthanasia' and `Aktion Reinhard' Trial Cases</i>. UWE Faculty of Humanities, Languages, and Social Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/mord.htm">the original</a> on March 10, 2013 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+%27Euthanasia%27+and+%60Aktion+Reinhard%27+Trial+Cases&rft.atitle=%22Life+Unworthy+of+Life%22+and+other+Medical+Killing+Programmes&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.au=Dr+S+D+Stein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2Fgenocide%2Fmord.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krakow-poland-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krakow-poland_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow-poland.com/a/Krakow-Ghetto,ehc">"History of the Krakow Ghetto"</a>. <i>Essential Krakow</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201202634/http://www.krakow-poland.com/a/Krakow-Ghetto%2Cehc">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Essential+Krakow&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Krakow+Ghetto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow-poland.com%2Fa%2FKrakow-Ghetto%2Cehc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dws-xip-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dws-xip_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dws-xip_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dws-xip.pl/reich/zaglada/getto3.html">"Getto krakowskie." About Kraków Ghetto</a>, with valuable historical photos and the Ghetto map. <i>DWS</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2082-7431">2082-7431</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongerich2010" class="citation book cs1">Longerich, Peter (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long_973"><i>Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocaustnaziper00long_973/page/n175">161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192804365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192804365"><bdi>978-0192804365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+%E2%80%93+The+Nazi+Persecution+and+Murder+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0192804365&rft.aulast=Longerich&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocaustnaziper00long_973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichman2011" class="citation book cs1">Michman, Dan (2011). <i>The Emergence of Jewish Ghettos During the Holocaust</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521763714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521763714"><bdi>978-0521763714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Jewish+Ghettos+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75-83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521763714&rft.aulast=Michman&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krakow_Cracow-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_Cracow_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krakow_Cracow_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005169">"Krakow (Cracow)"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Krakow+%28Cracow%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Hilberg, Raul (2003). <i>The destruction of the European Jews</i> (Third ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 208–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300149135" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300149135"><bdi>978-0300149135</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/887807298">887807298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+destruction+of+the+European+Jews&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=208-210&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F887807298&rft.isbn=978-0300149135&rft.aulast=Hilberg&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:53-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:53_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApenszlak,_JacobKenner,_JacobLewin,_IsaacPolakiewicz,_Moshe1999" class="citation book cs1">Apenszlak, Jacob; Kenner, Jacob; Lewin, Isaac; Polakiewicz, Moshe, eds. (1999). <i>The Black Book of Polish Jewry</i>. American Federation for Polish Jews., Association of Jewish Refugees and Immigrants from Poland. Waterbury, Conn.: Brohan Press. pp. 79–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1930423022" title="Special:BookSources/978-1930423022"><bdi>978-1930423022</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45496507">45496507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Polish+Jewry&rft.place=Waterbury%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=79-84&rft.pub=Brohan+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45496507&rft.isbn=978-1930423022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf1989" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Malvina (1989). <i>The Kraków ghetto and the Płaszów camp remembered</i>. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press. pp. 35–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813009056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813009056"><bdi>978-0813009056</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18715997">18715997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Krak%C3%B3w+ghetto+and+the+P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w+camp+remembered&rft.place=Tallahassee&rft.pages=35-38&rft.pub=Florida+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18715997&rft.isbn=978-0813009056&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Malvina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1939-1941/krakow-ghetto-established">"Krakow Ghetto Established – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Krakow+Ghetto+Established+%E2%80%93+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Flearn%2Ftimeline-of-events%2F1939-1941%2Fkrakow-ghetto-established&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:72_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:72_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007458">"Krakow: Timeline"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Krakow%3A+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugelmassOrla-Bukowska1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kugelmass, Jack; Orla-Bukowska, Annamaria (January 1998). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'If You Build it They Will Come': Recreating an Historic Jewish District in Post-Communist Krakow". <i>City & Society</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcity.1998.10.1.315">10.1525/city.1998.10.1.315</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0893-0465">0893-0465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144838939">144838939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+Society&rft.atitle=%27If+You+Build+it+They+Will+Come%27%3A+Recreating+an+Historic+Jewish+District+in+Post-Communist+Krakow&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=319&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144838939%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0893-0465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcity.1998.10.1.315&rft.aulast=Kugelmass&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Orla-Bukowska%2C+Annamaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPióro2012" class="citation book cs1">Pióro, Anna (2012). <i>The Kraków Ghetto 1941–1943 : a guide to the area of the former Ghetto</i> (Third edition updated and rev ed.). Kraków: Muzeum Historyczne Miasta Krakowa. Apteka pod Orłem. pp. 3–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8375771046" title="Special:BookSources/978-8375771046"><bdi>978-8375771046</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809174601">809174601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Krak%C3%B3w+Ghetto+1941%E2%80%931943+%3A+a+guide+to+the+area+of+the+former+Ghetto&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=3-5&rft.edition=Third+edition+updated+and+rev&rft.pub=Muzeum+Historyczne+Miasta+Krakowa.+Apteka+pod+Or%C5%82em.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809174601&rft.isbn=978-8375771046&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B3ro&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos">"Encyclopedia of Camps & Ghettos"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+%26+Ghettos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fencyclopedia-camps-ghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:82_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:82_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarkowska-Natkaniec2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarkowska-Natkaniec, Alicja (2013-08-28). "Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst in Occupied Kraków during the Years 1940–1945". <i>Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia</i> (in Polish). <b>11</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4467%2F20843925sj.13.013.1309">10.4467/20843925sj.13.013.1309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2084-3925">2084-3925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Judaica+Cracoviensia&rft.atitle=J%C3%BCdischer+Ordnungsdienst+in+Occupied+Krak%C3%B3w+during+the+Years+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=11&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4467%2F20843925sj.13.013.1309&rft.issn=2084-3925&rft.aulast=Jarkowska-Natkaniec&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:92_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:92_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/types-of-ghettos">"Types of Ghettos"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Types+of+Ghettos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftypes-of-ghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:63-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:63_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:63_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:63_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:63_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/learn/timeline-of-events/1942-1945/german-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews">"Death Penalty for Aiding Jews – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Death+Penalty+for+Aiding+Jews+%E2%80%93+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Flearn%2Ftimeline-of-events%2F1942-1945%2Fgerman-poster-announces-death-penalty-for-aiding-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishkrakow.net-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishkrakow.net_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204518/http://www.jewishkrakow.net/en/see/krakow-ghetto/">JewishKrakow.net</a> – A page on the Krakow Ghetto complete with contemporary picture gallery at the JewishKrakow.net.  Accessed 12 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerenji-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerenji_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerenji2014" class="citation book cs1">Kerenji, Emil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXDYBAAAQBAJ&q=He-Haluts%20ha-Lohem&pg=PA206"><i>Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236271" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236271"><bdi>978-1442236271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Responses+to+Persecution%3A+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236271&rft.aulast=Kerenji&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXDYBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DHe-Haluts%2520ha-Lohem%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hekrak-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hekrak_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekrak_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hekrak_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow">"Krakow (Cracow)"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Krakow+%28Cracow%29&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkrakow-cracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/trawniki">"Trawniki"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trawniki&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftrawniki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_P._Megargee" title="Geoffrey P. Megargee">Geoffrey, Megargee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org">"The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum encyclopedia of camps and ghettos"</a>. <i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. p. 527<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+encyclopedia+of+camps+and+ghettos&rft.pages=527&rft.aulast=Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Megargee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trunk, Isaiah (1972). <i>Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation</i>. Macmillan. p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trunk, Isaiah (1972). <i>Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation</i>. Macmillan. p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trunk, Isaiah (1972). <i>Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation</i>. Macmillan. p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trunk, Isaiah (1972). <i>Judenrat: the Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe under Nazi Occupation</i>. Macmillan. p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org">"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i>. p. 528<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.pages=528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org">"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>www.ushmm.org</i>. p. 529<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.pages=529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf1989" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Malvina (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krkowghettopaszw0000graf"><i>The Krakow Ghetto and the Plaszow Camp Remembered</i></a></span>. Tallahassee: Florida State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/krkowghettopaszw0000graf/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813009056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813009056"><bdi>978-0813009056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Krakow+Ghetto+and+the+Plaszow+Camp+Remembered&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Tallahassee%3A+Florida+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0813009056&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Malvina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkrkowghettopaszw0000graf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/arts/musvicti.htm">"Holocaust Music of the Ghettos and Camps"</a>. <i>fcit.usf.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcit.usf.edu&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Music+of+the+Ghettos+and+Camps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2Fholocaust%2Farts%2Fmusvicti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodlowiec-Dziedzic2004" class="citation book cs1">Jodlowiec-Dziedzic, Anna (2004). <i>The Holocaust of Cracow Jews</i>. Historical Museum of the City of Cracow. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8390814889" title="Special:BookSources/978-8390814889"><bdi>978-8390814889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+of+Cracow+Jews&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Historical+Museum+of+the+City+of+Cracow&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8390814889&rft.aulast=Jodlowiec-Dziedzic&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/places/ghettos/krakow/">"Kraków"</a>. <i>Holocaust Music</i>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Music&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholocaustmusic.ort.org%2Fplaces%2Fghettos%2Fkrakow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTec1997" class="citation book cs1">Tec, Nechama (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishresistance00tecn"><i>Jewish Resistance Facts, Omissions and Distortions</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishresistance00tecn/page/9">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Resistance+Facts%2C+Omissions+and+Distortions&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tec&rft.aufirst=Nechama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishresistance00tecn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Finkel" title="Evgeny Finkel">Finkel, Evgeny</a> (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow">"Krakow (Cracow)"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Krakow+%28Cracow%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkrakow-cracow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauminger1987" class="citation book cs1">Bauminger, Arieh L. (1987). <i>The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto</i>. Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighters+of+the+Cracow+Ghetto&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Keter+Press+Enterprises&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bauminger&rft.aufirst=Arieh+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTec1997" class="citation book cs1">Tec, Nechama (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishresistance00tecn"><i>Jewish Resistance Facts, Omissions, and Distortions</i></a></span>. Washington D.C.: United States Holocaust Museum. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishresistance00tecn/page/23">23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Resistance+Facts%2C+Omissions%2C+and+Distortions&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Museum&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tec&rft.aufirst=Nechama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishresistance00tecn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewskiWerbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). <i>Zegota</i>. Montreal, Quebec: Price-Patterson Ltd. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969577164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0969577164"><bdi>978-0969577164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Price-Patterson+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0969577164&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Werbowski%2C+Tecia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowski1984" class="citation book cs1">Krakowski, Shmuel (1984). <i>The War of the Doomed</i>. Translated by Blaustein, Orah. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0841908512" title="Special:BookSources/978-0841908512"><bdi>978-0841908512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Doomed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0841908512&rft.aulast=Krakowski&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauminger1987" class="citation book cs1">Bauminger, Arieh L. (1987). <i>The Fighters of the Cracow Ghetto</i>. Jerusalem: Keter Press Enterprises. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighters+of+the+Cracow+Ghetto&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Keter+Press+Enterprises&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bauminger&rft.aufirst=Arieh+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 174–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=174-176&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1970" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Alfred (1970). <i>Poland's Ghettos at War</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78120535">78120535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Ghettos+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78120535&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1970" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Alfred (1970). <i>Poland's Ghettos at War</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78120535">78120535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Ghettos+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78120535&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1970" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Alfred (1970). <i>Poland's Ghettos at War</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/78120535">78120535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Ghettos+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F78120535&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1974" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Lucien (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsagainsthitle00stei/page/223"><i>The Jews Against Hitler (Not as a Lamb)</i></a>. Translated by Hunter, Marion. London: Gordon & Cremonesi. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewsagainsthitle00stei/page/223">223–224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0860330615" title="Special:BookSources/978-0860330615"><bdi>978-0860330615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+Against+Hitler+%28Not+as+a+Lamb%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=223-224&rft.pub=Gordon+%26+Cremonesi&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0860330615&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewsagainsthitle00stei%2Fpage%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2017" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Evgeny (2017). <i>Ordinary Jews: Choice and Survival During the Holocaust</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691172576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691172576"><bdi>978-0691172576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Jews%3A+Choice+and+Survival+During+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0691172576&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauben2001" class="citation book cs1">Hauben, William (2001). <i>From the Flames Miracles and Wonders of Survival</i>. Lincoln: Writers Club Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595158652" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595158652"><bdi>978-0595158652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Flames+Miracles+and+Wonders+of+Survival&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Writers+Club+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0595158652&rft.aulast=Hauben&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowe_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David M. Crowe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LB_HLHJ_J64C&pg=PA180&dq=%22Tadeusz+Pankiewicz%22+%22Under+the+Eagle%22&ei=ny1USJusD6OQjgG9yYGCDA&sig=5FD0-Y75BVC6ZwAnvNKpsI3Rp6U"><i>The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath.</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Published by Westview Press. p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sztetl-righteous-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sztetl-righteous_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtual_Shtetl2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Shtetl" title="Virtual Shtetl">Virtual Shtetl</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802032609/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/krakow/35,polish-righteous/">"Polish Righteous: Kraków"</a>. <i>History of Jewish Community</i>. POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/article/krakow/35,polish-righteous/">the original</a> on 2 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Jewish+Community&rft.atitle=Polish+Righteous%3A+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Virtual+Shtetl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztetl.org.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fkrakow%2F35%2Cpolish-righteous%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sprawiedliwi-f-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-f_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_Righteous2015" class="citation web cs1">Polish Righteous (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105019/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/107,the-florek-family/">"Maria and Bronisław Florek"</a>. <i>Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 1 July 1992</i>. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/107,the-florek-family/">the original</a> on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recognized+as+the+Righteous+Among+the+Nations%3A+1+July+1992&rft.atitle=Maria+and+Bronis%C5%82aw+Florek&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Polish+Righteous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Ffamily%2F107%2Cthe-florek-family%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sprawiedliwi-b-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-b_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_Righteous2015" class="citation web cs1">Polish Righteous (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105033/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/755,budynski-wladyslaw/">"Władysław Budyński"</a>. <i>Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 17 July 1982</i>. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/755,budynski-wladyslaw/">the original</a> on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recognized+as+the+Righteous+Among+the+Nations%3A+17+July+1982&rft.atitle=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Budy%C5%84ski&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Polish+Righteous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Ffamily%2F755%2Cbudynski-wladyslaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sprawiedliwi-s-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sprawiedliwi-s_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolish_Righteous2015" class="citation web cs1">Polish Righteous (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105031/http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/696,szlapak-helena/">"Dr Helena Szlapak"</a>. <i>Recognized as the Righteous Among the Nations: 28 March 1979</i>. Polscy Sprawiedliwi – Przywracanie Pamięci. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprawiedliwi.org.pl/en/family/696,szlapak-helena/">the original</a> on 2015-09-24 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recognized+as+the+Righteous+Among+the+Nations%3A+28+March+1979&rft.atitle=Dr+Helena+Szlapak&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Polish+Righteous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprawiedliwi.org.pl%2Fen%2Ffamily%2F696%2Cszlapak-helena%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewskiWerbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). <i>Zegota</i>. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969577164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0969577164"><bdi>978-0969577164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Price+%E2%80%93+Patterson+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0969577164&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Werbowski%2C+Tecia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewskiWerbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). <i>Zegota</i>. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969577164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0969577164"><bdi>978-0969577164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Price+%E2%80%93+Patterson+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0969577164&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Werbowski%2C+Tecia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaszewskiWerbowski1994" class="citation book cs1">Tomaszewski, Irene; Werbowski, Tecia (1994). <i>Zegota</i>. Montreal, Quebec: Price – Patterson Ltd. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0969577164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0969577164"><bdi>978-0969577164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zegota&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Price+%E2%80%93+Patterson+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0969577164&rft.aulast=Tomaszewski&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Werbowski%2C+Tecia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_Polański1984" class="citation book cs1">Roman Polański (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roman00pola"><i>Roman</i></a></span>. Morrow. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roman00pola/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688026219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688026219"><bdi>978-0688026219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0688026219&rft.au=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froman00pola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/book/101525/the-girl-in-the-red-coat-by-roma-ligocka-and-iris-von-finckenstein">"The Girl in the Red Coat by Roma Ligocka and Iris Von Finckenstein"</a>. Random House, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Girl+in+the+Red+Coat+by+Roma+Ligocka+and+Iris+Von+Finckenstein&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fbook%2F101525%2Fthe-girl-in-the-red-coat-by-roma-ligocka-and-iris-von-finckenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerLishinsky1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Kramer" title="Aaron Kramer">Kramer, Aaron</a>; Lishinsky, Saul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lP2qbsCsmV0C&pg=PA102"><i>The Last Lullaby: Poetry from the Holocaust</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815605799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815605799"><bdi>978-0815605799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lullaby%3A+Poetry+from+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0815605799&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Lishinsky%2C+Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlP2qbsCsmV0C%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dziennik-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dziennik_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dziennikpolski24.pl/artykul/3719942,miriam-akavia-19272015,id,t.html">"Miriam Akavia (1927–2015)"</a> (in Polish). DziennikPolski24.pl. 19 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miriam+Akavia+%281927%E2%80%932015%29&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dziennikpolski24.pl%2Fartykul%2F3719942%2Cmiriam-akavia-19272015%2Cid%2Ct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dialog-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dialog_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Dialog.org">"Platform for Polish-Jewish Dialogue"</a> [Platforma Dialogu Polsko-Żydowskiego]. <i>Homepage</i>. Dialog.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Homepage&rft.atitle=Platform+for+Polish-Jewish+Dialogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Dialog.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEHRI" class="citation web cs1">EHRI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.ehri-project.eu/units/us-005578-irn35416-irn35920">"Macramé bag with 2 wooden handles used by a Polish Jewish family while in hiding"</a>. The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure Online Portal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macram%C3%A9+bag+with+2+wooden+handles+used+by+a+Polish+Jewish+family+while+in+hiding&rft.pub=The+European+Holocaust+Research+Infrastructure+Online+Portal&rft.au=EHRI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.ehri-project.eu%2Funits%2Fus-005578-irn35416-irn35920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffen2005" class="citation book cs1">Offen, Sam (2005). <i>When hope prevails: the personal triumph of a Holocaust survivor</i>. Livonia, MI: First Page Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1928623588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1928623588"><bdi>978-1928623588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+hope+prevails%3A+the+personal+triumph+of+a+Holocaust+survivor&rft.place=Livonia%2C+MI&rft.pub=First+Page+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1928623588&rft.aulast=Offen&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPN-Bi-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-Bi_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPN-Bi_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciech_Jerzy_Muszynski,_IPN_Warsaw2009" class="citation web cs1">Wojciech Jerzy Muszynski, IPN Warsaw (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zyciezazycie.pl/download/23/4643/Biuletyn32009.pdf">"Jerzy Zakulski, Czarny Mecenas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF file, direct download 2.82 MB)</span>. <i>Biuletyn Nr 3/98</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. pp. 53–56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biuletyn+Nr+3%2F98&rft.atitle=Jerzy+Zakulski%2C+Czarny+Mecenas&rft.pages=53-56&rft.date=2009-03&rft.au=Wojciech+Jerzy+Muszynski%2C+IPN+Warsaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzyciezazycie.pl%2Fdownload%2F23%2F4643%2FBiuletyn32009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsee_for_example:_Balcerzan1982" class="citation book cs1">see for example: Balcerzan, Edward (1982). <i>Poezja polska w latach 1939–1965 (pt. 1: Strategie liryczne)</i>. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/830201172X" title="Special:BookSources/830201172X"><bdi>830201172X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poezja+polska+w+latach+1939%E2%80%931965+%28pt.+1%3A+Strategie+liryczne%29&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=830201172X&rft.aulast=see+for+example%3A+Balcerzan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfi.usc.edu/survivor/edward-mosberg">"Edward Mosberg"</a>. <i>USC Shoah Foundation</i>. September 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Shoah+Foundation&rft.atitle=Edward+Mosberg&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfi.usc.edu%2Fsurvivor%2Fedward-mosberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2022/09/33981-holocaust-survivor-edward-mosberg-96-tireless-advocate-remembrance">"Holocaust Survivor Edward Mosberg, 96, Tireless Advocate for Remembrance"</a>. <i>USC Shoah Foundation</i>. September 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USC+Shoah+Foundation&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Survivor+Edward+Mosberg%2C+96%2C+Tireless+Advocate+for+Remembrance&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfi.usc.edu%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2F33981-holocaust-survivor-edward-mosberg-96-tireless-advocate-remembrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKrak%C3%B3w+Ghetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Graf, Malvina (1989). <i>The Kraków Ghetto and the Plaszów Camp Remembered</i>. Tallahassee: The Florida State University Press. <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813009057" title="Special:BookSources/0813009057">0813009057</a></span></li> <li>Polanski, Roman. (1984). <i>Roman</i>. New York: William Morrow and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0688026214" title="Special:BookSources/0688026214">0688026214</a></li> <li>Katz, Alfred. (1970). <i>Poland's Ghettos at War</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0829001956" title="Special:BookSources/0829001956">0829001956</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auschwitz.dk/Schindlerslist.htm">Schindler's List</a> – reproduction of the original list of Jewish people employed by Oskar Schindler</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silentwall.com/Schindler.html">Schindler's Krakow</a> – modern-day photographs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output 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