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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arlington_Springs_Man&params=34.0061_N_120.1771_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°00′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°10′38″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.0061°N 120.1771°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.0061; -120.1771</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">13,000 year-old Paleoindian</div> <p><b>Arlington Springs Man</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an ancient <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleoindian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most likely a man,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose remains were found in 1959 on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Island,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa Island, California">Santa Rosa Island</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Islands of California">Channel Islands</a> located off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. He lived about 13,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>, making him the earliest dated adult in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polokavic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polokavic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was an important scientific discovery because his presence on the island at this early date supports the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">coastal migration theory</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, after a <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">NAGPRA</a> request, Arlington Springs Man was repatriated to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Band_of_Chumash_Mission_Indians" title="Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians">Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians</a> for reburial according to their native customs at an undisclosed location. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, the socialite and philanthropist Kitty Harvey, granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_(entrepreneur)" title="Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)">Fred Harvey</a> and heir of the <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_Company" title="Fred Harvey Company">Fred Harvey Company</a>, funded an archaeology expedition to the Channel Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Fried_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fried-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was under the leadership of Phil C. Orr, curator of anthropology and paleontology at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History">Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History</a>, who had been prospecting the steep bluffs of Arlington Canyon annually since 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Fried_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fried-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orr and his associates were in the canyon at a location called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arlington Springs (page does not exist)">Arlington Springs</a>, where according to his memoir he was "working" - scientists who knew Orr reported his jeep had become stuck and they were actually working to extract it.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, Orr looked up the canyon wall and noticed what he thought was a femur bone eroding from a cut bank, later determined to be about 37 feet deep from the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orr understood that at this depth it was probably a very old bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pointed it out to his associates who didn't think it was important and kept working, but according to Orr, without his insistence to investigate further, they probably would have passed it by.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way the discovery was notable, according to Orr, for being so improbable.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two femur and other unidentified bone fragments bones were found.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones were <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">radiocarbon dated</a> to 10,000 years Before Present, using the relatively primitive dating technology available at the time. The area was once marshy and the man had died on the edge of a <a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">ciénega</a>, a type of marsh common in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Orr's original paper the man may have died accidentally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orr named him Arlington Springs Man, wrapped the bones in plaster, and stored them at the museum where they sat undisturbed and largely overlooked for the next 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arlington Springs Man was later re-examined in 1989 by Orr's successors at the museum, John R. Johnson and Don Morris. Newer radiocarbon dating technology determined the remains were actually as old as 13,000 years Before Present,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him the earliest dated (adult) individual in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Polokavic_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polokavic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also determined the bones were from a female. The moniker was changed to Arlington Springs <i>Woman</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after more time and study, in 2006 Johnson reversed his assessment, concluding that the remains were more likely those of a man.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arlington Springs Man lived on <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosae" title="Santa Rosae">Santa Rosae</a> island. The weather was much cooler and the sea level was 150 feet (46 m) lower than today. During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>, the four northern Channel Islands were held together as the one mega-island of Santa Rosae.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the island was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy mammoths">Pygmy mammoths</a>, which it is supposed the Arlington Man's people hunted, because at the same time full-sized <a href="/wiki/Columbian_mammoth" title="Columbian mammoth">Columbian mammoths</a> were being hunted elsewhere in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coastal regions of the island, which Paleo-Indians likely inhabited, has since been inundated by sea-level rise, meaning the location of Arlington Canyon was in the interior miles from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His presence on an island at such an early date demonstrates that the earliest Paleoindians had watercraft capable of crossing the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Channel" title="Santa Barbara Channel">Santa Barbara Channel</a>, and lends credence to a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">coastal migration</a> theory for the <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas" title="Peopling of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a>, using boats to travel south from Siberia and Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six more field seasons have taken place between 1994 and 2008. No new human bones have been found, but chert microflakes derived from sharpening stone tools were discovered in the same soil layer that contained Arlington Man's bones, along with discoveries about other flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Custody_and_reburial">Custody and reburial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Custody and reburial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arlington Springs Man's remains were held by the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History">Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History</a> from the time of discovery in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2022, under the federal <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> (NAGPRA), his remains were repatriated to the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Band_of_Chumash_Mission_Indians" title="Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians">Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feraday_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feraday-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim was made by the tribe in October 2021, along with a request to return other <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a> items held by the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Feraday_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feraday-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NAGPRA mandates that Native American remains held in labs, museums, and private collections be repatriated to Native tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the museum president, they were "honored to care for this important cultural heritage for many years and now find it deeply satisfying [to] transfer custody back to the Chumash community".<sup id="cite_ref-Feraday_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feraday-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tribal Chair Kenneth Kahn stated that "These items have come home to our tribe, and it allows us to do the important work of repatriation and reburial."<sup id="cite_ref-Feraday_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feraday-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oldest_human_remains_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Oldest human remains in the Americas">Oldest human remains in the Americas</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a> – (Human remains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Early_Man_Site" title="Calico Early Man Site">Calico Early Man Site</a> – (Archeological site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos" title="Cueva de las Manos">Cueva de las Manos</a> – (Cave paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rock_Cave" title="Fort Rock Cave">Fort Rock Cave</a> – (Archeological site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a> – (Human remains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kw%C3%A4day_D%C3%A4n_Ts%27%C3%ACnchi" title="Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi">Kwäday Dän Ts'ìnchi</a> – (Human remains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a> – (Archeological site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naia_(skeleton)" title="Naia (skeleton)">Naia (skeleton)</a> – (Human remains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a> – (Archeological site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a> – (Human remains)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His historical name is unknown. A <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moniker" class="extiw" title="wikt:moniker">moniker</a> was invented as a means of identification. Arlington Springs Man follows the practice of naming a discovery after the place it was found.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scientists have found only about 50 skeletons of such antiquity, most of them fragmentary. Any new find can thus add crucial insight into the ongoing mystery of who first colonized the New World."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Remains of no more than 50 individuals have been found that can be said with confidence the predate 9,000 years BP."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, John R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/arlington.htm">"Arlington Man"</a>. <i>Channel Islands</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+Islands&rft.atitle=Arlington+Man&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fchis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Farlington.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawkins2006" class="citation news cs1">Chawkins, Steve (11 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-11-me-bonesside11-story.html">"Ancient Bones Belonged to a Man – Probably"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ancient+Bones+Belonged+to+a+Man+%E2%80%93+Probably&rft.date=2006-09-11&rft.aulast=Chawkins&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-sep-11-me-bonesside11-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonickDorfman2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Lemonick, Michael D.; Dorfman, Andrew (March 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/classroom/glenfall2006/pdfs/who_were_the_first_americans.pdf">"Who Were the First Americans?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Who+Were+the+First+Americans%3F&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft.aulast=Lemonick&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Dorfman%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fclassroom%2Fglenfall2006%2Fpdfs%2Fwho_were_the_first_americans.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatters2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Chatters" class="mw-redirect" title="James C. Chatters">Chatters, James C.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781611329391/page/70/mode/2up?q=%22Arlington+Springs+Man%22">"Chapter 4: Wild-Type Colonizers and High Levels of Violence among Paleoamericans"</a>. In Allen, Mark W.; Jones, Terry L. (eds.). <i>Violence and Warfare Among Hunter-Gatherers</i>. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611329391" title="Special:BookSources/9781611329391"><bdi>9781611329391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Wild-Type+Colonizers+and+High+Levels+of+Violence+among+Paleoamericans&rft.btitle=Violence+and+Warfare+Among+Hunter-Gatherers&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781611329391&rft.aulast=Chatters&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781611329391%2Fpage%2F70%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522Arlington%2BSprings%2BMan%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polokavic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polokavic_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polokavic_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolokavic1999" class="citation news cs1">Polokavic, Gary (11 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-apr-11-mn-26401-story.html">"Channel Island Woman's Bones May Rewrite History"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Channel+Island+Woman%27s+Bones+May+Rewrite+History&rft.date=1999-04-11&rft.aulast=Polokavic&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1999-apr-11-mn-26401-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2020" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Mark James (September 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://santamariatimes.com/opinion/columnists/central-coast-past-present-future/mark-james-miller-arlington-springs-man-the-oldest-human-fossil-found-in-north-america/article_5fcbff20-fc48-515a-9fa3-05fe4fcb6e34.html">"Arlington Springs Man, the oldest human fossil found in North America"</a>. <i>Santa Maria Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504164358/https://santamariatimes.com/opinion/columnists/central-coast-past-present-future/mark-james-miller-arlington-springs-man-the-oldest-human-fossil-found-in-north-america/article_5fcbff20-fc48-515a-9fa3-05fe4fcb6e34.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Maria+Times&rft.atitle=Arlington+Springs+Man%2C+the+oldest+human+fossil+found+in+North+America&rft.date=2020-09-13&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Mark+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantamariatimes.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fcentral-coast-past-present-future%2Fmark-james-miller-arlington-springs-man-the-oldest-human-fossil-found-in-north-america%2Farticle_5fcbff20-fc48-515a-9fa3-05fe4fcb6e34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fried-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fried_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fried_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fried" title="Stephen Fried">Fried, Stephen</a> (2010). <i>Appetite for America: How Visionary Businessman Fred Harvey Built a Railroad Hospitality Empire That Civilized the Wild West</i>. New York: Bantam. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appetiteforameri0000frie/page/266/mode/2up?q=%22kitty+harvey%22">266-267</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appetiteforameri0000frie/page/396/mode/2up?q=%22kitty+harvey%22">396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553804379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553804379"><bdi>978-0553804379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appetite+for+America%3A+How+Visionary+Businessman+Fred+Harvey+Built+a+Railroad+Hospitality+Empire+That+Civilized+the+Wild+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266-267%2C+396&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0553804379&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orr_1968-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orr_1968_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1968" class="citation book cs1">Orr, Phil C. (1968). <i>Prehistory of Santa Rosa Island</i>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History">Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofsant0000orrp/page/52/mode/2up?q=%22Arlington+Springs+Man%22">52-53</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofsant0000orrp/page/90/mode/2up?q=%22Arlington+Springs+Man%22">91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+Santa+Rosa+Island&rft.pages=52-53%2C+91&rft.pub=Santa+Barbara+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Phil+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_2017-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2017_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonLathim2017" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, John R.; Lathim, Rod (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teachchannelislands.org/tales/arlington-springs-man">"The Arlington Springs Man"</a>. <i>West of the West Education Website</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+of+the+West+Education+Website&rft.atitle=The+Arlington+Springs+Man&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Lathim%2C+Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teachchannelislands.org%2Ftales%2Farlington-springs-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. R. Johnson, T. W. Stafford Jr., H. O. Ajie, D. P. Morris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbbotanicgarden.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Johnson_et-al-2002-Arlington_Springs_revisited.pdf">Arlington Springs Revisited</a>. in <i>Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium</i> (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2002), pp. 541–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr1962" class="citation journal cs1">Orr, Phil C. (1962). "Arlington Springs Man". <i>Science</i>. <b>135</b> (3499): 219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962Sci...135..219O">1962Sci...135..219O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.135.3499.219">10.1126/science.135.3499.219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14482348">14482348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Arlington+Springs+Man&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=3499&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14482348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.135.3499.219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962Sci...135..219O&rft.aulast=Orr&rft.aufirst=Phil+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassow2015" class="citation web cs1">Glassow, Michael A., ed. (2015) [2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/upload/Final-Arch-Overview-May-2015.pdf">"Channel Islands National Park: Archaeological Overview and Assessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+Islands+National+Park%3A+Archaeological+Overview+and+Assessment&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Interior&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fchis%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2FFinal-Arch-Overview-May-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who2.com/bio/arlington-springs-woman/">"Arlington Springs Woman biography"</a>. <i>Who2</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who2&rft.atitle=Arlington+Springs+Woman+biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who2.com%2Fbio%2Farlington-springs-woman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feraday-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feraday_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feraday_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feraday_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feraday_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeraday2022" class="citation web cs1">Feraday, Caroline (May 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kclu.org/community/2022-05-06/museum-returns-chumash-remains-and-objects">"Museum returns Chumash remains and objects"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KCLU-FM" title="KCLU-FM">KCLU-FM</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCLU-FM&rft.atitle=Museum+returns+Chumash+remains+and+objects&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft.aulast=Feraday&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kclu.org%2Fcommunity%2F2022-05-06%2Fmuseum-returns-chumash-remains-and-objects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliford2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gulliford, Andrew (February 28, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/gulliford-the-bones-of-contention.html">"Bones of Contention: The Repatriation of Native American Human Remains"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Historian" title="The Public Historian">The Public Historian</a></i>. <b>18</b> (4). University of California Press. <q>The Smithsonian Institution alone had 18,600 American Indian remains. Indians are further dehumanized by being exhibited alongside mastodons and dinosaurs and other extinct creatures. No other issue has touched a more sensitive chord than these disrespectful nineteenth-century collecting practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Historian&rft.atitle=Bones+of+Contention%3A+The+Repatriation+of+Native+American+Human+Remains&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2010-02-28&rft.aulast=Gulliford&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.tips%2Fdocuments%2Fgulliford-the-bones-of-contention.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArlington+Springs+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Springs_Man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/chis/learn/historyculture/arlington.htm">NPS.gov: Channel Islands National Park — Arlington Man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/apthroughasterms/g/arlingtonspr.htm">About.com: Arlington Springs Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521232013/http://archaeology.about.com/od/apthroughasterms/g/arlingtonspr.htm">Archived</a> 2013-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/mammoth/issues/Volume-21/vol21_num4.pdf">Journal from The Center for the Study of the First Americans: "The Mammoth Trumpet"</a> — <i>Volume 21, Number 4 September 2006</i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=California&#124;link=California_Indigenous_peoples_of_California" 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomawi" title="Achomawi">Achomawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acjachemen" title="Acjachemen">Acjachemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwahnechee" title="Ahwahnechee">Ahwahnechee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsugewi" title="Atsugewi">Atsugewi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Miwok" title="Bay Miwok">Bay Miwok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saklan_tribe" title="Saklan tribe">Saklan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_people" title="Chimariko people">Chimariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Miwok" title="Coast Miwok">Coast Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_River_Athapaskan_peoples" title="Eel River Athapaskan peoples">Eel River Athapaskans</a> (Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen" title="Esselen">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupa" title="Hupa">Hupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chilula" title="Chilula">Chilula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whilkut" title="Whilkut">Whilkut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk" title="Karuk">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahto" title="Cahto">Cahto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaiisu" title="Kawaiisu">Kawaiisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a> (Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Miwok" title="Lake Miwok">Lake Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maidu" title="Maidu">Maidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattole" title="Mattole">Mattole</a> (Bear River)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechoopda" title="Mechoopda">Mechoopda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a> (Klamath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people" title="Mono people">Mono</a> (Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisenan" title="Nisenan">Nisenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomlaki" title="Nomlaki">Nomlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Paiute">Northern Paiute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kucadikadi" title="Kucadikadi">Kucadikadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a> <ul><li>Costanoan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaytush" title="Ramaytush">Ramaytush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo" title="Pomo">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a> (Yuma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan" title="Salinan">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_people" title="Shasta people">Shasta</a> (Konomihu, Okwanuchu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a> (Fernandeño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbisha" title="Timbisha">Timbisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolowa" title="Tolowa">Tolowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (Gabrieliño)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbatulabal" title="Tübatulabal">Tübatulabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_and_Sierra_Miwok" title="Plains and Sierra Miwok">Plains and Sierra Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintu" title="Wintu">Wintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiyot" title="Wiyot">Wiyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukchumni" title="Wukchumni">Wukchumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_people" title="Yana people">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuki_people" title="Yuki people">Yuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_areas_of_Indigenous_North_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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peoples of the Americas">Indigenous North Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_peoples" title="Circumpolar peoples">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Northwest Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northwest_Plateau" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Great_Basin" title="Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Northeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td 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