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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Military situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_movements_in_the_Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_movements_in_the_Northern_Virginia_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Initial movements in the Northern Virginia Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_movements_in_the_Northern_Virginia_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude_to_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude_to_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Prelude to battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_to_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposing forces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Confederate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-August_28:_Brawner's_Farm_(Groveton)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_28:_Brawner's_Farm_(Groveton)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>August 28: Brawner's Farm (Groveton)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_28:_Brawner's_Farm_(Groveton)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_29:_Jackson_defends_Stony_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_29:_Jackson_defends_Stony_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>August 29: Jackson defends Stony Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_29:_Jackson_defends_Stony_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_30:_Longstreet_counterattack,_Union_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_30:_Longstreet_counterattack,_Union_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>August 30: Longstreet counterattack, Union retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_30:_Longstreet_counterattack,_Union_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chantilly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chantilly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chantilly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chantilly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_relieved_of_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_relieved_of_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pope relieved of command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_relieved_of_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longstreet_criticized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longstreet_criticized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Longstreet criticized</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longstreet_criticized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battlefield_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battlefield_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battlefield preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battlefield_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historic photographs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historic_photographs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historic photographs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historic_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memoirs_and_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoirs_and_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Memoirs and primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoirs_and_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Battle of Bull Run</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معركة بول رن الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بول رن الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eil_emgann_Bull_Run" title="Eil emgann Bull Run – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Eil emgann Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_batalla_de_Bull_Run" title="Segona batalla de Bull Run – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona batalla de Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andet_slag_ved_Bull_Run" title="Andet slag ved Bull Run – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andet slag ved Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweite_Schlacht_am_Bull_Run" title="Zweite Schlacht am Bull Run – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweite Schlacht am Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_batalla_de_Bull_Run" title="Segunda batalla de Bull Run – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda batalla de Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دومین نبرد بول ران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دومین نبرد بول ران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_bataille_de_Bull_Run" title="Seconde bataille de Bull Run – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde bataille de Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%B6%88%EB%9F%B0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="제2차 불런 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 불런 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druga_bitka_kod_Bull_Runa" title="Druga bitka kod Bull Runa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Druga bitka kod Bull Runa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bull_Run_Kedua" title="Pertempuran Bull Run Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Bull Run Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_battaglia_di_Bull_Run" title="Seconda battaglia di Bull Run – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda battaglia di Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ბულ-რანის მეორე ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბულ-რანის მეორე ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Run-i_csata_(1862)" title="Bull Run-i csata (1862) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bull Run-i csata (1862)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Bull_Run_Kedua" title="Pertempuran Bull Run Kedua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Bull Run Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Slag_bij_Bull_Run" title="Tweede Slag bij Bull Run – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Slag bij Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="第二次ブルランの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第二次ブルランの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_andre_slaget_ved_Bull_Run" title="Det andre slaget ved Bull Run – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det andre slaget ved Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_bitwa_nad_Bull_Run" title="II bitwa nad Bull Run – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="II bitwa nad Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Batalha_de_Bull_Run" title="Segunda Batalha de Bull Run – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Segunda Batalha de Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_doua_b%C4%83t%C4%83lie_de_pe_Bull_Run" title="A doua bătălie de pe Bull Run – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="A doua bătălie de pe Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Второе сражение при Булл-Ран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Второе сражение при Булл-Ран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Second Battle of Bull Run" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1862)" title="Битка код Бул Рана (1862) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Бул Рана (1862)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_Bull_Runin_taistelu" title="Toinen Bull Runin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen Bull Runin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andra_slaget_vid_Bull_Run" title="Andra slaget vid Bull Run – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andra slaget vid Bull Run" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&params=38.81246_N_77.52131_W_region:US-VA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°31′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.81246°N 77.52131°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.81246; -77.52131</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major battle of the American Civil War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Battle of Bull Run<br />(Battle of Second Manassas)<sup id="cite_ref-2ndmanassas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndmanassas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg/300px-Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg/450px-Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg/600px-Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="681" /></a></span><br /><i>Second Battle of Bull Run, fought Augt. 30th 1862</i>, 1860s lithograph by <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 30–31, 1862<sup id="cite_ref-dates_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County, Virginia</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&params=38.81246_N_77.52131_W_region:US-VA_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°48′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°31′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.81246°N 77.52131°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.81246; -77.52131</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> victory<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img alt="Confederate States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a><sup id="cite_ref-UF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-UF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IIIcorpsbadge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IIIcorpsbadge.png/20px-IIIcorpsbadge.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IIIcorpsbadge.png/30px-IIIcorpsbadge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/IIIcorpsbadge.png/40px-IIIcorpsbadge.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vcorpsbadge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vcorpsbadge.svg/20px-Vcorpsbadge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vcorpsbadge.svg/30px-Vcorpsbadge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vcorpsbadge.svg/40px-Vcorpsbadge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VIcorpsbadge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/VIcorpsbadge.png/20px-VIcorpsbadge.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/VIcorpsbadge.png/30px-VIcorpsbadge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/VIcorpsbadge.png/40px-VIcorpsbadge.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-UF_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VIAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IXcorpsbadge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/IXcorpsbadge.png/20px-IXcorpsbadge.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/IXcorpsbadge.png/30px-IXcorpsbadge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/IXcorpsbadge.png/40px-IXcorpsbadge.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Division" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a> (detachment)<sup id="cite_ref-UF_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Army_of_Northern_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>77,000 (estimated):<sup id="cite_ref-UFstrength_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFstrength-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>51,000 (Army of Virginia);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>26,000 (Army of the Potomac: III, V, VI, IX Corps; Kanawha Division);</li></ul> 62,000 engaged (estimated)<sup id="cite_ref-strength_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strength-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50,000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>14,462</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="line-height:1.2em;">1,747 killed<br />8,452 wounded<br />4,263 captured/missing</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>7,298</b><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div style="line-height:1.2em;">1,096 killed<br />6,202 wounded</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Northern_Virginia_Campaign1048" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign"><span class="wrap">Northern Virginia Campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Mountain" title="Battle of Cedar Mountain">Cedar Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Rappahannock_Station" title="First Battle of Rappahannock Station">1st Rappahannock Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_Station_Operations_(Stonewall_Jackson)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manassas Station Operations (Stonewall Jackson)">Manassas Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Battle of Thoroughfare Gap">Thoroughfare Gap</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantilly" title="Battle of Chantilly">Chantilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg/330px-ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg/495px-ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg/660px-ATLAS_OR_NORTHEASTERN_VIRGINIA_MAP_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11177" data-file-height="6791" /></a><figcaption>Northeastern Virginia (1862)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Second Battle of Bull Run</b> or <b>Battle of Second Manassas</b><sup id="cite_ref-2ndmanassas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2ndmanassas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was fought August 28–30, 1862,<sup id="cite_ref-dates_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County, Virginia</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. It was the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a> waged by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="General (CSA)">Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> against <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Maj. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> (or First Manassas) fought on July 21, 1861, on the same ground. </p><p>Following a wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking march</a>, Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson</a> captured the Union supply depot at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas Junction</a>, threatening Pope's line of communications with <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Withdrawing a few miles to the northwest, Jackson took up strong concealed defensive positions on Stony Ridge and awaited the arrival of the wing of Lee's army commanded by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>. On August 28, 1862, Jackson attacked a Union column just east of Gainesville, at Brawner's Farm, resulting in a stalemate but successfully getting Pope's attention. On that same day, Longstreet broke through light Union resistance in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Battle of Thoroughfare Gap">Battle of Thoroughfare Gap</a> and approached the battlefield. </p><p>Pope became convinced that he had trapped Jackson and concentrated the bulk of his army against him. On August 29, Pope launched a series of assaults against Jackson's position along an unfinished railroad grade. The attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties on both sides. At noon, Longstreet arrived on the field from Thoroughfare Gap and took position on Jackson's right flank. On August 30, Pope renewed his attacks, seemingly unaware that Longstreet was on the field. When massed Confederate artillery devastated a Union assault by Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a>, Longstreet's wing of 25,000 men in five divisions counterattacked in the largest simultaneous mass assault of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union left flank was crushed and the army was driven back to <a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_(Occoquan_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull Run (Occoquan River)">Bull Run</a>. Only an effective Union <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> action prevented a replay of the <a href="/wiki/First_Manassas" class="mw-redirect" title="First Manassas">First Manassas</a> defeat. Pope's retreat to <a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville</a> was nonetheless precipitous.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Success in this battle emboldened Lee to initiate the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_situation">Military situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater of the American Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <p>After the collapse of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> of June 1862, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appointed John Pope to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. Pope had achieved some success in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plans">Plans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign#Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign § Plans</a></div> <p>Pope's mission was to fulfill two basic objectives: protect Washington and the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>; and draw Confederate forces away from McClellan by moving in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Gordonsville,_Virginia" title="Gordonsville, Virginia">Gordonsville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his experience fighting McClellan in the Seven Days, Robert E. Lee perceived that McClellan was no further threat to him on the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula" title="Virginia Peninsula">Virginia Peninsula</a>, so he felt no compulsion to keep all of his forces in direct defense of Richmond. This allowed him to relocate Jackson to Gordonsville to block Pope and protect the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Central_Railroad" title="Virginia Central Railroad">Virginia Central Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the Union Army was split between McClellan and Pope and they were widely separated, Lee saw an opportunity to destroy Pope before returning his attention to McClellan. He committed Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill">A.P. Hill</a> to join Jackson with 12,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_movements_in_the_Northern_Virginia_Campaign">Initial movements in the Northern Virginia Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial movements in the Northern Virginia Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png/330px-Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png/495px-Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png/660px-Northern_Virginia_Campaign_Aug7-28.png 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>Northern Virginia Campaign, August 7–28, 1862 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000ff; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Union</div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg/330px-WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg/495px-WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg/660px-WPMA01_Second_Bull_Run_Campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>Second Bull Run Campaign, August 17–30, 1862 (Additional map). </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign#Initial_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign § Initial movements</a></div> <p>On August 3, General-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> directed McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until August 14.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 9, Nathaniel Banks's corps attacked Jackson at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Mountain" title="Battle of Cedar Mountain">Cedar Mountain</a>, gaining an early advantage, but a Confederate counterattack led by A.P. Hill drove Banks back across Cedar Creek. Jackson's advance was stopped, however, by the Union division of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_B._Ricketts" title="James B. Ricketts">James B. Ricketts</a>. By now Jackson had learned that Pope's corps were all together, foiling his plan of defeating each in separate actions. He remained in position until August 12, then withdrew to Gordonsville.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 13, Lee sent Longstreet to reinforce Jackson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude_to_battle">Prelude to battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude to battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg/330px-ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg/495px-ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg/660px-ATLAS_OR_BATTLEFIELD_MANASSAS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11097" data-file-height="6710" /></a><figcaption>Battlefield of Manassas (right side)</figcaption></figure> <p>From August 22 to 25, the two armies fought a series of minor actions along the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a>. Heavy rains had swollen the river and Lee was unable to force a crossing. By this time, reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac were arriving from the Peninsula. Lee's new plan in the face of all these additional forces outnumbering him was to send Jackson and Stuart with half of the army on a flanking march to cut Pope's line of communication, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_%26_Alexandria_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange & Alexandria Railroad">Orange & Alexandria Railroad</a>. Pope would be forced to retreat and could be defeated while moving and vulnerable. Jackson departed on August 25 and reached Salem (present-day <a href="/wiki/Marshall,_Virginia" title="Marshall, Virginia">Marshall</a>) that night.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the evening of August 26, after passing around Pope's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Jackson's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at <a href="/wiki/Bristow,_Virginia" title="Bristow, Virginia">Bristoe Station</a> and before daybreak on August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction. This surprise movement forced Pope into an abrupt retreat from his defensive line along the Rappahannock. During the night of August 27–28, Jackson marched his divisions north to the First Bull Run (Manassas) battlefield, where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade below Stony Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defensive position was a good one. The heavy woods allowed the Confederates to conceal themselves, while maintaining good observation points of the Warrenton Turnpike, the likely avenue of Union movement, only a few hundred yards to the south. There were good approach roads for Longstreet to join Jackson, or for Jackson to retreat to the Bull Run Mountains if he could not be reinforced in time. Finally, the unfinished railroad grade offered cuts and fills that could be used as ready-made entrenchments.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Battle of Thoroughfare Gap">Battle of Thoroughfare Gap</a> on August 28, Longstreet's wing broke through light Union resistance and marched through the gap to join Jackson. This seemingly inconsequential action virtually ensured Pope's defeat during the coming battles because it allowed the two wings of Lee's army to unite on the Manassas battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union">Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Bull_Run_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Bull Run Union order of battle">Second Bull Run Union order of battle</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#99ccff"><b>Key commanders</b> (<a href="/wiki/Second_Bull_Run_Union_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Bull Run Union order of battle">Union Forces</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pope_standing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. John Pope, Army of Virginia (Commanding), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. John Pope, Army of Virginia (Commanding), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/John_Pope_standing.jpg/157px-John_Pope_standing.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/John_Pope_standing.jpg/236px-John_Pope_standing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/John_Pope_standing.jpg/315px-John_Pope_standing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> (<b>Commanding</b>), USA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Sigel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel (I Corps, Army of Virginia), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel (I Corps, Army of Virginia), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Franz_Sigel.jpg/153px-Franz_Sigel.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Franz_Sigel.jpg/230px-Franz_Sigel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Franz_Sigel.jpg/306px-Franz_Sigel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a> (<i>I Corps</i>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>), USA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GenNPBanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks (II Corps, Army of Virginia), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks (II Corps, Army of Virginia), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/141px-GenNPBanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/212px-GenNPBanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/282px-GenNPBanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="3099" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> (<i>II Corps</i>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>), USA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irv_mcdowell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell (III Corps, Army of Virginia), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell (III Corps, Army of Virginia), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Irv_mcdowell.jpg/168px-Irv_mcdowell.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Irv_mcdowell.jpg/253px-Irv_mcdowell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Irv_mcdowell.jpg/337px-Irv_mcdowell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a> (<i>III Corps</i>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>), USA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman (III Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Samuel P. Heintzelman (III Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/217px-Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/325px-Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/433px-Samuel_P._Heintzelman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="4112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a> (<i>III Corps</i>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>), USA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JLReno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno (IX Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno (IX Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JLReno.jpg/205px-JLReno.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JLReno.jpg/308px-JLReno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/JLReno.jpg/411px-JLReno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Jesse_L._Reno" title="Jesse L. Reno">Jesse L. Reno</a> (<i>IX Corps</i>, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>), USA</div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> of approximately 51,000 men was divided into three army corps: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corps (Union Army)">I Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a> consisted of the divisions of:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Robert C. Schenck</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Stahel" title="Julius Stahel">Julius Stahel</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_C._McLean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel C. McLean">Nathaniel C. McLean</a>).</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Adolph von Steinwehr</a> (brigade of Col. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Koltes" title="John A. Koltes">John A. Koltes</a>).</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Alexander Schimmelfennig</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/Wlodzimierz_Krzyzanowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski">Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski</a>).</li> <li>Independent Brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Milroy" title="Robert H. Milroy">Robert H. Milroy</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/John_Beardsley_(colonel)" title="John Beardsley (colonel)">John Beardsley</a>, and Cpt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Schirmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Schirmer (page does not exist)">Louis Schirmer</a>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a>, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>, who had led the losing Union army at First Bull Run, consisted of the divisions of:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King_(general)" title="Rufus King (general)">Rufus King</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Hatch">John P. Hatch</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Marsena_R._Patrick" title="Marsena R. Patrick">Marsena R. Patrick</a>, and Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a>)</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_B._Ricketts" title="James B. Ricketts">James B. Ricketts</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abram_Dury%C3%A9e" title="Abram Duryée">Abram Duryée</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Zealous_B._Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealous B. Tower">Zealous B. Tower</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/John_W._Stiles" title="John W. Stiles">John W. Stiles</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thoburn" title="Joseph Thoburn">Joseph Thoburn</a>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_Division" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a> (detachment) and parts of three army corps of Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, eventually joined Pope for combat operations, raising his strength to 77,000:<sup id="cite_ref-UFstrength_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFstrength-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a>, consisted of the divisions of:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kearny" title="Philip Kearny">Philip Kearny</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">John C. Robinson</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">David B. Birney</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Poe">Orlando Poe</a>)</li> <li>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Cuvier_Grover" title="Cuvier Grover">Cuvier Grover</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Taylor" title="Nelson Taylor">Nelson Taylor</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph B. Carr">Joseph B. Carr</a>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>, consisted of the divisions of:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Roberts" title="Charles W. Roberts">Charles W. Roberts</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lansing" title="Henry S. Lansing">Henry S. Lansing</a>)</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a> (brigades of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Abram_S._Piatt" title="Abram S. Piatt">Abram S. Piatt</a>, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Buchanan" title="Robert C. Buchanan">Robert C. Buchanan</a>, Lt. Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Chapman_(colonel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Chapman (colonel) (page does not exist)">William Chapman</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, and Cpt. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Stephen H. Weed</a>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Franklin" title="William B. Franklin">William B. Franklin</a><sup id="cite_ref-VIAC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VIAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a> under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jesse_L._Reno" title="Jesse L. Reno">Jesse L. Reno</a>, consisted of the divisions of: </p> <ul><li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_I._Stevens" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac I. Stevens">Isaac I. Stevens</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_C._Christ" title="Benjamin C. Christ">Benjamin C. Christ</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Leasure" title="Daniel Leasure">Daniel Leasure</a> and Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Addison_Farnsworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addison Farnsworth (page does not exist)">Addison Farnsworth</a>)</li> <li>Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/James_Nagle_(general)" title="James Nagle (general)">James Nagle</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate">Confederate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Confederate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Bull_Run_Confederate_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle">Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#c0c0c0"><b>Key commanders</b> (<a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:center; margin: 0px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gen. Robert E. Lee, (Commanding), CSA"><img alt="Gen. Robert E. Lee, (Commanding), CSA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/162px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/243px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg/324px-Robert_Edward_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2807" data-file-height="4154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, (<b>Commanding</b>), CSA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, (Right Wing), CSA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. James Longstreet, (Right Wing), CSA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/184px-James_Longstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/276px-James_Longstreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/James_Longstreet.jpg/368px-James_Longstreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>, (<i>Right Wing</i>), CSA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, (Left Wing), CSA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, (Left Wing), CSA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg/192px-Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg/287px-Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg/383px-Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>, (<i>Left Wing</i>), CSA</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, (Cavalry Division), CSA"><img alt="Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart, (Cavalry Division), CSA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg/150px-J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg/225px-J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg/300px-J._Gurney_%26_Son_-_J.E.B._Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="6592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Maj. Gen.<br /><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a>, (<i>Cavalry Division</i>), CSA</div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On the Confederate side, Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> was organized into two "wings" or "commands" totaling about 55,000 men:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>'s Right Wing or Command consisted of the following divisions: </p> <ul><li>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis A. Armistead">Lewis A. Armistead</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Ambrose R. Wright</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Lee" title="Stephen D. Lee">Stephen D. Lee</a>)</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones" title="David Rumph Jones">David R. Jones</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Henry L. Benning</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Drayton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas F. Drayton">Thomas F. Drayton</a>, and Col. <a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">George T. Anderson</a>)</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Roger_A._Pryor" title="Roger A. Pryor">Roger A. Pryor</a>, and Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Featherston" title="Winfield S. Featherston">Winfield S. Featherston</a>)</li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_B._Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Hood">John B. Hood</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. John B. Hood, Col. <a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Evander M. Law</a>, Maj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bushrod_W._Frobel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bushrod W. Frobel (page does not exist)">Bushrod W. Frobel</a></li> <li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">James L. Kemper</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_D._Corse" title="Montgomery D. Corse">Montgomery D. Corse</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Micah_Jenkins" title="Micah Jenkins">Micah Jenkins</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li>Reporting Directly (Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_G._Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan G. Evans">Nathan G. Evans</a>)</li> <li>Reserve Artillery of <a href="/wiki/James_B._Walton" title="James B. Walton">James B. Walton</a></li></ul> <p>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>'s Left Wing or Command consisted of the following divisions: </p> <ul><li>Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a> (brigades of Col. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Baylor" title="William S. Baylor">William S. Baylor</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Bradley_T._Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradley T. Johnson">Bradley T. Johnson</a>, Col. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_G._Taliaferro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander G. Taliaferro (page does not exist)">Alexander G. Taliaferro</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_E._Starke" title="William E. Starke">William E. Starke</a> and Maj. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindsey_M._Shumaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindsey M. Shumaker (page does not exist)">Lindsey M. Shumaker</a>)</li> <li>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_O._Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence O. Branch">Lawrence O. Branch</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_D._Pender" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Pender">William D. Pender</a>, Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Thomas">Edward L. Thomas</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Maxcy_Gregg" title="Maxcy Gregg">Maxcy Gregg</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">James J. Archer</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Field" title="Charles W. Field">Charles W. Field</a> and Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/R._Lindsay_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Lindsay Walker">R. Lindsay Walker</a>)</li> <li>Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a> (brigades of Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Lawton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Lawton">Alexander R. Lawton</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a>, Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Forno" title="Henry Forno">Henry Forno</a>)</li> <li>The Cavalry Division, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a> was attached to Jackson's wing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An exact estimate of both armies' strength at the battle is not possible as different reports and returns provide differing figures. The total strength of the Army of Northern Virginia, cavalry and artillery included, was slightly less than 55,000 men. Factoring in only infantry, the effective Confederate strength was probably about 50,000 men, possibly as low as 47,000. Union strength was around 63,000 men if Banks's corps is excluded as it was not present at the battle aside from a few detachments. The total Union strength with Banks added in was approximately 70,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_28:_Brawner's_Farm_(Groveton)"><span id="August_28:_Brawner.27s_Farm_.28Groveton.29"></span>August 28: Brawner's Farm (Groveton) <span class="anchor" id="Brawner"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: August 28: Brawner's Farm (Groveton)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug28.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>Action at Brawner's Farm, August 28</figcaption></figure> <p>The Second Battle of Bull Run began on August 28 as a Federal column, under Jackson's observation just outside Gainesville, near the farm of the John Brawner family, moved along the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_29" title="U.S. Route 29">Warrenton Turnpike</a>. It consisted of units from <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King_(general)" title="Rufus King (general)">Rufus King</a>'s division: the brigades of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Hatch">John P. Hatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marsena_R._Patrick" title="Marsena R. Patrick">Marsena R. Patrick</a>, marching eastward to concentrate with the rest of Pope's army at Centreville. King was not with his division because he had suffered a serious <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epileptic attack</a> earlier that day.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson, who had been relieved to hear earlier that Longstreet's men were on their way to join him, displayed himself prominently to the Union troops, by riding up next to the marching Federals in his horse as a farmer,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the horror of his aides, but his presence was disregarded, as the Federals had no interest in a seemingly harmless farmer. Concerned that Pope might be withdrawing his army behind Bull Run to link up with McClellan's arriving forces, Jackson determined to attack. Returning to his position behind the tree line, he told his subordinates, "Bring out your men, gentlemen." At about 6:30 p.m., Confederate artillery began shelling the portion of the column to their front, John Gibbon's Black Hat Brigade (later to be named the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Brigade" title="Iron Brigade">Iron Brigade</a>). Gibbon, a former artilleryman, responded with fire from Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery. The artillery exchange halted King's column. Hatch's brigade had proceeded past the area and Patrick's men, in the rear of the column, sought cover, leaving Gibbon and Doubleday to respond to Jackson's attack. Gibbon assumed that, since Jackson was supposedly at Centreville (according to Pope), and having just seen the 14th Brooklyn of Hatch's Brigade reconnoiter the position, that these were merely horse artillery cannons from Jeb Stuart's cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gibbon sent aides out to the other brigades with requests for reinforcements, and sent his staff officer <a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Frank A. Haskell</a> to bring the veteran <a href="/wiki/2nd_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">2nd Wisconsin Infantry</a> up the hill to disperse the harassing cannons. Gibbon met the 2nd in the woods saying, "If we can get you up there quietly, we can capture those guns."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Our men on the left loaded and fired with the energy of madmen, and the 6th worked with equal desperation. This stopped the rush of the enemy and they halted and fired upon us their deadly musketry. During a few awful moments, I could see by the lurid light of the powder flashes, the whole of both lines. The two ... were within ... fifty yards of each other pouring musketry into each other as fast as men could load and shoot. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Maj. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_R._Dawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus R. Dawes">Rufus R. Dawes</a>, 6th Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In a few moments our entire line was engaged in a fierce and sanguinary struggle with the enemy. As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The 2nd Wisconsin, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Col.</a> Edgar O'Connor, advanced obliquely back through the woods the Federal column was passing through. When the 430 men emerged from the woods on John Brawner's farm they were quietly formed and advanced up the hill. Upon reaching the plateau, they deployed skirmishers who drove back Confederate skirmishers. They soon received a heavy volley into their right flank by 800 men of the fabled <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Brigade" title="Stonewall Brigade">Stonewall Brigade</a>, commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Baylor" title="William S. Baylor">William S. Baylor</a>. Absorbing the volley from 150 yards (140 m), the 2nd Wisconsin did not waver, but replied with a devastating volley at the Virginians in Brawner's orchard. The Confederates returned fire when the lines were only 80 yards (73 m) apart. As units were added by both sides, the battle lines remained close together, a standup fight with little cover, trading mass volleys for over two hours. Jackson described the action as "fierce and sanguinary". Gibbon added his <a href="/wiki/19th_Indiana_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment">19th Indiana</a>. Jackson, personally directing the actions of his regiments instead of passing orders to the division commander, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a>, sent in three Georgia regiments belonging to Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Lawton" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Lawton">Alexander R. Lawton</a>'s brigade. Gibbon countered this advance with the <a href="/wiki/7th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">7th Wisconsin</a>. Jackson ordered Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a>'s brigade to support Lawton, which met the last of Gibbon's regiments, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment">6th Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Trimble's brigade entered the action, Gibbon needed to fill a gap in his line between the 6th Wisconsin and the rest of the Iron Brigade regiments. Doubleday sent in the 56th Pennsylvania and the <a href="/wiki/76th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="76th New York Volunteer Infantry">76th New York</a>, who advanced through the woods and checked the new Confederate advance. These men arrived at the scene after dark and both Trimble and Lawton launched uncoordinated assaults against them. Horse artillery under Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Pelham_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pelham (officer)">John Pelham</a> was ordered forward by Jackson and fired at the 19th Indiana from less than 100 yards (91 m). The engagement ended around 9 p.m., with Gibbon's men slowly retreating backwards still firing, making their line at the edge of the woods. Doubleday's regiments retired to the turnpike in an orderly fashion. The fight was essentially a stalemate, but at a heavy cost, with over 1,150 Union and 1,250 Confederate casualties. The 2nd Wisconsin lost 276 of 430 engaged. The Stonewall Brigade lost 340 out of 800. Two Georgia regiments—Trimble's 21st and Lawton's 26th—each lost more than 70%. In all, one of every three men engaged in the fight was shot. Confederate Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a> wrote, "In this fight there was no maneuvering and very little tactics. It was a question of endurance and both endured." Taliaferro was wounded, as was Ewell, whose left leg was shattered by a <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié ball</a> and had to be amputated, removing him from action for the next ten months.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson had not been able to achieve a decisive victory with his superior force (about 6,200 men against Gibbon's 2,100),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to darkness, his piecemeal deployment of forces, the loss of two of his division commanders, and the tenacity of the enemy. But he had achieved his strategic intent, attracting the attention of John Pope. Pope wrongly assumed that the fight at the Brawner Farm occurred as Jackson was retreating from Centreville. Pope believed he had "bagged" Jackson and sought to capture him before he could be reinforced by Longstreet. Pope's dispatch sent that evening to Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kearny" title="Philip Kearny">Philip Kearny</a> stated, in part, "General McDowell has intercepted the retreat of the enemy and is now in his front ... Unless he can escape by by-paths leading to the north to-night, he must be captured." Gibbon conferred with King, Patrick, and Doubleday as to the next move, because McDowell was "lost in the woods". The division was in an exposed position with two of its brigades badly cut up, and facing Stonewall Jackson's entire corps. Although the Union generals did not know exactly how many men Jackson had with him, it was almost certainly a far greater number than the 4000 men in King's division. Moreover, Confederate prisoners taken in the fighting around Brawner's Farm claimed that Jackson's command numbered between 60,000 and 70,000 men and was poised to strike at first light the next morning. Reynolds and Sigel were some miles away and would not be on the scene until morning, by which time Jackson could easily crush King. Ricketts was closer, but had Longstreet following far behind. Since staying in place at Groveton was clearly unacceptable, the only other options were retreating either to Manassas Junction or Centreville. Gibbon recommended the former since the exact disposition of the enemy was unknown and going to Centreville risked a disastrous march across his front. King finally agreed, and the division formed up into columns and moved south to Manassas Junction. At the same time, Ricketts had arrived at a similar conclusion and marched south and away from Jackson as well, in his case towards Bristoe Station.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope issued orders to his subordinates to surround Jackson and attack him in the morning, but Jackson was not where Pope thought he was, nor were Pope's own troops where he assumed. He believed that McDowell and Sigel were blocking Jackson's retreat west across the Bull Run Mountains when in fact King and Ricketts had both retreated southward, while Sigel and Reynolds were south and east of Jackson, who had no intention at all of retreating and was well dug-in and awaiting Longstreet's arrival, which Pope refused to believe was a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_29:_Jackson_defends_Stony_Ridge">August 29: Jackson defends Stony Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: August 29: Jackson defends Stony Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Special:EditPage/Second Battle of Bull Run">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Jackson had initiated the battle at Brawner's farm with the intent of holding Pope until Longstreet arrived with the remainder of the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet's 25,000 men began their march from Thoroughfare Gap at 6 a.m. on August 29; Jackson sent Stuart to guide the initial elements of Longstreet's column into positions that Jackson had preselected. While he waited for their arrival, Jackson reorganized his defense in case Pope attacked him that morning, positioning 20,000 men in a 3,000-yard (2,700 m) line to the south of Stony Ridge. Noticing the buildup of I Corps (Sigel's) troops along the Manassas-Sudley Road, he ordered A.P. Hill's brigades behind the railroad grade near Sudley Church on his left flank. Aware that his position was geographically weak (because the heavy woods in the area prevented effective deployment of artillery), Hill placed his brigades in two lines, with Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Maxcy_Gregg" title="Maxcy Gregg">Maxcy Gregg</a>'s South Carolina brigade and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Thomas">Edward L. Thomas</a>'s Georgia brigade in the front. In the center of the line, Jackson placed two brigades from Ewell's division (now under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lawton" title="Alexander Lawton">Alexander Lawton</a>), and on the right, <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a>'s division, now commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_E._Starke" title="William E. Starke">William E. Starke</a>. Jackson's position straddled a railroad grade that had been dug out by the Manassas Gap Railroad Company in the 1850s and abandoned on the eve of the war. While some parts of the railroad grade were a good defensive position, others were not, moreover the heavily wooded terrain largely precluded the use of artillery aside from the right end of the line, which faced open fields. Fitz Lee's cavalry along with a battery of horse artillery were anchoring the left flank of the Confederate line, in case any Union troops attempted to cross Sudley Ford (as McDowell had done during the battle here 13 months earlier) and get in Jackson's rear. The Confederate right flank was potentially vulnerable, as it was held by Taliaferro's (now Starke's) division, the smallest of Jackson's three divisions and which had also taken significant casualties in the fighting at Brawner's Farm. Jackson thus placed the brigades of Early and Forno on the right end of the line, both large brigades that had not been engaged the previous evening and were fresh. Aside from bolstering Starke's understrength division, they were to watch and give notice of Longstreet's arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At daybreak on the 29th, Pope had learned to his surprise and annoyance that Ricketts and King had both withdrawn south. In addition, John Gibbon arrived at Centreville and informed Pope that the retreat from Groveton was a mistake, ignoring the fact that he had recommended it in the first place. Gibbon also stated that he had no idea what had become of McDowell, to which an infuriated Pope replied "God damn McDowell! He's never where he's supposed to be!" Gibbon rode down to Manassas where he encountered Porter's troops resting and drawing rations. In addition, King, exhausted and ill from epileptic attacks, had turned over command of the division to John Hatch. McDowell was there as well, after spending most of the previous day wandering aimlessly around Prince William County, and not happy to learn of Pope's orders. In effect, King would accompany Porter, while Reynolds was temporarily attached to Sigel's corps, and Ricketts was still some miles away at Bristoe Station in effect leaving McDowell without any command. Pope on the 29th remained firmly wedded to the idea that Jackson was in a desperate situation and almost trapped, not only an incorrect assumption, but one that also depended on the coordination of all the corps and divisions under his command, none of which were where he intended them to be.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was that Pope's complicated attack plans for August 29 ended up as a simple frontal assault by Sigel's corps, the only troops in position that morning. I Corps was widely considered one of the army's weakest links, being largely composed of recent German immigrants who spoke little English: Siegel, though a trained and experienced military officer, was German-born and widely considered a <a href="/wiki/Political_general" title="Political general">political general</a> promoted by Lincoln solely for his ability to recruit and motivate these German-speaking Unionists (many of whom had enlisted solely to fight under him). Having performed poorly in battles against Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley during the spring (and with scant respect or faith from their comrades-in-arms), I Corps' fighting morale was chronically low. Moreover, until Pope himself arrived, Sigel was the ranking officer on the field and would be in overall charge of the battle. </p><p>Pope's intention was to move against Jackson on both flanks. He ordered Fitz John Porter to move toward Gainesville and attack what he considered to be the Confederate right flank. He ordered Sigel to attack Jackson's left at daybreak. Sigel, unsure of Jackson's dispositions, chose to advance along a broad front, with Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Robert C. Schenck</a>'s division, supported by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">John F. Reynolds</a>'s division (McDowell's III Corps) on the left, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Milroy" title="Robert H. Milroy">Robert H. Milroy</a>'s independent brigade in the center, and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>'s division on the right. Schurz's two brigades, moving north on the Manassas-Sudley Road, were the first to contact Jackson's men, at about 7 a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 29, 10 a.m.: Sigel's attack</figcaption></figure> <p>The actions in Sigel's attack against A.P. Hill's division were typical of all the attacks near Stony Ridge that day. Although the unfinished railroad provided natural defensive positions in some places, in general the Confederates maintained all but a static defense, absorbing the Union blows and following up with vigorous counterattacks. (These were the same tactics that Jackson would employ at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> a few weeks later.) Schurz's two brigades (under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Alexander Schimmelfennig</a> and Col. <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski</a>) skirmished heavily with Gregg and Thomas, with both sides committing their forces piecemeal. Hand-to-hand combat ensued in the woods to the west of Sudley Road as Krzyzanowski's brigade clashed with Gregg's. As Milroy heard the sound of battle to his right, he ordered his brigade forward, the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="82nd Ohio Infantry">82nd Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_West_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th West Virginia Infantry">5th West Virginia</a> in front and the <a href="/wiki/2nd_West_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd West Virginia Infantry">2nd West Virginia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_West_Virginia_Infantry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th West Virginia Infantry (page does not exist)">4th West Virginia</a> in the rear as support troops. The two forward regiments were immediately met with volleys of Confederate musket fire, in the confusion, the 82nd Ohio found an undefended ravine in the middle of the railroad embankment known as "The Dump" and got in the rear of Isaac Trimble's Confederate brigade. However, Trimble was quickly reinforced by part of Bradley Johnson's Virginia brigade and the 82nd Ohio was forced to retreat. Its commander, Col. James Cantwell, was shot dead and the regiment fled in panic, causing the 5th West Virginia behind them to also retreat in disorder. In just 20 minutes of fighting, Milroy's brigade had taken 300 casualties. Schenck and Reynolds, subjected to a heavy artillery barrage, answered with counterbattery fire, but avoided a general advance of their infantry, instead merely deploying skirmishers which got into a low-level firefight with Jubal Early's brigade. While this was going on, Meade's brigade came across wounded men from King's division, who had been abandoned by their comrades and left on the field all night. Medical personnel attempted to evacuate as many of the wounded as possible under the ongoing firefight. With his brigade in shreds, Milroy attempted to rally the survivors. He then came across Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/Julius_Stahel" title="Julius Stahel">Julius Stahel</a>, one of Schenck's brigadiers, and ordered him to defend against any Confederate counterattack coming from the woods. Although a hundred or so Confederates came bounding out of the woods in pursuit of Milroy, they were quickly driven back by artillery fire and Stahel returned to his original position south of the turnpike.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assuming that Kearny's division of the III Corps was poised to support him, Schurz ordered another assault against Hill around 10 a.m., now that Schimmelfennig's brigade, plus the 1st New York from Kearny's division, had come up to reinforce Krzyzanowski. The fighting in the woods west of Sudley Road resumed and it came down to a standstill until the 14th Georgia came down to reinforce the South Carolinans. They let loose multiple volleys of musket fire that sent Krzyzanowski's men running in panic. The Confederates came charging after the disorganized mass of Union troops, clubbing, bayoneting, and knifing resisters, but as they exited the woods and came out onto open ground, Union artillery positioned on Dogan's Ridge opened fire on them and forced them to retreat. To the north, Schimmelfennig's three regiments, the <a href="/wiki/61st_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="61st Ohio Infantry">61st Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/74th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="74th Pennsylvania Infantry">74th Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/8th_West_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th West Virginia Infantry">8th West Virginia</a>, engaged part of Gregg and Branch's brigades, but were forced to retreat. Kearny however did not move forward. His three brigades instead marched to the banks of Bull Run Creek, where <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando Poe">Orlando Poe</a>'s brigade forded the creek. The arrival of Poe's brigade aroused panic at Jackson's headquarters, as the dreaded scenario of Union troops getting in the Confederate rear seemed to be turning to reality. Jackson ordered his wagons evacuated from the area and Maj. <a href="/wiki/John_Pelham_(officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pelham (officer)">John Pelham</a>'s horse artillery wheeled into position. The horse artillery and several companies of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Virginia Cavalry">1st Virginia Cavalry</a> engaged in a firefight with Poe's brigade for several minutes. Nobody on the Union side realized that they were getting in the rear of the Confederate line, and the sight of gray infantry in the distance was enough to discourage Poe from advancing any further, so he pulled back across the creek. Robinson's brigade remained in position along the banks of the creek while Birney's seven regiments scattered. One was directed to support the corps artillery on Matthews Hill, another held idly in reserve, and the remaining three accompanied Poe to the banks of the creek until Confederate artillery fire became too hot for them and they pulled south into the woods where they joined in skirmishing with A.P. Hill's troops.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sigel for his part was satisfied with the progress of the battle so far, assuming he was merely supposed to perform a holding action until Pope arrived. By 1 p.m., his sector was reinforced by the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> (III Corps) and the brigade of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stevens" title="Isaac Stevens">Isaac Stevens</a> (IX Corps). Pope also arrived on the battlefield, where Sigel graciously ceded command to him. He expected to see the culmination of his victory, but instead, he found that Sigel's attack had failed completely with Schurz and Milroy's troops shot up, disorganized, and incapable of further action. Reynolds and Schenck's divisions were fresh, but they were committed to guarding the army's left flank. However, Heintzelman's corps and the two divisions of Reno were also available, giving a total of eight fresh brigades, but Pope also assumed that McDowell would be on the field and that McClellan would come down from Washington, D.C., with the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II</a> and <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_army)" title="VI Corps (Union army)">VI Corps</a>. Instead, there was no sign of any of these troops anywhere. Pope momentarily considered withdrawing to Centreville, but became worried of the political fallout that would result if he was seen as insufficiently aggressive. Around this time, a messenger arrived and delivered Pope a note announcing that McDowell's corps was close up and would soon be on the field. Pope thus decided that he would drive at Jackson's center. By this time, Longstreet's initial units were in position to Jackson's right. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a>'s division straddled the turnpike, loosely connected with Jackson's right flank. To Hood's right were the divisions of Brig. Gens. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">James L. Kemper</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones" title="David Rumph Jones">David R. "Neighbor" Jones</a>. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a>'s division arrived last and was placed into reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="3454" /></a><figcaption>August 29, 12 noon: Longstreet arrives, Porter stalls</figcaption></figure> <p>Stuart's cavalry encountered Porter, Hatch, and McDowell moving up the Manassas-Gainesville Road and a brief but sharp firefight halted the Union column. Then a courier arrived with a message for Porter and McDowell, a controversial document from Pope that has become known as the "Joint Order". Historian John J. Hennessy described the order as a "masterpiece of contradiction and obfuscation that would become the focal point of decades of wrangling". It described the attacks on Jackson's left, which were already underway, but was unclear about what Porter and McDowell were supposed to do. Rather than moving "to" Gainesville and striking Jackson's supposedly unprotected right flank, it described a move "toward" Gainesville and "as soon as communication is established [with the other divisions] the whole command shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind Bull Run to Centreville tonight." Nowhere in the order did Pope explicitly direct Porter and McDowell to attack and he concluded the order with, "If any considerable advantages are to be gained from departing from this order it will not be strictly carried out," rendering the document virtually useless as a military order.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Stuart's cavalry under Col. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rosser">Thomas Rosser</a> deceived the Union generals by dragging tree branches behind a regiment of horses to simulate great clouds of dust from large columns of marching soldiers. At this time, McDowell received a report from his cavalry commander, Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a>, who reported that 17 regiments of infantry, one battery, and 500 cavalry were moving through Gainesville at 8:15 a.m. This was Longstreet's wing arriving from Thoroughfare Gap, and it warned the two Union generals that trouble lay to their front. The Union advance was again halted. For some reason, McDowell neglected to forward Buford's report to Pope until about 7 p.m., so the army commander was operating under two severe misconceptions: that Longstreet was not near the battlefield and that Porter and McDowell were marching to attack Jackson's right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Longstreet's men were placed into their final positions, General Lee ordered an offensive against the Union left. (Longstreet later remembered that Lee "was inclined to engage as soon as practicable, but did not order".) Longstreet, however, saw that the divisions of Reynolds and Schenck extended south of the Warrenton Turnpike, overlapping half of his line, and he argued against making the attack at that time. Lee eventually relented when Jeb Stuart reported that the force on the Gainesville–Manassas Road (Porter and McDowell) was formidable.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 29, 3 p.m.: Grover's attack</figcaption></figure> <p>Pope, assuming that the attack on Jackson's right would proceed as he thought he had ordered, authorized four separate attacks against Jackson's front with the intent of diverging the Confederates' attention until Porter delivered the fatal blow. Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Cuvier_Grover" title="Cuvier Grover">Cuvier Grover</a>'s brigade attacked at 3 p.m., expecting to be supported by Kearny's division. With Isaac Stevens's division behind him as support, Grover moved his brigade into the woods and charged right at Edward Thomas's Georgia brigade. Grover's men got all the way to the railroad embankment and unleashed a volley of near point-blank fire on Thomas's regiments, followed by a bayonet charge. Taken by surprise, the Georgians fell back and fierce hand-to-hand combat ensued. Maxcy Gregg's South Carolinans came to reinforce them, followed by Dorsey Pender's brigade of North Carolinans. Pender hit Grover's brigade in the flank and sent the men fleeing in panic with over 350 casualties. Pender's brigade then surged out of the woods in pursuit of Grover, but once again the Union artillery on Dogan Ridge was too powerful; a strong barrage forced Pender to retreat. Meanwhile, to the north, Joseph Carr's brigade had been engaged in a low-level firefight with Confederate troops, in the process wounding Isaac Trimble, one of Jackson's most dependable brigadiers since the Valley Campaign the previous spring. With Nelson Taylor's brigade of Hooker's division in support, James Nagle's brigade of Reno's division surged forward and slammed into Trimble's brigade, temporarily leaderless. Trimble's men were routed and began to retreat in disorder, but like all the previous Union attacks during the day, Nagle was unsupported and had no chance against overwhelming enemy numbers. Henry Forno's Louisiana brigade counterattacked and drove Nagle back. Bradley Johnson and Col. Leroy Stafford's 9th Louisiana joined in the assault. To the south, John Hood's division had just arrived on the field, forcing back Milroy and Nagle. Milroy's already exhausted brigade fell apart and started to run from the onslaught. To check the Confederate counterattack, Pope pulled Schenck from south of the turnpike and with artillery support, forced the Confederates back to the shelter of the railroad embankment. While all this was going on, Kearny still remained out of the action.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reynolds was ordered to conduct a spoiling attack south of the turnpike and encountered Longstreet's men, causing him to call off his demonstration. Pope dismissed Reynolds's concern as a case of mistaken identity, insisting that Reynolds had run into Porter's V Corps, preparing to attack Jackson's flank. Jesse Reno ordered a IX Corps brigade under Col. <a href="/wiki/James_Nagle_(general)" title="James Nagle (general)">James Nagle</a> to attack the center of Jackson's line again. This time Brig. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble's brigade was driven back from the railroad embankment, but Confederate counterattacks restored the line and pursued Nagle's troops back into the open fields until Union artillery halted their advance.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 29, 5–7 p.m., Kearny's attack, Hood vs. Hatch</figcaption></figure> <p>At 4:30 p.m., Pope finally sent an explicit order to Porter to attack, but his aide (his nephew) lost his way and did not deliver the message until 6:30 p.m. In any event, Porter was in no better position to attack then than he had been earlier in the day. But in anticipation of the attack that would not come, Pope ordered Kearny to attack Jackson's far left flank, intending to put strong pressure on both ends of the line. At 5 p.m. Kearny sent Robinson and Birney's brigades surging forward into A.P. Hill's exhausted division. The brunt of the attack fell on Maxcy Gregg's brigade, which had defended against two major assaults over eight hours that day and was nearly out of ammunition in addition to having lost most of its officers. As they fell back onto the edge of a hillside, Gregg lopped some wildflowers with his old Revolutionary War scimitar and remarked, "Let us die here my men, let us die here." With both Thomas's and Gregg's brigades on the verge of disintegrating, A.P. Hill sent a message to Jackson calling for help. Meanwhile, Daniel Leasure's brigade of Isaac Stevens's division crept around to the south and forced back James Archer's Tennessee brigade. Jubal Early's brigade, which had begun the day on the extreme right of the Confederate line, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_O%27Bryan_Branch" title="Lawrence O'Bryan Branch">Lawrence O'Bryan Branch</a>'s brigade, which had thus far been held in reserve, counterattacked and drove back Kearny's division. During the fighting, one of Hill's brigadiers, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Field" title="Charles W. Field">Charles W. Field</a>, was severely wounded and command of his brigade, which had also taken a beating over the course of the day, fell to Col. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">John M. Brockenbrough</a> of the 40th Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Confederate right, Longstreet observed a movement of McDowell's force away from his front; the I Corps was moving divisions to <a href="/wiki/Henry_House_Hill" title="Henry House Hill">Henry House Hill</a> to support Reynolds. This report caused Lee to revive his plan for an offensive in that sector. Longstreet once again argued against it, this time due to inadequate time before dusk. Longstreet suggested "that the day being far spent it might be well to advance before night on a forced reconnaissance, get our troops in the most favourable positions, and have all things ready for battle the next morning." To this General Lee reluctantly gave consent and Hood's division was sent forward. As soon as McDowell arrived at Pope's headquarters, the latter urged him to move King's division forward. McDowell then informed Pope that King had fallen ill and relinquished command of the division to Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hatch" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Hatch">John P. Hatch</a>, whom Pope had taken a considerable disliking to early in the campaign. Hatch had originally led a cavalry brigade and failed to carry out an order from Pope to raid down into the Richmond outskirts. Displeased at this, Pope reassigned Hatch to infantry command. He now ordered Hatch to go up the Sudley Road and attack, but Hatch protested that the road was clogged with Kearny's troops, it would not be possible to clear them out of the way before darkness. Exasperated, Pope repeated his order for Hatch to advance on the Confederate right, but was soon distracted by actions going on the other side of the line. John Hood's division had arrived on Jackson's right and McDowell ordered Hatch to reinforce Reynolds despite Hatch's protests that two of his three brigades (Gibbon and Doubleday's) were exhausted from the fight at Brawner's Farm the previous day. Hatch deployed Doubleday's brigade out in front. Hood's division forced Hatch and Reynolds back to a position on Bald Hill, overrunning Chinn Ridge in the process. As night fell, Hood pulled back from this exposed position. Longstreet and his subordinates again argued to Lee that they should not be attacking a force they considered to be placed in a strong defensive position, and for the third time, Lee cancelled the planned assault.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hood's withdrawal from Chinn Ridge only reinforced Pope's belief that the enemy was retreating. When Pope learned from McDowell about Buford's report, he finally acknowledged that Longstreet was on the field, but he optimistically assumed that Longstreet was there only to reinforce Jackson while the entire Confederate army withdrew; Hood's division had in fact just done that. Pope issued explicit orders for Porter's corps to rejoin the main body of the army and planned for another offensive on August 30. Historian A. Wilson Greene argues that this was Pope's worst decision of the battle. Since he no longer had numerical superiority over the Confederates and did not possess any geographical advantage, the most prudent course would have been to withdraw his army over Bull Run and unite with McClellan's Army of the Potomac, which had 25,000 men nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 240px; height: 127px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -209px; left: -3px; width: 260px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of the battlefield on August 29–30" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg/260px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg/390px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg/520px-The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="2931" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Photographic_History_of_The_Civil_War_Volume_02_Page_053.jpg" title="File:The Photographic History of The Civil War Volume 02 Page 053.jpg"> </a></div>View of the battlefield on August 29–30 </div> </div> </div> <p>That evening, Pope wired Halleck with a report of the day's fighting, describing it as "severe" and estimating his losses at 7000–8000 men. He estimated Confederate losses at twice this many, an extremely incorrect estimation given that Jackson had been fighting a mostly defensive battle. Although Confederate casualties were lower, their officer losses had been high; aside from the loss of two division commanders on August 28, three brigade commanders, Trimble, Field, and Col. Henry Forno, had been wounded. For comparison, only one Union brigade commander had been wounded so far, Col. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Leasure" title="Daniel Leasure">Daniel Leasure</a>, and no general officers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the historical controversies of the battle involves George B. McClellan's cooperation with John Pope. In late August, two full corps of the Army of the Potomac (<a href="/wiki/William_B._Franklin" title="William B. Franklin">William B. Franklin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_V._Sumner" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin V. Sumner">Edwin V. Sumner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a>) had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, but McClellan would not allow them to advance to Manassas because of what he considered inadequate artillery, cavalry, and transportation support. He was accused by his political opponents of deliberately undermining Pope's position, and he did not help his case in history when he wrote to his wife on August 10, "Pope will be badly thrashed within two days & ... they will be very glad to turn over the redemption of their affairs to me. I won't undertake it unless I have full & entire control." He told Abraham Lincoln on August 29 that it might be wise "to leave Pope to get out of his scrape, and at once use all our means to make the capital perfectly safe".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_30:_Longstreet_counterattack,_Union_retreat"><span id="August_30:_Longstreet_counterattack.2C_Union_retreat"></span>August 30: Longstreet counterattack, Union retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: August 30: Longstreet counterattack, Union retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Special:EditPage/Second Battle of Bull Run">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The final element of Longstreet's command, the division of Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>, marched 17 miles (27 km) and arrived on the battlefield at 3 a.m., August 30. Exhausted and unfamiliar with the area, they halted on a ridge east of Groveton. At dawn, they realized they were in an isolated position too close to the enemy and fell back. Pope's belief that the Confederate army was in retreat was reinforced by this movement, which came after the withdrawal of Hood's troops the night before.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pope thus directed McDowell to move his entire corps up the Sudley Road and hit the Confederate right flank. McDowell however protested this order, stating that he had no idea what was happening down on the Confederate left and he would much prefer to have his troops on Chinn Ridge. He then said that it would make more sense to attack the Confederate right with Heintzelman's troops, since they were closer to this area. Pope gave in, but decided to detach King's division to support Heintzelman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manassas,_Henry_Hill,_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg/220px-Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg/330px-Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg/440px-Manassas%2C_Henry_Hill%2C_Jackson%27s_canons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Stonewall Jackson's cannons on Henry House Hill</figcaption></figure> <p>At an 8 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> at Pope's headquarters, his subordinates attempted to convince their commander to move cautiously. Probes of the Confederate line on Stony Ridge around 10 a.m. indicated that Stonewall Jackson's men were still firmly in their defensive positions. John F. Reynolds indicated that the Confederates were in great strength south of the turnpike. Fitz John Porter arrived later with similar intelligence. However, Heintzelman and McDowell conducted a personal reconnaissance that somehow failed to find Jackson's defensive line, and Pope finally made up his mind to attack the retreating Southerners.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Porter was bringing his corps up, a further mix-up in orders resulted in the loss of two brigades. <a href="/wiki/Abram_Sanders_Piatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abram Sanders Piatt">Abram Sanders Piatt</a>'s small brigade, which had been detached from the defenses of Washington, D.C., and temporarily attached to the V Corps, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Griffin" title="Charles Griffin">Charles Griffin</a>'s brigade both pulled out of Porter's main column, marched back down to Manassas Junction, and then up to Centreville. Morell, using an outdated set of orders from a day earlier, had assumed Pope was at Centreville and he was expected to join him there. Piatt eventually realized that something was amiss and turned back around towards the battlefield, arriving on Henry House Hill at about 4 p.m. Griffin and his division commander Maj. Gen <a href="/wiki/George_W._Morell" title="George W. Morell">George W. Morell</a> however stayed at Centreville despite their discovery that Pope was not there. Eventually, at 4 p.m., Griffin began moving his brigade towards the action, but by this point, Pope's army was in full retreat and a mass of wagons and stragglers were blocking the roadway. Additionally, the bridge over Cub Run was broken, making it impossible for him to move any further west.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_House_Ruins_(2)_1862_(5926531700).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg/220px-Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg/330px-Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg/440px-Henry_House_Ruins_%282%29_1862_%285926531700%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers stand next to a completely destroyed Henry House in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>As Ricketts's division approached the Confederate lines, it became clear that the enemy was still there in force and was showing no sign of retreating. Pope, unnerved by these reports, contemplated waiting for McClellan to arrive with the II and VI Corps, but then worried that McClellan would take credit for any victory in the battle, so he decided to attack immediately rather than wait. Shortly after noon, Pope issued orders for Porter's corps, supported by Hatch and Reynolds, to advance west along the turnpike. At the same time, Ricketts, Kearny, and Hooker were to advance on the Confederate left. This dual movement would potentially crush the retreating Confederates. But the Confederates were not retreating, and were in fact hoping to be attacked. Lee was still waiting for an opportunity to counterattack with Longstreet's force. Although he was not certain that Pope would attack that day, Lee positioned 18 artillery pieces under Col. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Lee" title="Stephen D. Lee">Stephen D. Lee</a> on high ground northeast of the Brawner Farm, ideally situated to bombard the open fields in front of Jackson's position.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porter's corps was actually not in position to pursue west on the turnpike, but was in the woods north of the turnpike near Groveton. It took about two hours to prepare the assault on Jackson's line, ten brigades numbering roughly 10,000 men, with 28 artillery pieces on Dogan Ridge to support them. On the right, Ricketts' division would support Heintzelman while Sigel's corps remained in reserve to the rear. Reynolds' division was stationed near Henry House Hill, with King's division on its right. Porter would strike Jackson's right flank with his 1st Division. Since General Morell was not present, command of the remaining troops fell to Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Butterfield" title="Daniel Butterfield">Daniel Butterfield</a>, the ranking brigadier in the division. George Sykes' division of regular army troops was held in reserve. As noon approached and the sun climbed high up in the sky, temperatures on the battlefield topped 90 °F.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederates, however, attempted to strike the first blow. Elements of Hill's and Ewell's divisions came charging out of the woods and surprised some of Ricketts' men with a volley or two, but once again the Union artillery on Dogan Ridge was too much for them and after being blasted by shellfire, they withdrew back to the line of the unfinished railroad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 30, 3 p.m., Porter's attack</figcaption></figure> <p>The Union men faced a formidable task. Butterfield's division had to cross 600 yards (550 m) of open pasture, land owned by widow Lucinda Dogan, the final 150 yards (140 m) of which were steeply uphill, to attack a strong position behind the unfinished railroad. Porter then ordered John Hatch's division to support Butterfield's right flank. Hatch formed his four brigades into a line of battle, the attack being spearheaded by his own brigade, now commanded by Col. Timothy Sullivan since he assumed division command the day earlier. Hatch's division had only 300 yards (270 m) to traverse, but was required to perform a complex right wheel maneuver under fire to hit the Confederate position squarely in its front. They experienced devastating fire from Stephen Lee's batteries and then withering volleys from the infantrymen in the line. In the confusion, Hatch was knocked from his horse by an artillery shell and taken off the field unconscious. Nevertheless, they were able to break the Confederate line, routing the <a href="/wiki/48th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="48th Virginia Infantry">48th Virginia Infantry</a>. The Stonewall Brigade rushed in to restore the line, taking heavy casualties, including its commander, Col. Baylor. In what was arguably the most famous incident of the battle, Confederates in Col. Bradley T. Johnson's and Col. <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Augustus_Stafford" title="Leroy Augustus Stafford">Leroy A. Stafford</a>'s brigades fired so much that they ran out of ammunition and resorted to throwing large rocks at the 24th New York, causing occasional damage, and prompting some of the surprised New Yorkers to throw them back. To support Jackson's exhausted defense, which was stretched to the breaking point, Longstreet's artillery added to the barrage against Union reinforcements attempting to move in, cutting them to pieces. Hatch's brigade fell back in confusion, the men running into Patrick's brigade and causing them to also panic. The mob quickly contacted Gibbon's brigade, which remained some distance to the rear, while Doubleday's brigade had inexplicably wandered away from the field of action. Meanwhile, Butterfield's hard-pressed division was buckling under heavy Confederate musketry and artillery blasts and coming near to disintegrating.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trying to shore up Butterfield's faltering attack, Porter ordered Lt. Col <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Buchanan" title="Robert C. Buchanan">Robert C. Buchanan</a>'s brigade of regulars into action, but Longstreet's attack on the Union left interrupted him. The withdrawal was also a costly operation. Some of the jubilant Confederates in Starke's brigade attempted a pursuit, but were beaten back by the Union reserves posted along the Groveton-Sudley Road. Overall, Jackson's command was too depleted to counterattack, allowing Porter to stabilize the situation north of the turnpike. Concerned about Porter's situation, however, Irvin McDowell ordered Reynolds's division to leave Chinn Ridge and come to Porter's support. This may have been the worst tactical decision of the day because it left only 2,200 Union troops south of the turnpike, where they would soon face ten times their number of Confederates.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 30, 4 p.m.: Start of Longstreet's attack</figcaption></figure> <p>Lee and Longstreet agreed that the time was right for the long-awaited assault and that the objective would be Henry House Hill, which had been the key terrain in the First Battle of Bull Run, and which, if captured, would dominate the potential Union line of retreat. Longstreet's command of 25,000 men in five divisions stretched nearly a mile and a half from the Brawner Farm in the north to the Manassas Gap Railroad in the south. To reach the hill, they would have to traverse 1.5 to 2 miles (3.2 km) of ground containing ridges, streams, and some heavily wooded areas. Longstreet knew that he would not be able to project a well-coordinated battle line across this terrain, so he had to rely on the drive and initiative of his division commanders. The lead division, on the left, closest to the turnpike, was <a href="/wiki/Texas_Brigade" title="Texas Brigade">John Bell Hood's Texans</a>, supported by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_George_Evans" title="Nathan George Evans">Nathan G. "Shanks" Evans's</a> South Carolinians. On Hood's right were Kemper's and Jones's divisions. Anderson's division was held in reserve. Just before the attack, Lee signaled to Jackson: "General Longstreet is advancing; look out for and protect his left flank."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Realizing what was happening down on the left, Porter told Buchanan to instead move in that direction to stem the Confederate onslaught and then also sent a messenger to find the other regular brigade, commanded by Col. <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Roberts" title="Charles W. Roberts">Charles W. Roberts</a> and get it into action. The Union defenders south of the turnpike consisted of only two brigades, commanded by Cols. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_McLean" title="Nathaniel McLean">Nathaniel C. McLean</a> (Schenck's division, Sigel's I Corps) and <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a> (Sykes's division, Porter's V Corps). McLean held Chinn Ridge, Warren was near Groveton, about 800 yards (730 m) further west. Hood's men began the assault at 4 p.m., immediately overwhelming Warren's two regiments, the <a href="/wiki/5th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th New York Volunteer Infantry">5th New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abram_Dury%C3%A9e" title="Abram Duryée">Duryée's</a> <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a>) and 10th New York (the National Zouaves). Within the first 10 minutes of contact, the 500 men of the 5th New York had suffered almost 300 casualties, 120 of them mortally wounded. This was the largest loss of life of any infantry regiment in a single battle during the entire war. The Zouave regiments had been wearing bright red and blue uniforms, and one of Hood's officers wrote that the bodies lying on the hill reminded him of the Texas countryside when the wildflowers were in bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While all this was going on, Pope was at his headquarters behind Dogan Ridge, oblivious to the chaos unfurling to the south. Instead, he was focused on a message he had just received from Henry Halleck announcing that the II and VI Corps, plus Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/Darius_Couch" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius Couch">Darius Couch</a>'s division of the IV Corps, were on the way to reinforce him, and moreover, McClellan had been ordered to stay behind in Washington, D.C. This would give Pope 41 brigades, all of them completely under his command and with no interference from McClellan whatsoever. Only after Warren had collapsed and McLean was being driven from the field did Pope finally realize what was happening.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>August 30, 4:30 p.m.: Union defense of Chinn Ridge</figcaption></figure> <p>McDowell ordered Ricketts' division to disengage from its attack on the Confederate left, which had also failed to achieve any breakthrough, and reinforce the Union left. McDowell rode out with Reynolds to supervise the construction of the new line of defense on Chinn Ridge, just as Porter's shattered troops came running out of the woods to the west. Reynolds protested the order to move to Chinn Ridge, arguing that his division was needed to prevent a Confederate attack from the woods. McDowell, however, told Reynolds that the Confederate attack was not coming from that direction, but from the south and to move his division there immediately. Even before this happened, one of Reynolds' brigade commanders, Col. Martin Hardin (commanding Brig. Gen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conrad_F._Jackson%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conrad F. Jackson's (page does not exist)">Conrad F. Jackson's</a> brigade after Jackson had called in sick the previous day), took the initiative by himself and marched down to stem the Confederate onslaught. Taking with him Battery G of the 1st Pennsylvania Artillery, Hardin's brigade unleashed a volley of musket fire that stunned the 1st and 4th Texas regiments, but the 5th Texas to the right kept coming on and quickly shot down most of the gunners of Battery G. Nathan Evans' South Carolina brigade now arrived to reinforce the Texans and got in the rear of Hardin's brigade. Hardin fell wounded and command of the brigade devolved on Col. James Kirk of the 10th Pennsylvania Reserves. Kirk was shot down within minutes and a lieutenant colonel took over. The crumbling remains of the brigade fell back, some soldiers pausing to take shots at the oncoming Confederates. Nathaniel McLean's brigade of Ohioans arrived on the scene, but was assailed on three sides by the brigades of Law, Wilcox, and Evans, and soon joined the survivors of Hardin's brigade in a disorganized mob on Henry House Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first two Union brigades to arrive were from Ricketts's division, commanded by Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Zealous_Bates_Tower" title="Zealous Bates Tower">Zealous B. Tower</a> and Col. Fletcher Webster, temporarily commanding Col. John Stiles' brigade. James Ricketts had been at the same battlefield a year earlier, at First Bull Run, where he had commanded a regular gun battery and had been captured at the fight for Henry Hill. Tower's brigade slammed Wilcox's Alabamians in the flank and sent them reeling, but was then immediately confronted with the fresh Confederate division of <a href="/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones" title="David Rumph Jones">David R. Jones</a>. Webster lined up his four regiments to face the Confederate attackers, but was struck by an artillery shell and collapsed dead on the field. Disheartened by Webster's death, his men began to fall back. Meanwhile, Tower was shot from his horse and carried off the field unconscious. Robert Schenck then ordered Col. John Koltes' brigade, which had been held in reserve during Sigel's attack on the Confederate left the previous day and was fresh, into action, along with <a href="/wiki/Wlodzimierz_Krzyzanowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski">Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski</a>'s brigade, which had been heavily engaged and was tired. Koltes however was quickly struck by an artillery shell and killed. Overall command devolved onto Col. Richard Coulter of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Pennsylvania Infantry">11th Pennsylvania</a>, the highest-ranking officer remaining on the field, and a <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a> veteran. Although Koltes and Krzyzanowski's six regiments held their ground for a little while, they were quickly overwhelmed by yet more fresh Confederates in the brigades of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Armistead" title="Lewis Armistead">Lewis Armistead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Corse" class="mw-redirect" title="Montgomery Corse">Montgomery Corse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a> and started to fall back in disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>R.H. Anderson failed to avail himself of the most significant advantage three hours of fighting on Chinn Ridge and Henry Hill had forged. Because he did not, the Confederates' last opportunity to destroy Pope's army dwindled with the day's light. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">John J. Hennessy, <i>Return to Bull Run</i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>During the first two hours of the Confederate assault, McDowell had constructed a new line of defense consisting of Reynolds' and Sykes' divisions. Longstreet's last fresh troops, Richard Anderson's division now took the offensive. The regulars of George Sykes's division along with Meade and Seymour's brigades, plus Piatt's brigade, formed a line on Henry House Hill that held off this final Confederate attack long enough to give the rest of the army time to withdraw across Bull Run Creek to Centreville.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png/330px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png/495px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png/660px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1700.png 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>August 30, 5 p.m.: Final Confederate attacks, beginning of the Union retreat</figcaption></figure> <p>Stonewall Jackson, under relatively ambiguous orders from Lee to support Longstreet, launched an attack north of the turnpike at 6 p.m., probably as soon as his exhausted forces could be mustered. Historian John J. Hennessy called Jackson's delays "one of the battle's great puzzles" and "one of the most significant Confederate failures" of the battle, greatly reducing the value of his advance.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack coincided with Pope's ordered withdrawal of units north of the turnpike to assist in the Henry House Hill defense and the Confederates were able to overrun a number of artillery and infantry units in their fierce assault. By 7 p.m., however, Pope had established a strong defensive line that aligned with the units on Henry House Hill. At 8 p.m., he ordered a general withdrawal on the turnpike to Centreville. Unlike the calamitous retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union movement was quiet and orderly. The Confederates, weary from battle and low on ammunition, did not pursue in the darkness. Although Lee had won a great victory, he had not achieved his objective of destroying Pope's army.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg/220px-Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg/330px-Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg/440px-Retreat_after_Second_Bull_Run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Union troops retreat after the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The final significant action of the battle occurred around 7:00 PM as Lee directed J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry to go around the Union flank and cut off their retreat. Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Robertson" title="Beverly Robertson">Beverly Robertson</a>'s cavalry brigade, accompanied by Col. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rosser">Thomas Rosser</a>'s <a href="/wiki/5th_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Virginia Cavalry">5th Virginia Cavalry</a> headed for Lewis Ford, a crossing in Bull Run Creek that would enable them to get in the rear of the Union army. However, Robertson and Rosser found the crossing blocked by John Buford's cavalry and after a short, but fierce engagement, Buford's superior numbers won out and the Confederate horsemen pulled back. The cavalry clash lasted only about ten minutes, but resulted in Col. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Munford" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Munford">Thomas Munford</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Virginia Cavalry">2nd Virginia Cavalry</a> being wounded. Col. <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Brodhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornton Brodhead">Thornton Brodhead</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Michigan_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Michigan Cavalry">1st Michigan Cavalry</a> was shot dead, and John Buford was also wounded. The Union army's retreat however had been safeguarded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14759520711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg/220px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg/330px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg/440px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814759520711%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Bridge crossed by the Union troops retreating to Centreville</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Battle of Manassas, like the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First</a> (July 21, 1861), was a significant tactical victory for the Confederates and was another blow to Union morale. Union casualties were about 14,000 killed and wounded out of 62,000 engaged (22.5%); the Confederates lost about 1,000 killed and 7,000 wounded out of 50,000 (16%).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chantilly">Chantilly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chantilly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Union Army concentrated on Centreville, Lee planned his next move. He sent Jackson on another flanking march in an attempt to interpose his army between Pope and Washington. Pope countered the move and the two forces clashed a final time at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantilly" title="Battle of Chantilly">Battle of Chantilly</a> (also known as Ox Hill) on September 1. Lee immediately began his next campaign on September 3, when the vanguard of the Army of Northern Virginia crossed the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, marching toward a fateful encounter with the Army of the Potomac in the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pope_relieved_of_command">Pope relieved of command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pope relieved of command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>A splendid army almost demoralized, millions of public property given up or destroyed, thousands of lives of our best men sacrificed for no purpose. I dare not trust myself to speak of this commander [Pope] as I feel and believe. Suffice to say ... that more insolence, superciliousness, ignorance, and pretentiousness were never combined in one man. It can in truth be said of him that he had not a friend in his command from the smallest drummer boy to the highest general officer. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Alpheus S. Williams</a> (II Corps division commander)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Pope was relieved of command on September 12, and his army was merged into the Army of the Potomac as it marched into Maryland under McClellan. He spent the remainder of the war in the Department of the Northwest in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>. Pope sought scapegoats to spread the blame for his defeat. On November 25, Fitz John Porter was arrested and <a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Fitz_John_Porter" title="Court-martial of Fitz John Porter">court-martialed for his actions</a> on August 29. Porter was found guilty on January 10, 1863, of disobedience and misconduct, and he was dismissed from the Army on January 21. He spent most of the remainder of his life fighting against the verdict. In 1878, a special commission under General <a href="/wiki/John_M._Schofield" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Schofield">John M. Schofield</a> exonerated Porter by finding that his reluctance to attack Longstreet probably saved Pope's Army of Virginia from an even greater defeat. Eight years later, President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> reversed Porter's sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longstreet_criticized">Longstreet criticized</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Longstreet criticized"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Longstreet was criticized for his performance during the battle and the postbellum advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> claimed that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to Gen. Lee on August 29 were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. Lee's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a>, wrote: "The seeds of much of the disaster at Gettysburg were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battlefield_preservation">Battlefield preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battlefield preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the site of the battle is now <a href="/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Manassas National Battlefield Park">Manassas National Battlefield Park</a>. Located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas, respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy), and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname "Stonewall".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Battlefield_Trust" title="American Battlefield Trust">American Battlefield Trust</a> and its partners have acquired and preserved 373 acres (1.51 km<sup>2</sup>) of the Second Battle of Bull Run battlefield in more than 10 transactions since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_photographs">Historic photographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historic photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_House_Ruins_1862_(5926531606).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soldiers stand next to a completely destroyed Henry House in 1862"><img alt="Soldiers stand next to a completely destroyed Henry House in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg/120px-Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg/180px-Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg/240px-Henry_House_Ruins_1862_%285926531606%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Soldiers stand next to a completely destroyed Henry House in 1862</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia,_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia, Bull Run. Ruins of Stone Bridge, 1862"><img alt="Virginia, Bull Run. Ruins of Stone Bridge, 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg/120px-Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg/180px-Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg/240px-Virginia%2C_Bull_Run._Ruins_of_Stone_Bridge_-_NARA_-_533281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2383" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Virginia, Bull Run. Ruins of Stone Bridge, 1862</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of a CS railroad bridge at Blackburns Ford on Bull Run river south east of the Stone Bridge at Bull Run. Railroad was built by the Confederate army to run supplies to the army encamped some 5 miles from Manassas Junction[72]"><img alt="Ruins of a CS railroad bridge at Blackburns Ford on Bull Run river south east of the Stone Bridge at Bull Run. Railroad was built by the Confederate army to run supplies to the army encamped some 5 miles from Manassas Junction[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg/98px-Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg/147px-Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg/196px-Blackburns_Ford_CMRR_trestle_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of a CS railroad bridge at Blackburns Ford on Bull Run river south east of the Stone Bridge at Bull Run. Railroad was built by the Confederate army to run supplies to the army encamped some 5 miles from Manassas Junction<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Centreville,_VA,_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Quaker guns" (logs used as ruses to imitate cannons) in former Confederate fortifications at Manassas Junction Centreville, VA"><img alt=""Quaker guns" (logs used as ruses to imitate cannons) in former Confederate fortifications at Manassas Junction Centreville, VA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/120px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/180px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg/240px-Centreville%2C_VA%2C_Quaker_Guns_in_the_fort_on_the_heights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6630" data-file-height="5892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Quaker_gun" title="Quaker gun">Quaker guns</a>" (logs used as ruses to imitate cannons) in former Confederate fortifications at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas Junction</a> Centreville, VA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manassas_Junction_1862_(5925973617).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of men stand near the Manassas Railroad Junction railroad tracks in 1862 with a train in the background"><img alt="A group of men stand near the Manassas Railroad Junction railroad tracks in 1862 with a train in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg/120px-Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg/180px-Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg/240px-Manassas_Junction_1862_%285925973617%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A group of men stand near the Manassas Railroad Junction railroad tracks in 1862 with a train in the background</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manassas_Junction2_1862_(5925973745).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862"><img alt="A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg/120px-Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg/180px-Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg/240px-Manassas_Junction2_1862_%285925973745%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manassas_Junction3_1862_(5925973903).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862"><img alt="A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg/120px-Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg/180px-Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg/240px-Manassas_Junction3_1862_%285925973903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manassas_Junction4_1862_(5925973953).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Men sit near the Manassas Junction railroad in 1862"><img alt="Men sit near the Manassas Junction railroad in 1862" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg/120px-Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg/180px-Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg/240px-Manassas_Junction4_1862_%285925973953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Men sit near the Manassas Junction railroad in 1862</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Picking up debris of trains after Pope's retreat"><img alt="Picking up debris of trains after Pope's retreat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg/120px-Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg/180px-Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg/240px-Picking_up_debris_of_trains_after_Pope%27s_retreat._Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run._-_NARA_-_524923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Picking up debris of trains after Pope's retreat</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_Run,_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bull Run, Va. Dedication of the battle monument; Judge Abram B. Olin of the District of Columbia Supreme Court, who delivered the address, stands by the rail."><img alt="Bull Run, Va. Dedication of the battle monument; Judge Abram B. Olin of the District of Columbia Supreme Court, who delivered the address, stands by the rail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg/120px-Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg/180px-Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg/240px-Bull_Run%2C_Va._Dedication_of_the_battle_monument_03773v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="827" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bull Run, Va. Dedication of the battle monument; Judge Abram B. Olin of the District of Columbia Supreme Court, who delivered the address, stands by the rail.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle map drafted by Sneden, Robert Knox, with notes on Union and Confederate strengths, casualties, done in pen and ink and water color"><img alt="Battle map drafted by Sneden, Robert Knox, with notes on Union and Confederate strengths, casualties, done in pen and ink and water color" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg/120px-Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg/180px-Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg/240px-Battle_map_of_2nd_Bull_Run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5417" data-file-height="4790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle map drafted by Sneden, Robert Knox, with notes on Union and Confederate strengths, casualties, done in pen and ink and water color</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 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Civil War">Armies in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Manassas National Battlefield Park">Manassas National Battlefield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_costliest_American_Civil_War_land_battles" title="List of costliest American Civil War land battles">List of costliest American Civil War land battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant">Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2ndmanassas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2ndmanassas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2ndmanassas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mana/learn/historyculture/second-manassas.htm">National Park Service</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dates-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dates_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va026.htm">National Park Service</a> has established these dates for the battle. The references by Greene, Hennessy, Salmon, and Kennedy (whose works are closely aligned with the NPS) adopt these dates as well. However, all of the other references to this article specify that the action on August 28 was a battle separate from the Second Battle of Bull Run. Some of these authors name the action on August 28 the <b>Battle of Groveton</b>, <b>Brawner's Farm</b>, or <b>Gainesville</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/abpp/battles/va026.htm">National Park Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UF-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UF_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UF_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UF_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UF_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i> Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 3, pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;idno=waro0018;node=waro0018%3A4;view=image;seq=583;size=100;page=root">581–588</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VIAC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VIAC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VIAC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Only First Brigade from First Division. No other troops of the VI Corps were in action during the Northern Virginia Campaign.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i> Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 2, pages, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0016&node=waro0016%3A4&view=image&seq=548&size=100">546–551</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFstrength-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UFstrength_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UFstrength_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, p. 280; Eicher, p. 318; Hennessy, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">75,000 according to Ballard-Arthur, <i>Second Bull Run Staff Ride – Briefing Book</i>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i> Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 3, page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0018&node=waro0018%3A4&view=image&seq=525&size=100">523</a> and Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 2, page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0016&node=waro0016%3A4&view=image&seq=55&size=100">53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strength-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strength_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 327; Ballard-Arthur, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i> <i><b>Return of Casualties in the Union forces, commanded by Maj. Gen. John Pope, during the operations August 16 – September 2, 1862</b></i> (Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 2, page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0016&node=waro0016%3A4&view=image&seq=264&size=100">262</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Union: 13,830; Confederate: 8,350, according to National Park Service. Greene, p. 54, cites ~ 10,000 Union casualties (killed/wounded); ~ 1,300 Confederates killed and ~ 7,000 wounded. Most published figures for casualties are for the entire Northern Virginia Campaign, including the significant battles of Cedar Mountain and Chantilly. The <i><b>campaign casualties</b></i> reported by Eicher (p. 334) are: <b>Union 16,054</b> (1,724 killed, 8,372 wounded, 5,958 captured/missing); <b>Confederate 9,197</b> (1,481 killed, 7,627 wounded, 89 captured/missing). <i>See reference in</i>: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a>, <b>Casualties and losses</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Further information:</i> Official Records, Series I, Volume XII, Part 2, pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0016&node=waro0016%3A4&view=image&seq=562&size=100">560–562</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0016&node=waro0016%3A4&view=image&seq=740&size=100">738</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va026.htm">National Park Service</a>. There were Confederate offensives in the war that employed more men—57,000 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a>, for instance—but they involved multiple, piecemeal attacks over longer periods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va026.htm">National Park Service</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 318; Martin, pp. 24, 32–33; Hennessy, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, Map 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitehorne, Overview, np.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 10; Esposito, Map 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va022.htm">NPS Cedar Mountain summary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, pp. 127–28; Eicher, pp. 322–23; Esposito, Map 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va024.htm">NPS Manassas Station Operations summary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 145, 200–201; Greene, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va025.htm">NPS Thoroughfare Gap summary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 561–67; Langellier, pp. 90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1997" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, James Jr. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/793457050"><i>Stonewall Jackson the man, the soldier, the legend</i></a>. Simon & Schuster Macmillan. p. 561. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793457050">793457050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonewall+Jackson+the+man%2C+the+soldier%2C+the+legend.&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793457050&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F793457050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+Bull+Run" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawes, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herdegen, p. 91; Greene, pp. 19–21; Eicher, p. 326; Salmon, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawes, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ropes, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herdegen, pp. 91–92; Hennessy, pp. 173–80; Greene, p. 21; Salmon, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 180–88; Eicher, p. 326; Greene, pp. 22–23; Salmon, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time-Life, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, pp. 92–93; Hennessy, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 23–24; Hennessy, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 24–25; Hennessy, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 196–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 204; Greene, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 148; Whitehorne, Stop 5; Hennessy, pp. 205–214; Eicher, p. 328; Greene, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 27–28; Hennessy, pp. 226–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, map 62; Greene, pp. 28–29; Hennessy, pp. 232–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, p. 29; Hennessy, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longstreet, p. 181; Greene, pp. 29–30; Hennessy, pp. 230–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 181–82; Greene, p. 32; Hennessy, pp. 245–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, p. 33; Martin, pp. 183–84; Hennessy, pp. 259–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 33–35; Hennessy, pp. 270–86; Martin, pp. 185–88; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131120541/http://www.aphillcsa.goellnitz.org/gregg.html">Gregg biographical sketch at A.P. Hill website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 287–99; Longstreet, pp. 183–84; Martin, pp. 189–90; Greene, pp. 35–37; Eicher, p. 329.; G.F.R. Henderson, p.440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 304–307; Greene, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 241–42; Greene, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 311–12, 323–24; Martin, p. 209; Greene, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fitz-John Porter, Scapegoat of Second Manassas: The Rise, Fall, and Rise of the General Accused of Disobedience." Donald R. Jermann 2008 pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 39–40; Eicher, p. 329; Hennessy, pp. 313–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 318; Greene, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salmon, p. 150; Hennessy, pp. 339–57; Greene, pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, pp. 219–20; Hennessy, pp. 358–61; Greene, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esposito, map 63; Eicher, p. 331; Martin, pp. 223–24; Greene, p. 45; Hennessy, pp. 362–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 366–73; Greene, p. 45; Martin, pp. 223–26. Martin claims that this was the largest <i>Union</i> infantry regiment loss of the war.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 373–93; Greene, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, pp. 393–406; Martin, pp. 231–37; Greene, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eicher, p. 331; Martin, pp. 246–48; Greene, p. 52; Hennessy, pp. 424–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, p. 54; Eicher, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harsh, pp. 163–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennessy, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner, p. 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, pp. 140–57; Wert, pp. 166–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/second-manassas-battlefield">"Second Manassas Battlefield"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. January 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=Second+Manassas+Battlefield&rft.date=2009-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Fvisit%2Fbattlefields%2Fsecond-manassas-battlefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+Bull+Run" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwartalk.com/threads/bull-run-virginia-confederate-military-railroad.206475/#post-2712070">Bull Run Virginia Military Railroad</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Editors of Time-Life Books. <i>Lee Takes Command: From Seven Days to Second Bull Run</i>. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-4804-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-4804-1">0-8094-4804-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> <i>The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84944-5">0-684-84944-5</a>.</li> <li>Esposito, Vincent J. <i>West Point Atlas of American Wars</i>. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5890637">5890637</a>. The collection of maps (without explanatory text) is available online at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usma.edu/history/SitePages/American%20Civil%20War.aspx">West Point website</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> <i>Lee and His Generals in War and Memory</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2958-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2958-5">0-8071-2958-5</a>.</li> <li>Greene, A. Wilson. <i>The Second Battle of Manassas</i>. National Park Service Civil War Series. Fort Washington, PA: U.S. National Park Service and Eastern National, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915992-85-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-915992-85-X">0-915992-85-X</a>.</li> <li>Harsh, Joseph L. <i>Confederate Tide Rising: Robert E. Lee and the Making of Southern Strategy, 1861–1862</i>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-580-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-580-2">0-87338-580-2</a>.</li> <li>Hennessy, John J. <i>Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3187-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3187-X">0-8061-3187-X</a>.</li> <li>Herdegen, Lance J. <i>The Men Stood Like Iron: How the Iron Brigade Won Its Name</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33221-4">0-253-33221-4</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, Frances H., ed. <i>The Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. 2nd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-74012-6">0-395-74012-6</a>.</li> <li>Langellier, John. <i>Second Manassas 1862: Robert E. Lee's Greatest Victory</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-230-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-230-X">1-84176-230-X</a>.</li> <li>Martin, David G. <i>The Second Bull Run Campaign: July–August 1862</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81332-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81332-7">0-306-81332-7</a>.</li> <li>Nolan, Alan T. <i>The Iron Brigade, A Military History</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34102-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34102-7">0-253-34102-7</a>.</li> <li>Ropes, John Codman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ysOAAAAIAAJ&dq=Army+Under+Pope"><i>The Army in the Civil War</i>. Vol. 4, <i>The Army under Pope</i></a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1881. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/458186269">458186269</a>.</li> <li>Salmon, John S. <i>The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-2868-4">0-8117-2868-4</a>.</li> <li>Warner, Ezra J. <i>Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7">0-8071-0822-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffry D.</a> <i>General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier: A Biography</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-70921-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-70921-6">0-671-70921-6</a>.</li> <li>Whitehorne, Joseph W. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/2Manassas/2mns-fm.htm"><i>The Battle of Second Manassas: Self-Guided Tour</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20723735">20723735</a>.</li> <li>Woodworth, Steven E., and Kenneth J. Winkle. <i>Oxford Atlas of the Civil War</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-522131-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-522131-1">0-19-522131-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/va026.htm">National Park Service battle description</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoirs_and_primary_sources">Memoirs and primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Memoirs and primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dawes, Rufus R. <i>A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade: Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6618-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6618-9">0-8032-6618-9</a>. First published 1890 by E. R. Alderman and Sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet, James</a>. <i>From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</i>. New York: Da Capo Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80464-6">0-306-80464-6</a>. First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz, Carl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofc02inschu"><i>The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz, Volume Two, 1852–1863</i></a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1913. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/780322429">780322429</a>.</li> <li>Robert Underwood Johnson, Clarence Clough Buell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battlesleadersof02cent"><i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, Volume 2 (Pdf)</a>, New York: The Century Co., 1887.</li> <li>U.S. War Department, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/m/moawar/waro.html"><i>The War of the Rebellion</i></a>: <i>a Compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Records of the American Civil War">Official Records</a> of the Union and Confederate Armies</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorterGrant1869" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Fitz-John; Grant, Ulysses S. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appealtothepres00portrich/page/n8/mode/2up/search/norton"><i>Appeal to the President of the United States for a re-examination of the proceedings of the general court martial in his case</i></a>. Morristown, N.J.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appeal+to+the+President+of+the+United+States+for+a+re-examination+of+the+proceedings+of+the+general+court+martial+in+his+case&rft.pub=Morristown%2C+N.J&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Fitz-John&rft.au=Grant%2C+Ulysses+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappealtothepres00portrich%2Fpage%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fnorton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+Bull+Run" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ballard, Ted, and Billy Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/StaffRide/Second_Bull_Run/Second_Bull%20Run_Staff_Ride_Briefing_Book.pdf"><i>Second Bull Run Staff Ride: Briefing Book</i></a>. Carlisle, PA: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, 1999? <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42908426">42908426</a>.</li> <li>Beaudot, William J. K., and Lance J. Herdegen. <i>An Irishman in the Iron Brigade: The Civil War Memoirs of James P. Sullivan, Sergt., Company K, 6th Wisconsin Volunteers</i>. New York: Fordham University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1501-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1501-0">978-0-8232-1501-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1968" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Horace H. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/do-pdf:ugp9780820333557"><i>Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas (Bull Run)</i></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820333557" title="Special:BookSources/9780820333557"><bdi>9780820333557</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+medical+services+at+the+Battles+of+Manassas+%28Bull+Run%29&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9780820333557&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Horace+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlg.galileo.usg.edu%2Fugapressbks%2Fdo-pdf%3Augp9780820333557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+Bull+Run" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Whitehorne, Joseph W. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Staff-Rides/2Manassas/2mns-fm.htm"><i>The Battle of Second Manassas: Self-Guided Tour</i></a>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20723735">20723735</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bull_Run" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bull Run">Bull Run</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuernsey1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Guernsey, Alfred H. (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Bull Run"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Bull_Run">"Bull Run" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bull+Run&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Guernsey&rft.aufirst=Alfred+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Battle+of+Bull+Run" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2010/02/harriet-porter.html">Harriet Porter</a> Wife Of Fitz John Porter</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/second-manassas.html">Second Manassas Battlefield Page</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100909053028/http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/secondmanassas/maps/porters-attack-map.html">Battle maps</a>, photos, history articles, and battlefield news (<a href="/wiki/CWPT" class="mw-redirect" title="CWPT">CWPT</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/mana">Manassas National Battlefield Park website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brettschulte.net/OOBs/SecondBullRun/SecondBullRun.html">Second Bull Run Order of Battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secondwi.com/wisconsinregiments/battles2.htm">The Battle of Gainesville on the 2nd Wisconsin's Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwaranimated.com/ManassasTwoAnimation.html">Animated History of the Second Manassas Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525140518/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~redmurdock/LutherMesnard.html">Eye witness accounts by Sergeant Luther Mesnard of Company D of OH 55th</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Template talk:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War_campaigns_in_the_Eastern_Theater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War campaigns in the Eastern Theater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern theater of the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1861" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1861">1861</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">Campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chesapeake blockade (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Virginia_campaign" title="Western Virginia campaign">Western Virginia</a> (Jun–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manassas_campaign" title="Category:Manassas campaign">Manassas</a> (Jul)</li> <li>Carolina coast blockade (Aug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_for_McClellan%27s_Operations_in_Northern_Virginia_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles for McClellan's Operations in Northern Virginia of the American Civil War">McClellan's operations</a> (Oct–Dec)</li> <li>Potomac blockade (Oct–Jan 1862)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1862" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862">1862</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burnside%27s_North_Carolina_Expedition" title="Category:Burnside's North Carolina Expedition">Burnside's NC Expedition</a> (Feb–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Category:Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a> (Mar–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a> (Mar–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a> (Jul-Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maryland_campaign" title="Category:Maryland campaign">Maryland</a> (Sep)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fredericksburg_campaign" title="Category:Fredericksburg campaign">Fredericksburg</a> (Nov–Dec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Goldsboro_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Goldsboro Expedition">Goldsboro Expedition</a> (Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oak_Grove" title="Battle of Oak Grove">Oak Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dam_Creek" title="Battle of Beaver Dam Creek">Beaver Dam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Gaines' Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garnett%27s_%26_Golding%27s_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm">Garnett's & Golding's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Savage's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Oak_Swamp" title="Battle of White Oak Swamp">White Oak Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863">1863</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_Longstreet%27s_Tidewater_Campaign_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign of the American Civil War">Tidewater operations</a> (Mar–Apr)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellorsville_Campaign" title="Category:Chancellorsville Campaign">Chancellorsville</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gettysburg_campaign" title="Category:Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg </a> (Jun–Jul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bristoe_campaign" title="Category:Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a> (Oct–Nov)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mine_Run_Campaign" title="Category:Mine Run Campaign">Mine Run</a> (Nov–Dec)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1864" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1864">1864</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Category:Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley campaigns</a> (May–Oct): Lynchburg, Early's B&O raid, Sheridan's campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Operations_against_Plymouth_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Battles of the Operations against Plymouth of the American Civil War">Operations against Plymouth</a> (Apr–May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Category:Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a> (May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overland_Campaign" title="Category:Overland Campaign">Overland</a> (May–Jun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petersburg_Campaign" title="Category:Petersburg Campaign">Petersburg</a> (Jun–Mar 1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Anna" title="Battle of North Anna">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Trevilian Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Second Battle of Petersburg">2nd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Deep_Bottom" title="Second Battle of Deep Bottom">2nd Deep Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Globe Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">3rd Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaffin%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Chaffin's Farm">Chaffin's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boydton_Plank_Road" title="Battle of Boydton Plank Road">Boydton Plank Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1865" title="Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1865">1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wilmington_campaigns" title="Category:Wilmington campaigns">Wilmington</a> (Dec–Feb)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a> (Mar–Apr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher" title="Second Battle of Fort Fisher">2nd Fort Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bentonville" title="Battle of Bentonville">Bentonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stedman" title="Battle of Fort Stedman">Fort Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">3rd Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Sailor's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_James" title="Army of the James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Shenandoah_(Union)" title="Army of the Shenandoah (Union)">Shenandoah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Monongahela" title="Department of the Monongahela">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Susquehanna" title="Department of the Susquehanna">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Valley" title="Cumberland Valley">Cumberland Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pennsylvania#Gettysburg-Newark_Lowlands" title="Geology of Pennsylvania">Gettysburg-Newark Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fairfax_County,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War2076" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairfax_County_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Template:Fairfax County in the American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairfax_County_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Fairfax County in the American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairfax_County_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairfax County in the American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairfax_County,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War2076" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairfax County, Virginia in the American Civil War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Blackburn's Ford">Battle of Blackburn's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantilly" title="Battle of Chantilly">Battle of Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dranesville" title="Battle of Dranesville">Battle of Dranesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)">Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fairfax_Court_House_(June_1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)">Battle of Fairfax Court House (June 1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna,_Virginia" title="Battle of Vienna, Virginia">Battle of Vienna, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg/100px-Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg/150px-Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg/200px-Fairfax_County_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Skirmishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_Wallow_Ambush" title="Bog Wallow Ambush">Bog Wallow Ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewinsville,_Virginia" title="Lewinsville, Virginia">Lewinsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Raids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burke,_Virginia#History" title="Burke, Virginia">Burke's Station Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXII_Corps_(Union_Army)#Mosby.27s_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="XXII Corps (Union Army)">Mosby's Raids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Virginia Infantry">8th Virginia Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Virginia Infantry">17th Virginia Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Virginia Cavalry">1st Virginia Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43rd_Battalion_Virginia_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="43rd Battalion Virginia Cavalry">43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Hussars" title="Georgia Hussars">Georgia Hussars</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Davis_Cavalry_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion">Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion</a>, Company F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Regiment_New_York_Volunteer_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry">16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_New_Jersey_Brigade" title="First New Jersey Brigade">First New Jersey Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Vermont_Brigade" title="2nd Vermont Brigade">2nd Vermont Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXII_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXII Corps (Union Army)">XXII Corps (Union Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">Union Army Balloon Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Corcoran" title="Michael Corcoran">Michael Corcoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Ford" title="Antonia Ford">Antonia Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Lowe" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus Lowe">Thaddeus Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Marr" title="John Quincy Marr">John Quincy Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">John S. Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ratcliffe" title="Laura Ratcliffe">Laura Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Stoughton" title="Edwin H. Stoughton">Edwin H. Stoughton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarens_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Clarens (Alexandria, Virginia)">Clarens (Alexandria, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centreville_Military_Railroad" title="Centreville Military Railroad">Centreville Military Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colvin_Run_Mill" title="Colvin Run Mill">Colvin Run Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon_(Virginia)" title="Fort Lyon (Virginia)">Fort Lyon (Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Marcy_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Marcy Park">Fort Marcy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Park" title="Hope Park">Hope Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntley_(plantation)" title="Huntley (plantation)">Huntley (plantation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_O%27Rourke" title="Fort O'Rourke">Fort O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrybrook" title="Merrybrook">Merrybrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_(Annandale,_Virginia)" title="Oak Hill (Annandale, Virginia)">Oak Hill (Annandale, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okeley_Manor" title="Okeley Manor">Okeley Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian_Hall_(plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossian Hall (plantation)">Ossian Hall (plantation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ox_Hill_Battlefield_Park" title="Ox Hill Battlefield Park">Ox Hill Battlefield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensworth_(plantation)" title="Ravensworth (plantation)">Ravensworth (plantation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church_(Fairfax_Station,_Virginia)" title="St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)">St. Mary's Church (Fairfax Station, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor%27s_Tavern" title="Taylor's Tavern">Taylor's Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gunnell_House_(Fairfax,_Virginia)" title="William Gunnell House (Fairfax, Virginia)">William Gunnell House (Fairfax, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_Hill" title="Mason's Hill">Mason's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor%27s_Hill" title="Minor's Hill">Minor's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munson%27s_Hill" title="Munson's Hill">Munson's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton%27s_Hill" title="Upton's Hill">Upton's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey%27s_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailey's Crossroads">Bailey's Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Run_Shoals" title="Wolf Run Shoals">Wolf Run Shoals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Fairfax_County,_Virginia302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairfax_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Template:Fairfax County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairfax_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Template talk:Fairfax County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairfax_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairfax County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Fairfax_County,_Virginia302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County, Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area" title="Washington metropolitan area">Washington metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area">Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Schools" title="Fairfax County Public Schools">Fairfax County Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Fairfax County Board of Supervisors">Fairfax County Board of Supervisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Park_Authority" title="Fairfax County Park Authority">Fairfax County Park Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Economic_Development_Authority" title="Fairfax County Economic Development Authority">Fairfax County Economic Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Library" title="Fairfax County Public Library">Fairfax County Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Fire_and_Rescue_Department" title="Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department">Fairfax County Fire and Rescue Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Police_Department" title="Fairfax County Police Department">Fairfax County Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Fairfax County Sheriff's Office">Fairfax County Sheriff's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Fairfax_County,_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of Fairfax County, Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/85px-Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/128px-Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg/170px-Seal_of_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="427" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Fairfax Symphony Orchestra">Fairfax Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce">Northern Virginia Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Government_Center" title="Fairfax County Government Center">Fairfax County Government Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Trap_National_Park_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts">Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inova_Fairfax_Hospital" title="Inova Fairfax Hospital">Inova Fairfax Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunston_Hall" title="Gunston Hall">Gunston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tysons_Corner_Center" title="Tysons Corner Center">Tysons Corner Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Old_Dominion_Railroad_Regional_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park">Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Falls_Park" title="Great Falls Park">Great Falls Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Old_Dominion_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington and Old Dominion Railway">Washington and Old Dominion Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvoir" title="Fort Belvoir">Fort Belvoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_Regional_Airport" title="Manassas Regional Airport">Manassas Regional Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Parkway" title="Fairfax County Parkway">Fairfax County Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Interchange" title="Springfield Interchange">Springfield Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_123" title="Virginia State Route 123">Virginia State Route 123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_267" title="Virginia State Route 267">Dulles Toll Road (VA 267)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Connector" title="Fairfax Connector">Fairfax Connector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Line_(Washington_Metro)" title="Silver Line (Washington Metro)">Silver Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Railway_Express" title="Virginia Railway Express">Virginia Railway Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_Line" title="Manassas Line">Manassas Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg_Line" title="Fredericksburg Line">Fredericksburg Line</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Battles7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantilly" title="Battle of Chantilly">Battle of Chantilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fairfax" title="University of Fairfax">University of Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Community_College" title="Northern Virginia Community College">Northern Virginia Community College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Prince_William_County,_Virginia269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prince_William_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Template:Prince William County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prince_William_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Template talk:Prince William County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prince_William_County,_Virginia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prince William County, Virginia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Prince_William_County,_Virginia269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="315" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William County, Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Metropolitan Area">Washington Metropolitan Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Board_of_County_Supervisors" title="Prince William Board of County Supervisors">Prince William Board of County Supervisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County_Public_Schools" title="Prince William County Public Schools">Prince William County Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County_Department_of_Parks_%26_Recreation" title="Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation">Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_William_County_Public_Library&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince William County Public Library (page does not exist)">Prince William County Public Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County_Department_of_Fire_and_Rescue" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue">Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County_Police_Department" title="Prince William County Police Department">Prince William County Police Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="Prince William County Sheriff's Office">Prince William County Sheriff's Office</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Prince_William_County,_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/95px-Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/143px-Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg/190px-Seal_of_Prince_William_County%2C_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William Chamber of Commerce">Prince William Chamber of Commerce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Marine_Corps" title="National Museum of the Marine Corps">National Museum of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hylton_Performing_Arts_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hylton Performing Arts Center (page does not exist)">Hylton Performing Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_National_Battlefield_Park" title="Manassas National Battlefield Park">Manassas National Battlefield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_Lube_Live" title="Jiffy Lube Live">Jiffy Lube Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_Speedway" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Dominion Speedway">Old Dominion Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Forest_Park" title="Prince William Forest Park">Prince William Forest Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leesylvania_State_Park" title="Leesylvania State Park">Leesylvania State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Mills_(shopping_mall)" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Mills (shopping mall)">Potomac Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_and_Rappahannock_Transportation_Commission" title="Potomac and Rappahannock Transportation Commission">OmniRide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_Regional_Airport" title="Manassas Regional Airport">Manassas Regional Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Parkway" title="Prince William Parkway">Prince William Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_234" title="Virginia State Route 234">Virginia State Route 234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_66" title="Interstate 66">Interstate 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Virginia" title="Interstate 95 in Virginia">Interstate 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_in_Virginia" title="U.S. Route 1 in Virginia">U.S. Route 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_City_4th_of_July_Parade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale City 4th of July Parade (page does not exist)">Dale City 4th of July Parade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Community_College" title="Northern Virginia Community College">Northern Virginia Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strayer_University" title="Strayer University">Strayer University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Prince_William_County,_Virginia,_United_States515" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Template:Prince William County, Virginia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Template talk:Prince William County, Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prince William County, Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Prince_William_County,_Virginia,_United_States515" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Prince William County, Virginia"><span class="region">Prince William County, Virginia</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia"><span>Manassas</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town (Virginia)">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries,_Virginia" title="Dumfries, Virginia">Dumfries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_Virginia" title="Haymarket, Virginia">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occoquan,_Virginia" title="Occoquan, Virginia">Occoquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1082" /></span><figcaption>Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckhall,_Virginia" title="Buckhall, Virginia">Buckhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Run,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Bull Run, Prince William County, Virginia">Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Run_Mountain_Estates,_Virginia" title="Bull Run Mountain Estates, Virginia">Bull Run Mountain Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Hill,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Cherry Hill, Prince William County, Virginia">Cherry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Center,_Virginia" title="County Center, Virginia">County Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_City,_Virginia" title="Dale City, Virginia">Dale City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Virginia" title="Gainesville, Virginia">Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Hill,_Virginia" title="Independent Hill, Virginia">Independent Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation,_Virginia" title="Innovation, Virginia">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ridge,_Virginia" title="Lake Ridge, Virginia">Lake Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leesylvania,_Virginia" title="Leesylvania, Virginia">Leesylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linton_Hall,_Virginia" title="Linton Hall, Virginia">Linton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loch_Lomond,_Virginia" title="Loch Lomond, Virginia">Loch Lomond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montclair,_Virginia" title="Montclair, Virginia">Montclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokesville,_Virginia" title="Nokesville, Virginia">Nokesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Mills,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Potomac Mills, Prince William County, Virginia">Potomac Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantico_Base,_Virginia_(CDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantico Base, Virginia (CDP)">Quantico Base</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudley,_Virginia" title="Sudley, Virginia">Sudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle,_Virginia" title="Triangle, Virginia">Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbridge,_Virginia" title="Woodbridge, Virginia">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire,_Virginia" title="Yorkshire, Virginia">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden,_Virginia" title="Aden, Virginia">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnewville,_Virginia" title="Agnewville, Virginia">Agnewville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batestown,_Virginia" title="Batestown, Virginia">Batestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Bethel, Prince William County, Virginia">Bethel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentsville,_Virginia" title="Brentsville, Virginia">Brentsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristow,_Virginia" title="Bristow, Virginia">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckland,_Virginia" title="Buckland, Virginia">Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canova,_Virginia" title="Canova, Virginia">Canova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharpin,_Virginia" title="Catharpin, Virginia">Catharpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwell,_Virginia" title="Cornwell, Virginia">Cornwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featherstone,_Virginia" title="Featherstone, Virginia">Featherstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Virginia" title="Greenwich, Virginia">Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groveton,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Groveton, Prince William County, Virginia">Groveton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge,_Virginia" title="Hickory Ridge, Virginia">Hickory Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoadly,_Virginia" title="Hoadly, Virginia">Hoadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Virginia" title="Joplin, Virginia">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopp,_Virginia" title="Kopp, Virginia">Kopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locust_Hill,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="Locust Hill, Prince William County, Virginia">Locust Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnieville,_Virginia" title="Minnieville, Virginia">Minnieville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rixlew,_Virginia" title="Rixlew, Virginia">Rixlew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Virginia" title="Southbridge, Virginia">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudley_Springs,_Virginia" title="Sudley Springs, Virginia">Sudley Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare,_Virginia" title="Thoroughfare, Virginia">Thoroughfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington,_Virginia" title="Wellington, Virginia">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Gate,_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="West Gate, Prince William County, Virginia">West Gate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Virginia 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