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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Missiedoel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missiedoel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Missiedoel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missiedoel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technische_uitrusting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technische_uitrusting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technische uitrusting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technische_uitrusting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Technische uitrusting-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technische_uitrusting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afmetingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afmetingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Afmetingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afmetingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energievoorziening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energievoorziening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Energievoorziening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energievoorziening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communicatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Communicatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communicatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standregeling_en_koerscorrectie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standregeling_en_koerscorrectie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Standregeling en koerscorrectie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standregeling_en_koerscorrectie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wetenschappelijke instrumenten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verloop_van_de_missie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verloop_van_de_missie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verloop van de missie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verloop_van_de_missie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Verloop van de missie-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verloop_van_de_missie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lancering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lancering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vlucht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vlucht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vlucht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vlucht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_resultaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetenschappelijke_resultaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wetenschappelijke resultaten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetenschappelijke_resultaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariner 2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 47 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="مارينر 2 – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارينر 2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80_2" title="Маринър 2 – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маринър 2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%A2" title="مێرنیر ٢ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێرنیر ٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81_2" title="Μάρινερ 2 – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρινερ 2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_%DB%B2" title="مارینر ۲ – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارینر ۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8_2" title="מארינר 2 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארינר 2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%E2%80%932" title="Mariner–2 – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mariner–2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80-2" title="Մարիներ-2 – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարիներ-2" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC2%E5%8F%B7" title="マリナー2号 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マリナー2号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%88_2%ED%98%B8" title="매리너 2호 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매리너 2호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_2" title="Маринер 2 – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маринер 2" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="میرینر 2 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میرینر 2" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="مارينر 2 – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارينر 2" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Маринер-2 – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маринер-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_2" title="Маринер 2 – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маринер 2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80-2" title="Марінер-2 – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марінер-2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1_2" title="میرینر 2 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میرینر 2" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2 – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mariner 2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%89%8B2%E8%99%9F" title="水手2號 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#FFDEAD; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><i>Mariner 2</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Impressie van Mariner 2 in de ruimte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/266px-Mariner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/399px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/532px-Mariner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Impressie van <i>Mariner 2</i> in de ruimte</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Organisatie </th> <td colspan="2">NASA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hoofdaannemer </th> <td colspan="2">JPL </td></tr> <tr> <th>Missienaam </th> <td colspan="2"><i>Mariner 2</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lanceringsdatum </th> <td colspan="2">27 augustus 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lanceerbasis </th> <td colspan="2">Cape Canaveral </td></tr> <tr> <th>Draagraket </th> <td colspan="2">Atlas-Agena </td></tr> <tr> <th>Massa </th> <td colspan="2">202,7 kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>Doel </th> <td colspan="2">Venus </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fly by </th> <td colspan="2">14 december 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Duur missie totaal </th> <td colspan="2">27 augustus 1962 - 3 januari 1963 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#FFDEAD; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Ruimtevaart" title="Portaal:Ruimtevaart">Ruimtevaart</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Astronomie" title="Portaal:Astronomie">Astronomie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Mariner 2</b> was een <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Amerikaanse</a> onbemande missie naar de planeet <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet)">Venus</a> uit het begin van de jaren <a href="/wiki/1960-1969" title="1960-1969">zestig</a>. Deze ruimtevlucht was de eerste geslaagde poging om een andere planeet te bereiken. Deze verkenner was identiek aan <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></i>, waarvan de lancering mislukte. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missiedoel">Missiedoel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Missiedoel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Missiedoel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg/260px-Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg/390px-Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg/520px-Diagram_of_Mariner_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>Schema van <i>Mariner 1</i> en <i>2</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Het doel van deze vlucht was informatie vergaren over de <a href="/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde)">massa</a> van Venus en diens <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer_(astronomie)" title="Atmosfeer (astronomie)">atmosfeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionosfeer" title="Ionosfeer">ionosfeer</a> en <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfeer" title="Magnetosfeer">magnetosfeer</a>. Daarnaast verzamelde <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a> gegevens over de <a href="/wiki/Ruimte_(astronomie)" title="Ruimte (astronomie)">interplanetaire ruimte</a>, zowel voor als na de passage met Venus. Het was niet NASA's intentie om de <a href="/wiki/Ruimtesonde" title="Ruimtesonde">sonde</a> in een baan rond Venus te brengen, aangezien de toenmalige stand der ruimtevaarttechniek dit niet toeliet.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technische_uitrusting">Technische uitrusting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Technische uitrusting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Technische uitrusting"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afmetingen">Afmetingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Afmetingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Afmetingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mariner 2</i> bestond uit een <a href="/wiki/Zeshoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeshoek">hexagonaal</a> frame van 1,04 m doorsnede en 36 cm hoogte, dat plaats bood aan zes <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> dozen om boordinstrumenten en diverse brandstoftanks te herbergen. Hierop was een <a href="/wiki/Piramide_(ruimtelijke_figuur)" title="Piramide (ruimtelijke figuur)">piramidevormige mast</a>, met daarin een gedeelte van de wetenschappelijke apparatuur, bevestigd. De sonde had een spanwijdte van 5,05 m en was 3,66 m hoog. Temperatuurregeling vond plaats door middel van hittewerende afdekplaten, instelbare <a href="/wiki/Jaloezie_(zonwering)" title="Jaloezie (zonwering)">jaloezieën</a> en <a href="/wiki/Reflectie_(straling)" title="Reflectie (straling)">reflecterende</a> of <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">absorberende</a> oppervlakken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energievoorziening">Energievoorziening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Energievoorziening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Energievoorziening"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aan de onderkant waren twee rechthoekige <a href="/wiki/Zonnepaneel" title="Zonnepaneel">zonnepanelen</a> aangebracht met een breedte van 76 cm van verschillende lengtes. Het ene was 1,83 m lang, het ander 1,52 m met een 31 cm groot <a href="/wiki/Dacron" title="Dacron">dacron</a> zonnezeil. Een <a href="/wiki/Zilver-zinkbatterij" title="Zilver-zinkbatterij">zilver-zinkaccu</a> met een <a href="/wiki/Vermogen_(natuurkunde)" title="Vermogen (natuurkunde)">vermogen</a> van 1000 <a href="/wiki/Wattuur" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattuur">Wh</a> werd gebruikt voor de panelen uitklapten, tijdelijk geen zonlicht opvingen of indien gedurende korte tijd veel vermogen vereist was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communicatie">Communicatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Communicatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Communicatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Onder aan het toestel hing een <a href="/wiki/Schotelantenne" title="Schotelantenne">schotelantenne</a>, een niet richtingsgevoelige antenne bovenaan en een antenne aan het uiteinde van ieder zonnepaneel voor onder meer koerswijzigingen. Radiocontact met de Aarde geschiedde door een 3 watt sterke zender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standregeling_en_koerscorrectie">Standregeling en koerscorrectie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Standregeling en koerscorrectie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Standregeling en koerscorrectie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voor standregeling maakte <i>Mariner 2</i> gebruik van stuurraketjes op <a href="/wiki/Distikstof" title="Distikstof">stikstof</a>, voor koerswijzigingen was de verkenner aangewezen op een op <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> werkende raketmotor met een <a href="/wiki/Stuwkracht" title="Stuwkracht">stuwkracht</a> van 225 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(eenheid)" title="Newton (eenheid)">N</a>. Ontbranding werd bewerkstelligd door stikstoftetroxide en <a href="/wiki/Aluminiumoxide" title="Aluminiumoxide">aluminiumoxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Pellet" title="Pellet">pellets</a>. De maximale afwijking van de standregeling, die de zon en aarde als richtpunt gebruikte, was 1<a href="/wiki/Booggraad" title="Booggraad">°</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetenschappelijke_instrumenten">Wetenschappelijke instrumenten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wetenschappelijke instrumenten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wetenschappelijke instrumenten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png/260px-Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png/390px-Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png/520px-Mariner_2_infrared_radiometer.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Schema van de infrarood radiometer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_2_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mariner_2_launch.jpg/260px-Mariner_2_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Mariner_2_launch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Lancering van <i>Mariner 2</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microgolf" title="Microgolf">Microgolf</a> radiometer, om de straling van Venus te meten. Deze meter woog 9,94 kg, had een vermogen van 4 watt en een schotelantenne met een <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> van 50,8 cm. Twee referentiepunten, 60° van de meest gevoelige as gemonteerd, maten ruimtestraling; de antenne zelf de straling afkomstig van Venus. Het verschil in de gemeten waarden hiervan gaf een goede indruk van de hoeveelheid straling die van Venus zelf afkomstig was. Metingen vonden gedurende het half uur dat de sonde zich het dichtst in de buurt van Venus bevond plaats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrarood" title="Infrarood">Infrarood</a> radiometer, om de temperatuur op Venus te meten. Tijdens de passage voerde dit instrument drie scans van Venus uit. Het mat de warmtestraling van kleine gebieden in de 8,4 en 10,4 micrometerband en bestond uit twee lenzen, waarvan er een op de ruimte was gericht ter controle. De nauwkeurigheid van de metingen varieerde van 2 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a> rond 200 K en 10 K bij temperaturen rond 500 K. Dit instrument had een vermogen van 2,4 watt en woog 1,3 kg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a>, om de richting en veldsterkte van zowel het interplanetaire als Venusiaanse magnetisch veld in kaart te brengen. Met een vermogen van 6 watt en een gewicht 2,177 kg functioneerde dit instrument bijna feilloos tot de vluchtleiding contact met de sonde verloor.</li> <li>Kosmische stralingsdetector, om onder meer na te gaan of en zoja hoever de gebieden zich uitstrekten, waarbinnen Venus geladen deeltjes kon vasthouden in haar magnetisch veld. Ook de samenhang tussen sterkte en afstand tot de zon van geïoniseerde deeltjes werd gemeten. Daarnaast hadden <a href="/wiki/Astronoom" title="Astronoom">astronomen</a> belangstelling voor tijdelijke afwijkingen in de hoeveelheid deeltjes in samenhang met veranderingen in het magnetisch veld en plasmaflux en de positie van het ruimtevaartuig. Dit instrument nam <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronen</a> met een energie van meer dan 500 <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">keV</a> en <a href="/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje)">protonen</a> met een energie van meer dan 10 MeV waar, had een vermogen van 0,3 watt en woog 1,2 kg. Ook dit instrument functioneerde zonder problemen.</li> <li>Kosmische stofdetector, om de variaties in <a href="/wiki/Flux_(natuurkunde)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flux (natuurkunde)">flux</a> op verschillende afstanden tot de zon, Aarde en Venus te bepalen. Dit instrument werkte weliswaar 129 dagen, maar kreeg twee weken voor de passage met Venus technische problemen met de <a href="/wiki/Kalibreren" title="Kalibreren">kalibratie</a>. Oorzaak was een oververhit onderdeel. Deze had een gewicht van 840 gram en verbruikte 0,1 watt.</li> <li>Zonneplasma spectrometer, om flux en spectrum van positief <a href="/wiki/Elektrische_lading" title="Elektrische lading">geladen</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion_(deeltje)" title="Ion (deeltje)">ionen</a> van zonnewindplasma te meten. Met een vermogen van 1 watt en een gewicht van 2,18 kg bleef dit instrument bijna doorlopend dienstdoen tot 30 december 1962.</li> <li>Deeltjesdetector, die elektronen met meer dan 40 keV en protonen met meer dan 500 keV energie opspoorde, die in het magnetisch veld van Venus waren gevangen. Ook stelde dit instrument de eventuele verspreiding en veldsterkte hiervan vast. Deze woog 60 gram en verbruikte 0,3 watt.</li> <li>Verder stelde wetenschappers de massa van zowel maan en Venus, als de <a href="/wiki/Astronomische_eenheid" title="Astronomische eenheid">astronomische eenheid</a> nauwkeuriger vast met behulp van het <a href="/wiki/Dopplereffect" title="Dopplereffect">dopplereffect</a>. Van 5 september tot 14 december 1962 en van 16 december tot 4 januari 1963 gebeurde dit met tussenpozen van twaalf uur; in de tussenliggende tijd met tussenpozen van een uur.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verloop_van_de_missie">Verloop van de missie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verloop van de missie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verloop van de missie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg/260px-Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg/390px-Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg/520px-Mariner_2_venus_data.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>Een lange uitdraai van de <i>Mariner 2</i>-data voor diens vluchtschema (1963)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancering">Lancering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lancering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lancering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Mariner 2</i> werd gelanceerd op <a href="/wiki/27_augustus" title="27 augustus">27 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a> met een <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(raket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (raket)">Atlas</a>-Agena <a href="/wiki/Draagraket" title="Draagraket">draagraket</a> vanaf <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>. Deze sonde werd geconstrueerd door <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a> en woog 202,7 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vlucht">Vlucht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vlucht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Vlucht"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drie kwartier na lancering klapten de zonnepanelen open en op 29 augustus schakelde men de wetenschappelijke instrumenten in. Nadat in de nacht van 4 op 5 september een geslaagde koerswijziging was uitgevoerd, verloor <i>Mariner 2</i> op 8 september gedurende drie minuten alle standregelcontrole. Gelukkig herstelde de verkenner dit met behulp van zijn <a href="/wiki/Gyroscoop" title="Gyroscoop">gyroscopen</a>; een mogelijke verklaring was een aanvaring met een klein voorwerp, zoals een <a href="/wiki/Meteoriet" title="Meteoriet">meteoriet</a>. </p><p>Helaas bleef het daar niet bij. Op 31 oktober zakte het opgewekte vermogen van een der zonnepanelen dusdanig, dat dit NASA noodzaakte om alle wetenschappelijke instrumenten uit te schakelen om stroom te besparen. Om onverklaarbare redenen functioneerde dit paneel een week later weer perfect, zodat de vluchtleiding de apparatuur opnieuw inschakelde. Op 15 november ging het definitief mis en wekte het bewuste paneel geen elektriciteit meer op, maar tegen die tijd was <i>Mariner 2</i> zo dicht bij de zon, dat het overgebleven paneel genoeg stroom opwekte. Op 14 december passeerde de verkenner Venus met als kleinste afstand 34.773 km, waarna hij verder vloog en een <a href="/wiki/Perihelium" title="Perihelium">perihelium</a> van ruim 105 miljoen km bereikte. Het laatste signaal kwam binnen op 3 januari 1963, op een afstand van 87,4 miljoen km van de aarde. </p><p><i>Mariner 2</i> bevindt zich nu in een <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrische_baan" title="Heliocentrische baan">heliocentrische baan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetenschappelijke_resultaten">Wetenschappelijke resultaten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wetenschappelijke resultaten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_2&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wetenschappelijke resultaten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Mariner 2</i> vond geen stralingsgordels of magnetisch veld van enige betekenis. Op Venus heerste een geschatte temperatuur van 425° <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> en een <a href="/wiki/Luchtdruk" title="Luchtdruk">luchtdruk</a> van 20 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a> (dit was incorrect: tijdens latere missies bleek het warmer en de druk bijna vijfmaal hoger dan verondersteld). Verder kwam naar voren dat Venus een kurkdroge planeet moest zijn met een ononderbroken wolkendek dat tot 60 km hoogte reikte. De atmosfeer bestond voornamelijk uit <a href="/wiki/Koolstofdioxide" title="Koolstofdioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>. Ook bleek dat de zonnewind in de interplanetaire ruimte continu voortraast en dat kosmisch stof hier veel minder voorkomt dan in de directe nabijheid van de Aarde.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naar aanleiding van deze geslaagde vlucht schrapte NASA de geplande Venusmissie van <i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></i>, die in plaats daarvan een nieuwe bestemming kreeg: <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planeet)" title="Mars (planeet)">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1962-041A"><i>Mariner 2</i></a> op website NASA, bezocht 6 mei 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903052621/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1962-041A">Gearchiveerd</a> op 3 september 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geïllustreerde encyclopedie van de ruimtevaart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9021005972" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90 210 0597 2</a>, © 1982, blz. 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924184737/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Chron&MCode=Mariner_02&StartYear=1960&EndYear=1969&Display=ReadMore"><i>Mariner 2</i></a> op NASA Solar System Exploration, bezocht 6 mei 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geïllustreerde encyclopedie van de ruimtevaart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9021005972" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90 210 0597 2</a>, © 1982, blz. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geïllustreerde encyclopedie van de ruimtevaart</i>, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9021005972" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90 210 0597 2</a>, © 1982, blz. 269</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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