Patents | NIST

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=7YQSqjSh" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/patents","20230930174028","https://web.archive.org/","web","https://web-static.archive.org/_static/", "1696095628"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=p7PEIJWi" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web-static.archive.org/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.242.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,n={234:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P_:()=>h,Mt:()=>m,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>j,lF:()=>N,Yu:()=>_,Dg:()=>v,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>A,sU:()=>T});var r=n(8632),i=n(9567);const a={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},o={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!o[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return o[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");o[e]=(0,i.D)(t,a),(0,r.Qy)(e,o[e],"info")}const d=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var u=n(7056),l=n(50);const f=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){d(t)?e.mask_selector=t+",[data-nr-mask]":null===t?e.mask_selector=t:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){d(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,i.D)(t,f()),(0,r.Qy)(e,g[e],"config")}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var n=h(e);if(n){for(var r=t.split("."),i=0;i<r.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[i]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}const b={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},y={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!y[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return y[e]}function A(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");y[e]=(0,i.D)(t,b),(0,r.Qy)(e,y[e],"loader_config")}const _=(0,r.mF)().o;var x=n(385),D=n(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(x._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||x._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+x._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof x._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},E={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!E[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return E[e]}function T(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");E[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k),(0,r.Qy)(e,E[e],"runtime")}function N(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>i});var r=n(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const n=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),a=0===Object.keys(n).length?e:n;for(let o in a)if(void 0!==e[o])try{"object"==typeof e[o]&&"object"==typeof t[o]?n[o]=i(e[o],t[o]):n[o]=e[o]}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return n}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>a,q4:()=>r});const r="1.242.0",i="PROD",a="CDN"},385:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Nk:()=>u,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>a,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>o,il:()=>r,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const r="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=r?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),o=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),s=(a?.location,/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent)),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(r&&window.document.documentMode)),u=!!a.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(a?.performance?.timeOrigin||a?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{w:()=>a});var r=n(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class a{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=n)}))}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{L:()=>u,R:()=>c});var r=n(8325),i=n(1284),a=n(4322),o=n(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const n={staged:!1,priority:o.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,n)}function d(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return o(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const n=[...s[e]];function o(t){const n=e?r.ee.get(e):r.ee,o=a.X.handlers;if(n.backlog&&o){var s=n.backlog[t],c=o[t];if(c){for(var d=0;s&&d<s.length;++d)l(s[d],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,n){n[0].on(e,n[1])}))}))}delete o[t],n.backlog[t]=null,n.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}n.every((e=>{let[t,n]=e;return n.staged}))&&(n.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),n.forEach((t=>{let[n]=t;s[e].delete(n),o(n)})))}function l(e,t){var n=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[n],(function(t,n){var r=e[0];if(n[0]===r){var i=n[1],a=e[3],o=e[2];i.apply(a,o)}}))}},8325:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>d});var r=n(8632),i=n(2210),a=n(234);class o{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=n(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),d=function e(t,n){var r={},s={},u={},f=!1;try{f=16===n.length&&(0,a.OP)(n).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var n=r[e];if(!n)return;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)n[i]===t&&n.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,n,r,i,a){!1!==a&&(a=!0);if(d.aborted&&!i)return;t&&a&&t.emit(e,n,r);for(var o=p(r),c=v(e),u=c.length,l=0;l<u;l++)c[l].apply(o,n);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,n,o]);return o},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const n=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[r,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in n||(n[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:n,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof o?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new o(c))):new o(c)}function h(e,t){r[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return r[e]||[]}function m(t){return u[t]=u[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),u=(0,r.fP)();function l(){d.aborted=!0,d.backlog={}}u.ee||(u.ee=d)},5546:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{E:()=>r,p:()=>i});var r=n(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,n,i,a){a?(a.buffer([e],i),a.emit(e,t,n)):(r.buffer([e],i),r.emit(e,t,n))}},4322:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>a});var r=n(5546);a.on=o;var i=a.handlers={};function a(e,t,n,a){o(a||r.E,i,e,t,n)}function o(e,t,n,i,a){a||(a="feature"),e||(e=r.E);var o=t[a]=t[a]||{};(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>o});var r=n(385);let i=!1,a=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return a=!0,!1}};r._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),r._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function o(e,t){return i||a?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}function c(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}},3117:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{a:()=>r});const r=(0,n(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Rl:()=>o,ky:()=>s});var r=n(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function a(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function o(){const e=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let t,n=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?a(t,++n).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&a()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let n,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(n=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const o=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)o.push(a(n,++i).toString(16));return o.join("")}},7056:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Bq:()=>r,Hb:()=>a,oD:()=>i});const r="NRBA",i=144e5,a=18e5},7894:(e,t,n)=>{function r(){return Math.round(performance.now())}n.d(t,{z:()=>r})},50:(e,t,n)=>{function r(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}n.d(t,{Z:()=>r})},2587:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>d});var r=n(8325),i=n(5546),a=n(3325);const o={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]},s=new Set;function c(e,t){const n=r.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(s.has(t)||Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;o[t]?o[t].forEach((e=>{r?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,n):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,n),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(r)],void 0,e,n)})):r&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,n),d[t]=Boolean(r)})),Object.keys(o).forEach((e=>{void 0===d[e]&&(o[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,n))),d[e]=!1)})),s.add(t))}const d={}},2210:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>i});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,n){if(r.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r});const r=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[n,r]=e;return t(n,r)}))},4351:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P:()=>a});var r=n(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,n)=>{if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n){if(e.has(n))return;e.add(n)}return n}};function a(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{r.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{K:()=>o,b:()=>a});var r=n(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function a(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,r.bP)("load",e,t)}function o(e){if(i())return e();(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>a,fP:()=>o,gG:()=>u,mF:()=>s});var r=n(7894),i=n(385);const a={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function o(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=o();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,n){let i=o();const a=i.initializedAgents||{},s=a[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...a,[e]:{...s,[n]:t}},i}function d(e,t){o()[e]=t}function u(){return function(){let e=o();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:a.beacon,errorBeacon:a.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),o()}},7956:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>i});var r=n(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,r.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),n,i)}},3081:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{gF:()=>a,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>r,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>o});const r=n(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",a="cm",o="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{W:()=>a});var r=n(234),i=n(8325);class a{constructor(e,t,n){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=n,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{j:()=>b});var r=n(3325),i=n(234),a=n(5546),o=n(8325),s=n(7894),c=n(8e3),d=n(3960),u=n(385),l=n(50),f=n(3081),g=n(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),i=1;i<n;i++)r[i-1]=arguments[i];let a=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&a.push(e.api[t](...r))})),a.length>1?a:a[0]}(t,...r)}}))}var h=n(2587);const v=e=>{n.p=e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:w,info:A,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:D=!0}=t;const k=(0,g.gG)();A||(w=k.init,A=k.info,_=k.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,w||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,_||{}),A.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(A.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,A);const E=(0,i.P_)(e),j=[A.beacon,A.errorBeacon];m||(m=!0,E.proxy.assets&&(v(E.proxy.assets+"/"),j.push(E.proxy.assets)),E.proxy.beacon&&j.push(E.proxy.beacon)),x.denyList=[...E.ajax.deny_list||[],...E.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e,x),p();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=o.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,n,r,a){const o=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===n?delete o.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...o,jsAttributes:{...o.jsAttributes,[t]:n}}),A(v,r,!0,a||null===n?"session":void 0)(t,n)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=A(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=A(v,"addPageAction",!0,r.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=A(v,"routeName",!0,r.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,n){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(n||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/http://custom.transaction")+t,A(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",n);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,r.D.metrics,p);const n=Object.values(r.D);if(void 0===e)e=n;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!n.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(n));e.includes(r.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(r.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,n],i,r.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,o],n),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],n)}}}};function A(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],n?null:this,i,p),n?void 0:this}}function _(){n.e(75).then(n.bind(n,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:n}=t;n(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(m,e,void 0,r.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,r.D.jserrors,p)},u.il?(0,d.b)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e,y);return(0,g.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,g.Qy)(e,D,"exposed"),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T),T}},3325:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r,p:()=>i});const r={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[r.pageViewEvent]:1,[r.pageViewTiming]:2,[r.metrics]:3,[r.jserrors]:4,[r.ajax]:5,[r.sessionTrace]:6,[r.pageAction]:7,[r.spa]:8,[r.sessionReplay]:9}}},r={};function i(e){var t=r[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var a=r[e]={exports:{}};return n[e](a,a.exports,i),a.exports}i.m=n,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var n in t)i.o(t,n)&&!i.o(e,n)&&Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t[n]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,n)=>(i.f[n](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.242.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.242.0.PROD:",i.l=(n,r,a,o)=>{if(e[n])e[n].push(r);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==a)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==n||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+a){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+a),s.src=n),e[n]=[r];var f=(t,r)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[n];if(delete e[n],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,n)=>{var r=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var a=new Promise(((n,i)=>r=e[t]=[n,i]));n.push(r[2]=a);var o=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(o,(n=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(r=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),r)){var a=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),o=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+a+": "+o+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=a,s.request=o,r[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,n)=>{var r,a,[o,s,c]=n,d=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(r in s)i.o(s,r)&&(i.m[r]=s[r]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(n);d<o.length;d++)a=o[d],i.o(e,a)&&e[a]&&e[a][0](),e[a]=0},n=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.242.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.242.0.PROD"]||[];n.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),n.push=t.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))})(),(()=>{var e=i(50);class t{addPageAction(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addPageAction failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setPageViewName(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setPageViewName failed. The page view feature is not currently initialized.")}setCustomAttribute(t,n,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCustomAttribute failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}noticeError(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api noticeError failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setUserId failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setApplicationVersion(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setApplicationVersion failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setErrorHandler failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}finished(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api finished failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}addRelease(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}start(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}}var n=i(3325),r=i(234);const a=Object.values(n.D);function o(e){const t={};return a.forEach((n=>{t[n]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,r.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(n,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),d=i(5938),u=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends d.W{constructor(e,t,n){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,n),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,n)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const n=l.il&&!0===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let a;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{a=e}));const o=async()=>{let r;try{if(n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,3228));r=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,r))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void a(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:n}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),a(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),a(!1)}};l.il?(0,u.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==n.D.sessionReplay||!!r.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplay))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,n),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);return a.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,n){t[e]=b(n,t[e])})),t}(r,a.metrics),a}merge(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);if(a.metrics){var o=a.metrics;o.count+=n.count,(0,v.D)(n,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var r=o[e],i=n[e];i&&!i.c?o[e]=b(i.t,r):o[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,o[e])}}))}else a.metrics=n}storeMetric(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,n);return i.stats=b(r,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,n,r){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:n||{}},r&&(i.custom=r)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},n="",r=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[n=e[i]]=w(this.aggregatedData[n]),t[n].length&&(r=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[n];return r?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function w(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,A)}function A(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),D=i(4351);var k=i(5546),E=i(7956),j=i(3239),T=i(7894),N=i(9251);class S extends f{static featureName=N.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,N.t,n),l.il&&((0,E.N)((()=>(0,k.p)("docHidden",[(0,T.z)()],void 0,N.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,k.p)("winPagehide",[(0,T.z)()],void 0,N.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends f{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,n),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=n,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),Object.assign(this,(0,s.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,r.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,r.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,r.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){const t="features";try{const r=o(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((e,t)=>n.p[e.featureName]-n.p[t.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===n.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.sessionReplay:return[n.D.sessionTrace];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);i.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,_.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(n){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",n);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[p,S,C],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Patents","node_id":"1610401","content_type":"Landing page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/node/1610401"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Patents | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Patents"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-02-25T16:51-05:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-07-31T14:00-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Patents"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2020-02-25T16:51-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/patents"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2020-02-25T16:51-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-07-31T14:00-04:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Patents"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/patents"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-07-31T14:00:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Patents | NIST", "datePublished": "2020-02-25T16:51-05:00", "dateModified": "2023-07-31T14:00-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="markup"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Patents | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230930174028cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_C4Fiy3jm5XTOv5pxeCHL2Yj2bHsFqTz08o8icDXMS2g.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230930174028cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_J7RuJ-PwWY36lMjcmfbU1Uvs509-G5bIcbR2QTQU4K0.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230930174028cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230930174028cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230930174028cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_FXibUwfgVwlw4rjkYD-esMDIANHdek4UYQzEgNcqBEY.css"/> <script src="/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.nist.gov/core/assets/vendor/modernizr/modernizr.min.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.nist.gov/core/misc/modernizr-additional-tests.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1610401"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/patents</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Patents</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"> <div class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form usa-form filters nist-block" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-patents-search-patents-landing-page"> <form action="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-patents-search-patents-landing-page" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-form"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-k js-form-item-k"> <label for="edit-k" class="usa-label"> Keyword Search </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-k" aria-describedby="edit-k--description" type="text" id="edit-k" name="k" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> <div id="edit-k--description" class="description help-block"> Searches Patent Title, Abstract, Body, Technology Type, and NIST Inventors </div> </div> <ul class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered usa-accordion--filters"> <li> <button type="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary-content" role="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary" aria-expanded="false" aria-pressed="false" class="usa-accordion__button display-inline-block">Advanced search</button> <div id="edit-secondary-content" class="usa-accordion__content"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ta js-form-item-ta"> <label for="edit-ta" class="usa-label"> Filter by NIST Topic Areas </label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-ta" multiple="multiple" name="ta[]" id="edit-ta" size="9" class="form-select usa-select"><option value="249466">Advanced communications</option><option value="2806886">-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)</option><option value="248311">-Quantum communications</option><option value="2806891">-Spectrum sharing</option><option value="248316">-Wireless (RF)</option><option value="248321">Bioscience</option><option value="2806896">-Bioinformatics</option><option value="248876">-Biomanufacturing</option><option value="248326">-Biomaterials</option><option value="248336">-Cell biology</option><option value="248341">-Engineering / synthetic biology</option><option value="248346">-Genomics</option><option value="248351">-Glycomics</option><option value="2784896">-Metabolomics</option><option value="248361">-Microbial measurements</option><option value="248366">-Proteomics</option><option value="248371">Buildings and Construction</option><option value="248376">-Building codes and standards</option><option value="248381">-Building control systems</option><option value="248386">-Building damage and repair</option><option value="248391">-Building economics</option><option value="248396">-Building materials</option><option value="248551">-Energy efficiency</option><option value="248401">-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment</option><option value="248406">-Indoor air quality</option><option value="248411">-Structural engineering</option><option value="2788796">-Thermal comfort</option><option value="248416">Chemistry</option><option value="248421">-Analytical chemistry</option><option value="248426">-Chemical engineering and processing</option><option value="248431">-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties</option><option value="248436">-Molecular characterization</option><option value="248441">-Theoretical chemistry and modeling</option><option value="248446">-Thermochemical properties</option><option value="248486">Electronics</option><option value="248491">-Electromagnetics</option><option value="248526">-Flexible electronics</option><option value="248496">-Magnetoelectronics</option><option value="248501">-Optoelectronics</option><option value="249491">-Organic electronics</option><option value="248511">-Semiconductors</option><option value="248516">-Sensors</option><option value="248521">-Superconducting electronics</option><option value="248531">Energy</option><option value="248536">-Alternative energy</option><option value="248541">-Conventional energy</option><option value="248546">-Electric power / smart grid</option><option value="248556">-Fuels</option><option value="248561">Environment</option><option value="248566">-Air / water / soil quality</option><option value="2788551">-Climate</option><option value="248571">-Environmental health</option><option value="248576">-Greenhouse gas measurements</option><option value="248581">-Marine science</option><option value="2746596">-Sustainability</option><option value="248586">Fire</option><option value="2746896">-Emergency building evacuation</option><option value="248591">-Fire detection</option><option value="2746901">-Fire dynamics and science</option><option value="248596">-Fire fighting</option><option value="248601">-Fire modeling</option><option value="248606">-Fire risk reduction</option><option value="248611">-Materials flammability</option><option value="2746906">-Structural fire resistance</option><option value="2746911">-Wildland urban interface fire</option><option value="248616">Forensic Science</option><option value="248626">-Digital evidence</option><option value="248636">-Drugs and toxicology</option><option value="248621">-Firearms and toolmarks</option><option value="248641">-Forensic biometrics</option><option value="248631">-Forensic genetics</option><option value="248646">-Trace evidence</option><option value="248651">Health</option><option value="248681">-Biopharmaceuticals</option><option value="248661">-Clinical diagnostics</option><option value="248666">-Dentistry</option><option value="248671">-Food and nutrition</option><option value="248676">-Medical imaging</option><option value="248686">-Precision medicine</option><option value="248656">-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy</option><option value="249421">Information technology</option><option value="2753736">-Artificial intelligence</option><option value="2800826">--AI measurement and evaluation</option><option value="2788806">--Applied AI</option><option value="2788801">--Fundamental AI</option><option value="2800831">--Hardware for AI</option><option value="2800991">--Machine learning</option><option value="2800836">--Trustworthy and responsible AI</option><option value="248701">-Biometrics</option><option value="248706">-Cloud computing and virtualization</option><option value="248711">-Complex systems</option><option value="248716">-Computational science</option><option value="248721">-Conformance testing</option><option value="248726">-Cyber-physical systems</option><option value="2746861">--Smart cities</option><option value="248731">-Cybersecurity</option><option value="248746">--Cryptography</option><option value="2753741">--Cybersecurity education and workforce development</option><option value="2788811">--Cybersecurity measurement</option><option value="248736">--Identity and access management</option><option value="2788816">--Privacy engineering</option><option value="248751">--Risk management</option><option value="2788821">--Securing emerging technologies</option><option value="2788826">--Trustworthy networks</option><option value="2788831">--Trustworthy platforms</option><option value="248756">-Data and informatics</option><option value="248761">--Human language technology</option><option value="248766">--Information retrieval</option><option value="248771">--Natural language processing</option><option value="248781">-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)</option><option value="248786">-Health IT</option><option value="2748441">-Internet of Things (IoT)</option><option value="248796">-Interoperability testing</option><option value="2806901">-Location based services</option><option value="248801">-Mobile</option><option value="248806">-Networking</option><option value="2753766">--Mobile and wireless networking</option><option value="2753756">--Network management and monitoring</option><option value="248811">--Network modeling and analysis</option><option value="2753746">--Network security and robustness</option><option value="2753751">--Network test and measurement</option><option value="248816">--Next generation networks</option><option value="2753761">--Protocol design and standardization</option><option value="2753771">--Software defined and virtual networks</option><option value="248821">-Privacy</option><option value="248826">-Software research</option><option value="248841">--Software testing</option><option value="248846">-Usability and human factors</option><option value="248851">--Accessibility</option><option value="248776">-Video analytics</option><option value="2788836">-Virtual / augmented reality</option><option value="248856">-Visualization research</option><option value="248861">-Voting systems</option><option value="2748236">Infrastructure</option><option value="248866">Manufacturing</option><option value="248871">-Additive manufacturing</option><option value="2746601">-Factory communications</option><option value="248886">-Factory operations planning and control</option><option value="248891">-Interoperability in manufacturing</option><option value="248901">-Machining</option><option value="2788841">-Manufacturing economics</option><option value="248906">-Manufacturing systems design and analysis</option><option value="2784921">-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics</option><option value="2748446">-Process improvement</option><option value="248911">-Process measurement and control</option><option value="2748451">-Product data</option><option value="248916">-Quality assurance</option><option value="248921">-Robotics in manufacturing</option><option value="2748476">--Agility and adaptability</option><option value="2748456">--Collaborative robots</option><option value="2748461">--Dexterous grasping</option><option value="2748471">--Manipulation</option><option value="2748466">--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles</option><option value="2748486">--Navigation / actuation / control</option><option value="2748481">--Sensing and perception</option><option value="248926">-Supply chain</option><option value="248931">-Sustainable manufacturing</option><option value="2748491">-Systems engineering</option><option value="2748496">-Systems integration</option><option value="248936">-Technology commercialization</option><option value="248946">Materials</option><option value="248951">-Ceramics</option><option value="248956">-Composites</option><option value="248961">-Concrete / cement</option><option value="248966">-Materials characterization</option><option value="248971">--Composition and structure</option><option value="248981">--Mechanical properties</option><option value="248986">--Thermal properties</option><option value="248991">-Metals</option><option value="248996">-Modeling and computational material science</option><option value="249001">-Polymers</option><option value="249006">-Superconductors</option><option value="249011">Mathematics and statistics</option><option value="249016">-Experiment design</option><option value="249021">-Image and signal processing</option><option value="249031">-Modeling and simulation research</option><option value="249036">-Numerical methods and software</option><option value="249041">-Statistical analysis</option><option value="249046">-Uncertainty quantification</option><option value="249051">Metrology</option><option value="249061">-Amount of substance</option><option value="249066">-Dimensional metrology</option><option value="249071">-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</option><option value="249081">-Flow metrology and rheology</option><option value="249086">-Force metrology</option><option value="249091">-Humidity metrology</option><option value="249096">-Ionizing radiation metrology</option><option value="249101">-Mass metrology</option><option value="2746606">-Metric</option><option value="249106">-Optical / photometry / laser metrology</option><option value="249111">-Pressure and vacuum metrology</option><option value="249116">-Thermometry metrology</option><option value="249121">-Time and frequency metrology</option><option value="2746611">-Weights and measures</option><option value="249126">Nanotechnology</option><option value="249131">-Nanobiotechnology</option><option value="249136">-Nanochemistry</option><option value="249141">-Nanoelectronics</option><option value="249146">-Nanofabrication / manufacturing</option><option value="249151">--Lithography</option><option value="249156">--Self-assembly</option><option value="249161">-Nanofluidics</option><option value="249166">-Nanomagnetics</option><option value="249171">-Nanomaterials</option><option value="249176">-Nanomechanics</option><option value="249181">-Nanometrology</option><option value="249186">-Nanophotonics</option><option value="249191">-Nanophysics</option><option value="249196">-Nanoplasmonics</option><option value="249451">Neutron research</option><option value="249426">Performance excellence</option><option value="249211">-Assessment tools and services</option><option value="249431">-Baldrige award</option><option value="249436">-Baldrige examiners</option><option value="249226">-Baldrige Framework and Criteria</option><option value="249231">-Best practices</option><option value="249236">-Leadership development</option><option value="249241">Physics</option><option value="249246">-Atomic / molecular / quantum</option><option value="249251">-Biological physics</option><option value="249256">-Condensed matter</option><option value="249261">-Electron physics</option><option value="249266">-Magnetics</option><option value="249271">-Nuclear physics</option><option value="249276">-Optical physics and communications</option><option value="249281">-Quantum information science</option><option value="249286">-Radiation</option><option value="249291">-Spectroscopy</option><option value="249296">-Thermodynamics</option><option value="249301">-Time and frequency</option><option value="249461">Public safety</option><option value="249311">-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</option><option value="249316">-First responder preparedness</option><option value="249321">-Law enforcement</option><option value="249331">-Public safety communications research</option><option value="249336">-Response robots</option><option value="249456">Resilience</option><option value="2746576">-Community resilience</option><option value="248456">-Disaster and failure studies</option><option value="248466">-Earthquake risk reduction</option><option value="2788846">-Resilience economics</option><option value="2746891">-Resilient materials</option><option value="248481">-Windstorm impact reduction</option><option value="249341">Standards</option><option value="249346">-Accreditation</option><option value="249416">-Calibration services</option><option value="249366">-Conformity assessment</option><option value="249371">-Documentary standards</option><option value="2748516">-Frameworks</option><option value="249376">-Reference data</option><option value="249381">-Reference instruments</option><option value="249386">-Reference materials</option><option value="249391">-Standards education</option><option value="249396">Transportation</option><option value="249401">-Aerospace</option><option value="249406">-Automotive</option></select> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-pt js-form-item-pt"> <label for="edit-pt" class="usa-label"> Search by Patent Title </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-pt" type="text" id="edit-pt" name="pt" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-i js-form-item-i"> <label for="edit-i" class="usa-label"> Search by Inventor Name (NIST Staff Only) </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-i" type="text" id="edit-i" name="i" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="grid-col-12 form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-patents" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search-patents" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button"/></div> </form> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <p>The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as, “…a property right granted by the Government of the United States of America to an inventor to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States…”.</p> <p>NIST has licensed numerous technologies for multiple industry sectors (e.g., healthcare, homeland security and cybersecurity) and seeks government, industry, and academia to partner and license NIST technologies. Visit the NIST <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/tpo">Technology Partnerships Office section</a> to explore the most effective partnering models and technology transfer mechanisms for your organization.</p> <p>Take a moment now and explore NIST patented technologies and envision what could take your enterprise to the next level. The TPO/NIST Patent Database provides access to technologies patented from FY 2018-present. To view all of NIST's patented technologies, visit the NIST pages on the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://federallabs.org/">Federal Laboratory Consortium website</a>.</p> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Explore Patents by Topic</h2> <div><div class="list-col-3 link-list js-view-dom-id-1a95b5a903c4d10b71316f896cb240ad0c24fed46074138e3f60d430670b93aa"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248866">Manufacturing (25)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249241">Physics (19)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249126">Nanotechnology (14)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249261">Electron physics (13)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248946">Materials (12)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249276">Optical physics and communications (11)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248486">Electronics (9)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249246">Atomic / molecular / quantum (8)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249421">Information technology (7)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248651">Health (6)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249301">Time and frequency (5)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248321">Bioscience (5)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249181">Nanometrology (4)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=249296">Thermodynamics (4)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search?ta%5B0%5D=248421">Analytical chemistry (4)</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Recent Patents</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-9d31332693079319140a25c4734cad904c697611f9e8961b752b42c483d53d0d"> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/icemaker-process-controlling-same-and-making-ice" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C174%2C981.jpg?itok=ECQ3BQfq" width="100" height="99" alt="Picture of the Ice Maker with the words "Ice Maker" displayed above it" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/icemaker-process-controlling-same-and-making-ice"><span>Icemaker, Process for Controlling Same and Making Ice</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> David A. Yashar </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A system to make ice includes a refrigeration unit and an icemaker disposed in the refrigeration unit. The refrigeration unit is configured to be subjected to a refrigeration cycle; the icemaker is configured to be subjected to a freeze cycle; and the system is configured such that the freeze cycle </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/authentication-article-and-process-making-same" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C152%2C666.jpg?itok=XzIWkaeX" width="100" height="74" alt="Image of 2 security officers inspecting packages" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/authentication-article-and-process-making-same"><span>Authentication Article and Process for Making Same</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Yaw S. Obeng and Joseph J. Kopanski </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> An authentication article includes: a substrate including: a first surface; a second surface disposed laterally to the first surface and at a depth below the first surface; and a plurality of indentations including the depth at the second surface of the substrate; and an array disposed on the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/noncontact-resonameter-process-making-and-use-same" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C261%2C032.jpg?itok=zqaBXSbT" width="100" height="82" alt="A photo of the noncntact dielectric and conductivity meter for high-throughput processing and a circuit diagram of the circuit used to track the resonant frequency and quality factor of the microwave resonator." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/noncontact-resonameter-process-making-and-use-same"><span>Noncontact Resonameter, Process for making and use of same</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Jan Obrzut , Nate Orloff and Chris Long </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A noncontact resonameter includes: a resonator to: produce an excitation signal including a field; subject a sample to the excitation signal; produce a first resonator signal in a presence of the sample and the excitation signal, the first resonator signal including: a first quality factor of the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/phase-shift-detector-process-making-and-use-same" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C247%2C814.jpg?itok=6a6tFZf2" width="100" height="70" alt="Image of diagrams for the Classic Mach - Zehnder interferometer, Microwae transmission line based vserion, and guided wave probe tip interacts with sample" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/phase-shift-detector-process-making-and-use-same"><span>Phase Shift Detector Process for Making and Use of Same</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Kin (Charles) Cheung , Jason Ryan and Jason Campbell </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The detector senses very small phase shifts in a highly balanced microwave bridge. An electric field optimized microwave probe, in close proximity to a sample, serves to perturb the degree of bridge balance due to a .change in effective dielectric constant of the sample. The major innovation </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/next-generation-access-control-system-and-process-controlling-database-access" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010127393.jpg?itok=D49AHUwB" width="100" height="84" alt="Image of a spreadhsheet with some records" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/next-generation-access-control-system-and-process-controlling-database-access"><span>Next Generation Access Control System and Process for Controlling Database Access</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Joshua Roberts , Gopi Katwala and David Ferraiolo </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A computer-implemented method included: receiving, by an access manager, a query from a source; communicating the query from the access manager to a translator; translating the query into a next generation access control (NGAC) input; communicating the NGAC input to an NGAC engine, the NGAC engine </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/massively-parallel-wafer-level-reliability-system-and-process-massively-parallel-wafer-level" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/massively-parallel-wafer-level-reliability-system-and-process-massively-parallel-wafer-level"><span>Massively parallel wafer-level reliability system and process for massively parallel wafer-level reliability testing</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Kin (Charles) Cheung </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The massively parallel reliability (MPR) system is a compact measurement setup to perform highly accurate reliability tests on semiconductor devices. The innovations associated with the MPR system center on the densification and miniaturization of the semiconductor electrical characterization </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/hub-and-spoke-system-detecting-and-locating-gas-leaks" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C228%2C490.jpg?itok=f1NHOTbX" width="90" height="100" alt="Image of an map view with the text "Natural gas extraction east of Platteville Colorado. DCS could monitor over 100 sites from central location. Overlapping fields could ensure complete coverage"." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/hub-and-spoke-system-detecting-and-locating-gas-leaks"><span>Hub and Spoke System for Detecting and Locating Gas Leaks</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Greg Rieker , Ian Coddington , Nathan R Newbury , Kuldeep Prasad and Anna Karion </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A system for detecting gas leaks and determining their location and size. A data gathering portion of the system utilizes a hub and spoke configuration to collect path-integrated spectroscopic data over multiple open paths around an area. A processing portion of the system applies a high-resolution </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/optical-parametric-oscillator" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C156%2C771.jpg?itok=CtPaoaQr" width="100" height="59" alt="Image of devices on a table" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/optical-parametric-oscillator"><span>Optical Parametric Oscillator</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> John T. Woodward IV </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> An optical parametric oscillator produces optical parametric light and includes a frequency splitter to produce signal light and idler light; a wavelength selector to select a wavelength of the signal light and to produce optical parametric light from the selected wavelength of the signal light; and </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/differential-compensator-reduce-uncertainty-determination-movement-structural-member" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/26/pic%20for%2010%2C247%2C536.jpg?itok=pfdnm_UE" width="100" height="69" alt="Slide from presentation showing how the Differential compensator to reduce uncertainty in determination of movement of a structural member works" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/differential-compensator-reduce-uncertainty-determination-movement-structural-member"><span>Differential compensator to reduce uncertainty in determination of movement of a structural member</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Matthew Hoehler and Christopher Smith </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A new method has been developed for estimating the thermal expansion of a measurement cable (metallic wire or ceramic fiber thread) that is placed in a high temperature environment with an unknown temperature profile and connected to a moving target. This method is to deploy a second measurement </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/patents/resistance-compensator-reduce-uncertainty-determination-movement-structural-member" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/02/28/pic%20for%2010%2C175%2C150.jpg?itok=rj2xT2bF" width="100" height="56" alt="Image of devices on a table with the text labels that read "Displacement sensor", "High temp lead wire", "Resistance sensor", and "Data acquisition"." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/resistance-compensator-reduce-uncertainty-determination-movement-structural-member"><span>Resistance Compensator to Reduce Uncertainty in Determination of Movement of a Structural Member</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Matthew Hoehler and Christopher Smith </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A new method has been developed for estimating the thermal expansion of an electrically conductive wire that is placed in a high temperature environment with an unknown temperature profile; i.e. a temperature distribution that varies in location and time. The method is based on a simultaneous </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="more-link"><a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/patents/search">View All Patents</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230930174028im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/patents" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1610401","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/patents\/search":true},"chosen":{"selector":"select:not([id=\u0027edit-field-event-date-0-duration\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-type-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-is-this-event-by-invite-only-or-open-to-the-public\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-who-is-the-primary-target-audience\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-timezone-optional-\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-target-audience-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-country\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-country\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Month\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Day\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Year\u0027]),.facets-dropdown","minimum_single":0,"minimum_multiple":0,"minimum_width":200,"use_relative_width":false,"options":{"disable_search":false,"disable_search_threshold":20,"allow_single_deselect":false,"search_contains":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Choose some options","placeholder_text_single":"Choose an option","no_results_text":"No results match","max_shown_results":null,"inherit_select_classes":true}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_vUzvThvSSVoHTSCkBCQkydhdsfaK1XKjKqS_Be_Zm8E.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930174028js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230930174028js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_AZveMF1_MDBJG67wJ1aHJo5Uvq1qKGl9VyISL_yd0CU.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":39,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Patents | NIST