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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-classical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-classical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-classical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-classical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>17th and 18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>19th and 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_in_science_and_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_in_science_and_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Brown in science and nature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brown_in_science_and_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brown in science and nature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brown_in_science_and_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_pigments,_dyes_and_inks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_pigments,_dyes_and_inks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Brown pigments, dyes and inks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_pigments,_dyes_and_inks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_eyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_eyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Brown eyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_eyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_hair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_hair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Brown hair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_hair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Brown skin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals_and_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals_and_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mammals and birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals_and_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brown_in_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_in_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Brown in culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brown_in_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brown in culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brown_in_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brown_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brown_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Brown uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brown_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idioms_and_expressions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Idioms and expressions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idioms_and_expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_nature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_nature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In nature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_nature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">121 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruin" title="Bruin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%92" title="ቡኒ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡኒ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="भूरा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="भूरा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABn" title="Brūn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brūn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86)" title="بني (لون) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بني (لون)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Marrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" title="भुअर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भुअर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27aqu" title="P'aqu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="P'aqu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99hv%C9%99yi" title="Qəhvəyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəhvəyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قهوه‌یی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قهوه‌یی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="বাদামী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাদামী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-pi-sek" title="Ka-pi-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-pi-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%AB)" title="Көрән (төҫ) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көрән (төҫ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карычневы колер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карычневы колер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" title="भूअर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भूअर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Кафяв цвят – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафяв цвят" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91a" title="Smeđa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smeđa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gell" title="Gell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3" title="Marró – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хăмăр тĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăмăр тĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%A1" title="Hnědá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnědá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbise" title="Mbise – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mbise" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown" title="Brown – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brown" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brau" title="Brau – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brau" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braun" title="Braun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Braun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruun" title="Pruun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pruun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD_(%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1)" title="Καφέ (χρώμα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καφέ (χρώμα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Тюжа – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тюжа" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna" title="Bruna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Marrón" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arre_(kolorea)" title="Arre (kolorea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arre (kolorea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="قهوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_(couleur)" title="Brun (couleur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brun (couleur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAn" title="Brún – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brún" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donn_(dath)" title="Donn (dath) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Donn (dath)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%B3n" title="Marrón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng-set" title="Chûng-set – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng-set" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%83%89" title="갈색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91a" title="Smeđa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokelat_(warna)" title="Cokelat (warna) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cokelat (warna)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Морæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Морæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAnn" title="Brúnn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brúnn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_(colore)" title="Bruno (colore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bruno (colore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_(%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%A2)" title="חום (צבע) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חום (צבע)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soklat_(warna)" title="Soklat (warna) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Soklat (warna)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzulee_t%C9%94l%C9%A9m" title="Muzulee tɔlɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Muzulee tɔlɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3)" title="ಕಂದು (ಬಣ್ಣ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಂದು (ಬಣ್ಣ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86_(%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF)" title="دالچیٖن (رنٛگ) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دالچیٖن (رنٛگ)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81" title="Қоңыр түс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қоңыр түс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahawia" title="Kahawia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kahawia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maron" title="Maron – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Maron" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Михак рангсса – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Михак рангсса" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuscus" title="Fuscus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fuscus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABn%C4%81_kr%C4%81sa" title="Brūnā krāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūnā krāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda" title="Ruda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ruda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksankarvaine" title="Maksankarvaine – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Maksankarvaine" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maron_(culur)" title="Maron (culur) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Maron (culur)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_(sz%C3%ADn)" title="Barna (szín) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barna (szín)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кафеава боја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафеава боја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="തവിട്ടുനിറം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തവിട്ടുനിറം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannella_(kulur)" title="Kannella (kulur) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kannella (kulur)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89" title="بنى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بنى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warna_perang" title="Warna perang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Warna perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%95%CC%A4ng-s%C3%A1ik" title="Cĕ̤ng-sáik – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĕ̤ng-sáik" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Тарав – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тарав" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9)" title="Бор (өнгө) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бор (өнгө)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အညိုရောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အညိုရောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruin" title="Bruin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="खैरो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खैरो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="सियु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सियु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8C%B6%E8%89%B2" title="茶色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="茶色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Боьмаша – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Боьмаша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCn" title="Brün – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brün" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt" title="Brunt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brunt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭੂਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੂਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گندمی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گندمی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%8F" title="ពណ៌ត្នោត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពណ៌ត្នោត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barwa_br%C4%85zowa" title="Barwa brązowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barwa brązowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrom" title="Marrom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27aqu" title="P'aqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'aqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Коричневый цвет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коричневый цвет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="बभ्रुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बभ्रुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broun" title="Broun – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Broun" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phifadu" title="Phifadu – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Phifadu" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown" title="Brown – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brown" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hned%C3%A1" title="Hnedá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnedá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunni" title="Bunni – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bunni" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قاوەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Смеђа боја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смеђа боја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91e" title="Smeđe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smeđe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coklat_(warna)" title="Coklat (warna) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Coklat (warna)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskea" title="Ruskea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruskea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun" title="Brun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayumanggi" title="Kayumanggi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kayumanggi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பழுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%81" title="Көрән төс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көрән төс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="สีน้ำตาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สีน้ำตาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahverengi" title="Kahverengi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahverengi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%80" title="Коричневий колір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коричневий колір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بھورا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھورا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DA%AD%DB%87%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AD%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83" title="قوڭۇر رەڭلىك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قوڭۇر رەڭلىك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saekhenjgeq" title="Saekhenjgeq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saekhenjgeq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maron" title="Maron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2u" title="Nâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punan%C3%B5" title="Punanõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Punanõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90" title="褐 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="褐" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabonon" title="Tabonon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tabonon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2" title="褐色 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="褐色" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribungu" title="Ribungu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ribungu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ברוין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברוין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A1%E8%89%B2" title="啡色 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啡色" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2" title="褐色 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="褐色" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikolat_(warna)" title="Sikolat 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Color</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the color. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brown_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brown (disambiguation)">Brown (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For different varieties of brown and their names, see <a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Shades of brown</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Brown</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader mw-no-invert" style="line-height:12px; background-color:#964B00!important; border: 0.1px solid #000000"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#964B00;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #964B00;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#964B00;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/124px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/186px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/248px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medved_mzoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Medved_mzoo.jpg/124px-Medved_mzoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Medved_mzoo.jpg/186px-Medved_mzoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Medved_mzoo.jpg/248px-Medved_mzoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#964B00;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_(30055660701).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/124px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/186px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/248px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg/124px-Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg/186px-Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg/248px-Amber_Brown_Eye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="516" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#964B00;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monteriggioni0001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Monteriggioni0001.jpg/250px-Monteriggioni0001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Monteriggioni0001.jpg/375px-Monteriggioni0001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Monteriggioni0001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><span style="position: relative; float: right; font-size: 70%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color/Normalized_Color_Coordinates" title="About these coordinates"><img alt="About these coordinates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/15px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/23px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/30px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span>     Color coordinates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Web_colors#Hex_triplet" title="Web colors">Hex triplet</a></th><td class="infobox-data">#964B00</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a><sup><b>B</b></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">r</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">g</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">b</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(150, 75, 0)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Saturation" title="Colorfulness">s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">v</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(30°, 100%, 59%)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/CIELChuv" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELChuv">CIELCh<sub>uv</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">h</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">(40, 72, 31°)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">CSS Colour Module Level 3<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>B</b>: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Brown</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the <a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a> used in printing and painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a> used to project colors onto television screens and computer monitors, brown combines <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>. The color brown is seen widely in nature, wood, soil, human <a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">hair</a> color, <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye color</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">skin pigmentation</a>. Brown is the color of dark wood or rich soil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB color model</a>, brown is made by mixing the three primary colors, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>. </p><p>According to public opinion surveys in Europe and the United States, brown is the least favorite color of the public; it is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Fecal_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal matter">fecal matter</a>, plainness, the rustic, although it does also have positive associations, including baking, warmth, wildlife, the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">brún</i></span>, in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color. The first recorded use of <i>brown</i> as a color name in English was in 1000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic">Common Germanic</a> adjectives <i>*brûnoz and *brûnâ</i> meant both dark colors and a glistening or shining quality, whence <i><a href="/wiki/Burnishing_(metal)" title="Burnishing (metal)">burnish</a></i>. The current meaning developed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> from the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words for the color brown around the world often come from foods or beverages; in the eastern Mediterranean, the word for brown often comes from the color of coffee: in Turkish, the word for brown is <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kahverengi</i></span>; in Greek, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">kafé</i></span>. In Portuguese, Spanish and French, the word for brown or for a specific shade of brown is derived from the word for chestnut (<i>castanea</i> in Latin). In Southeast Asia, the color name often comes from chocolate: <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">coklat</i></span> in Malay; <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">tsokolate</i></span> in Filipino. In Japan, the word <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">chairo</i></span> means the color of tea.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_art">History and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown has been used in art since prehistoric times. Paintings using <a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">umber</a>, a natural clay pigment composed of iron oxide and manganese oxide, have been dated to 40,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings of brown horses and other animals have been found on the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascaux cave">Lascaux cave</a> dating back about 17,300 years. The female figures in ancient Egyptian tomb paintings have brown skin, painted with umber. Light tan was often used on painted Greek amphorae and vases, either as a background for black figures, or the reverse. </p><p>The Ancient Greeks and Romans produced a fine reddish-brown ink, of a color called <a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">sepia</a>, made from the ink of a variety of <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>. This ink was used by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and other artists during the Renaissance, and by artists up until the present time. </p><p>In Ancient Rome, brown clothing was associated with the lower classes or barbarians. The term for the plebeians, or urban poor, was "pullati", which meant literally "those dressed in brown".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 201.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 199.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of a dun horse on the wall of Lascaux Cave in France"><img alt="Painting of a dun horse on the wall of Lascaux Cave in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/299px-Lascaux2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg/449px-Lascaux2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Lascaux2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of a <a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">dun horse</a> on the wall of <a href="/wiki/Lascaux_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascaux Cave">Lascaux Cave</a> in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_(II)_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Userhet, 1300 BC. Brown was widely used in Ancient Egypt to represent skin color."><img alt="Tomb of Userhet, 1300 BC. Brown was widely used in Ancient Egypt to represent skin color." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg/231px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg/346px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg/461px-Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Userh%C3%AAt_%28II%29_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Userhet" title="Userhet">Userhet</a>, 1300 BC. Brown was widely used in Ancient Egypt to represent skin color.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tan terracotta background on a Greek amphora with the figures of Hercules and Apollo. (about 720 BC)"><img alt="A tan terracotta background on a Greek amphora with the figures of Hercules and Apollo. (about 720 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg/346px-Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="231" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg/519px-Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg/691px-Antimenes_Painter_-_Black-figure_Amphora_with_Herakles_and_Apollo_Fighting_Over_the_Tripod_-_Walters_4821_-_Detail_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tan <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> background on a Greek <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> with the figures of Hercules and Apollo. (about 720 BC)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-classical_history">Post-classical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-classical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In the Middle Ages brown robes were worn by monks of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan order">Franciscan order</a>, as a sign of their humility and poverty. Each social class was expected to wear a color suitable to their station; and grey and brown were the colors of the poor. <a href="/wiki/Russet_(cloth)" title="Russet (cloth)">Russet</a> was a coarse homespun cloth made of wool and dyed with <a href="/wiki/Woad" class="mw-redirect" title="Woad">woad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_madder" title="Rose madder">madder</a> to give it a subdued grey or brown shade. By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet. The medieval poem <i><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a></i> describes the virtuous Christian:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And is gladde of a goune of a graye russet<br />As of a tunicle of Tarse or of trye scarlet.</p></blockquote> <p>In the Middle Ages, dark brown pigments were rarely used in art; painters and book illuminators artists of that period preferred bright, distinct colors such as red, blue and green rather than dark colors. The umbers were not widely used in Europe before the end of the fifteenth century; The Renaissance painter and writer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> (1511–1574) described them as being rather new in his time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artists began using far greater use of browns when oil painting arrived in the late fifteenth century. During the Renaissance, artists generally used four different browns; raw umber, the dark brown clay mined from the earth around Umbria, in Italy; raw sienna, a reddish-brown earth mined near <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>; burnt umber, the Umbrian clay heated until it turned a darker shade, and burnt sienna, heated until it turned a dark reddish brown. In Northern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> featured rich earth browns in his portraits to set off the brighter colors. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_da_vinci,_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leonardo da Vinci used sepia ink, from cuttlefish, for his writing and drawing"><img alt="Leonardo da Vinci used sepia ink, from cuttlefish, for his writing and drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg/253px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg/380px-Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Leonardo_da_vinci%2C_Drawings_of_Water_Lifting_Devices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leonardo da Vinci used sepia ink, from cuttlefish, for his writing and drawing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van Eyck, Portrait de Baudoin de Lannoy (1435)"><img alt="Jan van Eyck, Portrait de Baudoin de Lannoy (1435)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg/167px-Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg/251px-Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg/334px-Jan_van_Eyck_-_Baudouin_de_Lannoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2725" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jan van Eyck, Portrait de Baudoin de Lannoy (1435)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Tudor1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary I of England (1554)"><img alt="Mary I of England (1554)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maria_Tudor1.jpg/170px-Maria_Tudor1.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maria_Tudor1.jpg/255px-Maria_Tudor1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maria_Tudor1.jpg/340px-Maria_Tudor1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> (1554)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17th_and_18th_century">17th and 18th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 17th and 18th century saw the greatest use of brown. <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Van_Rijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Rembrandt Van Rijn">Rembrandt Van Rijn</a> used browns to create <a href="/wiki/Chiaroscuro" title="Chiaroscuro">chiaroscuro</a> effects, where the subject appeared out of the darkness. Rembrandt also added umber to the ground layers of his paintings because it promoted faster drying. Rembrandt also began to use new brown pigment, called Cassel earth or Cologne earth. This was a natural earth color composed of over ninety percent organic matter, such as soil and peat. It was used by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, and later became commonly known as Van Dyck brown. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait of Rembrandt. The older Rembrandt became the more brown he used in his paintings."><img alt="Self-portrait of Rembrandt. The older Rembrandt became the more brown he used in his paintings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/208px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/313px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/417px-Rembrandt_van_Rijn_-_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12243" data-file-height="15859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self-portrait of <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>. The older Rembrandt became the more brown he used in his paintings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthony van Dyck, like Rembrandt, was attached to the pigment called Cassel earth or Cologne earth; it became known as Van Dyck brown"><img alt="Anthony van Dyck, like Rembrandt, was attached to the pigment called Cassel earth or Cologne earth; it became known as Van Dyck brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg/230px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg/345px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg/460px-Anthonis_van_Dyck_Self_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, like Rembrandt, was attached to the pigment called Cassel earth or Cologne earth; it became known as Van Dyck brown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 141.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 139.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natalya Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (late 17th century)"><img alt="Natalya Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (late 17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/209px-Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/314px-Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg/419px-Portrait_of_Tsaritsa_Natalya_Kirillovna_Naryshkina_-_Google_Cultural_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="3578" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Naryshkina" title="Natalya Naryshkina">Natalya Naryshkina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsa">Tsaritsa</a> of Russia (late 17th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_and_20th_century">19th and 20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown was generally hated by the French impressionists, who preferred bright, pure colors. The exception among French 19th-century artists was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, who created luminous brown portraits of the people and landscapes of French Polynesia. </p><p>In the late 20th century, brown became a common symbol in western culture for simple, inexpensive, natural and healthy. Bag lunches were carried in plain brown paper bags; packages were wrapped in plain brown paper. Brown bread and brown sugar were viewed as more natural and healthy than white bread and white sugar. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus,_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of Portugal and Brazil (later Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and King Pedro IV of Portugal), by Benedito Calixto (1822)"><img alt="Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of Portugal and Brazil (later Emperor Pedro I of Brazil and King Pedro IV of Portugal), by Benedito Calixto (1822)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg/211px-Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg/317px-Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg/423px-Jesus%2C_Benedito_Calixto_de_-_Retrato_de_Dom_Pedro_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pedro of Braganza, Prince Royal of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Portugal and Brazil</a> (later Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> and King Pedro IV of Portugal), by <a href="/wiki/Benedito_Calixto" title="Benedito Calixto">Benedito Calixto</a> (1822)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_(1892).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Words of the Devil, by Paul Gauguin (1892)"><img alt="Words of the Devil, by Paul Gauguin (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg/222px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg/333px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg/444px-Paul_Gauguin_-_Parau_na_te_Varua_ino_%281892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="4950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Words of the Devil</i>, by Paul Gauguin (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HJ_Uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uniform of the Hitler Youth movement in the 1930s"><img alt="Uniform of the Hitler Youth movement in the 1930s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/HJ_Uniform.jpg/182px-HJ_Uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/HJ_Uniform.jpg/273px-HJ_Uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/HJ_Uniform.jpg/364px-HJ_Uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="2281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> movement in the 1930s</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brown_in_science_and_nature">Brown in science and nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brown in science and nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown is a dark orange color, made by combining red, yellow and black.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be thought of as dark <a href="/wiki/Orange_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (color)">orange</a>, but it can also be made in other ways. In the <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a>, which uses red, green and blue light in various combinations to make all the colors on computer and television screens, it is made by mixing red and green light. </p><p>In terms of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>, "brown" refers to long wavelength hues, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, in combination with low <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">saturation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <i>brown</i> may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as red brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown. </p><p>As a color of low intensity, brown is a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary color">tertiary color</a>: a mix of the three subtractive <a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary colors</a> is brown if the <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> content is low. Brown exists as a color perception only in the presence of a brighter color contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow, orange, red, or rose objects are still perceived as such if the general illumination level is low, despite reflecting the same amount of red or orange light as a brown object would in normal lighting conditions. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The colored disks appear to be brown and orange, but are actually an identical shade; their perceived color depends on the shade of grey they are surrounded by[19]"><img alt="The colored disks appear to be brown and orange, but are actually an identical shade; their perceived color depends on the shade of grey they are surrounded by[19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/384px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/576px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg/767px-Optical_grey_squares_orange_brown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The colored disks appear to be brown and orange, but are actually an identical shade; their perceived color depends on the shade of grey they are surrounded by<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_pigments,_dyes_and_inks"><span id="Brown_pigments.2C_dyes_and_inks"></span>Brown pigments, dyes and inks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brown pigments, dyes and inks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Raw <a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">umber</a> and burnt umber are two of the oldest pigments used by humans. Umber is a brown clay, containing a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> and between five and twenty percent <a href="/wiki/Manganese_oxide" title="Manganese oxide">manganese oxide</a>, which give the color. Its shade varies from a greenish brown to a dark brown. It takes its name from the Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, where it was formerly mined. The principal source today is the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Burnt umber is the same pigment which has been roasted (calcined), which turns the pigment darker and more reddish.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabien_Petillion_p._30_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabien_Petillion_p._30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Raw <a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">sienna</a> and burnt sienna are also clay pigments rich in iron oxide, which were mined during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> around the city of Siena in Tuscany. Sienna contains less than five percent manganese. The natural sienna earth is a dark yellow <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> color; when roasted it becomes a rich reddish brown called burnt sienna.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabien_Petillion_p._30_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabien_Petillion_p._30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mummy_brown" title="Mummy brown">Mummy brown</a></b> was a pigment used in oil paints made from ground Egyptian mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caput_mortuum_(pigment)" title="Caput mortuum (pigment)">Caput mortuum</a></b> is a haematite iron oxide pigment, used in painting. The name is also used in reference to mummy brown.</li> <li><b>Van Dyck brown</b>, known in Europe as Cologne earth or Cassel earth, is another natural earth pigment, that was made up largely of decayed vegetal matter. It made a rich dark brown, and was widely used during the Renaissance to the 19th century It takes its name from the painter <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, but it was used by many other artists before him. It was highly unstable and unreliable, so its use was abandoned by the 20th century, though the name continues to be used for modern synthetic pigments. The color of Van Dyck brown can be recreated by mixing ivory black with mauve or with Venetian red, or mixing cadmium red with cobalt blue.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mars brown</b>. The names of the earth colors are still used, but very few modern pigments with these names actually contain natural earths; most of their ingredients today are synthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabien_Petillion_p._30_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabien_Petillion_p._30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mars brown is typical of these new colors, made with synthetic iron oxide pigments. The new colors have a superior coloring power and opacity, but not the delicate hue as their namesakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabien_Petillion_p._30_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabien_Petillion_p._30-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Walnuts">Walnuts</a> have been used to make a brown dye since antiquity. The Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, in the first century BC described how the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> used the juice of the hull or husk inside the shell of the walnut to make a brown dye for wool, or a reddish dye for their hair.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> tree has also been used since ancient times as a source brown dye. The bark of the tree, the leaves and the husk of the nuts have all been used to make dye. The leaves were used to make a beige or yellowish-brown dye, and in the Ottoman Empire the yellow-brown from chestnut leaves was combined with indigo blue to make shades of green.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron oxide is the most common ingredient in brown pigments"><img alt="Iron oxide is the most common ingredient in brown pigments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg/300px-IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg/451px-IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/IronOxidePigmentUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">Iron oxide</a> is the most common ingredient in brown pigments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LimoniteUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limonite is a form of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna."><img alt="Limonite is a form of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/LimoniteUSGOV.jpg/264px-LimoniteUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/LimoniteUSGOV.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">Limonite</a> is a form of yellowish iron ore. A clay of limonite rich in iron oxide is the source of raw sienna and burnt sienna.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Natural or raw umber pigment is clay rich in iron oxide and manganese"><img alt="Natural or raw umber pigment is clay rich in iron oxide and manganese" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg/252px-Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg/379px-Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg/504px-Terra_ombra_naturale_umber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="1434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Natural or raw <a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">umber</a> pigment is clay rich in <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burnt sienna pigment, from the region around Siena in Tuscany"><img alt="Burnt sienna pigment, from the region around Siena in Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg/225px-Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg/338px-Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Pigment_sienna_burnt_iconofile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burnt <a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">sienna</a> pigment, from the region around <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_eyes">Brown eyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brown eyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eye_color#Brown" title="Eye color">Eye color § Brown</a></div> <p>With few exceptions, all mammals have brown or darkly-pigmented irises.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, brown eyes result from a relatively high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_iris" title="Stroma of iris">stroma</a> of the iris, which causes light of both shorter and longer wavelengths to be absorbed<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in many parts of the world, it is nearly the only iris color present.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dark pigment of brown eyes is most common in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, etc. as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulem_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulem-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of people in the world overall have dark brown eyes. Brown irises range from highly pigmented, dark brown (almost black) eyes, to very light, almost amber or hazel irises composed partially of <a href="/wiki/Lipochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipochrome">lipochrome</a>. of Light or medium-pigmented brown eyes are common in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a>, as well as some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and can also be found in populations in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, but are proportionally rare. (See <a href="/wiki/Eye_color" title="Eye color">eye color</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epicanthic_KR03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dark brown iris is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia"><img alt="A dark brown iris is most common in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Epicanthic_KR03.jpg/200px-Epicanthic_KR03.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Epicanthic_KR03.jpg/300px-Epicanthic_KR03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Epicanthic_KR03.jpg/400px-Epicanthic_KR03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dark brown iris is most common in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medium brown iris"><img alt="Medium brown iris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg/195px-Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg/292px-Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg/389px-Picture_of_brown_eyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medium brown iris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_eye_with_limbal_ring,_anterior_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light brown irises can also be found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, but are relatively rare"><img alt="Light brown irises can also be found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, but are relatively rare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/267px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/400px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg/534px-Human_eye_with_limbal_ring%2C_anterior_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light brown irises can also be found in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, but are relatively rare</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 410.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 408.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A light brown iris is most common in North Africa, Eastern Europe, the Americas and West Asia"><img alt="A light brown iris is most common in North Africa, Eastern Europe, the Americas and West Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg/613px-Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg" decoding="async" width="409" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg/919px-Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Hazel_eyes_S7307583.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A light brown iris is most common in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_hair">Brown hair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brown hair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brown_hair" title="Brown hair">Brown hair</a></div> <p>Brown is the second most common color of human hair, after black. It is caused by higher levels of the natural dark pigment <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanin</a>, and lower levels of the pale pigment <a href="/wiki/Pheomelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheomelanin">pheomelanin</a>. Brown eumelanin is more common among Europeans, while black eumelanin is more often found in the hair on non-Europeans. A small amount of black eumelanin, in the absence of other pigments, results in grey hair. A small amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments results in blond hair. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brunette comes from brune, the French term for a woman with brown hair"><img alt="Brunette comes from brune, the French term for a woman with brown hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg/198px-Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg/298px-Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg/397px-Brunette_red_lipstick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brunette comes from <i>brune</i>, the French term for a woman with brown hair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadeeka_Perera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown hair with highlights. Nadeeka Perera, a fashion model"><img alt="Brown hair with highlights. Nadeeka Perera, a fashion model" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nadeeka_Perera.jpg/225px-Nadeeka_Perera.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Nadeeka_Perera.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brown hair with highlights. <a href="/wiki/Nadeeka_Perera" title="Nadeeka Perera">Nadeeka Perera</a>, a fashion model</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auburn hair is a reddish brown. This is actress Susan Sarandon"><img alt="Auburn hair is a reddish brown. This is actress Susan Sarandon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/441px-Susan_Sarandon_3_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2352" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">Auburn hair</a> is a reddish brown. This is actress <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sarandon" title="Susan Sarandon">Susan Sarandon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chestnut color hair also has a reddish tint, but is less red and more brown than auburn hair. This is German singer Yvonne Catterfeld"><img alt="Chestnut color hair also has a reddish tint, but is less red and more brown than auburn hair. This is German singer Yvonne Catterfeld" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg/211px-Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg/316px-Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg/421px-Yvonne_Catterfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chestnut color hair also has a reddish tint, but is less red and more brown than auburn hair. This is German singer <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Catterfeld" title="Yvonne Catterfeld">Yvonne Catterfeld</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_skin">Brown skin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brown skin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A majority of people in the world have skin that is a shade of brown, from a very light honey brown or a golden brown, to a copper or bronze color, to a coffee color or a dark chocolate brown. Skin color and race are not the same; many people classified as "white" or "black" actually have skin that is a shade of brown. Brown skin is caused by <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>, a natural pigment which is produced within the skin in cells called <a href="/wiki/Melanocyte" title="Melanocyte">melanocytes</a>. Skin pigmentation in humans evolved to primarily regulate the amount of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> penetrating the skin, controlling its biochemical effects.<sup id="cite_ref-jabl1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jabl1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natural skin color can darken as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">tanning</a> due to exposure to sunlight. The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet</a> fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> of the skin cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20445093_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20445093-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Darker-skinned populations are found in the regions with the most ultraviolet, closer to the equator, while lighter skinned populations live closer to the poles, with less UVR, though immigration has changed these patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-webb06_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webb06-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>white </i>and<i> black</i> are commonly used to describe racial groups, <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">brown</a></i> is rarely used, because it crosses all racial lines. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the Portuguese word <i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i>, which can mean different shades of brown, is used to refer to multiracial people. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) asks people to identify themselves as <i>branco</i> (white), <i>pardo</i> (brown), <i>negro</i> (black), or <i>amarelo</i> (yellow). In 2008 43.8 percent of the population identified themselves as pardo.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">human skin color</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An elderly woman from Gambia"><img alt="An elderly woman from Gambia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg/203px-Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg/305px-Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg/406px-Elderly_Gambian_woman_face_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1949" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An elderly woman from Gambia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A man from Egypt"><img alt="A man from Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg/338px-Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg/507px-Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg/675px-Flickr_-_DavidDennisPhotos.com_-_Man_at_Ruins_in_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A man from Egypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A woman from Brazil"><img alt="A woman from Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg/173px-Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg/260px-Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg/346px-Gisele_Bundchen2_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A woman from Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A man from Tibet"><img alt="A man from Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sera_Monastery13.jpg/271px-Sera_Monastery13.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sera_Monastery13.jpg/407px-Sera_Monastery13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sera_Monastery13.jpg/542px-Sera_Monastery13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A man from Tibet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A young woman from Peru"><img alt="A young woman from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg/150px-Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg/225px-Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg/300px-Peruvian_woman_in_hat_smiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A young woman from Peru</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thin top layer of the Earth's crust on land is largely made up of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> colored different shades of brown.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkeland_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkeland-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good soil is composed of about forty-five percent minerals, twenty-five percent water, twenty-five percent air, and five percent organic material, living and dead. Half the color of soil comes from minerals it contains; soils containing iron turn yellowish or reddish as the iron oxidizes. Manganese, nitrogen and sulfur turn brownish or blackish as they decay naturally. </p><p>Rich and fertile soils tend to be darker in color; the deeper brown color of fertile soil comes from the decomposing of the organic matter. Dead leaves and roots become black or brown as they decay. Poorer soils are usually paler brown in color, and contain less water or organic matter. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollisols">Mollisols</a> are the soil type found under grassland in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of America, the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a> in Argentina and the Russian Steppes. The soil is 60–80 centimeters deep and is rich in nutrients and organic matter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a> is a type of pale yellow or buff soil, which originated as wind-blown silt. It is very fertile, but is easily eroded by wind or water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a> is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation, whose decomposition is slowed by water. Despite its dark brown color, it is infertile, but is useful as a fuel.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_profile.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A typical soil profile; dark-brown topsoils, rich with organic matter, above reddish-brown lower layers"><img alt="A typical soil profile; dark-brown topsoils, rich with organic matter, above reddish-brown lower layers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/184px-Soil_profile.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/277px-Soil_profile.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_profile.png/368px-Soil_profile.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A typical soil profile; dark-brown <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoils</a>, rich with organic matter, above reddish-brown lower layers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollisol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A profile of layers of Mollisols, the soil type found in the Great Plains of the U.S., the Pampas in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes"><img alt="A profile of layers of Mollisols, the soil type found in the Great Plains of the U.S., the Pampas in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mollisol.jpg/130px-Mollisol.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mollisol.jpg/196px-Mollisol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mollisol.jpg/261px-Mollisol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A profile of layers of <a href="/wiki/Mollisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollisols">Mollisols</a>, the soil type found in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a> in Argentina, and the Russian Steppes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loess_landscape_china.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A landscape of loess soil in Datong, Shanxi, China. Loess originated as windblown silt. It is very fertile but erodes easily"><img alt="A landscape of loess soil in Datong, Shanxi, China. Loess originated as windblown silt. It is very fertile but erodes easily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Loess_landscape_china.jpg/338px-Loess_landscape_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Loess_landscape_china.jpg/507px-Loess_landscape_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Loess_landscape_china.jpg/675px-Loess_landscape_china.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A landscape of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> soil in <a href="/wiki/Datong" title="Datong">Datong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China. Loess originated as windblown silt. It is very fertile but erodes easily</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 263.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 261.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peat-Stack_in_Ness,_Outer_Hebrides,_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stack of peat cut from the Earth in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Peat is partially decayed vegetative matter"><img alt="A stack of peat cut from the Earth in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Peat is partially decayed vegetative matter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg/392px-Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg/589px-Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg/784px-Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2966" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stack of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> cut from the Earth in the Outer <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Peat is partially decayed vegetative matter</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals_and_birds">Mammals and birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mammals and birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of mammals and predatory birds have a brown coloration. This sometimes changes seasonally, and sometimes remains the same year-round. This color is likely related to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, since the backdrop of some environments, such as the forest floor, is often brown, and especially in the spring and summertime when animals like the <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a> get brown fur. Most mammals are <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromats</a> and so do not easily distinguish brown fur from <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> grass. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a> or <i>Norwegian rat</i> (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>) is one of the best known and most common <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) is a large <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> distributed across much of northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a> (<i>Mustela erminea</i>) has a brown back in summer, or year-round in the southern reaches of its range.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_bear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The brown bear is found across Eurasia and North America"><img alt="The brown bear is found across Eurasia and North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brown_bear.jpg/282px-Brown_bear.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brown_bear.jpg/423px-Brown_bear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Brown_bear.jpg/563px-Brown_bear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> is found across Eurasia and North America</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tawny_owl_at_night_(42511916510).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tawny owl. The color tawny takes its name from the old French word tané, which means to tan leather. The same word is the root of suntan and the color tan"><img alt="The tawny owl. The color tawny takes its name from the old French word tané, which means to tan leather. The same word is the root of suntan and the color tan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg/304px-Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg/457px-Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg/608px-Tawny_owl_at_night_%2842511916510%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2343" data-file-height="1735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tawny_owl" title="Tawny owl">tawny owl</a>. The color <a href="/wiki/Tawny_(color)" title="Tawny (color)">tawny</a> takes its name from the old French word <i>tané</i>, which means to tan leather. The same word is the root of suntan and the color tan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fur of the snowshoe hare is brown in the summer and turns white in winter, as a form of all-season natural camouflage"><img alt="The fur of the snowshoe hare is brown in the summer and turns white in winter, as a form of all-season natural camouflage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg/338px-Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg/507px-Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg/675px-Lepus_americanus_5459_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3873" data-file-height="2582" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fur of the <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">snowshoe hare</a> is brown in the summer and turns white in winter, as a form of all-season natural <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camel is an effective color for camouflage in the Sahara desert, and is also a popular color for blankets and winter overcoats"><img alt="Camel is an effective color for camouflage in the Sahara desert, and is also a popular color for blankets and winter overcoats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/300px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/451px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Camelcalf-feeding.jpg/600px-Camelcalf-feeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camel_(color)" title="Camel (color)">Camel</a> is an effective color for camouflage in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a>, and is also a popular color for blankets and winter overcoats</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology">Biology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The solid waste excreted by human beings and many other animals is characteristically brown in color due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, a byproduct of destruction of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Red blood cells">red blood cells</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brown_in_culture">Brown in culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brown in culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surveys in Europe and the United States showed that brown was the least popular color among respondents. It was the favorite color of only one percent of respondents and the least favorite color of twenty percent of people.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brown_uniforms">Brown uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brown uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brown has been a popular color for military uniforms since the late 18th century, largely because of its wide availability and low visibility. When the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> was established in 1775 at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> declared that the official uniform color would be brown, but this was not popular with many militias, whose officers were already wearing blue. In 1778 the Congress asked <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to design a new uniform, and in 1779 Washington made the official color of all uniforms blue and <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1846 the Indian soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(India)" title="Corps of Guides (India)">Corps of Guides</a> in British India began to wear a yellowish shade of tan, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">khaki</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> word for dust-colored, taken from an earlier Persian word for soil. The color made an excellent natural <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, and was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> for their Abyssian Campaign in 1867–1868, and later in the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a>. It was adopted by the United States Army during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1896), and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>. </p><p>In the 1920s, brown became the uniform color of the Nazi Party in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> paramilitary organization the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA) wore brown uniforms and were known as the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">brownshirts</a>. The color brown was used to represent the Nazi vote on maps of electoral districts in Germany. If someone voted for the Nazis, they were said to be "voting brown". The national headquarters of the Nazi party, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, was called the <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown House, Munich, Germany">Brown House</a></i>. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 was called the <i><a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Brown Revolution</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> home, the <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(Hitler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghof (Hitler)">Berghof</a>, he slept in a "bed which was usually covered by a brown quilt embroidered with a huge <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>. </p><p>The swastika also appeared on Hitler's brown satin pajamas, embroidered in black against a red background on the pocket. He had a matching brown silk robe."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown had originally been chosen as a Party color largely for convenience; large numbers of war-surplus brown uniforms from Germany's former colonial forces in Africa were cheaply available in the 1920s. It also suited the working-class and military images that the Party wished to convey. </p><p>From the 1930s onwards, the Party's brown uniforms were mass-produced by German clothing firms such as <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Boss" title="Hugo Boss">Hugo Boss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:33rd_Punjabi_Army_(Commander_Punjabi_Subadar)_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India"><img alt="The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg/162px-33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg/243px-33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg/324px-33rd_Punjabi_Army_%28Commander_Punjabi_Subadar%29_by_A_C_Lovett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The khaki uniforms of Indian soldiers in British India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MacArthur_Manila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General Douglas MacArthur in Khaki on August 2, 1945"><img alt="General Douglas MacArthur in Khaki on August 2, 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MacArthur_Manila.jpg/132px-MacArthur_Manila.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MacArthur_Manila.jpg/199px-MacArthur_Manila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MacArthur_Manila.jpg/264px-MacArthur_Manila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="4744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> in Khaki on August 2, 1945</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chief petty officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms"><img alt="Chief petty officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg/384px-US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg/576px-US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg/767px-US_Navy_080916-N-9769P-144_Newly_pinned_chiefs_stand_at_attention_during_Naval_Station_Guantanamo_Bay%27s_Chief_Pinning_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chief petty officers of the U.S. Navy in their khaki service uniforms</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Pullman_Brown"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Pullman Brown</span></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the color of the <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">United Parcel Service</a> (UPS) delivery company with their trademark brown trucks and uniforms; it was earlier the color of <a href="/wiki/Pullman_(car_or_coach)" title="Pullman (car or coach)">Pullman rail cars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Company" title="Pullman Company">Pullman Company</a>, and was adopted by UPS both because brown is easy to keep clean, and due to favorable associations of luxury that Pullman brown evoked. UPS has filed two <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> on the color brown to prevent other shipping companies (and possibly other companies in general) from using the color if it creates "market confusion". In its advertising, UPS refers to itself as "Brown" ("What can Brown do for you?"). Labrecque, et al. (2012) have hypothesized that brown would be related to competence when used in <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, as the color is typically associated with reliability and support. However, they did not find a link between brown and competence.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 453.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 451.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_Pullman_Car.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A Pullman rail car, in traditional brown"><img alt="A Pullman rail car, in traditional brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Abraham_Lincoln_Pullman_Car.png" decoding="async" width="452" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="133" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Pullman_(car_or_coach)" title="Pullman (car or coach)">Pullman rail car</a>, in traditional brown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UPS_truck_-804051.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A UPS truck in Pullman brown"><img alt="A UPS truck in Pullman brown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/UPS_truck_-804051.jpg/345px-UPS_truck_-804051.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/UPS_truck_-804051.jpg/518px-UPS_truck_-804051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/UPS_truck_-804051.jpg/690px-UPS_truck_-804051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A UPS truck in Pullman brown</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idioms_and_expressions">Idioms and expressions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Idioms and expressions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"To be brown as a berry" (to be deeply suntanned)</li> <li>"To brown bag" a meal (to bring food from home to eat at work or school rather than patronizing an in-house cafeteria or a restaurant)</li> <li>"To experience a brown out" (a partial loss of electricity, less severe than a blackout)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfields</a> are abandoned, idled, or under-used industrial and commercial facilities where <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">redevelopment</a> for <a href="/wiki/Infill_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infill housing">infill housing</a> is complicated by real or perceived environmental contaminations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'"Brown-nose" is a verb which means to be <a href="/wiki/Obsequious" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsequious">obsequious</a>. It comes from the term for kissing the posterior of the boss in order to gain advancement.</li> <li>"In a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brown_study" class="extiw" title="wikt:brown study">brown study</a>" (melancholy)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, brown represents endurance, solidity, grounding, and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is strongly associated with the element of earth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Browns" title="Cleveland Browns">Cleveland Browns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, take their team name from its founder and long-time coach, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a>, and use brown as a team color.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club" title="Hawthorn Football Club">Hawthorn Football Club</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> wears a brown and gold uniform.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Padres" title="San Diego Padres">San Diego Padres</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> utilizes brown as their primary color.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_St._Pauli" title="FC St. Pauli">FC St. Pauli</a>, a German <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> club, typically features brown shirts as its primary kit.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_Platense" title="Club Atlético Platense">Club Atlético Platense</a> in Argentina, typically features brown shirts as its primary kit.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Cowboys_and_Cowgirls" title="Wyoming Cowboys and Cowgirls">University of Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bears" title="Brown Bears">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Bonaventure_Bonnies" title="St. Bonaventure Bonnies">St. Bonaventure University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Mountain_Hawks" title="Lehigh Mountain Hawks">Lehigh University</a> sports teams generally feature this color.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_nature_and_culture">In nature and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In nature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kufra-space-radar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sahara Desert around the Kufra Oasis, Libya, seen from space"><img alt="The Sahara Desert around the Kufra Oasis, Libya, seen from space" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kufra-space-radar.jpg/145px-Kufra-space-radar.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kufra-space-radar.jpg/218px-Kufra-space-radar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kufra-space-radar.jpg/290px-Kufra-space-radar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara Desert</a> around the Kufra Oasis, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, seen from space</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A sachertorte in a Vienna cafe"><img alt="A sachertorte in a Vienna cafe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG/300px-Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG/451px-Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG/600px-Sachertorte_DSC03027.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Sachertorte" title="Sachertorte">sachertorte</a> in a Vienna cafe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Espresso-roasted coffee beans"><img alt="Espresso-roasted coffee beans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/169px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/253px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/337px-Espresso-roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Espresso-roasted <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> beans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oak barrels in a winery in Chianti, Italy"><img alt="Oak barrels in a winery in Chianti, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/315px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/474px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg/631px-Large_botti_size_oak_barrels_in_Chianti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> barrels in a winery in <a href="/wiki/Chianti" title="Chianti">Chianti</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_(28021804865).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="People dressed as 1st World War soldiers as part of the commemoration of the battle of the Somme. The word khaki means "earth" in the Persian language"><img alt="People dressed as 1st World War soldiers as part of the commemoration of the battle of the Somme. The word khaki means "earth" in the Persian language" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg/353px-Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg/530px-Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg/706px-Somme_Commemoration_in_Birmingham_City_Centre_5_%2828021804865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="2061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">People dressed as 1st World War soldiers as part of the commemoration of the battle of the Somme. The word khaki means "earth" in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dun-colored horse. Donn is the word for brown in the Scottish and Irish Gaelic languages"><img alt="A dun-colored horse. Donn is the word for brown in the Scottish and Irish Gaelic languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg/337px-N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg/507px-N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg/675px-N%C3%A1vrat_divok%C3%BDch_kon%C3%AD_2013_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5841" data-file-height="3898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dun-colored horse. Donn is the word for brown in the Scottish and Irish <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic languages">Gaelic languages</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieces of natural amber"><img alt="Pieces of natural amber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/338px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/508px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/676px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pieces of natural <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodybuilders who have been spray tanned"><img alt="Bodybuilders who have been spray tanned" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg/351px-SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg/527px-SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg/701px-SBFF_SM_2019_Bodybuilding_%2B95_kg_Winners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bodybuilders who have been <a href="/wiki/Sunless_tanning" title="Sunless tanning">spray tanned</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caramels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pieces of caramel"><img alt="Pieces of caramel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Caramels.jpg/407px-Caramels.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Caramels.jpg/611px-Caramels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Caramels.jpg/813px-Caramels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="1960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pieces of <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabez_Hughes_after_Cundall_%26_Howlett_-_Heroes_of_the_Crimean_War_-_Sergeant_John_Geary,_Thomas_Onslow_and_Lance_Corporal_Patrick_Carthay_of_the_95th_(Derbyshire)_Regiment_of_Foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sepia tone photograph (1895)"><img alt="A sepia tone photograph (1895)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jabez_Hughes_after_Cundall_%26_Howlett_-_Heroes_of_the_Crimean_War_-_Sergeant_John_Geary%2C_Thomas_Onslow_and_Lance_Corporal_Patrick_Carthay_of_the_95th_%28Derbyshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot.jpg/286px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jabez_Hughes_after_Cundall_%26_Howlett_-_Heroes_of_the_Crimean_War_-_Sergeant_John_Geary%2C_Thomas_Onslow_and_Lance_Corporal_Patrick_Carthay_of_the_95th_%28Derbyshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot.jpg/430px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jabez_Hughes_after_Cundall_%26_Howlett_-_Heroes_of_the_Crimean_War_-_Sergeant_John_Geary%2C_Thomas_Onslow_and_Lance_Corporal_Patrick_Carthay_of_the_95th_%28Derbyshire%29_Regiment_of_Foot.jpg/572px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Sepia_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia tone">sepia tone</a> photograph (1895)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A monk of the Franciscan order. Plain brown wool symbolizes humility"><img alt="A monk of the Franciscan order. Plain brown wool symbolizes humility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg/168px-Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg/252px-Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg/336px-Monk_church_of_transfiguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A monk of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan order">Franciscan order</a>. Plain brown wool symbolizes humility</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ochre quarry in France"><img alt="An ochre quarry in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg/339px-Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg/509px-Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg/677px-Ockerfelsen_in_Roussillon_IMGP0704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> quarry in France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stagnogley.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers of soil in Ireland. Dark brown soil usually contains a high amount of decayed organic matter"><img alt="Layers of soil in Ireland. Dark brown soil usually contains a high amount of decayed organic matter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/288px-Stagnogley.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/433px-Stagnogley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/577px-Stagnogley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> in Ireland. Dark brown soil usually contains a high amount of decayed organic matter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chataignes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Different sorts of chestnuts"><img alt="Different sorts of chestnuts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chataignes.JPG/337px-Chataignes.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chataignes.JPG/507px-Chataignes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chataignes.JPG/675px-Chataignes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Different sorts of <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russet_potato.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russet potatoes take their name from the color of russet, a coarse brown homespun cloth"><img alt="Russet potatoes take their name from the color of russet, a coarse brown homespun cloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russet_potato.jpg/300px-Russet_potato.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russet_potato.jpg/451px-Russet_potato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russet_potato.jpg/600px-Russet_potato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Russet_potato" title="Russet potato">Russet potatoes</a> take their name from the color of <a href="/wiki/Russet_(cloth)" title="Russet (cloth)">russet</a>, a coarse brown homespun cloth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beige is a very light brown color, taking its name from the French word for the color of natural wool"><img alt="Beige is a very light brown color, taking its name from the French word for the color of natural wool" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg/339px-Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg/509px-Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg/678px-Royal_Winter_Fair_Wool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beige" title="Beige">Beige</a> is a very light brown color, taking its name from the French word for the color of natural wool</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple_Alliance.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Puce is defined in the United States and UK as a brownish-purple or purple-brown color.[45][46] In France, where it was invented, it is described as a dark reddish brown[47]"><img alt="Puce is defined in the United States and UK as a brownish-purple or purple-brown color.[45][46] In France, where it was invented, it is described as a dark reddish brown[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/329px-Triple_Alliance.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/495px-Triple_Alliance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Triple_Alliance.png/659px-Triple_Alliance.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Puce" title="Puce">Puce</a> is defined in the United States and UK as a brownish-purple or purple-brown color.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, where it was invented, it is described as a dark reddish brown<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 243.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The color taupe takes its name from the French word for the European Mole"><img alt="The color taupe takes its name from the French word for the European Mole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg/365px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg/547px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg/729px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5245" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The color <a href="/wiki/Taupe" title="Taupe">taupe</a> takes its name from the French word for the European <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">Mole</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beige_wool_texture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The color drab is a dull light brown, which takes its name from drap, the old French word for undyed wool cloth.[48] It is best known for the olive-green shade called olive drab, formerly worn by U.S. soldiers. Drab has come to mean dull, lifeless and monotonous"><img alt="The color drab is a dull light brown, which takes its name from drap, the old French word for undyed wool cloth.[48] It is best known for the olive-green shade called olive drab, formerly worn by U.S. soldiers. Drab has come to mean dull, lifeless and monotonous" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beige_wool_texture.jpg/355px-Beige_wool_texture.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beige_wool_texture.jpg/533px-Beige_wool_texture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Beige_wool_texture.jpg/709px-Beige_wool_texture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4275" data-file-height="2714" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The color <a href="/wiki/Drab_(color)" title="Drab (color)">drab</a> is a dull light brown, which takes its name from <i>drap</i>, the old French word for undyed wool cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is best known for the olive-green shade called <a href="/wiki/Olive_drab" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive drab">olive drab</a>, formerly worn by U.S. soldiers. Drab has come to mean dull, lifeless and monotonous</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovicille,_Province_of_Siena,_Italy_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clay soil near Siena, Italy, is the color called raw sienna"><img alt="The clay soil near Siena, Italy, is the color called raw sienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/338px-Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/507px-Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/675px-Sovicille%2C_Province_of_Siena%2C_Italy_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The clay soil near <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, Italy, is the color called raw <a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">sienna</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Shades of brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors">List of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary colors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVarichon2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varichon, Anne (2005). <i>Couleurs: pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i> (in French). Paris: Editions du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-084697-4"><bdi>978-2-02-084697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Couleurs%3A+pigments+et+teintures+dans+les+mains+des+peuples&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-02-084697-4&rft.aulast=Varichon&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heller, Eva (2009). <i>Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques</i> (in French). Munich: Pyramyd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35017-156-2"><bdi>978-2-35017-156-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychologie+de+la+couleur%3A+effets+et+symboliques&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Pyramyd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35017-156-2&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes and citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelikLilley2022" class="citation web cs1">Çelik, Tantek; Lilley, Chris, eds. (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/css-color-3/#svg-color">"CSS Color Module Level 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a></i>. w3.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=W3C&rft.atitle=CSS+Color+Module+Level+3&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Fcss-color-3%2F%23svg-color&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colorhexa.com/a52a2a">"Brpwn / #a52a2a hex color"</a>. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brpwn+%2F+%23a52a2a+hex+color&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorhexa.com%2Fa52a2a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encycolorpedia.com/FFA500">"Brown / Auburn / #a52a2a Hex Color Code"</a>. <i>Encycolorpedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encycolorpedia&rft.atitle=Brown+%2F+Auburn+%2F+%23a52a2a+Hex+Color+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencycolorpedia.com%2FFFA500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, (2002), Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language</i>: "A combination of red, blue, and yellow."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionaries On-Line: "Of a colour produced by mixing red, yellow, and blue, as of dark wood or rich soil"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</i>; "of a colour produced by mixing red, yellow, and blue, as of dark wood or rich soil"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">first attested in <i>The <a href="/wiki/Metres_of_Boethius" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres of Boethius">Metres of Boethius</a></i> 26. 58, ca. AD 1000: <i>stunede sio brune yd wid odre</i> "One dark wave dashed against the other".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maerz and Paul <i>A Dictionary of Color</i>. New York:1930 McGraw-Hill, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>His hare [was] like to the nute brun, quen it for ripnes fals dun</i> "his hair was like the nut brown, when for ripeness it falls down", Cursor M. 18833, ca. AD 1300, cited after <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.omniglot.com/language/colours/">[1]</a> Omniglot- words for colors in different languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varichon, <i>Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples</i>. p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eva Heller, <i>Psychologie de la couleur: Effets et symboliques</i>. p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._H._Britnell1986" class="citation book cs1">R. H. Britnell (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineinc0000brit/page/55"><i>Growth and decline in Colchester, 1300–1525</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthdeclineinc0000brit/page/55">55–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30572-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30572-3"><bdi>978-0-521-30572-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growth+and+decline+in+Colchester%2C+1300%E2%80%931525&rft.pages=55-77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30572-3&rft.au=R.+H.+Britnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowthdeclineinc0000brit%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel V. Thompson, (1956), <i>The Materials and Techniques of Medieval Painting</i>, p. 88-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shorter Oxford Dictionary</i>, (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Some Experiments on Color", <i>Nature</i> <b>111</b>, 1871, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_William_Strutt_(Lord_Rayleigh)1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt">John William Strutt</a> (Lord Rayleigh) (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWMSAAAAIAAJ&q=date:0-1923+light+red+green+yellow-or-orange&pg=PA84"><i>Scientific Papers</i></a>. University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Papers&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.au=John+William+Strutt+%28Lord+Rayleigh%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWMSAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddate%3A0-1923%2Blight%2Bred%2Bgreen%2Byellow-or-orange%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Color Vision", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Feynman1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feynmanlectures.caltech.edu/I_35.html"><i>The Feynman Lectures on Physics</i></a>. Addison Wesley Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feynman+Lectures+on+Physics&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley+Longman&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Richard+Feynman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeynmanlectures.caltech.edu%2FI_35.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Johnson and M. D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Patterns%3A+The+Fallout+on+Hugo+Boss&rft.date=1997-08-19&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Constance+C.+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F19%2Fstyle%2Fpatterns-680540.html%3Fsrc%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"They started out being Pullman brown," said Peter Fredo, U.P.S.'s vice president for advertising and public relations [...] The trucks have been brown since 1916 [...] "it was the epitome of luxury and class at the time."</i>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1998" class="citation news cs1">Jacobs, Karrie (1998-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E4D8153DF933A1575BC0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Learning to Love Brown"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Learning+to+Love+Brown&rft.date=1998-04-20&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Karrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C03E4D8153DF933A1575BC0A96E958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrecqueMilne2012" class="citation journal cs1">Labrecque, Lauren I.; Milne, George R. (2012). "Exciting Red and Competent Blue: The Importance of Color in Marketing". <i>Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science</i>. <b>40</b> (5): 714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11747-010-0245-y">10.1007/s11747-010-0245-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167731928">167731928</a>. <q>(Murray and Deabler 1957; Schaie 1961; Wexner 1954). Likewise, brown is a color that is related to seriousness, (Clarke and Costall 2007), reliability, and support (Fraser and Banks 2004; Mahnke 1996; Wright 1988).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academy+of+Marketing+Science&rft.atitle=Exciting+Red+and+Competent+Blue%3A+The+Importance+of+Color+in+Marketing&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=714&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11747-010-0245-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167731928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Labrecque&rft.aufirst=Lauren+I.&rft.au=Milne%2C+George+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060325090724/http://www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc/sswtosc/glossary.pdf#search='origin%20of%20term%20brownfields'">"Glossary of Terms for Brownfields"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HSRC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsrc.org/hsrc/html/tosc/sswtosc/glossary.pdf#search='origin%20of%20term%20brownfields'">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms+for+Brownfields&rft.pub=HSRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsrc.org%2Fhsrc%2Fhtml%2Ftosc%2Fsswtosc%2Fglossary.pdf%23search%3D%27origin%2520of%2520term%2520brownfields%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiccaliving.com/magical-properties-colors/">"Magical Properties of Colors"</a>. <i>Wicca Living</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wicca+Living&rft.atitle=Magical+Properties+of+Colors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiccaliving.com%2Fmagical-properties-colors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrown" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language, College Edition, 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brun rouge assez foncé." <i>Le Petit Rober</i>t (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brown" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brown">Brown</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/brown" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/brown"><i>brown</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size:120%">←</span> higher <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">Soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">Hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/J_band_(infrared)" title="J band (infrared)">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/K_band_(infrared)" title="K band (infrared)">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/H_band_(infrared)" title="H band (infrared)">H</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">MWIR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Bands</a>: <a href="/wiki/L_band_(infrared)" title="L band (infrared)">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_band_(infrared)" title="M band (infrared)">M</a>, <a href="/wiki/N_band" title="N band">N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared#Regions" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_brown237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#8A4500; color:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_brown" title="Template:Shades of brown"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_brown" title="Template talk:Shades of brown"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_brown" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of brown"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_brown237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of brown</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Auburn_hair" title="Auburn hair">Auburn</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors#Standard_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Almond</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Beaver" title="Shades of brown">Beaver</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Beige_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beige (color)">Beige</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bistre" title="Bistre">Bistre</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Black_bean_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black bean (color)">Black bean</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Olive_(color)#Black_olive" title="Olive (color)">Black olive</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bole_(color)" title="Bole (color)">Bole</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(color)" title="Bronze (color)">Bronze</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#A52A2A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EFDECD!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#9F8170!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5F5DC!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3D2B1F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3D0C02!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#3B3C36!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#79443B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E3DAC9!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD7F32!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown sugar</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">Buff</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">Burgundy</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sienna#Burnt_sienna" title="Sienna">Burnt sienna</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Umber#Burnt_umber" title="Umber">Burnt umber</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Camel_(color)" title="Camel (color)">Camel</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Caput_mortuum_(pigment)" title="Caput mortuum (pigment)">Caput mortuum</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chamois_Coloured_goat" title="Chamois Coloured goat">Chamoisee</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#804000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#AF6E4D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DAA06D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800020!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E97451!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#8A3324!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C19A6B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#592720!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CC7F3B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A0785A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_(color)" title="Chestnut (color)">Chestnut</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_(color)" title="Chocolate (color)">Chocolate</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Citron_(color)" title="Citron (color)">Citron</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_(color)#Cocoa_brown_(web_color_"chocolate")_(light_chocolate)" title="Chocolate (color)">Cocoa Brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_(color)" title="Coffee (color)">Coffee</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">Copper</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Cordovan_(color)" title="Cordovan (color)">Cordovan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coyote_brown" title="Coyote brown">Coyote</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand_(color)" title="Desert sand (color)">Desert sand</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Pantone_448_C" title="Pantone 448 C">Drab dark brown</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#954535!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#7B3F00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DDD06A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D2691E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6F4E37!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B87333!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#893F45!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#81613E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EDC9AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#4A412A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Dun_gene" title="Dun gene">Dun</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand_(color)#Earth_yellow" title="Desert sand (color)">Earth yellow</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Ecru" title="Ecru">Ecru</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fallow_(color)" title="Fallow (color)">Fallow</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fawn_(colour)" title="Fawn (colour)">Fawn</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand_(color)#Field_drab" title="Desert sand (color)">Field drab</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Fulvous" title="Fulvous">Fulvous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)#Golden_brown" title="Gold (color)">Golden brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Goldenrod_(color)" title="Goldenrod (color)">Goldenrod</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_gold" title="Harvest gold">Harvest gold</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#DAC8AE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E1A95F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C2B280!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C19A6B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E5AA70!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6C541E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E48400!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#996515!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DAA520!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DA9100!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Khaki" title="Khaki">Khaki</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Kobicha" title="Kobicha">Kobicha</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Lion_(color)" title="Lion (color)">Lion</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_(color)" title="Liver (color)">Liver</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(color)" title="Mahogany (color)">Mahogany</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Umber#Raw_umber" title="Umber">Raw umber</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Red-brown_(web_color_"brown")" title="Shades of brown">Red-brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red#Redwood" title="Shades of red">Redwood</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#C3B091!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#6B4423!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C19A6B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#674C47!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C04000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#800000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CC7722!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#926644!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A52A2A!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#A45A52!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rufous" title="Rufous">Rufous</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Russet_(color)" title="Russet (color)">Russet</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">Rust</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand_(color)#Sand" title="Desert sand (color)">Sand</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Sandy_brown" title="Shades of brown">Sandy brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)#Satin_sheen_gold" title="Gold (color)">Satin sheen gold</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Seal_brown" title="Seal brown">Seal brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sepia_(color)" title="Sepia (color)">Sepia</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sienna" title="Sienna">Sienna</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Sinopia" title="Sinopia">Sinopia</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#A81C07!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#80461B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B7410E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C2B280!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4A460!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CBA135!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#59260B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#704214!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#882D17!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CB410B!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tan_(color)" title="Tan (color)">Tan</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Taupe" title="Taupe">Taupe</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tawny_(color)" title="Tawny (color)">Tawny</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Titian_hair" title="Titian hair">Titian Red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Umber" title="Umber">Umber</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Van_Dyke_brown" title="Van Dyke brown">Van Dyke</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Walnut_brown" title="Shades of brown">Walnut brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown#Wenge" title="Shades of brown">Wenge</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat_(color)" title="Wheat (color)">Wheat</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#D2B48C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#483C32!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD5700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BD5620!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#635147!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#44362F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#5C5248!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#645452!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F5DEB3!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #8A4500;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shades_of_orange241" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FF8000; color:#000000; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shades_of_orange" title="Template:Shades of orange"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shades_of_orange" title="Template talk:Shades of orange"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shades_of_orange" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shades of orange"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shades_of_orange241" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #000000; text-decoration: inherit;">Shades of orange</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0"><table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Aerospace" title="International orange">Aerospace orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Alloy_orange" title="Shades of orange">Alloy orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">Amber</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Apricot_(color)" title="Apricot (color)">Apricot</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Atomic_tangerine" title="Shades of orange">Atomic tangerine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Burnt_orange" title="Shades of orange">Burnt orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Butterscotch" title="Shades of orange">Butterscotch</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Carrot_orange" title="Shades of orange">Carrot orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne">Champagne (color)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FF4F00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C46210!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFBF00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FBCEB1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF9966!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#964B00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BF5700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E09540!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#ED9121!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F7E7CE!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Chrome_orange" title="Chrome orange">Chrome Orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Coral_(color)" title="Coral (color)">Coral</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Dark_orange_(web_color)" title="Shades of orange">Dark orange (web)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Desert_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert sand">Desert sand (color)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Engineering" title="International orange">Engineering orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)#Flame" title="Scarlet (color)">Flame</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Giants_orange" title="Shades of orange">Giants orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/International_orange#Variations_of_international_orange#Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="International orange">Golden Gate Bridge</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Goldenrod_(color)" title="Goldenrod (color)">Goldenrod</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E73501!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7F50!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8C00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EDC9AF!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BA160C!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E25822!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FE5A1D!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFD700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F04A00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#DAA520!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Hunyadi_yellow" title="Shades of orange">Hunyadi yellow</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Light_orange" title="Shades of orange">Light orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Mahogany_(color)" title="Mahogany (color)">Mahogany</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Marigold_(color)" title="Marigold (color)">Marigold</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Melon" title="Shades of orange">Melon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(Crayola)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (Crayola)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(Pantone)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (Pantone)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_peel" title="Shades of orange">Orange peel</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Orange_(web_color)" title="Shades of orange">Orange (web)</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange (wheel)</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E8AC41!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FED8B1!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#C04000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EAA221!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FDBCB4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7538!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF5800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFA000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFA500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8000!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Papaya_whip" title="Shades of orange">Papaya whip</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Peach_(color)" title="Peach (color)">Peach</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Persian_orange" title="Shades of orange">Persian orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Persimmon" title="Shades of orange">Persimmon</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Portland_Orange" title="Portland Orange">Portland orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Princeton_orange" title="Shades of orange">Princeton orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Pumpkin" title="Shades of orange">Pumpkin</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Rust_(color)" title="Rust (color)">Rust</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">Saffron</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#FFEFD5!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FFE5B4!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#D99058!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#EC5800!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF5A36!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8F00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7518!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B7410E!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF7900!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F4C430!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;font-size:90%"><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Spanish_orange" title="Shades of orange">Spanish orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tangelo" title="Tangelo">Tangelo</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tangerine_(color)" title="Tangerine (color)">Tangerine</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Tawny_(color)" title="Tawny (color)">Tawny</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Tiger’s_Eye" title="Shades of orange">Tiger’s Eye</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Titian_hair" title="Titian hair">Titian Red</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#UT_orange" title="Shades of orange">UT orange</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">Vermilion</a></td><td style="width:5%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange#Xanthous" title="Shades of orange">Xanthous</a></td></tr><tr><td style="background:#E86100!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F94D00!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F28500!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#CD5700!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#B56917!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#BD5620!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#FF8200!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#E34234!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td><td style="background:#F1B42F!important;border:1px solid;" class="mw-no-invert"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:smaller; background:transparent; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #FF8000;"><div>A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td 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href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>121 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon 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