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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Stil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literatura fantastică</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" 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Disponibil în 26 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="أدب فنتازي – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب فنتازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কল্পনা সাহিত্য – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কল্পনা সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantaziya_%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat%C4%B1" title="Fantaziya ədəbiyyatı – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fantaziya ədəbiyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_fant%C3%A0stica" title="Literatura fantàstica – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura fantàstica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وێژەی فەنتازیا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژەی فەنتازیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy-Literatur" title="Fantasy-Literatur – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fantasy-Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fantasy literature" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_fant%C3%A1stica" title="Literatura fantástica – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura fantástica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasiakirjallisuus" title="Fantasiakirjallisuus – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fantasiakirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_dans_la_litt%C3%A9rature" title="Fantasy dans la littérature – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fantasy dans la littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="幻想文学 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="幻想文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%ED%83%80%EC%A7%80_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="판타지 문학 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판타지 문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae_phantasticae" title="Litterae phantasticae – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae phantasticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഭ്രമാത്മക സാഹിത്യം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭ്രമാത്മക സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy-litteratur" title="Fantasy-litteratur – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fantasy-litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastisk_litteratur" title="Fantastisk litteratur – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fantastisk litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_literat%C3%BAra" title="Fantasy literatúra – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fantasy literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனவுருப்புனைவு இலக்கியம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனவுருப்புனைவு இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="บันเทิงคดีแนวจินตนิมิต – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีแนวจินตนิมิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastik_edebiyat" title="Fantastik edebiyat – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fantastik edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фентезійна література – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фентезійна література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="فنطاسی ادب – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فنطاسی ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="奇幻文学 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奇幻文学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="奇幻文學 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奇幻文學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AE-ho%C3%A0n_b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Kî-hoàn bûn-ha̍k – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kî-hoàn bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E5%B9%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="奇幻文學 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奇幻文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1057172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatur%C4%83_fantastic%C4%83&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatură fantastică">Literatură fantastică</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Christopher_Paolini,_Eragon_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg/220px-Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg/330px-Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg/440px-Christopher_Paolini%2C_Eragon_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Eragon" title="Eragon">Eragon</a></i>, roman fantastic de <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Paolini" title="Christopher Paolini">Christopher Paolini</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Literatura fantastică</b> este literatura caracterizată prin desfășurarea acțiunii într-un <a href="/wiki/Univers" title="Univers">univers</a> imaginar, în care are loc o intruziune a <a href="/wiki/Supranatural" title="Supranatural">supranaturalului</a> în lumea reală. <a href="/wiki/Magie" title="Magie">Magia</a>, evenimentele <a href="/wiki/Supranatural" title="Supranatural">supranaturale</a> și creaturile fabuloase sunt elemente comune acestor lumi imaginare. </p><p>Fantasticul este un subgen de <a href="/wiki/Fic%C8%9Biune_speculativ%C4%83" title="Ficțiune speculativă">ficțiune speculativă</a> și se deosebește de genurile <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bifico-fantastic" title="Științifico-fantastic">science fiction</a> și horror prin absența unor teme științifice sau macabre, deși aceste genuri se combină adesea între ele. Operele artistice fantastice s-au dezvoltat puternic începând din anii 1960, sub forma filmelor, emisiunilor de televiziune, <a href="/wiki/Roman_grafic" title="Roman grafic">romanelor grafice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joc_video" title="Joc video">jocurilor video</a> și artelor vizuale. </p><p>Unele romane fantastice scrise inițial pentru copii, cum ar fi <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_%C3%AEn_%C8%9Aara_Minunilor" title="Alice în Țara Minunilor">Aventurile lui Alice în Țara Minunilor</a>,</i> seria <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> și <i><a href="/wiki/Hobbitul" title="Hobbitul">Hobbitul</a></i>, sunt atrăgătoare și pentru publicul adult. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Începuturi"><span id=".C3.8Enceputuri"></span>Începuturi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Începuturi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Începuturi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filozofia lui <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> a avut o mare influență asupra genului fantastic. În tradiția creștină platoniciană, existența altor lumi și a unei structuri de mare importanță <a href="/wiki/Metafizic%C4%83" title="Metafizică">metafizică</a> și morală au dat substanță lumilor fantastice din operele moderne.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumea magiei este în mare măsură legată de lumea greco-romană de mai târziu. </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are o lungă tradiție a poveștilor și personajelor fantastice, care-și trag originea din <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_vedic%C4%83" title="Mitologia vedică">mitologia vedică</a>. <i>Panchatantra</i> (<i>Fabulele lui Bidpai</i>), despre care unii cercetători cred că a fost compusă în jurul secolului al III-lea î.Hr.,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> se bazează pe tradiții orale mai vechi, inclusiv „fabule cu animale care sunt la fel de vechi pe cât ne putem imagina” <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ea a influențat literatura fantastică din Europa și din <a href="/wiki/Orientul_Mijlociu" title="Orientul Mijlociu">Orientul Mijlociu</a>. Diversele povești supranaturale și <a href="/wiki/Fabul%C4%83" title="Fabulă">fabule</a> cu animale sunt folosite pentru a ilustra principiile indiene centrale ale <a href="/wiki/Politologie" title="Politologie">științei politice</a>. Animalele care vorbesc, înzestrate cu calități umane, au devenit acum o bază a fanteziei moderne.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Baital Pachisi</i> (<i>Vikram și vampirul</i>), o colecție de povestiri fantastice în ramă, a fost, potrivit lui <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> și Isabel Burton, germenul care a culminat cu <i><a href="/wiki/O_mie_%C8%99i_una_de_nop%C8%9Bi" title="O mie și una de nopți">O mie și una de nopți</a></i> și care a inspirat, de asemenea, antologiile de povești <i>Măgarul de aur</i> al lui <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> (secolul al II-lea d.Hr.), <i><a href="/wiki/Decameronul" title="Decameronul">Decameronul</a></i> (c.1353) lui <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccacio</a>, <i>Pentameronul</i> (1634, 1636) „și toată această clasă de literatură ficțională”.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antologia <i><a href="/wiki/O_mie_%C8%99i_una_de_nop%C8%9Bi" title="O mie și una de nopți">O mie și una de nopți</a></i> din <a href="/wiki/Orientul_Mijlociu" title="Orientul Mijlociu">Orientul Mijlociu</a> a influențat, de asemenea, literatura fantastică din Europa Occidentală, fiind tradusă din arabă în franceză în anul 1704 de către Antoine Galland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Au fost scrise multe imitații, mai ales în Franța.<sup id="cite_ref-arabianNights2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabianNights2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mai multe personaje ale acestor povești epice au pătruns în cultura occidentală, precum Aladdin, <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_marinarul" title="Sinbad marinarul">Sinbad</a> și Ali Baba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_Iluminismului">Epoca Iluminismului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca Iluminismului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca Iluminismului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basm" title="Basm">Basmele</a> literare, cum au fost cele scrise de <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> (1628-1703) și de Madame d'Aulnoy (1650-1705), au devenit foarte populare la începutul <a href="/wiki/Iluminism" title="Iluminism">Iluminismului</a>. Multe dintre poveștile lui Perrault au devenit modele ale basmelor și au influențat creațiile fantastice ulterioare. Într-adevăr, atunci când Madame d'Aulnoy și-a numit poveștile <i>contes de fée</i>, ea a inventat un termen care este utilizat în prezent pentru acest gen, distingând astfel basmele de alte povești prin prezența elementelor fantastice supranaturale.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Această distincție i-a influențat pe scriitorii de mai târziu, care au preluat în același mod poveștile populare în epoca romantismului.<sup id="cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpragueP9-11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unele scrieri fantastice destinate cititorilor adulți au fost publicate în Franța secolului al XVIII-lea, printre care poveștile filozofice (<i>contes philosophiques</i>) „Prințesa Babilonului” (1768) și „Taurul alb” (1774) ale lui <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Această epocă a fost, totuși, ostilă fanteziei. Autorii noilor tipuri de ficțiune, precum <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Defoe</a>, Richardson și <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Fielding</a>, au scris în stilul realist, iar multe dintre scrierile realiste timpurii au fost critice cu privire la prezența elementelor fantastice în operele de ficțiune.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_romantismului">Epoca romantismului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca romantismului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca romantismului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În etapa târzie a tradiției romantice, ca reacție la spiritul Iluminismului, folcloriștii au colectat basme, poeme epice și balade și au început să le tipărească. <a href="/wiki/Fra%C8%9Bii_Grimm" title="Frații Grimm">Frații Grimm</a> au fost inspirați în alcătuirea colecției <i>Poveștile fraților Grimm</i>, (1812) de mișcarea <a href="/wiki/Romantism" title="Romantism">romantism</a>ului german. Mulți colecționari au fost inspirați de poveștile fraților Grimm și de altele similare. Motivele lor au avut originea nu numai în romantism, ci și în naționalismul romantic, din care mulți s-au inspirat pentru a salva folclorul țării lor: uneori, ca în cazul <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevalei</a></i>, ei au compilat folclorul existent într-o creație literară epică asemănătoare cu cea a altor națiuni; uneori, ca în cazul volumului de poezii <i><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></i> (1760), ei au fabricat un folclor care ar fi trebuit să fi existat. Aceste lucrări, fie ele basme, balade sau povești folclorice, au reprezentat o sursă majoră pentru operele literare fantastice scrie mai târziu.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Principalii scriitori romantici francezi care au scris opere literare fantastice au fost Charles Nodier, cu <i>Smarra</i> (1821) și <i>Trilby</i> (1822),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> cu povestiri ca „Omphale” (1834) și „One of Cleopatra's Nights” (1838) și cu romanul ulterior <i>Spirite</i> (1866).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epoca_victoriană"><span id="Epoca_victorian.C4.83"></span>Epoca victoriană</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Epoca victoriană" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Epoca victoriană"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literatura fantastică a fost populară în epoca victoriană, mai ales lucrările scriitorilor <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> (1797-1851), <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>, George MacDonald, și <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Charles Dodgson</a>, autorul cărții <i><a href="/wiki/Alice_%C3%AEn_%C8%9Aara_Minunilor" title="Alice în Țara Minunilor">Alice în Țara Minunilor</a></i> (1865). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a> (1805-1875) a inițiat un nou stil de basme, în care întâmplările sunt relatate cu seriozitate.<sup id="cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrickettP66-67-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspirându-se de aici, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> a scris <i>Regele râului de aur</i> (1851), un basm care folosește genuri noi de personaje precum personificarea vântului South-West Wind (Vântul de Sud-Vest), care devine aici un personaj irascibil, dar amabil, asemănător cu <a href="/wiki/Gandalf" title="Gandalf">Gandalf</a> al lui Tolkien.<sup id="cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrickettP66-67-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scriitori ca <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> (1809-1849) și <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (în <i><a href="/wiki/Portretul_lui_Dorian_Gray" title="Portretul lui Dorian Gray">Portretul lui Dorian Gray</a></i>, 1890) au dezvoltat genul fantastic, relatând povești de groază,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o ramură separată a fanteziei speculative, care a avut o mare influență asupra lui <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_Lovecraft" title="Howard Phillips Lovecraft">H.P. Lovecraft</a> și a altor scriitori interesați de <a href="/wiki/Fantezie_%C3%AEntunecat%C4%83" title="Fantezie întunecată">fantezia întunecată</a>. Wilde a scris, de asemenea, mai multe povestiri fantastice pentru copii, adunate în volumele <i>The Happy Prince and Other Stories</i> (1888) și <i>A House of Pomegranates</i> (1891).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/H._Rider_Haggard" title="H. Rider Haggard">H. Rider Haggard</a> a dezvoltat convențiile subgenului Lumea pierdută în romanele <i>Minele regelui Solomon</i> (1885) și <i>She: A History of Adventure</i> (1887).<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP64_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP64-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cum Africa era încă necunoscută scriitorilor europeni, ea a permis dezvoltarea fanteziei literare cu privire la viața de pe acest continent.<sup id="cite_ref-CarterP64_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarterP64-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alți scriitori, inclusiv <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> și <a href="/wiki/A._Merritt" title="A. Merritt">Abraham Merritt</a>, și-au construit opera pe această convenție. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="După_1901"><span id="Dup.C4.83_1901"></span>După 1901</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: După 1901" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: După 1901"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> a jucat un rol important în popularizarea și accesibilitatea genului fantastic în creațiile sale literare cu cel mai mare succes: <i><a href="/wiki/Hobbitul" title="Hobbitul">Hobbitul</a></i> (1937) și <i><a href="/wiki/St%C4%83p%C3%A2nul_inelelor" title="Stăpânul inelelor">Stăpânul inelelor</a></i> (1954-1955).<sup id="cite_ref-Maggio_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggio-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolkien a fost influențat în mare măsură de o colecție veche de <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_anglo-saxon%C4%83" title="Mitologia anglo-saxonă">mituri anglo-saxone</a>, în special de <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i>, precum și de romanul <i>The Worm Ouroboros</i> (1922) al lui E.R. Eddison. Prietenul apropiat al lui Tolkien, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Staples Lewis">C.S. Lewis</a>, autorul <i><a href="/wiki/Cronicile_din_Narnia" title="Cronicile din Narnia">Cronicilor din Narnia</a></i> (1950-1956) și profesor englez de colegiu, cu o gamă similară de interese, a contribuit, de asemenea, la popularizarea genului fantastic. </p><p>La începutul mileniului, romanele cu <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> ale lui <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a>, care prezintă viața unui tânăr vrăjitor, au obținut o largă popularitate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stil">Stil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Stil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Stil"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg/180px-Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg/270px-Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg/360px-Capa_de_O_Ba%C3%BA_do_Rei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption> Capa de O Baú do Rei </figcaption></figure> <p>Simbolismul joacă adesea un rol semnificativ în literatura fantastică, adesea prin folosirea unor figuri arhetipale inspirate din textele mai vechi sau din <a href="/wiki/Folclor" title="Folclor">folclor</a>. Unii specialiști susțin că literatura fantastică și arhetipurile ei influențează indivizii și societatea, iar mesajele ei sunt actualizate în permanență pentru societățile contemporane.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_fantastic%C4%83&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Prickett, Stephen (<time datetime="1979">1979</time>). <i>Victorian Fantasy</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-253-17461-9">0-253-17461-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorian+Fantasy&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-253-17461-9&rft.aulast=Prickett&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALiteratura+fantastic%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobs1888">Jacobs 1888</a>. , Introduction, page xv; <a href="#CITEREFRyder1925">Ryder 1925</a>. , Translator's introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive/Monograph36.pdf">Doris Lessing, <i>Problems, Myths and Stories</i></a>,<i> London: Institute for Cultural Research Monograph Series No. 36, 1999, p 13</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Richard Matthews (2002). <i>Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination</i>, p. 8-10. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-415-93890-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-415-93890-2">ISBN: 0-415-93890-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Burton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel Burton — pagină inexistentă">Isabel Burton</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/goth/vav/vav02.htm">Preface</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> (1870), <i>Vikram and The Vampire</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_Swordsmen_and_Sorcerers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers — pagină inexistentă">Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers</a>: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p 10 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-87054-076-9">ISBN: 0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabianNights2-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arabianNights2_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">John Grant and John Clute, <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>, "Arabian fantasy", p 52 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-312-19869-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-312-19869-8">ISBN: 0-312-19869-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Jack Zipes, <i>The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm</i>, p 858, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-393-97636-X" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-393-97636-X">ISBN: 0-393-97636-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpragueP9-11-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpragueP9-11_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_Swordsmen_and_Sorcerers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers — pagină inexistentă">Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers</a>: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy</i>, p 9-11 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-87054-076-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-87054-076-9">ISBN: 0-87054-076-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i>, p xx, Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8108-6829-6">ISBN: 0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Carter" title="Lin Carter">Lin Carter</a>, ed. <i>Realms of Wizardry</i> p xiii-xiv Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Michael Moorcock, <i>Wizardry & Wild Romance: A Study of Epic Fantasy</i> p 35 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1-932265-07-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1-932265-07-4">ISBN: 1-932265-07-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Franz Rottensteiner, <i>The Fantasy Book:an illustrated history from Dracula to Tolkien</i> (p. 137) Collier Books, 1978. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-02-053560-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-02-053560-0">ISBN: 0-02-053560-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">A. Richard Oliver, <i>Charles Nodier:Pilot of Romanticism</i>. (p. 134-37) Syracuse University Press, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, <i>The A to Z of Fantasy Literature</i> (p. 159), Scarecrow Press, Plymouth. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8108-6829-6" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8108-6829-6">ISBN: 0-8108-6829-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Brian Stableford, "Théophile Gautier", (pp. 45-50) in E. F. Bleiler, <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-684-17808-7">ISBN: 0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrickettP66-67-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrickettP66-67_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Prickett, <i>Victorian Fantasy</i> p 66-67 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-253-17461-9">ISBN: 0-253-17461-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Prickett, <i>Victorian Fantasy</i> p 98-9 <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-253-17461-9" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-253-17461-9">ISBN: 0-253-17461-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">M. J. Elkins, "Oscar Wilde" in E. F. Bleiler, ed. <i>Supernatural Fiction Writers</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1985. (pp.345-350). <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-684-17808-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-684-17808-7">ISBN: 0-684-17808-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterP64-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarterP64_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarterP64_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Lin Carter, ed. <i>Realms of Wizardry</i> p 64 Doubleday and Company Garden City, NY, 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maggio-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maggio_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sirangelo Maggio, Sandra; Fritsch, Valter Henrique (<time datetime="2011">2011</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.unincor.br/index.php/recorte/article/view/326/pdf_1">„There and Back Again: Tolkien's <i>The Lord of the Rings</i> in the Modern Fiction”</a>. <i>Recorte: Revista Eletrônica</i>. <b>8</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-07-07">7 iulie 2012</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recorte%3A+Revista+Eletr%C3%B4nica&rft.atitle=There+and+Back+Again%3A+Tolkien%27s+The+Lord+of+the+Rings+in+the+Modern+Fiction&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Sirangelo+Maggio&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Valter+Henrique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevistas.unincor.br%2Findex.php%2Frecorte%2Farticle%2Fview%2F326%2Fpdf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALiteratura+fantastic%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130629202403/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6039-7">„Indick, William. Ancient Symbology in Fantasy Literature: A Psychological Study. Jefferson: McFarland &, 2012. Print”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-6039-7">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-06-29">29 iunie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-06-04">4 iunie 2019</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indick%2C+William.+Ancient+Symbology+in+Fantasy+Literature%3A+A+Psychological+Study.+Jefferson%3A+McFarland+%26%2C+2012.+Print.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcfarlandpub.com%2Fbook-2.php%3Fid%3D978-0-7864-6039-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3ALiteratura+fantastic%C4%83" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4126324-8">4126324-8</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01181306">01181306</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120132&CON_LNG=ENG">ph120132</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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