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Jakarta is a thirsty metropolis without drinkable water | Opinion | Eco-Business | Asia Pacific

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class="eb-article__standfirst">Indonesia’s capital has poor water infrastructure. Existing water resources should be reused to avoid a water&nbsp;crisis.</h2> </div> <div class="eb-article__media"> <figure class="eb-article__featured-image"> <img src="https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=85&width=320" alt="Water_Insecurity_Jakarta_Indonesia" srcset="https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&dpr=2&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=45&width=320 640w, https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=85&width=700 700w, https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&dpr=2&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=45&width=480 960w, https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&dpr=2&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=45&width=700 1400w, https://eco-business.imgix.net/ebmedia/fileuploads/airlangga-jati-p8KroOp9LJI-unsplash.jpg?ar=16%3A10&auto=format&dpr=2&fit=crop&ixlib=django-1.2.0&q=45&width=1100 2200w" sizes="(min-width: 1300px) 1100px, (min-width: 740px) 700px, 100vw"> <figcaption id="eb-article-featured-image-caption" class="eb-article__featured-image__caption"> As more people move to urban areas &mdash; expected&nbsp;to encompass 68 per cent of the global population by 2050&nbsp;&mdash; ensuring equitable access to clean water becomes crucial.&nbsp;Image:&nbsp;<a href="https://unsplash.com/@airlanggajati">Airlangga Jati</a>,<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"> CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via<a href="https://unsplash.com/photos/city-buildings-under-white-sky-during-daytime-p8KroOp9LJI"> Unsplash</a>. </figcaption> <button 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alt="Denis Teoman" class="eb-article__byline__author-portrait-img"> </div> </div> <div class="eb-article__byline__author-name"> By <a class="author-link" href="/about/profile/62736/">Eka Permanasari</a> and <a class="author-link" href="/about/profile/62737/">Denis Teoman</a> </div> </div> <div class="eb-article__meta__time"> 4 minute read <span class="eb-article__meta__divider"></span> <time class="eb-article__byline__publish-date" datetime="Oct. 17, 2024, 11:30 a.m.">Oct. 17, 2024</time> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eb-article__body"> <section class="eb-article__body-content"> <div class="wire-column__preview__content--item-detail-item-text"> <div class="wire-column__preview__text wire-column__preview__text--pre" id="preview-body"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Jakarta is a bustling metropolis of more than </span><a href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/MTI3MCMy/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-provinsi-dki-jakarta-html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">10 million</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> known for its vibrant culture. But it&#8217;s grappling with a severe water crisis.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indonesia&#8217;s meteorological department </span><a href="https://www-liputan6-com.translate.goog/news/read/5712091/panjangnya-musim-kemarau-menanti-penghujan-datang?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">has warned</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> the country could face a prolonged drought this year. It&#8217;s been projected that Indonesia could plunge into a </span><a href="https://ugm.ac.id/en/news/ugm-hydrology-expert-offers-solutions-for-indonesias-clean-water-crisis/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">clean water crisis by 2040</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://koran-tempo-co.translate.goog/read/opini/487783/ancaman-konflik-akibat-krisis-air?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">combination</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of extreme weather, pollution and underinvestment in water infrastructure is already pushing cities like Jakarta to the brink.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Jakarta&#8217;s water system faces myriad challenges that make it </span><a href="https://bkat.esdm.go.id/node/15"><span style="font-weight: 400;">unsafe to consume</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> directly from the tap, including excessive levels of salt likely due to seawater intrusion into groundwater wells along with high levels of manganese and iron compounds.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indonesia&#8217;s capital relies on various water sources that are frequently </span><a href="https://lingkunganhidup.jakarta.go.id/files/LAPORAN_AIR/LA_KUALITAS_AIRSUNGAI2023.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">polluted by industrial and domestic waste</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With only </span><a href="https://lingkunganhidup.jakarta.go.id/files/laporan/Laporan_Akhir_Pemantauan_Air_Tanah2022.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">15 percent </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">of households having access to adequate drinking water as of 2020, the city’s residents are already grappling with a deteriorating water supply system, raising concerns about the future of clean water in one of Southeast Asia&#8217;s largest urban centres.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">But perhaps the solutions to Jakarta&#8217;s water woes could be found by looking to Europe.</span></p> <h4><strong>Unsafe to drink</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Historically, rivers provided an easy drinking water solution, but in Jakarta </span><a href="https://greeneration.org/en/publication/green-info/problematic-river-pollution-in-indonesia-heres-the-solution/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rampant pollution</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from industrial and domestic waste has made them unusable.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The city’s underdeveloped and outdated water system leaves much of the population dependent on bottled water or polluted groundwater sources.</span></p> <p><a href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/229990/perda-prov-dki-jakarta-no-13-tahun-1992"><span style="font-weight: 400;">DKI Jakarta Regional Regulation</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> appointed PT PAM Jaya to provide piped clean water for Jakarta residents. Water quality is regulated by the </span><a href="https://peraturan-bpk-go-id.translate.goog/Details/229990/perda-prov-dki-jakarta-no-13-tahun-1992?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Ministry of Health</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <blockquote> <h2 class="quote">“</h2> <p>Jakarta&#8217;s ageing infrastructure and lack of investment mean that even treated water often falls short of safety standards by the time it reaches the taps in people&#8217;s homes.</p> </blockquote> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In 1997, operation of the piped water distribution was then transferred from PAM Jaya to the two private companies</span><a href="https://www.pamjaya.co.id/front_assets/pdf/Laporan%20Tahunan%20PAM%20JAYA%202023.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for 25 years</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> – PT PAM Lyonnaise Jaya (PALYJA) and PT Thames PAM Jaya. At the end of 2023, PT PAM Jaya </span><a href="https://www-pamjaya-co-id.translate.goog/bacapage/masa-kontrak-palyja-dan-aetra-berakhir-seluruh-karyawan-dialihkan-ke-pam-jaya-JwFZp?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">resumed full control</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> of the water supply system.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While water from the river is treated and adheres to regulations, it</span><a href="https://pdampintar.id/blog/promosi/apakah-air-pdam-layak-konsumsi/"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> cannot be consumed</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the tap as it does not meet the </span><a href="https://www.bsn.go.id/main/berita/detail/11738/sni-air-mineral-guarantee-safety-drinking-water"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indonesian National Standard for drinking water</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">However, even this move has been widely criticised for its inefficiency, as only </span><a href="https://dprd--dkijakartaprov-go-id.translate.goog/layanan-air-bersih-hanya-67-persen-di-2023-dewan-masih-banyak-yang-belum-bisa-menikmati-air-bersih/?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">67 </span></a>per cent<span style="font-weight: 400;"> of households can currently receive piped water. The rest must rely on contaminated water sources.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">During the dry season in 2023, </span><a href="https://www-cnnindonesia-com.translate.goog/nasional/20230921143802-20-1001984/pam-jaya-sebut-krisis-air-bersih-di-jakarta-akibat-kemarau-panjang?_x_tr_sl=id&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-US&amp;_x_tr_pto=wapp"><span style="font-weight: 400;">18 districts</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in Jakarta faced water shortages, sparking </span><a href="https://www.kompas.id/baca/metro/2023/03/22/minim-transparansi-swastanisasi-air-di-jakarta-menuju-babak-baru"><span style="font-weight: 400;">a civil lawsuit </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">against </span><a href="https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/book/Public_private_partnerships_and_the_poor_-_Drinking_water_concessions_a_study_for_better_understanding_public-private_partnerships_and_water_provision_in_low-income_settlements_Case_study_Jakarta_Indonesia_/9457259?file=17080550"><span style="font-weight: 400;">privatisation</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <h4><strong>Lessons from Europe</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Unlike European cities such as Vienna and Berlin, where stringent regulations and advanced infrastructure ensure safe drinking water, Jakarta struggles to meet the desired requirements for potable water.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A31998L0083"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Union&#8217;s Drinking Water Directive</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, for example, regulates the </span><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-drink/index_en.html"><span style="font-weight: 400;">quality of tap water</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> with </span><a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625179/EPRS_BRI(2018)625179_EN.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rigorous standards</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and frequent testing including </span><a href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/improved-quality-and-access-drinking-water-all-europeans-2023-01-12_en"><span style="font-weight: 400;">improved monitoring for emerging pollutants</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> like microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In contrast, Jakarta&#8217;s ageing infrastructure and lack of investment mean that even treated water often falls short of safety standards by the time it reaches the taps in people&#8217;s homes.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Efforts to improve Jakarta&#8217;s water system are underway, but with an </span><a href="https://lingkunganhidup.jakarta.go.id/files/laporan/Laporan_Akhir_Pemantauan_Air_Tanah2022.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">89 </span></a>per cent<span style="font-weight: 400;"> reliance on bottled water for safe drinking, there&#8217;s still a long way to go.</span></p> <h4><strong>From river water to recycling water</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Implementing large-scale water reuse and recycling could alleviate some of the pressure on Jakarta&#8217;s water supplies, but it will require a cultural shift and significant investment in infrastructure.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Europe, the management of </span><a href="https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/water/european-waters/water-use-and-environmental-pressures"><span style="font-weight: 400;">rainwater and wastewater</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is also crucial to maintaining the high standards of drinking water quality and ensuring environmental sustainability.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rainwater harvesting systems in Europe can save between</span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-024-03882-0"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 20 and 100 </span></a>per cent<span style="font-weight: 400;"> of non-potable water, significantly reducing energy demands and decreasing tap water use by one-third for household applications such as toilet flushing.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite the </span><a href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/5701"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indonesian government&#8217;s new regulations</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> on </span><a href="https://www.epa.gov/waterreuse/guidelines-water-reuse"><span style="font-weight: 400;">water reuse</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/judgment-and-decision-making/article/psychological-aspects-of-the-rejection-of-recycled-water-contamination-purification-and-disgust/68A61CE123179E51EBB640DCD994D10B"><span style="font-weight: 400;">scepticism</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and </span><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/14/2642"><span style="font-weight: 400;">cultural barriers </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">such as the stigma around human waste in the river remain major obstacles to the adoption of sustainable water practices in Jakarta.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Public reluctance, despite a 2010 fatwa from the Indonesian Council of Ulama affirming the </span><a href="https://lontar.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20433012&amp;lokasi=lokal"><span style="font-weight: 400;">halal status of recycled water</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, means the city is not maximising its water resources. For example, if we can use the recycled greywater in the Istiqlal Mosque, it can save clean water up to</span><a href="https://lontar.ui.ac.id/detail?id=20433012&amp;lokasi=lokal"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 35 per cent.</span></a></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Indonesia&#8217;s water crisis, particularly in Jakarta, underscores the urgent need for modernisation and long-term planning.</span></p> <h4><strong>Dangers of climate change</strong></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Without significant investment in water infrastructure, millions will continue to consume unsafe drinking water, and the country risks falling further behind as climate change accelerates water scarcity. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Economically, water scarcity, worsened by climate change</span><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> could reduce GDP by up to 6 per cent in some regions, drive migration, and trigger conflicts.</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">When governments address water shortages by improving efficiency and</span><a href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> reallocating just 25 per cent of water to higher-value uses, </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">such as more efficient agricultural practices, water losses can decrease significantly, and in some regions, may be eliminated altogether.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The challenge lies not only in upgrading water systems but also in addressing societal resistance to water reuse, as urbanisation increases the demand for water. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As more people move to urban areas — expected </span><a href="https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html#:~:text=Today%2C%2055%25%20of%20the%20world's,increase%20to%2068%25%20by%202050."><span style="font-weight: 400;">to encompass 68 per cent of the global population by 2050 </span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">— ensuring equitable access to clean water becomes crucial.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Water use and reuse is one of the highlighted issues at the upcoming </span><a href="https://unfccc.int/climate-action/marrakech-partnership/reporting-tracking/pathways/water-climate-action-pathway"><span style="font-weight: 400;">COP29</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> conference and challenges such as equitable access, sustainable management of resources and the integration of innovative water technologies into existing infrastructure remain pressing concerns for many nations.</span></p> <p><em>Eka Permanasari </em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">is an Associate Professor of Urban Design at Monash University, Indonesia and the Monash Urban Transformation Hub. Her research spans across Germany, Australia and Indonesia, showcasing her extensive expertise in climate change, urban transformation, and sustainable development.</span></em></p> <p><em>Denis Teoman</em><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is an Adjunct Assistant Professor in Urban Design at Monash University Indonesia. His research interests include sustainable urban mobility and development, green economy policies, and the integration of environmental considerations into urban planning and design.</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">This article is part of a special report on water reuse, produced in collaboration with The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in New Delhi.</span></em></p> <p><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Originally published under </span></em><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">Creative Commons</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;"> by </span></em><a href="https://360info.org/"><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">360info</span></em></a><em><span style="font-weight: 400;">™.</span></em></p> </div> </div> <div class="eb-article__eb-circle-banner"> <div class="eb-item eb-item--no-image eb-item--cta-mobile eb-item--cta-tablet eb-item--cta-eb-circle" data-item-num="6"> <div class="eb-item__container"> <div class="eb-item__content"> <div class="eb-item__header"> <h3 class="eb-item__title"> Like this content? 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