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Du parental au conjugal </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FAMILLE - Évolution contemporaine, Nouveaux foyers et nouvelles relations sociales" href="/encyclopedie/famille-evolution-contemporaine/2-nouveaux-foyers-et-nouvelles-relations-sociales/"> 2. Nouveaux foyers et nouvelles relations sociales </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FAMILLE - Évolution contemporaine, La famille et le champ de la sexualité" href="/encyclopedie/famille-evolution-contemporaine/3-la-famille-et-le-champ-de-la-sexualite/"> 3. La famille et le champ de la sexualité </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FAMILLE - Évolution contemporaine, Destin de la famille contemporaine" href="/encyclopedie/famille-evolution-contemporaine/4-destin-de-la-famille-contemporaine/"> 4. Destin de la famille contemporaine </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="FAMILLE - Évolution contemporaine, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/famille-evolution-contemporaine/5-bibliographie/"> 5. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>FAMILLE</strong><span class="label-sub"> Évolution contemporaine</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071690_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071690_0"></i><p> La mise en question, par l'ethnologie, de l'universalité de nos structures de parenté traditionnelles, ainsi que la révolution introduite par la psychanalyse dans la compréhension de la sexualité sont deux facteurs qui influent largement sur la transformation des relations familiales. On se bornera ici à analyser l'impact de l'histoire immédiate et la radicalité du changement de perspective qu'entraîne la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les hommes vivent en société. Or, lorsqu'il s'agit de le définir, cet espace familier, dans lequel s'inscrivent toutes leurs pratiques – individuelles ou collectives –, et toutes leurs représentations, révèle une opacité inattendue.. L'analyse sociologique construit des niveaux de réalité sociale, des systèmes de relations : ordre du politique, de l'économique, du religieux ou, p..." title="Article : SOCIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/societe/">société</a> de type industriel et urbain. Les conséquences de la relativité dans le domaine sexuel, telle qu'elle est révélée par l'actuelle évolution de la civilisation, rencontrent de grandes résistances psychologiques, mais elles s'imposent à l'observateur ; elles affectent directement la rencontre quotidienne de l'homme et de la femme ; elles obligent à comprendre d'une façon nouvelle la vie familiale et l'institution du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Tenir un discours cohérent, raisonné, réflexif sur la notion de mariage relève de la gageure philosophique. Aux difficultés théoriques inhérentes au problème de la régulation de l' affectivité s'ajoute la difficulté toute particulière qu'introduisent dans le champ réflexif des disciplines apparues au xx e siècle telles que les sciences humaines et politiques. Non qu'elles ne pe..." title="Article : MARIAGE" href="/encyclopedie/mariage/">mariage</a>.</p><p>À leur tour, ces modes nouveaux de rencontre et la manière différente d'apprécier le poids et le sens des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « institution », avant de recevoir les sens divers que les sociologues contemporains lui ont donné, avait dans l'usage classique deux emplois principaux. Il désignait d'abord l'ensemble des lois qui régissent une cité : la manière dont les pouvoirs publics et privés s'y trouvent répartis, les sanctions et les ressorts qui mettent en œuvre leur exercice régulier. Une question..." title="Article : INSTITUTIONS" href="/encyclopedie/institutions/">institutions</a> affectent profondément l'ensemble des relations homme-femme. Non seulement les définitions du masculin et du féminin changent de signification, mais, du même coup, leur jonction, dans la vie quotidienne comme dans le mariage, ne peut plus rester la même. Une problématique nouvelle de la famille se dessine.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071690_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071690_1"></i><h2> Du parental au conjugal</h2><p>Deux caractéristiques liées entre elles permettent de synthétiser les principaux aspects des changements qui affectent la vie familiale : le rétrécissement de la famille au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans le Code civil français de 1804, le mariage était la seule forme de couple reconnue. Cela exprimait, à l'époque, une conviction politique, que la famille fondée sur le mariage était la meilleure garante du bon ordre social. En conséquence, tant les conditions de formation du mariage que le statut en résultant étaient déterminés dans les textes d'une façon précise et qui ne la..." title="Article : COUPLE" href="/encyclopedie/couple/">couple</a> et à ses enfants, et la disparition de l'enracinement au sol que procurait la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on veut bien entendre la leçon de multiples exemples, le sentiment d'appropriation serait général – il est attesté depuis l'époque paléolithique par les gravures effectuées sur les armes d'os – et toujours vivace. Pourtant, les données de la psychologie sont ambiguës : certains peuples (archaïques) ne distinguent pas le mien du tien, exprimant les deux notions par le même t..." title="Article : PROPRIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/propriete/">propriété</a> foncière.</p><p> Jadis la grande famille hiérarchisée était le modèle et la norme. Sous l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Constamment tiraillée entre l'approximation conceptuelle et l'instrumentalisation idéologique, la notion d'autorité requiert un usage particulièrement prudent. D'un côté, elle fait l'objet d'une acception lâche par le sens commun, qui l'emploie indifféremment comme synonyme de pouvoir, de force, d' influence ou encore de domination. De l'autre, elle est mobilisée par les analyses con..." title="Article : AUTORITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/autorite/">autorité</a> de son chef, ordinairement l'ancêtre, elle rassemblait les fils mariés, leurs femmes et leurs enfants ; l'accent était mis sur les liens de la lignée, la transmission des biens et des traditions : les valeurs étaient donc celles du passé. Aujourd'hui la famille tend à se réduire à un couple tourné vers l'avenir : un homme et une femme se rencontrent et décident de faire à deux leur histoire. Le couple et ses enfants constituent ce qu'on appelle parfois « la famille nucléaire ». Les liens du sang cèdent sans cesse davantage la place à ceux de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Dieu aimeras et ton prochain comme toi-même. » Toute la civilisation judéo-chrétienne est fondée sur ce double commandement énigmatique, dont la théorie freudienne semble fournir la version moderne lorsqu'elle montre l'injonction de jouir comme issue des profondeurs du psychisme. Mais il est vrai qu'entre une simple exigence du sujet et l' altruisme total prôné par Jésus-C..." title="Article : AMOUR" href="/encyclopedie/amour/">amour</a>. Le symbolisme de la maison ancestrale, réceptacle de traditions, lieu <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Tout discours sur la catégorie de sacré pose un problème de méthode , car celle-ci se présente d'emblée sous une double face. Pour l'homme de science, elle constitue un concept analytique qu'il applique, avec plus ou moins de bonheur , à l'étude des faits religieux. L'homme de foi , pour sa part, y voit un mystère qu'il approche en tremblant et en fonction duquel il oriente sa vie...." title="Article : SACRÉ, religion" href="/encyclopedie/sacre-religion/">sacré</a> où se renouvellent et se renforcent les liens parentaux, est de moins en moins perçu dans le tissu urbain. Avec la mobilité des sociétés modernes, la série d'appartements divers où les couples affrontent leur solitude n'est pas sublimée par l'évocation du passé ; plutôt qu'à la maison d'enfance, ils rêvent à celle qu'ils aménageront eux-mêmes dans un lieu de leur choix.</p><p>Pour comprendre un tel passage et ses conséquences sans prétendre en écrire l'histoire, il faut au moins évoquer les débuts du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle et mesurer l'impact de l'industrialisation sur les traditions et valeurs familiales qui n'ont cessé de s'effriter jusqu'à nos jours.</p><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC071690_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071690_1_0"></i><h3>Les débuts de la révolution industrielle</h3><p>Au moment même où, déjà ébranlée par la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La période appelée Révolution française, qui se situe entre 1789 et 1799, constitue une rupture considérable, abolissant la monarchie , inventant de nouveaux rapports sociaux et créant une langue politique inédite. Ce bouleversement ne représente pas seulement la pointe des mouvements révolutionnaires qui se produisent en Europe et en Amérique du Nord à la même époque, attirant �..." title="Article : RÉVOLUTION FRANÇAISE" href="/encyclopedie/revolution-francaise/">Révolution française</a>, elle est remise en question, la famille de type patriarcal se trouve défendue et sa <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Observables dans toute société , archaïque ou moderne, totale – la société française, par exemple – ou partielle – le salon de Mme Verdurin –, les phénomènes de hiérarchisation sociale sont familiers et omniprésents. Dans toute société, les agents sociaux se classent les uns par rapport aux autres, se distinguent les uns des autres sous le rapport du prestige, du pouvoir ou..." title="Article : HIÉRARCHIE" href="/encyclopedie/hierarchie/">hiérarchie</a> canonisée. Elle correspond aux époques où les principales forces de production sont l'agriculture et l'artisanat ; on peut la dire <em>famille agraire</em>. Les constructions conceptuelles de Louis de Bonald, dont l'influence fut grande, sont typiques de la nostalgie conservatrice. Le passé se mue en idéologie : les liens de la famille à la propriété foncière sont systématisés ; l'institution familiale, telle qu'elle apparaît dans les temps féodaux, est idéalisée pour être présentée comme une norme. Les conservateurs sont inquiets du péril de mort dont la menacent des innovations<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C071690_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="JEANNIÈRE, Abel"><a title="Auteur : Abel JEANNIÈRE" rel="author" href="/auteurs/abel-jeanniere/"><strong>Abel JEANNIÈRE</strong></a> : docteur en philosophie, professeur à l'institut d'études sociales de l'Institut catholique de Paris </li><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="SINGLY, François de"><a title="Auteur : François de SINGLY" rel="author" href="/auteurs/francois-de-singly/"><strong>François de SINGLY</strong></a> : professeur des Universités, faculté des sciences sociales de la Sorbonne, directeur du Cerlis (C.N.R.S.-université de Paris-V) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : FAMILLE - Évolution contemporaine" href="/carte-mentale/famille-evolution-contemporaine/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071690_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences humaines et sociales" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/"> Sciences humaines et sociales </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/"> Sociologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Sociologie de la famille"> <a title="Classification : Sociologie de la famille" href="/classification/sciences-humaines-et-sociales/sociologie/sociologie-de-la-famille/"> Sociologie de la famille </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071690_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/adolescence/#c15875"> <span class="rg">ADOLESCENCE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Mihalyi CSIKSZENTMIHALYI</span> et <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 667 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ADOLESCENCE" href="/encyclopedie/adolescence/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Rituel de passage - crédits : Paul Chesley/ The Image Bank/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/media_src/ph998730.jpg"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...certaines études ont montré que les adolescents passent en moyenne trois heures et demie par jour sans leurs parents ou sans la présence d'autres adultes. En outre, pendant les rares heures où leurs parents sont présents, pour peu que ces derniers restent rivés devant le poste de télévision, les adolescents... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/adoption/#c15875"> <span class="rg">ADOPTION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre MURAT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 895 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...la connaissent. Surtout elle a été très pratiquée par les romains, selon des formes et pour des raisons qui ont varié selon les époques. Mais à Rome, la notion de famille ne repose pas sur l'engendrement et l'affection, mais sur la soumission à la puissance d'un chef de famille (<em>pater...</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/assyrie/#c15875"> <span class="rg">ASSYRIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Guillaume CARDASCIA</span> et <span rel="author">Gilbert LAFFORGUE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 697 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ASSYRIE" href="/encyclopedie/assyrie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Sennachérib au siège de Lachish - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/4/csm_ph070070_a022d90c22.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> La famille est de type patriarcal. Son chef possède sur la femme et les enfants une forte autorité ; il exerce même sur eux une véritable juridiction domestique pour les méfaits qui le lèsent dans son honneur ou ses biens (adultère de la femme, inconduite de la fille, vol commis par l'épouse). On ignore... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/babylone/#c15875"> <span class="rg">BABYLONE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Guillaume CARDASCIA</span> et <span rel="author">Gilbert LAFFORGUE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 331 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BABYLONE" href="/encyclopedie/babylone/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Babylone (site archéologique) - crédits : T. Koch/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/8/csm_ph150146_cf3ba52b10.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> La famille babylonienne est fondée sur un mariage qui n'est pas rigoureusement monogamique. En principe, l'homme n'a qu'une épouse en titre, procréatrice de fils qui assureront le culte des ancêtres et continueront l'exploitation du domaine familial. Néanmoins, non seulement les rapports sexuels du... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/famille/"> Afficher les 45 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071690_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AÎNESSE DROIT D'" href="/index/droit-d-ainesse/"> <span class="rg">AÎNESSE </span><span class="pc">DROIT D'</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDUSTRIELLE SOCIÉTÉ" href="/index/societe-industrielle/"> <span class="rg">INDUSTRIELLE </span><span class="pc">SOCIÉTÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FAMILLE NUCLÉAIRE & FAMILLE ÉTENDUE" href="/index/famille-nucleaire-et-famille-etendue/"> <span class="rg">FAMILLE NUCLÉAIRE & FAMILLE ÉTENDUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PATRIARCALE SOCIÉTÉ" href="/index/societe-patriarcale/"> <span class="rg">PATRIARCALE </span><span class="pc">SOCIÉTÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FEMME" href="/index/femme/"> <span class="rg">FEMME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉGULATION SOCIALE" href="/index/regulation-sociale/"> <span class="rg">RÉGULATION SOCIALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MATERNITÉ" href="/index/maternite/"> <span class="rg">MATERNITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AUTORITÉ PARENTALE" href="/index/autorite-parentale/"> <span class="rg">AUTORITÉ PARENTALE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AIDE PSYCHOLOGIQUE" href="/index/aide-psychologique/"> <span class="rg">AIDE PSYCHOLOGIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MODÈLE, sciences sociales" href="/index/modele-sciences-sociales/"> <span class="rg">MODÈLE, </span><em class="it">sciences sociales</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÔLES ET STATUTS SOCIAUX" href="/index/roles-et-statuts-sociaux/"> <span class="rg">RÔLES ET STATUTS SOCIAUX</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FEMMES DROITS DES" href="/index/droits-des-femmes/"> <span class="rg">FEMMES </span><span class="pc">DROITS DES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FÉMINITÉ" href="/index/feminite/"> <span class="rg">FÉMINITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MASCULINITÉ" href="/index/masculinite/"> <span class="rg">MASCULINITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FAMILLE SOCIOLOGIE DE LA" 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