CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Poverty - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"968a9180-6905-4783-8ba7-a0e746e8b8ab","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Poverty","wgTitle":"Poverty","wgCurRevisionId":1259131412,"wgRevisionId":1259131412,"wgArticleId":64959,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Pages with missing ISBNs","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2021","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021","Articles with excerpts","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009","Duplicate articles","Free-content attribution","Free content from UNESCO","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Poverty","Aid","Development economics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Poverty","wgRelevantArticleId":64959,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10294","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/1200px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/800px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/640px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Poverty - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Poverty rootpage-Poverty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poverty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poverty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Poverty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Poverty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definitions and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Measuring poverty </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measuring_poverty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Measuring poverty subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Measuring_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Absolute poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Relative poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Secondary poverty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Variability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Global prevalence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Hunger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Mental health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Shelter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Water and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Financial services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prejudice_and_exploitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prejudice_and_exploitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Prejudice and exploitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prejudice_and_exploitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Poverty reduction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Poverty_reduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Poverty reduction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Poverty_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Increasing_the_supply_of_basic_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_the_supply_of_basic_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Increasing the supply of basic needs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_the_supply_of_basic_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Improving_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Improving technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 State funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_access_to_available_basic_needs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_access_to_available_basic_needs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Improving access to available basic needs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_access_to_available_basic_needs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preventing_overpopulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preventing_overpopulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.4 Preventing overpopulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preventing_overpopulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_personal_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_personal_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Increasing personal income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_personal_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Income_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Income grants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_freedoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_freedoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Economic freedoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_freedoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_services_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_services_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Financial services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_services_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_vocational_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_vocational_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Education and vocational training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_vocational_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Obstacles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipoverty_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipoverty_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Antipoverty institutions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antipoverty_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Antipoverty institutions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Antipoverty_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intergovernmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intergovernmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Intergovernmental organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergovernmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_banks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_banks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Development banks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_banks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nongovernmental_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nongovernmental_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Nongovernmental organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nongovernmental_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For-profit_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For-profit_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 For-profit institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For-profit_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ethics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Environmentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Poverty</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" > 128 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoede" title="Armoede – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armoede" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D3%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аӷарра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аӷарра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1" title="فقر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobreza" title="Pobreza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pobreza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="দৰিদ্ৰতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দৰিদ্ৰতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probeza" title="Probeza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Probeza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogue" title="Sogue – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Sogue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoxsulluq" title="Yoxsulluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yoxsulluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="یوخسوللوق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوخسوللوق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="দারিদ্র্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দারিদ্র্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0n-chhiah" title="Sàn-chhiah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sàn-chhiah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Ярлылыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ярлылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Беднасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беднасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Беднасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Беднасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="गरीबी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गरीबी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katikapohan" title="Katikapohan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katikapohan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бедност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бедност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="དབུལ་ཕོངས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དབུལ་ཕོངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroma%C5%A1tvo" title="Siromaštvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Siromaštvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paourentez" title="Paourentez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paourentez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobresa" title="Pobresa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pobresa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%85%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Чухăнлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чухăнлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chudoba" title="Chudoba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chudoba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlodi" title="Tlodi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tlodi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdom" title="Fattigdom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fattigdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1" title="فقر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فقر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarmut" title="Aarmut – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Aarmut" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armut" title="Armut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaesus" title="Vaesus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaesus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%84%CF%8E%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Φτώχεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φτώχεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobreza" title="Pobreza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pobreza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malri%C4%89eco" title="Malriĉeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malriĉeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobretasun" title="Pobretasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pobretasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1" title="فقر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فقر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibi" title="Garibi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Garibi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauvret%C3%A9" title="Pauvreté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pauvreté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earmoede" title="Earmoede – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Earmoede" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puaret%C3%A2t" title="Puaretât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Puaretât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobreza" title="Pobreza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobreza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%88%EA%B3%A4" title="빈곤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빈곤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talauci" title="Talauci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Talauci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B2%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աղքատություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աղքատություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="गरीबी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गरीबी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroma%C5%A1tvo" title="Siromaštvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Siromaštvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiskinan" title="Kemiskinan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemiskinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paupertate" title="Paupertate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Paupertate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povrit%C3%A1" title="Povritá – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Povritá" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlwempu" title="Ubuhlwempu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ubuhlwempu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1t%C3%A6kt" title="Fátækt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fátækt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povert%C3%A0" title="Povertà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Povertà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="עוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamlaratan" title="Kamlaratan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamlaratan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8" title="ಬಡತನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಡತನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94" title="სიღარიბე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიღარიბე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8F%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="غُربَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="غُربَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Абсолютті кедейшілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абсолютті кедейшілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaskini" title="Umaskini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umaskini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2v" title="Pòv – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pòv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povt%C3%A9" title="Povté – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Povté" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xizan%C3%AE" title="Xizanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xizanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жакырчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жакырчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ຄວາມທຸກຍາກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມທຸກຍາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paupertas" title="Paupertas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paupertas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabadz%C4%ABba" title="Nabadzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nabadzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarmut" title="Aarmut – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aarmut" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurdas" title="Skurdas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skurdas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kampindi" title="kampindi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kampindi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obubulwa" title="Obubulwa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Obubulwa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puert%C3%A0" title="Puertà – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Puertà" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeg%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g" title="Szegénység – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szegénység" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сиромаштија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сиромаштија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദാരിദ്ര്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദാരിദ്ര്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiskinan" title="Kemiskinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemiskinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯕ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ядуурал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ядуурал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆင်းရဲမွဲတေမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Poverty" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoede" title="Armoede – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armoede" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E5%9B%B0" title="貧困 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="貧困" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Къоьлла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къоьлла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdom" title="Fattigdom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fattigdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdom" title="Fattigdom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fattigdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouorta%C3%A9" title="Pouortaé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pouortaé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauretat" title="Pauretat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pauretat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qashshoqlik" title="Qashshoqlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qashshoqlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80" title="ਗਰੀਬੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੀਬੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="غربت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غربت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%8A" title="بېوزلي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېوزلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavati" title="Pavati – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pavati" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភាពក្រីក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាពក្រីក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armood" title="Armood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Armood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieda" title="Bieda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bieda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobreza" title="Pobreza – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pobreza" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83r%C4%83cie" title="Sărăcie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sărăcie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakcha" title="Wakcha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wakcha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Бедность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бедность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A1_%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱮᱸᱜᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DD%99%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%DB%92" title="ݙو طبقے – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ݙو طبقے" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varf%C3%ABria" title="Varfëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Varfëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puvireddu" title="Puvireddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Puvireddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%80" title="දිළිඳුබව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිළිඳුබව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poverty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="غربت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غربت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Revščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Revščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabool" title="Sabool – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sabool" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сиромаштво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сиромаштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siroma%C5%A1tvo" title="Siromaštvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Siromaštvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6yhyys" title="Köyhyys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Köyhyys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fattigdom" title="Fattigdom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fattigdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahirapan" title="Kahirapan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kahirapan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="வறுமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வறுமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Ярлылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ярлылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పేదరికం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పేదరికం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ความยากจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความยากจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%80" title="Фақр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фақр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoksulluk" title="Yoksulluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yoksulluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunak_(kyang)" title="Kunak (kyang) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kunak (kyang)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Бідність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бідність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="غربت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غربت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goll%C3%BCz" title="Gollüz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gollüz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C3%A8o" title="Nghèo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghèo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakablasan" title="Kakablasan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kakablasan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E7%A9%B7" title="贫穷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贫穷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98" title="ארימקייט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארימקייט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80%C3%ACn%C3%AD" title="Àìní – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àìní" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%AE" title="窮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="窮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubag%C4%ABst%C4%97" title="Ubagīstė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ubagīstė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="貧窮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貧窮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10294#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Poverty" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Poverty">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Poverty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Poverty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&oldid=1259131412" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Poverty&id=1259131412&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoverty">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPoverty">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Poverty&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Poverty" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Poverty" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Poverty,_Its_Illegal_Causes_and_Legal_Cure" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10294" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lack of financial assets or possessions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Poor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poor (disambiguation)">Poor (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poverty (disambiguation)">Poverty (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Low income" redirects here. For the term regarding income assistance, see <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/154px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/231px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg/308px-Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bettler_peking1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bettler_peking1.jpg/180px-Bettler_peking1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bettler_peking1.jpg/270px-Bettler_peking1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bettler_peking1.jpg/360px-Bettler_peking1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg/222px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg/333px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg/444px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_Luli_looks_after_her_severely_malnourished_child_Aden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:LucknowTrashPickers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LucknowTrashPickers.jpg/112px-LucknowTrashPickers.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LucknowTrashPickers.jpg/168px-LucknowTrashPickers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LucknowTrashPickers.jpg/224px-LucknowTrashPickers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from top left: a homeless man in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a> man begging in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China; <a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">waste pickers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, India; A mother with her <a href="/wiki/Malnourished" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnourished">malnourished</a> child in a clinic near <a href="/wiki/Dadaab" title="Dadaab">Dadaab</a>, Kenya;</div></div></div></div> Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">legal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> causes and effects.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> When evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: <a href="/wiki/Absolute_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute poverty">absolute poverty</a> which compares income against the amount needed to meet <a href="/wiki/Basic_needs" title="Basic needs">basic personal needs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shelter_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelter (building)">shelter</a>;<a href="#cite_note-unesco.org-2">[2]</a> secondly, <a href="/wiki/Relative_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">relative poverty</a> measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of <a href="/wiki/Living_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Living standards">living standards</a>, compared to others in the same time and place. The definition of relative poverty varies from one country to another, or from one <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> to another.<a href="#cite_note-unesco.org-2">[2]</a> Statistically, as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit">[update]</a>, most of the world's population live in poverty: in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_Power_Parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing Power Parity">PPP</a> dollars, 85% of people live on less than $30 per day, two-thirds live on less than $10 per day, and 10% live on less than $1.90 per day.<a href="#cite_note-OWiD_EP-3">[3]</a> According to the World Bank Group in 2020, more than 40% of the poor live in conflict-affected countries.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Even when countries experience <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, the poorest citizens of middle-income countries frequently do not gain an adequate share of their countries' increased wealth to leave poverty.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Governments and non-governmental organizations have experimented with a number of different policies and programs for <a href="/wiki/Poverty_alleviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty alleviation">poverty alleviation</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">electrification in rural areas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">housing first policies</a> in urban areas. The international policy frameworks for poverty alleviation, established by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 2015, are summarized in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">Sustainable Development Goal 1: "No Poverty"</a>. Social forces, such as <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">disability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial inequality">race and ethnicity</a>, can exacerbate issues of poverty—with women, <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">children</a> and minorities frequently bearing unequal burdens of poverty. Moreover, impoverished individuals are more vulnerable to the effects of other social issues, such as the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental effects of industry</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">impacts of climate change</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather events</a>. Poverty can also make other <a href="/wiki/Social_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Social problems">social problems</a> worse; economic pressures on impoverished communities frequently play a part in <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_biodiversity_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a>. For this reason, the UN's <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> and other international policy programs, such as the international recovery from COVID-19, emphasize the connection of poverty alleviation with other societal goals.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_etymology">Definitions and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and etymology">edit</a>]</div> The word poverty comes from the old (Norman) French word poverté (Modern French: pauvreté), from Latin paupertās from pauper (poor).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There are several definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation it is placed in. It usually references a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>: Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one's food or a job to earn one's living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many <a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensions</a>. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for <a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">survival</a> with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one's life.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU): The European Union's definition of poverty is significantly different from definitions in other parts of the world, and consequently policy measures introduced to combat poverty in EU countries also differ from measures in other nations. Poverty is measured in relation to the distribution of income in each member country using relative income poverty lines.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-10">[10]</a> Relative-income poverty rates in the EU are compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, in charge of coordinating, gathering, and disseminating member country <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> using <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) surveys.<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_poverty">Measuring poverty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measuring poverty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg/220px-The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg/330px-The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg/440px-The_number_of_people_below_different_poverty_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The number of people below different poverty lines</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Measuring poverty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty threshold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individual_Deprivation_Measure" title="Individual Deprivation Measure">Individual Deprivation Measure</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_poverty">Absolute poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Absolute poverty">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/300px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/450px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png/600px-Poverty_headcount_ratio_at_1.90_a_day.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Poverty headcount ratio</a> at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population). Based on <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data ranging from 1998 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">Purchasing power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></div> Absolute poverty, often synonymous with '<a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a>' or 'abject poverty', refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. This set standard usually refers to "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services."<a href="#cite_note-UN1995-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-SachsEndofPoverty2005-14">[14]</a> Having an income below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>, which is defined as an income needed to purchase basic needs, is also referred to as primary poverty. The "dollar a day" poverty line was first introduced in 1990 as a measure to meet such standards of living. For nations that do not use the US dollar as currency, "dollar a day" does not translate to living a day on the equivalent amount of local currency as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dollar-15">[15]</a> Rather, it is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> rate, which would look at how much local currency is needed to buy the same things that a dollar could buy in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-dollar-15">[15]</a> Usually, this would translate to having less local currency than if the exchange rate were used.<a href="#cite_note-dollar-15">[15]</a> From 1993 through 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> defined absolute poverty as $1.08 a day on such a <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> basis, after adjusting for inflation to the 1993 US dollar<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 2009, it was updated as $1.25 a day (equivalent to $1.00 a day in 1996 US prices)<a href="#cite_note-dollarrevisited2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-RavaillionWB26Jun2009-18">[18]</a> and in 2015, it was updated as living on less than US$1.90 per day,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and moderate poverty as less than $2 or $5 a day.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Similarly, 'ultra-poverty' is defined by a 2007 report issued by International Food Policy Research Institute as living on less than 54 cents per day.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The poverty line threshold of $1.90 per day, as set by the World Bank, is controversial. Each nation has its own threshold for absolute poverty line; in the United States, for example, the absolute poverty line was US$15.15 per day in 2010 (US$22,000 per year for a family of four),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> while in India it was US$1.0 per day<a href="#cite_note-wb2010a-23">[23]</a> and in China the absolute poverty line was US$0.55 per day, each on PPP basis in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> These different poverty lines make data comparison between each nation's official reports qualitatively difficult. Some scholars argue that the World Bank method sets the bar too high,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> others argue it is too low. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater,_Oklahoma,_8b15324.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg/220px-Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg/330px-Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg/440px-Children_of_migrant_cotton_field_workers_from_Sweetwater%2C_Oklahoma%2C_8b15324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14750" data-file-height="11398" /></a><figcaption>Children of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a>-era migrant workers, Arizona, United States, 1937</figcaption></figure> There is disagreement among experts as to what would be considered a realistic poverty rate with one considering it "an inaccurately measured and arbitrary cut off".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Some contend that a higher poverty line is needed, such as a minimum of $7.40 or even $10 to $15 a day. They argue that these levels are a minimum for basic needs and to achieve normal <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> One estimate places the true scale of poverty much higher than the World Bank, with an estimated 4.3 billion people (59% of the world's population) living with less than $5 a day and unable to meet basic needs adequately.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Alston" title="Philip Alston">Philip Alston</a>, a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">UN special rapporteur</a> on extreme poverty and human rights, stated the World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90 a day is fundamentally flawed, and has allowed for "self congratulatory" triumphalism in the fight against extreme global poverty, which he asserts is "completely off track" and that nearly half of the global population, or 3.4 billion, lives on less than $5.50 a day, and this number has barely moved since 1990.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Still others suggest that poverty line misleads because many live on far less than that line.<a href="#cite_note-wb2010a-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Other measures of absolute poverty without using a certain dollar amount include the standard defined as receiving less than 80% of minimum caloric intake whilst spending more than 80% of income on food, sometimes called ultra-poverty.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_poverty">Relative poverty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relative poverty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Wealth concentration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg/220px-Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg/330px-Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg/440px-Economics_Gini_coefficient2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Graphical representation of the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, a common measure of inequality. The Gini coefficient is equal to the area marked A divided by the sum of the areas marked A and B, that is, Gini = A/(A + B).</figcaption></figure> Relative poverty views poverty as socially defined and dependent on <a href="/wiki/Social_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Social context">social context</a>. It is argued that the needs considered fundamental is not an objective measure<a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-rep1964-34">[34]</a> and could change with the custom of society.<a href="#cite_note-AdamSmith1776-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2012-33">[33]</a> For example, a person who cannot afford housing better than a small tent in an open field would be said to live in relative poverty if almost everyone else in that area lives in modern brick homes, but not if everyone else also lives in small tents in open fields (for example, in a <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic tribe">nomadic tribe</a>). Since richer nations would have lower levels of absolute poverty,<a href="#cite_note-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2000-37">[37]</a> relative poverty is considered the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations"<a href="#cite_note-Raphael2009-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Innocenti2005-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD2008-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNDP2008-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-ConferenceBoard2013-42">[42]</a> and is the "most prominent and most-quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators".<a href="#cite_note-povinequalityCSP-43">[43]</a> Usually, relative poverty is measured as the percentage of the population with income less than some fixed proportion of median income. This is a calculation of the percentage of people whose family household income falls below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty Line</a>. The main poverty line used in the Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the European Union (EU) is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The United States federal government typically regulates this line to three times the cost of an adequate meal.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> There are several other different <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics" title="Income inequality metrics">income inequality metrics</a>, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Theil_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Theil Index">Theil Index</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_(Property).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg/220px-Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg/330px-Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg/440px-Global_Wealth_Distribution_2020_%28Property%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Global share of wealth by wealth group —Credit Suisse, 2021</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/300px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/450px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png/600px-GINI_index_World_Bank_up_to_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="6300" data-file-height="3354" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, a measure of <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income inequality</a>. Based on <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data ranging from 1992 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_aspects">Other aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other aspects">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_(2020).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png/300px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png/450px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png/600px-Countries_by_Human_Development_Index_%282020%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6915" data-file-height="3087" /></a><figcaption>World map of countries by <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> categories in increments of 0.050 (based on 2019 data, published in 2020) <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="0" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  ≥ 0.900</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.850–0.899</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.800–0.849</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.750–0.799</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.700–0.749</div> </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.650–0.699</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.600–0.649</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.550–0.599</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.500–0.549</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.450–0.499</div> </td> <td valign="top"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0.400–0.449</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  ≤ 0.399</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Data unavailable</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> Rather than income, poverty is also measured through individual basic needs at a time. <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> has greatly increased in the developing world since World War II and is starting to close the gap to the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a> has decreased in every developing region of the world.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The proportion of the world's population living in countries where the daily per-capita supply of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a> is less than 9,200 kilojoules (2,200 kilocalories) decreased from 56% in the mid-1960s to below 10% by the 1990s. Similar trends can be observed for literacy, access to clean water and electricity and basic consumer items.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg/220px-Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg/330px-Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg/440px-Tiggare_vid_Operak%C3%A4llaren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1617" /></a><figcaption>An early morning outside the Opera Tavern in Stockholm, with beggars waiting for scraps from the previous day. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, 1868.</figcaption></figure> Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> and inequitable social relationships, experienced as <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">social exclusion</a>, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Townsend1979-52">[52]</a> Such social exclusion can be minimized through strengthened connections with the mainstream, such as through the provision of <a href="/wiki/Relational_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational care">relational care</a> to those who are experiencing poverty. The World Bank's "Voices of the Poor", based on research with over 20,000 poor people in 23 countries, identifies a range of factors which poor people identify as part of poverty. These include abuse by those in power, dis-empowering institutions, excluded locations, gender relationships, lack of security, limited capabilities, physical limitations, precarious livelihoods, problems in social relationships, weak community organizations and discrimination. Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished "capability" of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of <a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">access to information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Relational_poverty" title="Relational poverty">Relational poverty</a> is the idea that societal poverty exists if there is a lack of human relationships. Relational poverty can be the result of a lost contact number, lack of phone ownership, isolation, or deliberate severing of ties with an individual or community. Relational poverty is also understood "by the social institutions that organize those relationships...poverty is importantly the result of the different terms and conditions on which people are included in social life".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry" title="Second Cameron ministry">second Cameron ministry</a> came under attack for its redefinition of poverty; poverty is no longer classified by a family's income, but as to whether a family is in work or not.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-56">[56]</a> Considering that two-thirds of people who found work were accepting wages that are below the <a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">living wage</a> (according to the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rowntree_Foundation" title="Joseph Rowntree Foundation">Joseph Rowntree Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>) this has been criticised by anti-poverty campaigners as an unrealistic view of poverty in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian1-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary_poverty">Secondary poverty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secondary poverty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">Secondary poverty</a></div> Secondary poverty refers to those that earn enough income to not be impoverished, but who spend their income on unnecessary pleasures, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcoholic beverages</a>, thus placing them below it in practice.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 18th- and 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the practice of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> among <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodists</a>, as well as their rejection of <a href="/wiki/Gambling#Religious" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital.<a href="#cite_note-Swatos1998-59">[59]</a> Factors that contribute to secondary poverty includes but are not limited to: alcohol, gambling, tobacco and drugs. <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a> means that the poor typically spend about 2% of their income educating their children but larger percentages of alcohol and tobacco (for example, 6% in Indonesia and 8% in Mexico as of 2006).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variability">Variability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variability">edit</a>]</div> Poverty levels are snapshot pictures in time that omits the transitional dynamics between levels. Mobility statistics supply additional information about the fraction who leave the poverty level. For example, one study finds that in a sixteen-year period (1975 to 1991 in the US) only 5% of those in the lower fifth of the income level were still at that level, while 95% transitioned to a higher income category.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Poverty levels can remain the same while those who rise out of poverty are replaced by others. The transient poor and chronic poor differ in each society. In a nine-year period ending in 2005 for the US, 50% of the poorest quintile transitioned to a higher quintile.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_prevalence">Global prevalence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Global prevalence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth(in_trillions_USD),_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/250px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/375px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg/500px-Worlds_regions_by_total_wealth%28in_trillions_USD%29%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Worlds regions by total wealth (in trillions USD), 2018</figcaption></figure> According to Chen and Ravallion, about 1.76 billion people in the developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.9 billion people lived below $1.25 per day in 1981. In 2005, about 4.09 billion people in the developing world lived above $1.25 per day and 1.4 billion people lived below $1.25 per day (both 1981 and 2005 data are on inflation adjusted basis).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The share of the world's population living in absolute poverty fell from 43% in 1981 to 14% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-Poverty-65">[65]</a> The absolute number of people in poverty fell from 1.95 billion in 1981 to 1.01 billion in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-PovertyRoser-66">[66]</a> The economist <a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Max Roser</a> estimates that the number of people in poverty is therefore roughly the same as 200 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-PovertyRoser-66">[66]</a> This is the case since the world population was just little more than 1 billion in 1820 and the majority (84% to 94%)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> of the world population was living in poverty. According to one study, the percentage of the world population in hunger and poverty fell in absolute percentage terms from 50% in 1950 to 30% in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to another study the number of people worldwide living in absolute poverty fell from 1.18 billion in 1950 to 1.04 billion in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> According to another study, the number of people worldwide estimated to be starving fell from almost 920 million in 1971 to below 797 million in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>'s population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-worldbank-Poverty-65">[65]</a> Most of this improvement has occurred in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1980s-71">[71]</a> In 2012 it was estimated that, using a poverty line of $1.25 a day, 1.2 billion people lived in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Given the current economic model, built on <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, it would take 100 years to bring the world's poorest up to the poverty line of $1.25 a day.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> estimates half the world's children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The World Bank forecasted in 2015 that <a href="/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_(World_Bank)" title="Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)">702.1 million people</a> were living in extreme poverty, down from 1.75 billion in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Extreme poverty is observed in all parts of the world, including developed economies.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Of the 2015 population, about 347.1 million people (35.2%) lived in <a href="/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_(World_Bank)" title="Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> and 231.3 million (13.5%) lived in <a href="/wiki/Global_Monitoring_Report_(World_Bank)" title="Global Monitoring Report (World Bank)">South Asia</a>. According to the World Bank, between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty fell from 37.1% to 9.6%, falling below 10% for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> During the 2013 to 2015 period, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a> reported that extreme poverty fell from 11% to 10%, however they also noted that the rate of decline had slowed by nearly half from the 25 year average with parts of sub-saharan Africa returning to early 2000 levels.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The World Bank attributed this to increasing violence following the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population increases</a> in Sub-Saharan Africa, and general African inflationary pressures and economic malaise were the primary drivers for this slow down.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Many wealthy nations have seen an increase in relative poverty rates ever since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, in particular among children from impoverished families who often reside in substandard housing and find educational opportunities out of reach.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> It has been argued by some academics that the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies promoted by global financial institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> and the World Bank are actually exacerbating both inequality and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In East Asia the World Bank reported that "The poverty headcount rate at the $2-a-day level is estimated to have fallen to about 27 percent [in 2007], down from 29.5 percent in 2006 and 69 percent in 1990."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> accounts for over three quarters of global poverty reduction from 1990 to 2005, which according to the World Bank is "historically unprecedented".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> China accounted for nearly half of all <a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">extreme poverty</a> in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty went up from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> which combined with growing population increased the number of people living in extreme poverty from 231 million to 318 million.<a href="#cite_note-birthrates-90">[90]</a> Statistics of 2018 shows population living in extreme conditions has declined by more than 1 billion in the last 25 years. As per the report published by the world bank on 19 September 2018 world poverty falls below 750 million.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the early 1990s some of the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia experienced a sharp drop in income.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> resulted in large declines in GDP per capita, of about 30 to 35% between 1990 and the through year of 1998 (when it was at its minimum). As a result, poverty rates tripled,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> excess mortality increased,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and life expectancy declined.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>-backed rapid <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> policies resulted in unemployment rising to double digits and half the Russian population falling into destitution by the early to mid 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> By 1999, during the peak of the poverty crisis, 191 million people were living on less than $5.50 a day.<a href="#cite_note-GhodseeOrenstein-97">[97]</a> In subsequent years as per capita incomes recovered the poverty rate dropped from 31.4% of the population to 19.6%.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soviet-99">[99]</a> The average post-communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per-capita GDP by 2005,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> although as of 2015 some are still far behind that.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> According to the World Bank in 2014, around 80 million people were still living on less than $5.00 a day.<a href="#cite_note-GhodseeOrenstein-97">[97]</a> World Bank data shows that the percentage of the population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line has decreased in each region of the world except Middle East and North Africa since 1990:<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In July 2023, a group of over 200 economists from 67 countries, including <a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>, sent a letter to the United Nations secretary general <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> and World Bank president <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Banga" title="Ajay Banga">Ajay Banga</a> warning that "extreme poverty and extreme wealth have risen sharply and simultaneously for the first time in 25 years."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In 2024, Oxfam reported that roughly five billion people have become poorer since 2020 and warned that current trends could postpone global poverty eradication for 229 years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Region </th> <th colspan="6">$2.15 per day<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1981 </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>East Asia and Pacific </td> <td>83.5% </td> <td>65.8% </td> <td>39.5% </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europe and Central Asia </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>9.1% </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin America and the Caribbean </td> <td>15.1% </td> <td>16.8% </td> <td>13.5% </td> <td>6.4% </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle East and North Africa </td> <td>— </td> <td>6.5% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Asia </td> <td>58% </td> <td>49.8% </td> <td>— </td> <td>26% </td> <td>10.1% </td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sub-Saharan Africa </td> <td>— </td> <td>53.8% </td> <td>56.5% </td> <td>42.2% </td> <td>35.4% </td> <td>34.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th>World </th> <th>43.6% </th> <th>37.9% </th> <th>29.3% </th> <th>16.3% </th> <th>9% </th> <th>8.5% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png/220px-Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png/330px-Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png/440px-Life_expectancy_1950-2005.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy has been increasing and converging for most of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has recently seen a decline, partly related to the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">AIDS epidemic</a>. Graph shows the years 1950–2005.</figcaption></figure> The effects of poverty may also be causes as listed above, thus creating a "poverty cycle" operating across multiple levels, individual, local, national and global.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg/220px-VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg/330px-VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg/440px-VOA_Heinlein_-_Somali_refugees_September_2011_-_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_and_humanitarian_efforts_in_the_Somali_Civil_War" title="Diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in the Somali Civil War">Somali</a> boy receiving treatment for malnourishment at a health facility</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg/300px-Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg/450px-Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg/600px-Expectancy_of_life_CIA2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> One-third of deaths around the world—some 18 million people a year or 50,000 per day—are due to poverty-related causes. People living in developing nations, among them women and children, are over represented among the global poor and these effects of severe poverty.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Those living in poverty suffer disproportionately from hunger or even <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> and disease, as well as lower <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> are the single gravest threats to the world's public health and malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>, present in half of all cases.<a href="#cite_note-economist-112">[112]</a> Almost 90% of <a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">maternal deaths</a> during childbirth occur in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, compared to less than 1% in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Those who live in poverty have also been shown to have a far greater likelihood of having or incurring a <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and Poverty">disability</a> within their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">Infectious diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> can perpetuate poverty by diverting health and economic resources from investment and productivity; malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1.3% in some <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a> and AIDS decreases African growth by 0.3–1.5% annually.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Studies have shown that poverty impedes cognitive function although some of these findings could not be replicated in follow-up studies.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> One hypothesised mechanism is that financial worries put a severe burden on one's mental resources so that they are no longer fully available for solving complicated problems. The reduced capability for problem solving can lead to suboptimal decisions and further perpetuate poverty.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Many other pathways from poverty to compromised cognitive capacities have been noted, from poor nutrition and environmental toxins to the effects of stress on parenting behavior, all of which lead to suboptimal psychological development.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Neuroscientists have documented the impact of poverty on brain structure and function throughout the lifespan.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Infectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world. 36.8 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 954,492 deaths in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Poor people often are more prone to severe diseases due to the lack of health care, and due to living in non-optimal conditions. Among the poor, girls tend to suffer even more due to gender discrimination. Economic stability is paramount in a poor household; otherwise they go in an endless loop of negative income trying to treat diseases. Often when a person in a poor household falls ill it is up to the family members to take care of them due to limited access to health care and lack of health insurance. The household members often have to give up their income or stop seeking further education to tend to the sick member. There is a greater <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a> imposed on the poor to tend to someone compared to someone with better financial stability.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Increased access to healthcare and improved health outcomes help prevent individuals from falling into poverty due to medical expenses.<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dastidar-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hunger">Hunger</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hunger">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/300px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/450px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg/600px-Hunger_Map_2020_World_Food_Programme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of population suffering from hunger, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, 2020</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">Hunger</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></div> It is estimated that 1.02 billion people go to bed hungry every night.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a>, Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest child malnutrition rate of the world's regions over the 2001–2006 period.<a href="#cite_note-ghi2008-128">[128]</a> Poor people spend a <a href="/wiki/Engel%27s_law" title="Engel's law">greater portion of their budgets</a> on food than wealthy people and, as a result, they can be particularly vulnerable to increases in <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a>. For example, in late 2007, increases in the price of grains<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> led to <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">food riots</a> in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Threats to the supply of food may also be caused by drought and the <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> often leads to a vicious cycle of exhaustion of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">soil fertility</a> and decline of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_yields" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural yields">agricultural yields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Approximately 40% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">agricultural land</a> is seriously degraded.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Goal 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> is the elimination of hunger and undernutrition by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mental_health">Mental health</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mental health">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/250px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/375px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg/500px-Venezuelan_eating_from_garbage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>A Venezuelan eating from garbage during the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Bolivarian_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela">crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> A psychological study has been conducted by four scientists during inaugural Convention of Psychological Science. The results find that people who thrive with financial stability or fall under low socioeconomic status (SES) tend to perform worse cognitively due to external pressure imposed upon them. The research found that stressors such as low income, inadequate health care, discrimination, and exposure to criminal activities all <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">contribute to mental disorders</a>. This study also found that children exposed to poverty-stricken environments have slower cognitive thinking.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> It is seen that children perform better under the care of their parents and that children tend to adopt speaking language at a younger age. Since being in poverty from childhood is more harmful than it is for an adult, it is seen that children in poor households tend to fall behind in certain cognitive abilities compared to other average families.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> For a child to grow up emotionally healthy, the children under three need "A strong, reliable primary caregiver who provides consistent and unconditional love, guidance, and support. Safe, predictable, stable environments. Ten to 20 hours each week of harmonious, reciprocal interactions. This process, known as attunement, is most crucial during the first 6–24 months of infants' lives and helps them develop a wider range of healthy emotions, including gratitude, forgiveness, and empathy. Enrichment through personalized, increasingly complex activities".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In a 1996 survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner cities</a> said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> 51% of fifth graders from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (median income for a household: $27,133) have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household: $40,127).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Studies have shown that poverty changes the personalities of children who live in it. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Study" title="Great Smoky Mountains Study">Great Smoky Mountains Study</a> was a ten-year study that was able to demonstrate this. During the study, about one-quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased.<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_The_Washington_Post_October_8_2015c-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty#Education" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty § Education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty#Education" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty § Education</a></div> Research has found that there is a high risk of educational underachievement for children who are from low-income housing circumstances. This is often a process that begins in primary school. Instruction in the US educational system, as well as in most other countries, tends to be geared towards those students who come from more advantaged backgrounds. As a result, children in poverty are at a higher risk than advantaged children for retention in their grade, special deleterious placements during the school's hours and not completing their high school education.<a href="#cite_note-SYF-143">[143]</a> Advantage breeds advantage.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> There are many explanations for why students tend to drop out of school. One is the conditions in which they attend school. Schools in poverty-stricken areas have conditions that hinder children from learning in a safe environment. Researchers have developed a name for areas like this: an urban war zone is a poor, crime-laden district in which deteriorated, violent, even warlike conditions and underfunded, largely ineffective schools promote inferior academic performance, including irregular attendance and disruptive or non-compliant classroom behavior.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Because of poverty, "Students from low-income families are 2.4 times more likely to drop out than middle-income kids, and over 10 times more likely than high-income peers to drop out."<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> For children with low resources, the risk factors are similar to others such as <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> rates, higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>, and economic dependency upon their low-income parent or parents.<a href="#cite_note-SYF-143">[143]</a> Families and society who submit low levels of investment in the education and development of less fortunate children end up with less favorable results for the children who see a life of parental employment reduction and low wages. Higher rates of early childbearing with all the connected risks to family, health and well-being are major issues to address since education from preschool to high school is identifiably meaningful in a life.<a href="#cite_note-SYF-143">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf/page1-220px-Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf/page1-330px-Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf/page1-440px-Situation_Analysis_of_Out-of-School_Children_in_Nine_Southeast_Asian_Countries.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Out of school child</figcaption></figure> Poverty often drastically affects children's success in school. A child's "home activities, preferences, mannerisms" must align with the world and in the cases that they do not do these, students are at a disadvantage in the school and, most importantly, the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-ANF-147">[147]</a> Therefore, it is safe to state that children who live at or below the poverty level will have far less success educationally than children who live above the poverty line. Poor children have a great deal less healthcare and this ultimately results in many absences from school. Additionally, poor children are much more likely to suffer from hunger, fatigue, irritability, headaches, ear infections, flu, and colds.<a href="#cite_note-ANF-147">[147]</a> These illnesses could potentially restrict a student's focus and concentration.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In general, the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> with poverty or location tends to work to the disadvantage of <a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girls</a> in poorer countries with low completion rates and social expectations that they marry early, and to the disadvantage of <a href="/wiki/Boy" title="Boy">boys</a> in richer countries with high completion rates but social expectations that they enter the <a href="/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a> early.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[149]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> level, most countries with a completion rate below 60% exhibit <a href="/wiki/Gender_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender disparity">gender disparity</a> at girls' expense, particularly poor and rural girls. In Mauritania, the adjusted gender parity index is 0.86 on average, but only 0.63 for the poorest 20%, while there is parity among the richest 20%. In countries with completion rates between 60% and 80%, gender disparity is generally smaller, but disparity at the expense of poor girls is especially marked in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Exceptions in the opposite direction are observed in countries with pastoralist economies that rely on boys' labour, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Kingdom of Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shelter">Shelter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shelter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slums" class="mw-redirect" title="Slums">Slums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">Street children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphanages">Orphanages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_(4131122903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg/220px-Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg/330px-Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg/440px-Kolkata_%284131122903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Homeless family in Kolkata, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Child,_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Street_Child%2C_Srimangal_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>Street child in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. Aiding relatives financially unable to but willing to take in orphans is found to be more effective by cost and welfare than orphanages.<a href="#cite_note-orphanages-150">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">right to housing</a> is argued to be a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_density_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="High density housing">Higher density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">lower cost housing</a> affords low-income families and first-time homebuyers with more and less expensive shelter opportunities, reducing economic inequality.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The geographic concentration of poverty is argued to be a factor in entrenching poverty. William J. Wilson's "concentration and isolation" hypothesis states that the economic difficulties of the very poorest African Americans are compounded by the fact that as the better-off African Americans move out, the poorest are more and more concentrated, having only other very poor people as neighbors. This concentration causes social isolation, Wilson suggests, because the very poor are now isolated from access to the job networks, role models, institutions, and other connections that might help them escape poverty.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> means converting an aging neighborhood into a more affluent one, as by remodeling homes. Landlords then increase rent on newly renovated real estate; the poor people cannot afford to pay high rent, and may need to leave their neighborhood to find affordable housing.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The poor also get more access to income and services, while studies suggest poor residents living in gentrifying neighbourhoods are actually less likely to move than poor residents of non-gentrifying areas.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Poverty increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Slum-dwellers, who make up a third of the world's urban population, live in a poverty no better, if not worse, than rural people, who are the traditional focus of the poverty in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, according to a report by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> There are over 100 million <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Most of the children living in institutions around the world have a surviving parent or close relative, and they most commonly entered orphanages because of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-orphanages-150">[150]</a> It is speculated that, flush with money, for-profit orphanages are increasing and push for children to join even though demographic data show that even the poorest extended families usually take in children whose parents have died.<a href="#cite_note-orphanages-150">[150]</a> Many child advocates maintain that this can harm children's <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">development</a> by separating them from their families and that it would be more effective and cheaper to aid close relatives who want to take in the orphans.<a href="#cite_note-orphanages-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG/150px-Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG/225px-Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG/300px-Toilet_at_a_Village_near_Jaipur_installed_by_Pronto_Panels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Affordable household toilets near <a href="/wiki/Jaipur,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaipur, Rajasthan">Jaipur, Rajasthan</a></figcaption></figure> The poor tend to pay more for access to utilities and ensuring the availability of water, sanitation, energy, and telecommunication services such as broadband internet service<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> help in reducing poverty in general.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_and_sanitation">Water and sanitation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Water and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> As of 2012, 2.5 billion people lack access to sanitation services and 15% practice <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Even while providing latrines is a challenge, people still do not use them even when available. Bangladesh had half the GDP per capita of India but has a lower mortality from diarrhea than India or the world average, with diarrhea deaths declining by 90% since the 1990s. By strategically providing pit latrines to the poorest, charities in Bangladesh sparked a cultural change as those better off perceived it as an issue of status to not use one. The vast majority of the latrines built were then not from charities but by villagers themselves.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Water utility subsidies tend to subsidize water consumption by those connected to the supply grid, which is typically skewed towards the richer and urban segment of the population and those outside informal housing. As a result of heavy consumption subsidies, the price of water decreases to the extent that only 30%, on average, of the supplying costs in developing countries is covered.<a href="#cite_note-Kenny-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-utilitysubsidy-167">[167]</a> This results in a lack of incentive to maintain delivery systems, leading to losses from leaks annually that are enough for 200 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Kenny-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> This also leads to a lack of incentive to invest in expanding the network, resulting in much of the poor population being unconnected to the network. Instead, the poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price.<a href="#cite_note-Kenny-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> However, subsidies for laying new connections to the network rather than for consumption have shown more promise for the poor.<a href="#cite_note-utilitysubsidy-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Energy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Energy poverty</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_poverty&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG/343px-HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG" decoding="async" width="343" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG/515px-HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG/686px-HFHI_GVDC_Poverty_Housing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Homes without reliable access to energy such as electricity, heating, cooling, etc.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> and some areas of more developed countries, <a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">energy poverty</a> is lack of access to modern energy services in the home.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_poverty_Bouzarovski-2015-170">[170]</a> In 2022, 759 million people lacked access to consistent electricity and 2.6 billion people used dangerous and inefficient cooking systems.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Their well-being is negatively affected by very low consumption of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, use of dirty or polluting fuels, and excessive time spent collecting fuel to meet basic needs. Predominant indices for measuring the complex nature of energy poverty include the Energy Development Index (EDI), the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), and Energy Poverty Index (EPI). Both binary and multidimensional measures of energy poverty are required to establish indicators that simplify the process of measuring and tracking energy poverty globally.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_poverty_Pelz-2018-172">[172]</a> Energy poverty often exacerbates existing vulnerabilities amongst underprivileged communities and negatively impacts public and household health, education, and women's opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_poverty_United_Nations-2015-173">[173]</a> According to the Energy Poverty Action initiative of the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, "Access to energy is fundamental to improving quality of life and is a key imperative for economic development. In the developing world, energy poverty is still rife."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> As a result of this situation, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) launched the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Energy_for_All" title="Sustainable Energy for All">Sustainable Energy for All Initiative</a> and designated 2012 as the International Year for Sustainable Energy for All, which had a major focus on reducing energy poverty. The term energy poverty is also sometimes used in the context of developed countries to mean an inability to afford energy in the home. This concept is also known as <a href="/wiki/Fuel_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel poverty">fuel poverty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Household_energy_insecurity" title="Household energy insecurity">household energy insecurity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Energy_poverty_Bouzarovski-2015-170">[170]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_services">Financial services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Financial services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">Predatory lending</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">Loan shark</a></div> For low-income individuals and families, access to <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> can be limited, <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory</a>, or both, making it difficult to find the financial resources they need to invest in their futures.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prejudice_and_exploitation">Prejudice and exploitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prejudice and exploitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_poverty" title="Criminalization of poverty">criminalization of poverty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg/150px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg/225px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg/300px-Oxfam_East_Africa_-_SomalilandDrought022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>The urban poor buy water from water vendors for, on average, about 5 to 16 times the metered price.<a href="#cite_note-Kenny-166">[166]</a></figcaption></figure>Cultural factors, such as discrimination of various kinds, can negatively affect productivity such as <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">age discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotyping</a>,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> discrimination against people with physical disability,<a href="#cite_note-disabpov-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">gender discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial discrimination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste discrimination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">Children</a> are more than twice as likely to live in poverty as adults.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Women are the group suffering from the highest rate of poverty after children, in what is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">feminization of poverty</a>. In addition, the fact that women are more likely to be caregivers, regardless of income level, to either the generations before or after them, exacerbates the burdens of their poverty.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Those in poverty have increased chances of incurring a disability which leads to a cycle where <a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">disability and poverty</a> are mutually reinforcing. <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> and some schools of <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization theory</a> suggest that cultural <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a> could affect economic success.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> However, researchers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have gathered evidence that suggest that values are not as deeply ingrained and that changing economic opportunities explain most of the movement into and out of poverty, as opposed to shifts in values.<a href="#cite_note-kerbo2006a-183">[183]</a> A 2018 report on <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty in the United States</a> by UN special rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Philip_Alston" title="Philip Alston">Philip Alston</a> asserts that caricatured narratives about the rich and the poor (that "the rich are industrious, entrepreneurial, patriotic and the drivers of economic success" while "the poor are wasters, losers and scammers") are largely inaccurate, as "the poor are overwhelmingly those born into poverty, or those thrust there by circumstances largely beyond their control, such as physical or mental disabilities, divorce, family breakdown, illness, old age, unlivable wages or discrimination in the job market."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Societal perception of people experiencing economic difficulty has historically appeared as a conceptual dichotomy: the "good" poor (people who are physically impaired, disabled, the "ill and incurable," the elderly, pregnant women, children) vs. the "bad" poor (able-bodied, "valid" adults, most often male).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is <a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">prostitution</a>, as a means of survival and economic desperation.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, a number of girls are turning to sex in return for food to survive because of the increasing poverty.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> According to studies, as poverty decreases there will be fewer and fewer instances of violence.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Some data such as the <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> reports and also a research called "<a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Silence_(book)" title="Echo of Silence (book)">Echo of Silence</a>" show that there is a close correlation between economic poverty and <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">early marriage</a>. In some developing countries, child marriage is considered an economic measure that can improve the family’s poor condition, strengthen family bonds.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poverty_reduction">Poverty reduction </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poverty reduction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">Aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles, specifically <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a>. Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Poverty_reduction#Duplication" title="Talk:Poverty reduction">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPLIT">splitting the content</a> into a new article. (January 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg/220px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg/330px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg/440px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_01NoPoverty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">Sustainable Development Goal 1</a> of the United Nations, to "end poverty in all its forms, everywhere" by 2030<a href="#cite_note-:172-194">[194]</a></figcaption></figure> Various poverty reduction strategies are broadly categorized based on whether they make more of the basic human needs available or whether they increase the <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable income</a> needed to purchase those needs.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Some strategies such as building roads can both bring access to various basic needs, such as fertilizer or healthcare from urban areas, as well as increase incomes, by bringing better access to urban markets.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Reducing relative poverty would also involve reducing <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequality">inequality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>, among others,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> has called for an international movement to end extreme wealth concentration arguing that the concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else—particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20130120-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC-20130118-200">[200]</a> And they say that the gains of the world's <a href="/wiki/Billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Billionaires">billionaires</a> in 2017, which amounted to $762 billion, were enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Methods to reduce inequality and relative poverty include <a href="/wiki/Progressive_taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive taxation">progressive taxation</a>, which involves increasing tax rates on high-income earners,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-amaglobeli-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wealth_tax" title="Wealth tax">wealth taxes</a>, which involve taxing a portion of an individual's net worth above a certain threshold,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> reducing <a href="/wiki/Payroll_tax" title="Payroll tax">payroll taxes</a>, which are taxes on employees and employers and reducing this provides workers greater take-home pay and allows employers to spend more on wages and salaries,<a href="#cite_note-Scholz-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Labor_share" title="Labor share">labor share</a>, which is the proportion of business income paid as wages and salaries instead of allocated to shareholders as profit.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_the_supply_of_basic_needs">Increasing the supply of basic needs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Increasing the supply of basic needs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improving_technology">Improving technology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Improving technology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg/220px-Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg/330px-Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg/440px-Spraying_Oilseed_Rape_near_Barton_Grange_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1842382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Spreading <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> on a field of <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> near <a href="/wiki/Barton-upon-Humber" title="Barton-upon-Humber">Barton-upon-Humber</a>, England</figcaption></figure> Agricultural technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertilizer">nitrogen fertilizers</a>, pesticides, new seed varieties and new irrigation methods have dramatically reduced food shortages in modern times by boosting yields past previous constraints.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as economies produced little, making wealth scarce.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-213">[213]</a> Geoffrey Parker wrote that "In <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, two of the largest cities in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western Europe</a>, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis."<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The initial industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass absolute poverty in what is now considered the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> of goods in places such as rapidly industrializing China has made what were once considered luxuries, such as vehicles and computers, inexpensive and thus accessible to many who were otherwise too poor to afford them.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Other than technology, advancements in sciences such as medicine help provide basic needs better. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality rate">maternal mortality rate</a> of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today, but reduced it to 0.5–0.6% in the 1950s and to 0.6% in 2006 while spending less each year on <a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">maternal health</a> because it learned what worked and what did not.<a href="#cite_note-Disease_Control_Priorities_Project-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-post-219">[219]</a> Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive and educational measures have been made to disseminate what works, such as the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Consensus" title="Copenhagen Consensus">Copenhagen Consensus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Cheap <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">water filters</a> and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">deaths</a> from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">Fortification</a> with <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> was ranked the most cost effective aid strategy by the Copenhagen Consensus.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">iodised salt</a> costs 2 to 3 cents per person a year while even moderate <a href="/wiki/Iodine_deficiency" title="Iodine deficiency">iodine deficiency</a> in pregnancy shaves off 10 to 15 <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> points.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_funding">State funding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: State funding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">Tax havens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">Transfer mispricing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries' debt">Developing countries' debt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">Conditionality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg/220px-Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg/330px-Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg/440px-Nigerian_Surgery_Table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hardwood surgical tables are commonplace in rural <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> clinics.</figcaption></figure> Certain basic needs are argued to be better provided by the state. <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">Universal healthcare</a> can reduce the overall cost of providing healthcare by having a single payer negotiating with healthcare providers and minimizing administrative costs.<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dastidar-126">[126]</a> It is also argued that subsidizing essential goods such as fuel is less efficient in helping the poor than providing that same money as income grants to the poor.<a href="#cite_note-Jha-225">[225]</a> Government revenue can be diverted away from basic services by corruption.<a href="#cite_note-unodc-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Funds from aid and natural resources are often sent by government individuals for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> to overseas banks which insist on <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">bank secrecy</a>, instead of spending on the poor.<a href="#cite_note-graft-228">[228]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a> report asked for more action from Western banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-graft-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit capital flight</a>, such as corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> from the developing world is estimated at ten times the size of aid it receives and twice the debt service it pays,<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> with one estimate that most of Africa would be developed if the taxes owed were paid.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> About 60 per cent of illicit capital flight from Africa is from <a href="/wiki/Transfer_mispricing" title="Transfer mispricing">transfer mispricing</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">subsidiary</a> in a developing nation sells to another subsidiary or <a href="/wiki/Shell_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell company">shell company</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a> at an artificially low price to pay less tax.<a href="#cite_note-transparency-232">[232]</a> An <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> report estimates that about 30% of sub-Saharan Africa's GDP has been moved to tax havens.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-233">[233]</a> Solutions include corporate "country-by-country reporting" where corporations disclose activities in each country and thereby prohibit the use of tax havens where no effective economic activity occurs.<a href="#cite_note-transparency-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries' debt">Developing countries' debt service</a> to banks and governments from richer countries can constrain government spending on the poor.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> spent 40% of its total budget to repay foreign debt, and only 7% for basic state services in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-worldcentric.org-235">[235]</a> One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been <a href="/wiki/Debt_relief" title="Debt relief">debt relief</a>. Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from a 2005 round of debt relief.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Since that round of debt relief, private creditors accounted for an increasing share of poor countries' debt service obligations. This complicated efforts to renegotiate easier terms for borrowers during crises such as the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> because the multiple private creditors involved say they have a fiduciary obligation to their clients such as the pension funds.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, as primary holders of developing countries' debt, attach <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">structural adjustment</a> <a href="/wiki/Conditionality" title="Conditionality">conditionalities</a> in return for loans which are generally geared toward loan repayment with <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures such as the elimination of state subsidies and the privatization of state services. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices.<a href="#cite_note-Malawi-239">[239]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, almost 5 million of its 13 million people used to need emergency food aid but after the government changed policy and subsidies for fertilizer and seed were introduced, farmers produced record-breaking corn harvests in 2006 and 2007 as Malawi became a major food exporter.<a href="#cite_note-Malawi-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Distressed_securities_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Distressed securities fund">Distressed securities funds</a>, also known as vulture funds, buy up the debt of poor nations cheaply and then sue countries for the full value of the debt plus interest which can be ten or 100 times what they paid.<a href="#cite_note-vulture-240">[240]</a> They may pursue any companies which do business with their target country to force them to pay to the fund instead.<a href="#cite_note-vulture-240">[240]</a> Considerable resources are diverted on costly court cases. For example, a court in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> to pay an American speculator $100 million in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-vulture-240">[240]</a> Now, the UK, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and Jersey have banned such payments.<a href="#cite_note-vulture-240">[240]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_(bad_effects).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/220px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/330px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg/440px-Familiy_Planning_Ethiopia_%28bad_effects%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> placard in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. It shows some negative effects of having too many children.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improving_access_to_available_basic_needs">Improving access to available basic needs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Improving access to available basic needs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">Reverse brain drain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Human capital flight</a></div> Even with new products, such as better seeds, or greater volumes of them, such as industrial production, the poor still require access to these products. Improving road and transportation infrastructure helps solve this major bottleneck. In Africa, it costs more to move fertilizer from an African seaport 100 kilometres (60 mi) inland than to ship it from the United States to Africa because of sparse, low-quality roads, leading to fertilizer costs two to six times the world average.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfranchising" title="Microfranchising">Microfranchising</a> models such as door-to-door distributors who earn commission-based income or <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>'s successful distribution system<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> are used to disseminate basic needs to remote areas for below market prices.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-microfranchising-245">[245]</a> The loss of basic needs providers emigrating from impoverished countries has a damaging effect.<a href="#cite_note-Philippines-246">[246]</a> As of 2004, there were more Ethiopia-trained doctors living in Chicago than in Ethiopia<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> and this often leaves inadequately less skilled doctors to remain in their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Proposals to mitigate the problem include compulsory government service for graduates of public medical and nursing schools<a href="#cite_note-Philippines-246">[246]</a> and promoting <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a> so that health care personnel have more incentive to practice in their home countries.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">Telehealth</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunication technologies</a> to deliver health services. For remotes communities in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, telehealth has been found to reduce travel costs alone for the state by $13 million in 2021<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> and, according to one study, reduced the life expectancy gap between whites and American Indian population in Alaska from eight to five years.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preventing_overpopulation">Preventing overpopulation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Preventing overpopulation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/270px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/405px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg/540px-Total_Fertility_Rate_Map_by_Country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries and territories by <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> as of 2020</figcaption></figure> Poverty and lack of access to birth control can lead to population increases that put pressure on local economies and access to resources, amplifying other economic inequality and creating increase poverty.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-birthrates-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> Better <a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">education for both men and women</a>, and more control of their lives, reduces population growth due to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-empower-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> According to United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), those who receive better education can earn money for their lives, thereby strengthening economic security.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_personal_income">Increasing personal income</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Increasing personal income">edit</a>]</div> The following are strategies used or proposed to increase personal incomes among the poor. Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three-quarters of the poor today are farmers.<a href="#cite_note-agriculture-257">[257]</a> Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in nonagricultural sectors.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Income_grants">Income grants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Income grants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_girl_begging.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Afghan_girl_begging.jpg/220px-Afghan_girl_begging.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Afghan_girl_begging.jpg/330px-Afghan_girl_begging.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Afghan_girl_begging.jpg/440px-Afghan_girl_begging.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption>Afghan girl begging in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a> ensures that every citizen will be able to purchase a desired level of basic needs. One method is through a <a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">basic income</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>), which is a system of <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, that periodically provides each citizen, rich or poor, with a sum of money that is sufficient to live on.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Studies of large cash-transfer programs in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Malawi show that the programs can be effective in increasing consumption, schooling, and nutrition, whether they are tied to such conditions or not.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Namibians_line_up-262">[262]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wage_subsidy" title="Wage subsidy">Employment subsidies</a> go to those already employed and this has shown to have little effect on those at the lowest income levels.<a href="#cite_note-Scholz-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Proponents argue that a basic income is more efficient than a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment benefit">unemployment benefits</a>, as the minimum wage effectively imposes a high marginal tax on employers, causing <a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">losses in efficiency</a>. In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> and another 1,200 economists signed a document calling for the US Congress to introduce a system of income guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Economics">Nobel Prize in Economics</a>, with often diverse political convictions, who support a basic income include <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Standing-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Robert Solow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Standing-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Standing-266">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin">James Tobin</a><a href="#cite_note-Steensland-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Standing-266">[266]</a> Income grants are argued to be vastly more efficient in extending basic needs to the poor than <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidizing</a> supplies whose effectiveness in poverty alleviation is diluted by the non-poor who enjoy the same subsidized prices.<a href="#cite_note-Jha-225">[225]</a> With cars and other appliances, the wealthiest 20% of Egypt uses about 93% of the country's fuel subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-fossilfuel-272">[272]</a> In some countries, fuel subsidies are a larger part of the budget than health and education.<a href="#cite_note-fossilfuel-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> A 2008 study concluded that the money spent on in-kind transfers in India in a year could lift all India's poor out of poverty for that year if transferred directly.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Additionally, in aid models, the <a href="/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">famine relief</a> model increasingly used by aid groups calls for giving cash or cash vouchers to the hungry to pay local farmers instead of buying food from donor countries, often required by law, as it wastes money on transport costs.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-wfp-276">[276]</a> The primary obstacle argued against direct cash transfers is the impractically for poor countries of such large and direct transfers. In practice, payments determined by complex iris scanning are used by war-torn <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> and Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> while India modified its subsidies in favor of direct transfers.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currencies</a> are argued to be an efficient tool in direct cash transfers to the poor as it can reach the <a href="/wiki/Unbanked" title="Unbanked">unbanked</a> and be more cost effective without having to physically send money and without needing an intermediary such as a bank.<a href="#cite_note-imfblog-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_freedoms">Economic freedoms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economic freedoms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_tape" title="Red tape">Red tape</a></div> Corruption often leads to many <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil services</a> being treated by governments as employment agencies to loyal supporters<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> and so it could mean going through 20 procedures, paying $2,696 in fees, and waiting 82 business days to start a business in <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> it takes two days, two registration procedures, and $280 to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises, where most jobs are created.<a href="#cite_note-cato-283">[283]</a> Often, businesses have to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which is, in effect, a tax on business.<a href="#cite_note-macroeconomics1-284">[284]</a> Noted reductions in poverty in recent decades has occurred in China and India mostly as a result of the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collective farming</a> in China and the ending of the <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> model known as the <a href="/wiki/License_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="License Raj">License Raj</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> concludes that governments and feudal elites extending to the poor the right to the land that they live and use are 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it.<a href="#cite_note-landrights-288">[288]</a> Providing secure tenure to land ownership creates incentives to improve the land and thus improves the welfare of the poor.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> It is argued that those in power have an incentive to not secure property rights as they are able to then more easily take land or any small business that does well to their supporters.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Greater access to markets brings more income to the poor. Road infrastructure has a direct impact on poverty.<a href="#cite_note-GCR-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Additionally, migration from poorer countries resulted in $328 billion sent from richer to poorer countries in 2010, more than double the $120 billion in official aid flows from <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> members. In 2011, India got $52 billion from its <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, more than it took in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_services_2">Financial services</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Financial services">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unbanked" title="Unbanked">Unbanked</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">Microfinance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">Microcredit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg/220px-Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg/330px-Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg/440px-Kiwanja_uganda_charging_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Microloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Microloan">Microloans</a>, made famous by the <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a>, is where small amounts of money are loaned to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history.. However, microlending has been criticized for making hyperprofits off the poor even from its founder, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> and in India, <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> asserts that some 250,000 debt-ridden farmers have been driven to suicide.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Those in poverty place more importance on having a safe place to save money than on receiving loans.<a href="#cite_note-time.com-298">[298]</a> Additionally, a large part of <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">microfinance</a> loans are spent not on investments but on products that would usually be paid by a <a href="/wiki/Checking_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Checking account">checking</a> or <a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">savings account</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time.com-298">[298]</a> A large portion of the poor are <a href="/wiki/Unbanked" title="Unbanked">unbanked</a> because it is often not profitable to open bank accounts for the poor. One altervative option is the <a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">postal savings system</a>. Another option is <a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">mobile banking</a> which utilizes the wide availability of mobile phones.<a href="#cite_note-time.com-298">[298]</a> This usually involves a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers who would take deposits in cash and translate these onto an account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a> safer.<a href="#cite_note-safaricom-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currencies</a> could allow, even in areas without internet access, digital transactions with little or no cost using simple feature phones.<a href="#cite_note-imfblog-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_vocational_training">Education and vocational training</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Education and vocational training">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/220px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/330px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/440px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Early childhood education through <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ziway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziway">Ziway</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a> through <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> or charitable organizations rather than through tuition, from <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">early childhood education</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary level">tertiary level</a> provides children from low-income families who may not otherwise have the financial resources with better job prospects and higher earnings and promotes social mobility.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Job_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Job training">Job training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> programs that target training in technical skills in specific industries or occupations that are in high demand can reduce poverty and wealth concentration.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> Strategies to provide education cost effectively include <a href="/wiki/Deworming" title="Deworming">deworming</a> children, which costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, illness and malnutrition, while being only a twenty-fifth as expensive as increasing school attendance by constructing schools.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> Schoolgirl absenteeism could be cut in half by simply providing free <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_towel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary towel">sanitary towels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Paying for school meals is argued to be an efficient strategy in increasing school enrollment, reducing absenteeism and increasing student attention.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations can be encouraged by a form of aid known as <a href="/wiki/Conditional_cash_transfer" title="Conditional cash transfer">conditional cash transfers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-308">[308]</a> In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16- to 19-year-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height.<a href="#cite_note-csm-309">[309]</a> Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.<a href="#cite_note-csm-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstacles">Obstacles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Obstacles">edit</a>]</div> Economist <a href="/wiki/William_Easterly" title="William Easterly">William Easterly</a> diagnoses a problem with the traditional approach to poverty reduction, whose advocates he calls "Planners." He notes that $2.3 trillion were spent on <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">foreign aid</a> in five decades, yet twelve-cent medicines were not able to be given to children to prevent <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-related deaths and three dollars were not given to new mothers to help prevent millions of child deaths. He argues that even though the aid was well-meaning, it failed to bring results because "Planners," and not "Searchers," are supplying it.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Planners </th> <th>Searchers </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unable to motivate people to carry out their good intentions </td> <td>Find ways to make things work </td></tr> <tr> <td>Take no responsibility for their actions </td> <td>Accept responsibility </td></tr> <tr> <td>Determine what to supply </td> <td>Find out what is in demand </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apply global blueprints </td> <td>Adapt to local conditions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lack knowledge of the bottom </td> <td>Find out what the reality is at the bottom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Believe outsiders know enough to offer solutions </td> <td>Believe that solutions must be homegrown </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antipoverty_institutions">Antipoverty institutions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Antipoverty institutions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergovernmental_organizations">Intergovernmental organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Intergovernmental organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></div> In 2015 all UN Member States adopted the 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Post-2015_Development_Agenda" title="Post-2015 Development Agenda">Post-2015 Development Agenda</a>, which sought to create a future global development framework to succeed the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>, which were goals set in 2000 and were meant to be achieved by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Most targets are to be achieved by 2030, although some have no end date.<a href="#cite_note-UN_Stats-2017-312">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">Goal 1</a> is to "end poverty in all its forms everywhere".<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> It aims to eliminate extreme poverty for all people measured by daily wages less than $1.25 and at least half the total number of men, women, and children living in poverty. In addition, social protection systems must be established at the national level and equal access to economic resources must be ensured.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Strategies have to be developed at the national, regional and international levels to support the eradication of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_banks">Development banks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Development banks">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Development_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Development bank">Development bank</a></div> A development financial institution, also known as a development bank, is a <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institution</a> that provides <a href="/wiki/Risk_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk capital">risk capital</a> for <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development projects</a> on a non-commercial basis. They are often established and owned by governments to finance projects that would otherwise not be able to get financing from commercial lenders. These include <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">international financial institutions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, which is the largest development bank. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nongovernmental_organizations">Nongovernmental organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nongovernmental organizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organization">Nongovernmental organization</a></div> In recent decades, the number of <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organization">nongovernmental organizations</a> has increased dramatically. The <a href="/wiki/High_level_forums_on_aid_effectiveness" title="High level forums on aid effectiveness">High level forums on aid effectiveness</a> that was coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> found that this leads to fragmentation where too many agencies were financing too many small projects using too many different procedures and that the civil service of the donor countries were overstretched producing reports for each.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> A major proportion of aid from donor nations is <a href="/wiki/Tied_aid" title="Tied aid">tied</a>, mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> US law requires <a href="/wiki/Food_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Food aid">food aid</a> be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Domestic NGOs have more expertise in their respective regions and have less overhead and thus tend to be more efficient in delivering aid but receive less funding. Housing only for a Western aid worker in Ethiopia is enough to pay the salaries of four or five local NGO workers, for example. Bilateral government aid programs such as <a href="/wiki/US_Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="US Agency for International Development">US Agency for International Development</a> aim to increase their share of funding to go through 'local partners', called 'localizing'. The obstacles include accountability where it is easier to delegate responsibility for spending on one international NGO than having to track tax payer money going to numerous smaller domestic NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For-profit_institutions">For-profit institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: For-profit institutions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Poverty_industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty industrial complex">Poverty industrial complex</a> refers to for-profit companies taking over roles previously held by government agencies. The incentive for profit in such companies has been argued to interfere with efficiently providing the needed services. Aid from richer nations increasingly go through for profit institutions. Such hospitals are found to imprison patients and retain corpses for non-payment of fees.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_theories">Economic theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Economic theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_poverty" title="Causes of poverty">Causes of poverty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/330px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/495px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg/660px-20220801_Economic_stratification_-_cross-class_friendships_-_bar_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption> Data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.<a href="#cite_note-EconomicStratification-321">[321]</a> However, social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility.<a href="#cite_note-EconomicStratification-321">[321]</a></figcaption></figure> The cause of poverty is a highly ideologically charged subject, as different causes point to different remedies. Very broadly speaking, the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> tradition locates the roots of poverty in problems of distribution and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> as capital benefiting individuals, and calls for <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> as the solution, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> school of thought holds that creating conditions for profitable private investment is the solution. Neoliberal <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> have received extensive funding,<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> and proponents of neoliberalism have been able to apply their ideas in highly indebted countries in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global South</a> as a condition for receiving emergency loans from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. The existence of inequality is in part due to a set of self-reinforcing behaviors that all together constitute one aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">cycle of poverty</a>. These behaviors, in addition to unfavorable, external circumstances, also explain the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Matthew_effect" title="Matthew effect">Matthew effect</a>, which not only exacerbates existing inequality, but is more likely to make it multigenerational. Widespread, multigenerational poverty is an important contributor to civil unrest and political instability.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram G. Rajan</a>, former governor of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> and former chief economist at the International Monetary Fund, has blamed the ever-widening gulf between the rich and the poor, especially <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">in the US</a>, to be one of the main fault lines which caused the financial institutions to pump money into <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgages" class="mw-redirect" title="Subprime mortgages">subprime mortgages</a>—on political behest, as a palliative and not a remedy, for poverty—causing the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">financial crisis of 2007–2009</a>. In Rajan's view the main cause of the increasing gap between high income and low income earners was lack of equal access to higher education for the latter.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> Several studies have found a relationship between poverty reduction and good governance. A number of articles have found linkages between poverty reduction and good governance.<a href="#cite_note-:3-325">[325]</a> Some find that economic growth is more impactful at reducing poverty in well governed countries.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a> Others find that there is a direct effect of governance on poverty reduction.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a> Research also finds that governance above a certain level contributes to poverty reduction.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> Others still find a relationship between governance and poverty even controlling for economic growth, indicating an independent association.<a href="#cite_note-:3-325">[325]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">data based</a> scientific <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a>, which studied the impact of <a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">dynastic politics</a> on the level of poverty of the provinces, found a <a href="/wiki/Correlation_and_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlation and dependence">positive correlation</a> between dynastic politics and poverty; i.e. the higher proportion of dynastic politicians in power in a province leads to higher poverty rate.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> There is significant evidence that these political dynasties use their political dominance over their respective regions to enrich themselves, using methods such as graft or outright bribery of legislators.<a href="#cite_note-enough8-334">[334]</a> Most economic historians believe that throughout most of human history, extreme poverty was the norm for roughly 90% of the population, and only with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> in the 19th century were the masses of people lifted out of it.<a href="#cite_note-SullivanHickel2023-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vox_2019-02-12-336">[336]</a>: <span title="Page: 1
Quotation: "But in some ways, Hickel's response reflects the crux of the dispute between him and Roser. Roser — like most economic historians — does not view poverty as created but as the original state of humankind from its inception until the Industrial Revolution."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">1  This narrative is advanced by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ravallion" title="Martin Ravallion">Martin Ravallion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Kristof" title="Nicholas Kristof">Nicholas Kristof</a>,<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> Some academics, including Dylan Sullivan and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> have challenged this contemporary mainstream narrative on poverty, arguing that extreme poverty was not the norm throughout human history, but emerged during "periods of severe social and economic dislocation", including high European feudalism and the apex of the Roman Empire, and that it expanded significantly after 1500 with the emergence of colonialism and the beginnings of capitalism, stating that "the expansion of the capitalist world-system caused a dramatic and prolonged process of impoverishment on a scale unparalleled in recorded history." Sullivan and Hickel assert that only with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> and socialist political movements in the 20th century did human welfare begin to see significant improvement.<a href="#cite_note-SullivanHickel2023-335">[335]</a> However, all scholars and intellectuals, including Hickel, agree that the incomes of the poorest people in the world have increased since 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Vox_2019-02-12-336">[336]</a> Nevertheless, Sullivan and Hickel argue that poverty persists under contemporary global capitalism (in spite of it being highly productive) because masses of working people are cut off from common land and resources, have no ownership or control over the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, and have their labor power "appropriated by a ruling class or an external imperial power," thereby maintaining extreme inequality.<a href="#cite_note-SullivanHickel2023-335">[335]</a> Marian L. Tupy, a senior fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian">right-libertarian</a> think tank, criticized Hickel's claim that people before industrialization lived well without a lot of monetary income, stating that "The evidence from contemporary accounts and academic research" shows that "Compared to today, Western European living standards prior to industrialization were miserably low.", that "poverty was widespread and it was precisely the onset of industrialization and global trade … which led to poverty alleviation first in the West and then in the Rest."<a href="#cite_note-:1-340">[340]</a> and that both <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, while advocating for socialism, recognized that the capitalist system developing around them had improved people's material conditions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-340">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> It is sometimes argued that poverty is a violation of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> state that “Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>.”<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Environmentalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Climate change and poverty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg/170px-Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg/255px-Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg/340px-Polar_Bears_Fight_Climate_Poverty_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against climate poverty in 2007.</figcaption></figure> The poor tend to suffer most from environmental degradation caused by reckless <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation of natural resources</a> by the rich.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> For example, it is estimated that 92% of accumulated greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to countries from the Global North while 8% of emissions are attributed to countries from the Global South.<a href="#cite_note-Hickel_2020-343">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-344">[344]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> suffer 99% of the casualties attributable to climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Human_Development_Report-345">[345]</a> This unfair distribution of environmental burdens and benefits has generated the global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">environmental justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">climate justice</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Brundtland Report</a> concluded that poverty causes <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, while other theories like <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">environmentalism of the poor</a> conclude that the global poor may be the most important force for sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a> A 2013 <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> report estimated that climate change was likely to hinder future attempts to reduce poverty with a 2016 UN report claiming that by 2030, an additional 122 million more people could be driven to extreme poverty because of climate change.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> The possible impacts of a temperature rise of 2 °C include: regular food shortages in Sub-Saharan Africa; a deficiency in water availability, with droughts predicted to happen much faster and last longer;<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> degradation and loss of reefs in South East Asia, resulting in reduced fish stocks; and coastal communities and cities more vulnerable to increasingly violent storms.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">Green imperialism</a> is the term used to refer to influencing poorer nations in the name of environmentalism. <a href="/wiki/Green_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green colonialism">Green colonialism</a> is grabbing of land in the name of environmentalism. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a> is the conservation model based on the belief that biodiversity protection is best achieved by creating protected areas in isolation from humans and this has led to the eviction of indigenous people. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">Evangelical counsels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg/220px-50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg/330px-50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg/440px-50%E7%95%AA%E7%B9%81%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BA%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A7%E6%89%98%E9%89%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E9%81%8D%E8%B7%AFP1010122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A Japanese Buddhist pilgrim on <a href="/wiki/Takuhatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuhatsu">alms round</a> (during <a href="/wiki/Shikoku_Pilgrimage" title="Shikoku Pilgrimage">Shikoku Pilgrimage</a> in Shikoku, Japan)</figcaption></figure> Among some individuals, poverty is considered a necessary or desirable condition, which must be embraced to reach certain spiritual, moral, or intellectual states. Poverty is often understood to be an essential element of <a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">renunciation</a> in religions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (only for monks, not for lay persons) and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, whilst in <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christianity</a>, in particular Roman Catholicism, it is one of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">evangelical counsels</a>. Some Christian communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/The_Simple_Way" title="The Simple Way">Simple Way</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> value voluntary poverty;<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> some even take a vow of poverty, similar to that of the traditional Catholic orders, in order to live a more complete life of discipleship.<a href="#cite_note-Oved_2017-352">[352]</a> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Mendicancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicancy">mendicancy</a>, where one chooses to rely chiefly or exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> to survive. The main aim of giving up things of the materialistic world is to withdraw oneself from sensual pleasures (as they are considered illusionary and only temporary in some religions—such as the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dunya" title="Dunya">dunya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> referred to "the spirit of poverty" as a fundamental characteristic of a Christian life,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> while Pope <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> distinguished between "poverty chosen" (the poverty of spirit proposed by Jesus), and "poverty to be fought" (unjust and imposed poverty).<a href="#cite_note-Benedict-354">[354]</a> Voluntary poverty can also be the result of <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> with the poor.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Benedict XVI considered that such solidarity is a necessary condition to fight effectively to eradicate the non-voluntary poverty.<a href="#cite_note-Benedict-354">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Accumulation by dispossession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_of_the_pyramid" title="Bottom of the pyramid">Bottom of the pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_poverty" title="Cost of poverty">Cost of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution of wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_bank" title="Food bank">Food bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_disparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Income disparity">Income disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">International development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenilization_of_poverty" title="Juvenilization of poverty">Juvenilization of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_inequality" title="List of countries by income inequality">List of countries by income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">List of sovereign states by wealth inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">Redistribution of income and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social programs">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_floor" title="Social protection floor">Social protection floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">Social safety net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Poverty_Clock" title="World Poverty Clock">World Poverty Clock</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909130506/https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/poverty/">"Ending Poverty"</a>. United Nations. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/poverty/">the original</a> on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Ending+Poverty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fissues-depth%2Fpoverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco.org-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco.org_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco.org_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/">"Poverty | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"</a>. www.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209025852/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+%7C+United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fsocial-and-human-sciences%2Fthemes%2Finternational-migration%2Fglossary%2Fpoverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWiD_EP-3"><a href="#cite_ref-OWiD_EP_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoserOrtiz-Ospina2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roser, Max; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty">"Global Extreme Poverty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330142651/https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Global+Extreme+Poverty&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Ortiz-Ospina%2C+Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fextreme-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries and Situations", The World Bank Group A to Z 2016, The World Bank, pp. 60a–62, 7 October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0484-7_fragile_and_conflict_affected">10.1596/978-1-4648-0484-7_fragile_and_conflict_affected</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0484-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0484-7"><bdi>978-1-4648-0484-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Group+A+to+Z+2016&rft.atitle=Fragile+and+Conflict-Affected+Countries+and+Situations&rft.pages=60a-62&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0484-7_fragile_and_conflict_affected&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-0484-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> B. Milanovic, Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization (Harvard Univ. Press, 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdpicampaigns" class="citation web cs1">dpicampaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/">"Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere"</a>. United Nations Sustainable Development. Retrieved 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Goal+1%3A+End+poverty+in+all+its+forms+everywhere&rft.au=dpicampaigns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsustainabledevelopment%2Fpoverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat2005" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Walter (2005). An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44052-1"><bdi>978-0-486-44052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-486-44052-1&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf">"Indicators of Poverty & Hunger"</a> (PDF). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230622/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicators+of+Poverty+%26+Hunger&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fsocdev%2Funyin%2Fdocuments%2FydiDavidGordon_poverty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:22569747~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">"Poverty and Inequality Analysis"</a>. worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603165721/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:22569747~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+Inequality+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTPOVERTY%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A22569747~pagePK%3A148956~piPK%3A216618~theSitePK%3A336992%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchgate.net-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate.net_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-researchgate.net_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak2015" class="citation book cs1">Dvorak, Jaroslav (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328718886">"European Union Definition of Poverty"</a>. The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781483345727.n270">10.4135/9781483345727.n270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4570-3"><bdi>978-1-4833-4570-3</bdi></a> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Union+Definition+of+Poverty&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+World+Poverty&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781483345727.n270&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-4570-3&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F328718886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map">"Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119063653/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?view=map">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%241.90+a+day+%282011+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Fview%3Dmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN1995-12"><a href="#cite_ref-UN1995_12-0">^</a> UN declaration at World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/mission/up2.htm">"Poverty"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830075349/http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/mission/up2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fpoverty%2Fmission%2Fup2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SachsEndofPoverty2005-14"><a href="#cite_ref-SachsEndofPoverty2005_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2005" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Poverty" title="The End of Poverty">The End of Poverty</a>. Penguin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endofpovertyecon00sach/page/416">416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-045-8"><bdi>978-1-59420-045-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Poverty&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-045-8&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dollar-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dollar_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dollar_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dollar_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevichand2007" class="citation news cs1">Devichand, Mukul (2 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7122356.stm">"When a dollar a day means 25 cents"</a>. bbcnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813032040/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7122356.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=When+a+dollar+a+day+means+25+cents&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft.aulast=Devichand&rft.aufirst=Mukul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7122356.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallionChenSangraula2008" class="citation web cs1">Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua & Sangraula, Prem (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/09/02/000158349_20080902095754/Rendered/PDF/wps4620.pdf">"Dollar a Day Revisited"</a> (PDF). The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805165034/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2008/09/02/000158349_20080902095754/Rendered/PDF/wps4620.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dollar+a+Day+Revisited&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shaohua&rft.au=Sangraula%2C+Prem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FIW3P%2FIB%2F2008%2F09%2F02%2F000158349_20080902095754%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps4620.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dollarrevisited2008-17"><a href="#cite_ref-dollarrevisited2008_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallionChenSangraula2008" class="citation report cs1">Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua; Sangraula, Prem (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/02/000158349_20080902095754/Rendered/PDF/wps4620.pdf">Dollar a Day Revisited</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222220/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/02/000158349_20080902095754/Rendered/PDF/wps4620.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dollar+a+Day+Revisited&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shaohua&rft.au=Sangraula%2C+Prem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fservlet%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2008%2F09%2F02%2F000158349_20080902095754%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps4620.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RavaillionWB26Jun2009-18"><a href="#cite_ref-RavaillionWB26Jun2009_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallionChenSangraula2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ravallion, Martin; Chen, Shaohua; Sangraula, Prem (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4499/wber_23_2_163.pdf?sequence=1">"Dollar a day"</a> (PDF). The World Bank Economic Review. 23 (2): 163–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwber%2Flhp007">10.1093/wber/lhp007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-6770">0258-6770</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26832525">26832525</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183657/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/4499/wber_23_2_163.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Dollar+a+day&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-184&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26832525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0258-6770&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwber%2Flhp007&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Shaohua&rft.au=Sangraula%2C+Prem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F4499%2Fwber_23_2_163.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030">""The Bank uses an updated international poverty line of US $1.90 a day, which incorporates new information on differences in the cost of living across countries (the PPP exchange rates).""</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202525/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Bank+uses+an+updated+international+poverty+line+of+US+%241.90+a+day%2C+which+incorporates+new+information+on+differences+in+the+cost+of+living+across+countries+%28the+PPP+exchange+rates%29.%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2015%2F10%2F04%2Fworld-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWDI" class="citation web cs1">WDI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/societal-poverty-a-global-measure-of-relative-poverty.html">"Societal poverty a global measure of relative poverty"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303151843/https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/stories/societal-poverty-a-global-measure-of-relative-poverty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Societal+poverty+a+global+measure+of+relative+poverty&rft.au=WDI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdatatopics.worldbank.org%2Fworld-development-indicators%2Fstories%2Fsocietal-poverty-a-global-measure-of-relative-poverty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> International Food Policy Research Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/publication/worlds-most-deprived">The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323220931/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/worlds-most-deprived">Archived</a> 23 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washington: IFPRI Oct 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206003015/http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/methods/definitions.html">"Poverty Definitions"</a>. US Census Bureau. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/methods/definitions.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+Definitions&rft.pub=US+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fwww%2Fpoverty%2Fmethods%2Fdefinitions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb2010a-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wb2010a_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wb2010a_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210022841/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:22510787~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">"World Bank's $1.25/day poverty measure – countering the latest criticisms"</a>. The World Bank. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:22510787~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469382,00.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank%27s+%241.25%2Fday+poverty+measure+%E2%80%93+countering+the+latest+criticisms&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTDEC%2FEXTRESEARCH%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A22510787~pagePK%3A64165401~piPK%3A64165026~theSitePK%3A469382%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2011-11/16/content_1994729_3.htm">"New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China (1,274 yuan per year = US$ 0.55 per day)"</a>. The Government of China. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714022605/http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2011-11/16/content_1994729_3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Progress+in+Development-oriented+Poverty+Reduction+Program+for+Rural+China+%281%2C274+yuan+per+year+%3D+US%24+0.55+per+day%29&rft.pub=The+Government+of+China&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fofficial%2F2011-11%2F16%2Fcontent_1994729_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2009" class="citation journal cs1">Subramanian, S. (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14649880802675168">"Poverty Measurement in the Presence of a 'Group-Affiliation' Externality"</a>. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 10 (1): 63–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14649880802675168">10.1080/14649880802675168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-2829">1945-2829</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154177441">154177441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Development+and+Capabilities&rft.atitle=Poverty+Measurement+in+the+Presence+of+a+%27Group-Affiliation%27+Externality&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-76&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154177441%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-2829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14649880802675168&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14649880802675168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/global-news/statements/2016/mar/23/gayle-smith/did-we-really-reduce-extreme-poverty-half-30-years/">"Did we really reduce extreme poverty by half in 30 years?"</a>. @politifact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526130914/https://www.politifact.com/global-news/statements/2016/mar/23/gayle-smith/did-we-really-reduce-extreme-poverty-half-30-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40politifact&rft.atitle=Did+we+really+reduce+extreme+poverty+by+half+in+30+years%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fglobal-news%2Fstatements%2F2016%2Fmar%2F23%2Fgayle-smith%2Fdid-we-really-reduce-extreme-poverty-half-30-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2019" class="citation news cs1">Hickel, Jason (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/bill-gates-davos-global-poverty-infographic-neoliberal">"Bill Gates says poverty is decreasing. He couldn't be more wrong"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129191021/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/29/bill-gates-davos-global-poverty-infographic-neoliberal">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+says+poverty+is+decreasing.+He+couldn%27t+be+more+wrong&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fjan%2F29%2Fbill-gates-davos-global-poverty-infographic-neoliberal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/03/16/four-reasons-question-official-poverty-eradication-story-2015">"Four Reasons to Question the Official 'Poverty Eradication' Story of 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913215402/http://www.commondreams.org/views/2015/03/16/four-reasons-question-official-poverty-eradication-story-2015">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Reasons+to+Question+the+Official+%27Poverty+Eradication%27+Story+of+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commondreams.org%2Fviews%2F2015%2F03%2F16%2Ffour-reasons-question-official-poverty-eradication-story-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2020" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (7 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/07/we-squandered-a-decade-world-losing-fight-against-poverty-says-un-academic">"'We squandered a decade': world losing fight against poverty, says UN academic"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710213428/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/07/we-squandered-a-decade-world-losing-fight-against-poverty-says-un-academic">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27We+squandered+a+decade%27%3A+world+losing+fight+against+poverty%2C+says+UN+academic&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fjul%2F07%2Fwe-squandered-a-decade-world-losing-fight-against-poverty-says-un-academic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/93518/Hung_0603/Hu_0603/Module4MeasuringPovertyMeasures.pdf">"Poverty Measures"</a> (PDF). The World Bank. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710075625/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/93518/Hung_0603/Hu_0603/Module4MeasuringPovertyMeasures.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+Measures&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.worldbank.org%2Fetools%2Fdocs%2Flibrary%2F93518%2FHung_0603%2FHu_0603%2FModule4MeasuringPovertyMeasures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1976" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Amartya (March 1976). "Poverty: An Ordinal Approach to Measurement". Econometrica. 44 (2): 219–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912718">10.2307/1912718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1912718">1912718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Econometrica&rft.atitle=Poverty%3A+An+Ordinal+Approach+to+Measurement&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-231&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1912718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1912718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amartya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Lipton, Michael (1986), 'Seasonality and ultra-poverty', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Innocenti2012-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2012_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2012" class="citation web cs1">Adamson, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612021633/http://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/imce_uploads/DISCOVER/OUR%20WORK/ADVOCACY/DOMESTIC/POLICY%20ADVOCACY/DOCS/unicefreportcard10-eng.pdf">"Measuring child poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world's rich countries – UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre Report Card – number 10"</a> (PDF). Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.ca/sites/default/files/imce_uploads/DISCOVER/OUR%20WORK/ADVOCACY/DOMESTIC/POLICY%20ADVOCACY/DOCS/unicefreportcard10-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+child+poverty%3A+New+league+tables+of+child+poverty+in+the+world%27s+rich+countries+%E2%80%93+UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre+Report+Card+%E2%80%93+number+10&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimce_uploads%2FDISCOVER%2FOUR%2520WORK%2FADVOCACY%2FDOMESTIC%2FPOLICY%2520ADVOCACY%2FDOCS%2Funicefreportcard10-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rep1964-34"><a href="#cite_ref-rep1964_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Minority [Republican] views, p. 46 in U.S. Congress, Report of the Joint Economic Committee on the January 1964 Economic Report of the President with Minority and Additional Views (Report). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. January 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Minority+%5BRepublican%5D+views%2C+p.+46+in+U.S.+Congress%2C+Report+of+the+Joint+Economic+Committee+on+the+January+1964+Economic+Report+of+the+President+with+Minority+and+Additional+Views&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1964-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdamSmith1776-35"><a href="#cite_ref-AdamSmith1776_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1776" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith, Adam</a> (1776). An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Vol. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Enquiry+into+the+Nature+and+Causes+of+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.date=1776&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012-36"><a href="#cite_ref-relativeBradshawInnocenti2012_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshawChzhenMainMartorano2012" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bradshaw" title="Jonathan Bradshaw">Bradshaw, Jonathan</a>; Chzhen, Yekaterina; Main, Gill; Martorano, Bruno; Menchini, Leonardo; Chris de Neubourg (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2012_01.pdf">Relative Income Poverty among Children in Rich Countries</a> (PDF) (Report). Innocenti Working Paper. Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1014-7837">1014-7837</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218081719/http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/iwp_2012_01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Relative+Income+Poverty+among+Children+in+Rich+Countries&rft.place=Florence&rft.series=Innocenti+Working+Paper&rft.pub=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft.date=2012-01&rft.issn=1014-7837&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Chzhen%2C+Yekaterina&rft.au=Main%2C+Gill&rft.au=Martorano%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Menchini%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Chris+de+Neubourg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef-irc.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Fiwp_2012_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICEF2000-37"><a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF2000_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">A League Table of Child Poverty in Rich Nations – Innocenti Report Card No.1 (Report). Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=A+League+Table+of+Child+Poverty+in+Rich+Nations+%E2%80%93+Innocenti+Report+Card+No.1&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=UNICEF+Innocenti+Research+Centre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raphael2009-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Raphael2009_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphael2009" class="citation journal cs1">Raphael, Dennis (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314094520/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mcgill/cjnr/2009/00000041/00000002/art00002">"Poverty, Human Development, and Health in Canada: Research, Practice, and Advocacy Dilemmas"</a>. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research. 41 (2): 7–18. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650510">19650510</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ingentaconnect.com/content/mcgill/cjnr/2009/00000041/00000002/art00002;jsessionid=3qnp6afbwou10.alexandra">the original</a> on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Nursing+Research&rft.atitle=Poverty%2C+Human+Development%2C+and+Health+in+Canada%3A+Research%2C+Practice%2C+and+Advocacy+Dilemmas&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19650510&rft.aulast=Raphael&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fmcgill%2Fcjnr%2F2009%2F00000041%2F00000002%2Fart00002%3Bjsessionid%3D3qnp6afbwou10.alexandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innocenti2005-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Innocenti2005_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Child poverty in rich nations: Report card no. 6 (Report). <a href="/wiki/UNICEF#Innocenti_Research_Centre" title="UNICEF">Innocenti Research Centre</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Child+poverty+in+rich+nations%3A+Report+card+no.+6&rft.pub=Innocenti+Research+Centre&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2008-40"><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2008_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/41527936.pdf">"Growing unequal? Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries"</a> (PDF). Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160312195836/http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/41527936.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growing+unequal%3F+Income+distribution+and+poverty+in+OECD+countries&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Fsoc%2F41527936.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDP2008-41"><a href="#cite_ref-UNDP2008_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Human development report: Capacity development: Empowering people and institutions (Report). Geneva: United Nations Development Program. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Human+development+report%3A+Capacity+development%3A+Empowering+people+and+institutions&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Program&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConferenceBoard2013-42"><a href="#cite_ref-ConferenceBoard2013_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/society/child-poverty.aspx">"Child Poverty"</a>. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604202933/http://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/details/society/child-poverty.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Poverty&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=Conference+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conferenceboard.ca%2Fhcp%2Fdetails%2Fsociety%2Fchild-poverty.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-povinequalityCSP-43"><a href="#cite_ref-povinequalityCSP_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxvan_den_Bosch" class="citation web cs1">Marx, Ive; van den Bosch, Karel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1001617/4577263/1-1-I-MARX.pdf">"How Poverty Differs From Inequality, On Poverty Management in an Enlarged EU Context: Conventional and Alternative Approaches"</a> (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Antwerp: Centre for Social Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003141347/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/1001617/4577263/1-1-I-MARX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=How+Poverty+Differs+From+Inequality%2C+On+Poverty+Management+in+an+Enlarged+EU+Context%3A+Conventional+and+Alternative+Approaches&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Ive&rft.au=van+den+Bosch%2C+Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F1001617%2F4577263%2F1-1-I-MARX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlastland,_Michael2009" class="citation news cs1">Blastland, Michael (31 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm">"Just what is poor?"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 25 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Just+what+is+poor%3F&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.au=Blastland%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F8177864.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankiw2016" class="citation book cs1">Mankiw, Gregory (2016). Principles of Economics. Boston: Cengage. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-58512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-58512-6"><bdi>978-1-305-58512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Economics&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-305-58512-6&rft.aulast=Mankiw&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map">"GINI index (World Bank estimate) | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729153431/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Fview%3Dmap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyReyes2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Melissa A.; Reyes, Adriana M. (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/1/104/2605202">"The Longevity Legacy of World War II: The Intersection of GI Status and Mortality"</a>. The Gerontologist. 56 (1): 104–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnv041">10.1093/geront/gnv041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-9013">0016-9013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26220413">26220413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013182949/https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/56/1/104/2605202">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gerontologist&rft.atitle=The+Longevity+Legacy+of+World+War+II%3A+The+Intersection+of+GI+Status+and+Mortality&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-114&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.issn=0016-9013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26220413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgeront%2Fgnv041&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Melissa+A.&rft.au=Reyes%2C+Adriana+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fgerontologist%2Farticle%2F56%2F1%2F104%2F2605202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf">"Levels and Trends in Child Mortality"</a> (PDF). UNICEF, World Health Organization, The World Bank and UN Population Division. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822173244/http://www.childinfo.org/files/Child_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Levels+and+Trends+in+Child+Mortality&rft.pub=UNICEF%2C+World+Health+Organization%2C+The+World+Bank+and+UN+Population+Division&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.childinfo.org%2Ffiles%2FChild_Mortality_Report_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kenny, Charles (2005). "Why Are We Worried About Income? Nearly Everything that Matters is Converging". World Development. 33: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2004.06.016">10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.06.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Why+Are+We+Worried+About+Income%3F+Nearly+Everything+that+Matters+is+Converging&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2004.06.016&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> H Silver, 1994, social exclusion and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity (sociology)">social solidarity</a>, in International Labour Review, 133 5–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> G Simmel, The poor, Social Problems 1965 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend1979-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Townsend1979_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend,_P.1979" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, P. (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Townsend%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm">"A Glossary for Social Epidemiology"</a>. World Health Organization. March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629174304/http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+for+Social+Epidemiology&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paho.org%2Fenglish%2Fsha%2Fbe_v23n1-glossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512074344/http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM">"Journal of Poverty"</a>. Journal of Poverty. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM">the original</a> on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Poverty&rft.pub=Journal+of+Poverty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofpoverty.org%2FJOPPURP%2FJOPPURP.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonElwood2018" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Victoria; Elwood, Sarah, eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.berkeley.edu/permalink/01UCS_BER/1thfj9n/alma991085855291906532">Relational Poverty Politics: Forms, Struggles, and Possibilities</a>. The University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5312-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-5312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relational+Poverty+Politics%3A+Forms%2C+Struggles%2C+and+Possibilities&rft.pub=The+University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5312-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.library.berkeley.edu%2Fpermalink%2F01UCS_BER%2F1thfj9n%2Falma991085855291906532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian1-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian1_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Javed (19 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/19/the-welfare-reform-and-work-bill-will-make-poor-children-poorer">"The welfare reform and work bill will make poor children poorer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728160722/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jul/19/the-welfare-reform-and-work-bill-will-make-poor-children-poorer">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+welfare+reform+and+work+bill+will+make+poor+children+poorer&rft.date=2015-07-19&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Javed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2015%2Fjul%2F19%2Fthe-welfare-reform-and-work-bill-will-make-poor-children-poorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/24/record-numbers-working-families-poverty-joseph-rowntree-foundation">"Record numbers of working families in poverty due to low-paid jobs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 24 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814184047/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/nov/24/record-numbers-working-families-poverty-joseph-rowntree-foundation">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Record+numbers+of+working+families+in+poverty+due+to+low-paid+jobs&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2014%2Fnov%2F24%2Frecord-numbers-working-families-poverty-joseph-rowntree-foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend1979" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Peter (1979). Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. University of California Press. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03976-6"><bdi>978-0-520-03976-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+in+the+United+Kingdom%3A+A+Survey+of+Household+Resources+and+Standards+of+Living&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03976-6&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swatos1998-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Swatos1998_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwatos1998" class="citation book cs1">Swatos, William H. (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.aulast=Swatos&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/530">"The economic lives of the poor"</a>. MIT. October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523002625/http://economics.mit.edu/files/530">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+economic+lives+of+the+poor&rft.pub=MIT&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomics.mit.edu%2Ffiles%2F530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Michael_CoxAlm1995" class="citation report cs1">W. Michael Cox; Alm, Richard (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/fed/annual/1999/ar95.pdf">By Our Own Bootstraps</a> (PDF) (Report). Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511155143/http://dallasfed.org/assets/documents/fed/annual/1999/ar95.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=By+Our+Own+Bootstraps&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Dallas&rft.date=1995&rft.au=W.+Michael+Cox&rft.au=Alm%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasfed.org%2Fassets%2Fdocuments%2Ffed%2Fannual%2F1999%2Far95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505172648/http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/incomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf">Income Mobility in the U.S. from 1996 to 2005</a> (PDF) (Report). Department of the Treasury. 13 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/tax-policy/Documents/incomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Income+Mobility+in+the+U.S.+from+1996+to+2005&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Treasury&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fresource-center%2Ftax-policy%2FDocuments%2Fincomemobilitystudy03-08revise.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenRavallioniz2008" class="citation web cs1">Chen, Shaohua & Ravallioniz, Martin (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2010/01/21/000158349_20100121133109/Rendered/PDF/WPS4703.pdf">"The Developing World Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful in the Fight against Poverty"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417182722/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2010/01/21/000158349_20100121133109/Rendered/PDF/WPS4703.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Developing+World+Is+Poorer+Than+We+Thought%2C+But+No+Less+Successful+in+the+Fight+against+Poverty&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Shaohua&rft.au=Ravallioniz%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FIW3P%2FIB%2F2010%2F01%2F21%2F000158349_20100121133109%2FRendered%2FPDF%2FWPS4703.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/14979330">"Fighting poverty in emerging markets – the gloves go on; Lessons from Brazil, China and India"</a>. The Economist. 26 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908144911/http://www.economist.com/node/14979330">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fighting+poverty+in+emerging+markets+%E2%80%93+the+gloves+go+on%3B+Lessons+from+Brazil%2C+China+and+India&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F14979330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank-Poverty-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldbank-Poverty_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldbank-Poverty_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">"The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty"</a>. Web.worldbank.org. 19 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank%2C+2007%2C+Understanding+Poverty&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTPOVERTY%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20153855~menuPK%3A373757~pagePK%3A148956~piPK%3A216618~theSitePK%3A336992%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PovertyRoser-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PovertyRoser_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PovertyRoser_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoser2015" class="citation journal cs1">Roser, Max (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/data/growth-and-distribution-of-prosperity/world-poverty/">"World Poverty"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927201601/http://ourworldindata.org/data/growth-and-distribution-of-prosperity/world-poverty/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=World+Poverty&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Roser&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fdata%2Fgrowth-and-distribution-of-prosperity%2Fworld-poverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourguignonMorrisson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bourguignon, François; Morrisson, Christian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/BourguignonMorrisson2002.pdf">"Inequality Among World Citizens: 1820–1992"</a> (PDF). American Economic Review. 92 (4): 727–744. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.5.7307">10.1.1.5.7307</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2F00028280260344443">10.1257/00028280260344443</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160218184001/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/BourguignonMorrisson2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Inequality+Among+World+Citizens%3A+1820%E2%80%931992&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-744&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.5.7307%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2F00028280260344443&rft.aulast=Bourguignon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Morrisson%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2FBourguignonMorrisson2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Origins of the Organic Agriculture Debate By Thomas R. DeGregori, 2008, P.128 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Economic Inequality and Poverty International Perspectives Edited by Lars Osberg, 2017, P.71 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/home">"World Bank Group – International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability"</a>. World Bank. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Group+%E2%80%93+International+Development%2C+Poverty%2C+%26+Sustainability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1980s-71"><a href="#cite_ref-1980s_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310150255/http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520">"How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?" Table 3, p. 28"</a>. worldbank.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520">the original</a> on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Have+the+World%27s+Poorest+Fared+Since+the+Early+1980s%3F%22+Table+3%2C+p.+28&rft.pub=worldbank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2Fmain%3FImgPagePK%3D64202990%26entityID%3D000112742_20040722172047%26menuPK%3D64168175%26pagePK%3D64210502%26theSitePK%3D477894%26piPK%3D64210520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ravallion, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123164200/https://academic.oup.com/wbro/article-abstract/28/2/139/1675043/How-Long-Will-It-Take-to-Lift-One-Billion-People#cited-by">"How long will it take to lift one billion people out of poverty?."</a> The World Bank Research Observer 28.2 (2013): 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day">It will take 100 years for the world's poorest people to earn $1.25 a day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424014546/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day">Archived</a> 24 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 31 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadu" class="citation web cs1">Madu, Ernest C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm">"Investment and Development Will Secure the Rights of the Child"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144118/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investment+and+Development+Will+Secure+the+Rights+of+the+Child&rft.aulast=Madu&rft.aufirst=Ernest+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Frightsite%2F364_617.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_World_Bank2016" class="citation report cs1">The World Bank (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf">Global Monitoring Report 2015/2016: Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change</a> (PDF) (Report). Washington, DC: World Bank. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0669-8">10.1596/978-1-4648-0669-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-0669-8"><bdi>978-1-4648-0669-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607170318/http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Global+Monitoring+Report+2015%2F2016%3A+Development+Goals+in+an+Era+of+Demographic+Change&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F978-1-4648-0669-8&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-0669-8&rft.au=The+World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubdocs.worldbank.org%2Fpubdocs%2Fpublicdoc%2F2015%2F10%2F503001444058224597%2FGlobal-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities">"World Bank Sees Progress Against Extreme Poverty, But Flags Vulnerabilities"</a>. The World bank. 29 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123050607/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Sees+Progress+Against+Extreme+Poverty%2C+But+Flags+Vulnerabilities&rft.pub=The+World+bank&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2012%2F02%2F29%2Fworld-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND">"Poverty and Equity – India, 2010 World Bank Country Profile"</a>. Povertydata.worldbank.org. 30 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171125073110/http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Equity+%E2%80%93+India%2C+2010+World+Bank+Country+Profile&rft.pub=Povertydata.worldbank.org&rft.date=2012-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpovertydata.worldbank.org%2Fpoverty%2Fcountry%2FIND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030">"World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030"</a>. Worldbank.org. 4 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202525/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank+Forecasts+Global+Poverty+to+Fall+Below+10%25+for+First+Time%3B+Major+Hurdles+Remain+in+Goal+to+End+Poverty+by+2030&rft.pub=Worldbank.org&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2015%2F10%2F04%2Fworld-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30418/9781464813306_Ch01.pdf">"Ending Extreme Poverty: Progress, but Uneven and Slowing"</a> (PDF). The world Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013412/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/30418/9781464813306_Ch01.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+world+Bank&rft.atitle=Ending+Extreme+Poverty%3A+Progress%2C+but+Uneven+and+Slowing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F30418%2F9781464813306_Ch01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2019" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry (20 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/world-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report">"World's 26 richest people own as much as poorest 50%, says Oxfam"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215040535/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/21/world-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+26+richest+people+own+as+much+as+poorest+50%25%2C+says+Oxfam&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2Fjan%2F21%2Fworld-26-richest-people-own-as-much-as-poorest-50-per-cent-oxfam-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInman2018" class="citation news cs1">Inman, Phillip (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/19/world-bank-reports-slower-progress-on-extreme-poverty">"World Bank reports slower progress on extreme poverty"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013708/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/sep/19/world-bank-reports-slower-progress-on-extreme-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+Bank+reports+slower+progress+on+extreme+poverty&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Inman&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2Fsep%2F19%2Fworld-bank-reports-slower-progress-on-extreme-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Jung2018" class="citation news cs1">Müller-Jung, Friederike (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/world-bank-report-poverty-rates-remain-high-in-africa/a-45926382">"World Bank report: Poverty rates remain high in Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013201/https://www.dw.com/en/world-bank-report-poverty-rates-remain-high-in-africa/a-45926382">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=World+Bank+report%3A+Poverty+rates+remain+high+in+Africa&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Jung&rft.aufirst=Friederike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fworld-bank-report-poverty-rates-remain-high-in-africa%2Fa-45926382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton2018" class="citation web cs1">Charlton, Emma (20 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/why-rich-countries-are-seeing-more-poverty">"Why rich countries are seeing more poverty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021433/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/why-rich-countries-are-seeing-more-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Why+rich+countries+are+seeing+more+poverty&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fagenda%2F2018%2F11%2Fwhy-rich-countries-are-seeing-more-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaymesVidal_de_HaymesMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Haymes, Stephen; Vidal de Haymes, Maria; Miller, Reuben, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&q=microcredit&pg=PA1">The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67344-0"><bdi>978-0-415-67344-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724225952/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&q=microcredit&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Poverty+in+the+United+States&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67344-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnHfBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmicrocredit%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesParkerTen_Bos2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Campbell; Parker, Martin; Ten Bos, Rene (2005). For Business Ethics. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31135-9"><bdi>978-0-415-31135-9</bdi></a>. <q>Critics of neoliberalism have therefore looked at the evidence that documents the results of this great experiment of the past 30 years, in which many markets have been set free. Looking at the evidence, we can see that the total amount of global trade has increased significantly, but that global poverty has increased, with more today living in abject poverty than before neoliberalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Business+Ethics&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31135-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft.au=Parker%2C+Martin&rft.au=Ten+Bos%2C+Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html">"East Asia Remains Robust Despite US Slow Down"</a>. worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110322182301/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Asia+Remains+Robust+Despite+US+Slow+Down&rft.pub=worldbank.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FCOUNTRIES%2FEASTASIAPACIFICEXT%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21550665~pagePK%3A146736~piPK%3A146830~theSitePK%3A226301%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Four Decades of Poverty Reduction in China: Drivers, Insights for the World, and the Way Ahead. World Bank Publications. 2022. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1878-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4648-1878-3"><bdi>978-1-4648-1878-3</bdi></a>. <q>By any measure, the speed and scale of China's poverty reduction is historically unprecedented.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Decades+of+Poverty+Reduction+in+China%3A+Drivers%2C+Insights+for+the+World%2C+and+the+Way+Ahead&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4648-1878-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2015" class="citation news cs1">Stuart, Elizabeth (19 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2015/aug/19/china-poverty-inequality-development-goals">"China has almost wiped out urban poverty. Now it must tackle inequality"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040855/https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2015/aug/19/china-poverty-inequality-development-goals">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=China+has+almost+wiped+out+urban+poverty.+Now+it+must+tackle+inequality&rft.date=2015-08-19&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomics-blog%2F2015%2Faug%2F19%2Fchina-poverty-inequality-development-goals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1972" class="citation book cs1">Perry (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8sa8RCA8VYQC&pg=PA548">Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science, 12/e</a>. Pearson Education. p. 548. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3066-9"><bdi>978-81-317-3066-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092949/https://books.google.com/books?id=8sa8RCA8VYQC&pg=PA548">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Society%3A+An+Introduction+to+Social+Science%2C+12%2Fe&rft.pages=548&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3066-9&rft.au=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8sa8RCA8VYQC%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birthrates-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birthrates_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-birthrates_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/birth-rates-must-be-curbed-to-win-war-on-global-poverty-434387.html">"Birth rates must be curbed to win war on global poverty"</a>. The Independent. London. 31 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215163037/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/birth-rates-must-be-curbed-to-win-war-on-global-poverty-434387.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Birth+rates+must+be+curbed+to+win+war+on+global+poverty&rft.date=2007-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpolitics%2Fbirth-rates-must-be-curbed-to-win-war-on-global-poverty-434387.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumbrun2018" class="citation news cs1">Zumbrun, Josh (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-poverty-falls-below-750-million-report-says-1537366273">"World Poverty Falls Below 750 Million, Report Says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919230436/https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-poverty-falls-below-750-million-report-says-1537366273">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=World+Poverty+Falls+Below+750+Million%2C+Report+Says&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Zumbrun&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fworld-poverty-falls-below-750-million-report-says-1537366273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">"Worldbank.org reference"</a>. Web.worldbank.org. 19 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldbank.org+reference&rft.pub=Web.worldbank.org&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTPOVERTY%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20153855~menuPK%3A373757~pagePK%3A148956~piPK%3A216618~theSitePK%3A336992%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2017). The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16502-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16502-8"><bdi>978-0-691-16502-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Leveler%3A+Violence+and+the+History+of+Inequality+from+the+Stone+Age+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16502-8&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosefielde2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Rosefielde, Steven</a> (2001). "Premature Deaths: Russia's Radical Economic Transition in Soviet Perspective". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Europe-Asia Studies</a>. 53 (8): 1159–1176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668130120093174">10.1080/09668130120093174</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145733112">145733112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Premature+Deaths%3A+Russia%27s+Radical+Economic+Transition+in+Soviet+Perspective&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1159-1176&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668130120093174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145733112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rosefielde&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover">Red Hangover: Legacies of Twentieth-Century Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6949-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6949-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-6949-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032254/https://www.dukeupress.edu/red-hangover">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Hangover%3A+Legacies+of+Twentieth-Century+Communism&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-6949-3&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fred-hangover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattei2022" class="citation book cs1">Mattei, Clara E. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html">The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 301–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81839-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81839-9"><bdi>978-0-226-81839-9</bdi></a>. <q>"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capital+Order%3A+How+Economists+Invented+Austerity+and+Paved+the+Way+to+Fascism&rft.pages=301-303&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-226-81839-9&rft.aulast=Mattei&rft.aufirst=Clara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FC%2Fbo181707138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GhodseeOrenstein-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GhodseeOrenstein_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GhodseeOrenstein_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodseeOrenstein2021" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021). Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549230.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754924-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-754924-7"><bdi>978-0-19-754924-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Stock+of+Shock%3A+Social+Consequences+of+the+1989+Revolutions&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549230.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-754924-7&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Mitchell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416035127/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20398986~menuPK%3A64133163~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html">"World Bank, Data and Statistics, WDI, GDF, & ADI Online Databases"</a>. World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20398986~menuPK:64133163~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank%2C+Data+and+Statistics%2C+WDI%2C+GDF%2C+%26+ADI+Online+Databases&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FDATASTATISTICS%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20398986~menuPK%3A64133163~pagePK%3A64133150~piPK%3A64133175~theSitePK%3A239419%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soviet-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Soviet_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63">"Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries"</a>. The New York Times. 12 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228105849/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Finds+Poverty+Deepening+in+Former+Communist+Countries&rft.date=2000-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelOrenstein2018" class="citation book cs1">Appel, Hilary; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-43505-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-43505-5"><bdi>978-1-108-43505-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724225952/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Triumph+to+Crisis%3A+Neoliberal+Economic+Reform+in+Postcommunist+Countries&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-43505-5&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Mitchell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHhTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanović2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Milanović, Branko</a> (2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(economics_magazine)" title="Challenge (economics magazine)">Challenge</a>. 58 (2): 135–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05775132.2015.1012402">10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153398717">153398717</a>. <q>So, what is the balance sheet of transition? Only three or at most five or six countries could be said to be on the road to becoming a part of the rich and (relatively) stable capitalist world. Many of the other countries are falling behind, and some are so far behind that they cannot aspire to go back to the point where they were when the Wall fell for several decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Challenge&rft.atitle=After+the+Wall+Fell%3A+The+Poor+Balance+Sheet+of+the+Transition+to+Capitalism&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=135-138&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F05775132.2015.1012402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153398717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Milanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp">"World Bank, 2007, Povcalnet Poverty Data"</a>. World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204081829/http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Bank%2C+2007%2C+Povcalnet+Poverty+Data&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firesearch.worldbank.org%2FPovcalNet%2Fjsp%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> The data can be replicated using World Bank 2007 Human Development Indicator regional tables, and using the default poverty line of $32.74 per month at 1993 PPP. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott" class="citation news cs1">Elliott, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2023/jul/17/top-economists-call-for-action-global-inequality-rich-poor-poverty-climate-breakdown-un-world-bank">"Top economists call for action on runaway global inequality"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+economists+call+for+action+on+runaway+global+inequality&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finequality%2F2023%2Fjul%2F17%2Ftop-economists-call-for-action-global-inequality-rich-poor-poverty-climate-breakdown-un-world-bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeate2024" class="citation news cs1">Neate, Rupert (14 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2024/jan/15/worlds-five-richest-men-double-their-money-as-poorest-get-poorer">"World's five richest men double their money as poorest get poorer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+five+richest+men+double+their+money+as+poorest+get+poorer&rft.date=2024-01-14&rft.aulast=Neate&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finequality%2F2024%2Fjan%2F15%2Fworlds-five-richest-men-double-their-money-as-poorest-get-poorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – East Asia & Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe & Central Asia, Middle East & North Africa, South Asia, Latin America & Caribbean, World"</a>. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%242.15+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+East+Asia+%26+Pacific%2C+Sub-Saharan+Africa%2C+Europe+%26+Central+Asia%2C+Middle+East+%26+North+Africa%2C+South+Asia%2C+Latin+America+%26+Caribbean%2C+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/264/hdr_2003_en_complete.pdf">"Human Development Report"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415073824/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/264/hdr_2003_en_complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F264%2Fhdr_2003_en_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogge2010" class="citation book cs1">Pogge, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131154332/http://thomaspogge.com/books/">Politics as Usual: What Lies Behind the Pro-Poor Rhetoric</a> (1st ed.). Polity Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3892-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3892-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomaspogge.com/books/">the original</a> on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+as+Usual%3A+What+Lies+Behind+the+Pro-Poor+Rhetoric&rft.pages=12&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3892-8&rft.aulast=Pogge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomaspogge.com%2Fbooks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126211347/http://www.who.int/whr/1999/">"The World Health Report, World Health Organization (See annex table 2)"</a>. Who.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/whr/1999">the original</a> on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who.int&rft.atitle=The+World+Health+Report%2C+World+Health+Organization+%28See+annex+table+2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html">"Rising food prices curb aid to global poor"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 24 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023091853/https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Rising+food+prices+curb+aid+to+global+poor&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0724%2Fp01s01-wogi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCano_P.E.2010" class="citation book cs1">Cano P.E., Librado (2010). Transformation of an individual family community nation and the world. Trafford. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-4766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4269-4766-7"><bdi>978-1-4269-4766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformation+of+an+individual+family+community+nation+and+the+world&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4269-4766-7&rft.aulast=Cano+P.E.&rft.aufirst=Librado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist-112"><a href="#cite_ref-economist_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10566634">"The Starvelings"</a>. The Economist. 24 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231194031/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10566634">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Starvelings&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Finternational%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D10566634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/220376.stm">"The causes of maternal death"</a>. BBC News. 23 November 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/220376.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+causes+of+maternal+death&rft.date=1998-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F220376.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120516090917/http://go.worldbank.org/JGF4Y3E5B0">"Disability – Disability: Overview"</a>. Go.worldbank.org. 28 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.worldbank.org/JGF4Y3E5B0">the original</a> on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Disability+%E2%80%93+Disability%3A+Overview&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.worldbank.org%2FJGF4Y3E5B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html">"Economic costs of AIDS"</a>. Globalpolicy.org. 23 July 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323063859/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Globalpolicy.org&rft.atitle=Economic+costs+of+AIDS&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F211%2F44385.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachsMalaney2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey; Malaney, Pia (3 September 2010). "The economic and social burden of malaria". Nature. 415 (6872): 680–685. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F415680a">10.1038/415680a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11832956">11832956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:618837">618837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+economic+and+social+burden+of+malaria&rft.volume=415&rft.issue=6872&rft.pages=680-685&rft.date=2010-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A618837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11832956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F415680a&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Malaney%2C+Pia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403044412/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20020916.htm">"Poverty Issues Dominate WHO Regional Meeting"</a>. Wpro.who.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20020916.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poverty+Issues+Dominate+WHO+Regional+Meeting&rft.pub=Wpro.who.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpro.who.int%2Fmedia_centre%2Fpress_releases%2Fpr_20020916.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2021" class="citation journal cs1">O'Donnell, Michael (2 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612349">"Empirical audit and review and an assessment of evidentiary value in research on the psychological consequences of scarcity"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (44): e2103313118. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11803313O">2021PNAS..11803313O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2103313118">10.1073/pnas.2103313118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8612349">8612349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34711679">34711679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Empirical+audit+and+review+and+an+assessment+of+evidentiary+value+in+research+on+the+psychological+consequences+of+scarcity&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=e2103313118&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8612349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34711679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2103313118&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PNAS..11803313O&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8612349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManiMullainathanShafirZhao2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mani, Anandi; Mullainathan, Sendhil; Shafir, Eldar; Zhao, Jiaying (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028200906/http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/academic/mani/mani_science_976.full.pdf">"Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 341 (6149): 976–980. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341..976M">2013Sci...341..976M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.398.6303">10.1.1.398.6303</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1238041">10.1126/science.1238041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23990553">23990553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1684186">1684186</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/academic/mani/mani_science_976.full.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 October 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Poverty+Impedes+Cognitive+Function&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6149&rft.pages=976-980&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1684186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341..976M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.398.6303%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23990553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1238041&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Anandi&rft.au=Mullainathan%2C+Sendhil&rft.au=Shafir%2C+Eldar&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jiaying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.warwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsoc%2Feconomics%2Fstaff%2Facademic%2Fmani%2Fmani_science_976.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackWalkerFernaldAndersen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Maureen M; Walker, Susan P; Fernald, Lia C; Andersen, Christopher T; DiGirolamo, Ann M; Lu, Chunling; Grantham-McGregor, Sally (7 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884058">"Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course"</a>. The Lancet. 389 (10064): 77–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931389-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5884058">5884058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717614">27717614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Early+childhood+development+coming+of+age%3A+science+through+the+life+course&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=10064&rft.pages=77-90&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5884058%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27717614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931389-7&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Maureen+M&rft.au=Walker%2C+Susan+P&rft.au=Fernald%2C+Lia+C&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Christopher+T&rft.au=DiGirolamo%2C+Ann+M&rft.au=Lu%2C+Chunling&rft.au=Grantham-McGregor%2C+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5884058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittoLyeProulxYousafzai2017" class="citation journal cs1">Britto, Pia R; Lye, Stephen J; Proulx, Kerrie; Yousafzai, Aisha K; Matthews, Stephen G; Vaivada, Tyler; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A (7 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31390-3/abstract?code=lancet-site">"Nurturing care: promoting early child development"</a>. The Lancet. 389 (10064): 91–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931390-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717615">27717615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39094476">39094476</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724225957/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31390-3/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Nurturing+care%3A+promoting+early+child+development&rft.volume=389&rft.issue=10064&rft.pages=91-102&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39094476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27717615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931390-3&rft.aulast=Britto&rft.aufirst=Pia+R&rft.au=Lye%2C+Stephen+J&rft.au=Proulx%2C+Kerrie&rft.au=Yousafzai%2C+Aisha+K&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Stephen+G&rft.au=Vaivada%2C+Tyler&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+Zulfiqar+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%2816%2931390-3%2Fabstract%3Fcode%3Dlancet-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarah2017" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, Martha J. (27 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2017.08.034">"The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes and consequences"</a>. Neuron. 96 (1): 56–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2017.08.034">10.1016/j.neuron.2017.08.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28957676">28957676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=The+neuroscience+of+socioeconomic+status%3A+Correlates%2C+causes+and+consequences&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-71&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2017.08.034&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28957676&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.neuron.2017.08.034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv">"Prevalence, new cases and deaths from HIV/AIDS"</a>. Our World in Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420210657/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/deaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Prevalence%2C+new+cases+and+deaths+from+HIV%2FAIDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fdeaths-and-new-cases-of-hiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD/WHO2003" class="citation book cs1">OECD/WHO (2003). Poverty and Health (DAC Guidelines and Reference Series). Paris: OECD. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264100206-en">10.1787/9789264100206-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10020-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-10020-6"><bdi>978-92-64-10020-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1990-0988">1990-0988</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55519605">55519605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Health+%28DAC+Guidelines+and+Reference+Series%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55519605&rft.issn=1990-0988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264100206-en&rft.isbn=978-92-64-10020-6&rft.au=OECD%2FWHO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumenthal-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blumenthal_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal2014" class="citation cs2">Blumenthal, David (9 September 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2014/do-health-care-costs-fuel-economic-inequality-united-states">"Do Health Care Costs Fuel Economic Inequality in the United States?"</a>, www.commonwealthfund.org, retrieved 22 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.commonwealthfund.org&rft.atitle=Do+Health+Care+Costs+Fuel+Economic+Inequality+in+the+United+States%3F&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonwealthfund.org%2Fblog%2F2014%2Fdo-health-care-costs-fuel-economic-inequality-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dastidar-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dastidar_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dastidar_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDastidarSuriNagarajaJani2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dastidar, Biswanath Ghosh; Suri, Shailesh; Nagaraja, Vikranth H.; Jani, Anant (16 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9667848">"A virtual bridge to Universal Healthcare in India"</a>. Communications Medicine. 2 (1): 145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43856-022-00211-7">10.1038/s43856-022-00211-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2730-664X">2730-664X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9667848">9667848</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36385160">36385160</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253525261">253525261</a>. <q>any strategy by India to haul its massive population out of poverty must necessarily include measures to provide UHC nationwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+virtual+bridge+to+Universal+Healthcare+in+India&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9667848%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253525261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43856-022-00211-7&rft.issn=2730-664X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36385160&rft.aulast=Dastidar&rft.aufirst=Biswanath+Ghosh&rft.au=Suri%2C+Shailesh&rft.au=Nagaraja%2C+Vikranth+H.&rft.au=Jani%2C+Anant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9667848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/">"1.02 billion people hungry"</a>. fao.org. 19 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117211313/http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fao.org&rft.atitle=1.02+billion+people+hungry&rft.date=2009-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fen%2Fitem%2F20568%2Ficode%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghi2008-128"><a href="#cite_ref-ghi2008_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifpri.org/publication/challenge-hunger-2008-global-hunger-index">"2008 Global Hunger Index Key Findings & Facts"</a>. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019143346/http://www.ifpri.org/publication/challenge-hunger-2008-global-hunger-index">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2008+Global+Hunger+Index+Key+Findings+%26+Facts&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifpri.org%2Fpublication%2Fchallenge-hunger-2008-global-hunger-index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7284196.stm">"The cost of food: Facts and figures"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090120025945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7284196.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+cost+of+food%3A+Facts+and+figures&rft.date=2008-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2F7284196.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2007" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/04/china.business">"Riots and hunger feared as demand for grain sends food costs soaring"</a>. The Guardian. Beijing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901074034/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/04/china.business">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Riots+and+hunger+feared+as+demand+for+grain+sends+food+costs+soaring&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fdec%2F04%2Fchina.business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortished2008" class="citation news cs1">Mortished, Carl (7 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134028/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece">"Already we have riots, hoarding, panic: the sign of things to come?"</a>. The Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece">the original</a> on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Already+we+have+riots%2C+hoarding%2C+panic%3A+the+sign+of+things+to+come%3F&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft.aulast=Mortished&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Farticle3500975.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger2008" class="citation news cs1">Borger, Julian (26 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/26/food.unitednations">"Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150554/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/feb/26/food.unitednations">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Feed+the+world%3F+We+are+fighting+a+losing+battle%2C+UN+admits&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F26%2Ffood.unitednations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429073719/http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm">"Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion"</a>. Planetark.com. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetark.com&rft.atitle=Vanishing+Himalayan+Glaciers+Threaten+a+Billion&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetark.com%2Fdailynewsstory.cfm%2Fnewsid%2F42387%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Exploitation and Over-exploitation in Societies Past and Present, Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm">"The Earth Is Shrinking: Advancing Deserts and Rising Seas Squeezing Civilization"</a>. Earth-policy.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm">the original</a> on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Is+Shrinking%3A+Advancing+Deserts+and+Rising+Seas+Squeezing+Civilization&rft.pub=Earth-policy.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earth-policy.org%2FUpdates%2F2006%2FUpdate61.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSample2007" class="citation news cs1">Sample, Ian (31 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food">"Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429094959/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Global+food+crisis+looms+as+climate+change+and+population+growth+strip+fertile+land&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Sample&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2007%2Faug%2F31%2Fclimatechange.food&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/">"Goal 2: Zero Hunger"</a>. United Nations Sustainable Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210035826/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Goal+2%3A+Zero+Hunger&rft.au=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsustainabledevelopment%2Fhunger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleek2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sleek, Scott (31 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/how-poverty-affects-the-brain-and-behavior">"How Poverty Affects the Brain and Behavior"</a>. APS Observer. 28 (7). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204034250/https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/how-poverty-affects-the-brain-and-behavior">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APS+Observer&rft.atitle=How+Poverty+Affects+the+Brain+and+Behavior&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Sleek&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologicalscience.org%2Fobserver%2Fhow-poverty-affects-the-brain-and-behavior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahBetancourtSheraSavage2008" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, Martha J.; Betancourt, Laura; Shera, David M.; Savage, Jessica H.; Giannetta, Joan M.; Brodsky, Nancy L.; Malmud, Elsa K.; Hurt, Hallam (September 2008). "Environmental stimulation, parental nurturance and cognitive development in humans". Developmental Science. 11 (5): 793–801. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7687.2008.00688.x">10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00688.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18810850">18810850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Science&rft.atitle=Environmental+stimulation%2C+parental+nurturance+and+cognitive+development+in+humans&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=793-801&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7687.2008.00688.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18810850&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft.au=Betancourt%2C+Laura&rft.au=Shera%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Savage%2C+Jessica+H.&rft.au=Giannetta%2C+Joan+M.&rft.au=Brodsky%2C+Nancy+L.&rft.au=Malmud%2C+Elsa+K.&rft.au=Hurt%2C+Hallam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsMcKayTalbottArvantis1996" class="citation journal cs1">Atkins, M.S.; McKay, M.; Talbott, E.; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams". School Psychology Review. 25 (3): 274–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02796015.1996.12085817">10.1080/02796015.1996.12085817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=DSM-IV+diagnosis+of+conduct+disorder+and+oppositional+defiant+disorder%3A+Implications+and+guidelines+for+school+mental+health+teams&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-283&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02796015.1996.12085817&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=McKay%2C+M.&rft.au=Talbott%2C+E.&rft.au=Arvantis%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> Citing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellJenkins1991" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, C.C.; Jenkins, E.J. (1991). "Traumatic stress and children". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2 (1): 175–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhpu.2010.0089">10.1353/hpu.2010.0089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1685908">1685908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28660040">28660040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Health+Care+for+the+Poor+and+Underserved&rft.atitle=Traumatic+stress+and+children&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175-185&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28660040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1685908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhpu.2010.0089&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsMcKayTalbottArvantis1996" class="citation journal cs1">Atkins, M.S.; McKay, M.; Talbott, E.; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams". School Psychology Review. 25 (3): 274–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02796015.1996.12085817">10.1080/02796015.1996.12085817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=DSM-IV+diagnosis+of+conduct+disorder+and+oppositional+defiant+disorder%3A+Implications+and+guidelines+for+school+mental+health+teams&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274-283&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02796015.1996.12085817&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rft.au=McKay%2C+M.&rft.au=Talbott%2C+E.&rft.au=Arvantis%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> Citing: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsofskyWewersHarmFick1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joy_Osofsky" title="Joy Osofsky">Osofsky, J.D.</a>; Wewers, S.; Harm, D.M.; Fick, A.C. (1993). "Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children?". Psychiatry. 56 (1): 36–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00332747.1993.11024619">10.1080/00332747.1993.11024619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8488211">8488211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Chronic+community+violence%3A+What+is+happening+to+our+children%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-45&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00332747.1993.11024619&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8488211&rft.aulast=Osofsky&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft.au=Wewers%2C+S.&rft.au=Harm%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Fick%2C+A.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988">; and, Richters, J.E., & Martinez, P. (1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-MyUser_The_Washington_Post_October_8_2015c-142"><a href="#cite_ref-MyUser_The_Washington_Post_October_8_2015c_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/10/08/the-remarkable-ways-a-little-money-can-change-a-childs-personality-for-life/">"The remarkable thing that happens to poor kids when you give their parents a little money"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009173154/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonkblog/wp/2015/10/08/the-remarkable-ways-a-little-money-can-change-a-childs-personality-for-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+remarkable+thing+that+happens+to+poor+kids+when+you+give+their+parents+a+little+money&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fwonkblog%2Fwp%2F2015%2F10%2F08%2Fthe-remarkable-ways-a-little-money-can-change-a-childs-personality-for-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SYF-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SYF_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYF_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYF_143-2">c</a> Huston, A. C. (1991). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Raghuram G. Rajan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6">Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920172903/https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6">Archived</a> 20 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Published by: Collins Business </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in Danger: Coping with the Consequences. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-lynch-edd/cause-and-effect-the-high_b_6245304.html">"Cause and Effect: The High Cost of High School Dropouts"</a>. The Huffington Post. 30 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530230632/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/matthew-lynch-edd/cause-and-effect-the-high_b_6245304.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Cause+and+Effect%3A+The+High+Cost+of+High+School+Dropouts&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fmatthew-lynch-edd%2Fcause-and-effect-the-high_b_6245304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANF-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANF_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANF_147-1">b</a> Solley, Bobbie A. (2005). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengths, Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen" class="citation web cs1">Jensen, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/109074/chapters/How-Poverty-Affects-Behavior-and-Academic-Performance.aspx">"Teaching with Poverty in Mind"</a>. ASCD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141531/http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/109074/chapters/How-Poverty-Affects-Behavior-and-Academic-Performance.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+with+Poverty+in+Mind&rft.pub=ASCD&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascd.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2F109074%2Fchapters%2FHow-Poverty-Affects-Behavior-and-Academic-Performance.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2019" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368753">Global education monitoring report 2019: gender report: Building bridges for gender equality</a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100329-5"><bdi>978-92-3-100329-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206085339/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368753">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+education+monitoring+report+2019%3A+gender+report%3A+Building+bridges+for+gender+equality&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100329-5&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000368753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-orphanages-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orphanages_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orphanages_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orphanages_150-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-orphanages_150-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2009" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (5 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/world/africa/06orphans.html">"Aid gives alternatives to African orphanages"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526205418/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/world/africa/06orphans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Aid+gives+alternatives+to+African+orphanages&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F12%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F06orphans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Desmond, Matthew (2016). Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City. Crown Books. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Bratt, Rachel G. (Editor), Stone, Michael E. (Editor), Hartman, Chester (Editor). 2006. A Right to Housing: Foundation for a New Social Agenda. Temple University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeDenton2015" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke, Thomas J.; Denton, Curtis (17 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thomas-cooke.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2963/2019/12/Cooke-and-Denton-2015.pdf">"The suburbanization of poverty? An alternative perspective"</a> (PDF). Urban Geography. 36 (2): 300–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02723638.2014.973224">10.1080/02723638.2014.973224</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145716858">145716858</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Geography&rft.atitle=The+suburbanization+of+poverty%3F+An+alternative+perspective&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=300-313&rft.date=2015-02-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02723638.2014.973224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145716858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Denton%2C+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthomas-cooke.uconn.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2963%2F2019%2F12%2FCooke-and-Denton-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2022" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Matthew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=emdxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389">"Unaffordable America: Poverty, housing, and eviction"</a>. In Mueller, Elizabeth J.; Tighe, J. Rosie (eds.). The affordable housing reader (Second ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 389–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-59482-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-59482-9"><bdi>978-1-000-59482-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unaffordable+America%3A+Poverty%2C+housing%2C+and+eviction&rft.btitle=The+affordable+housing+reader&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=389-395&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-000-59482-9&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DemdxEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Wilson, William J. 1987. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Moss, Jeremiah. 24 July 2018. Vanishing New York: How a Great City Lost Its Soul. HarperCollins Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/06/21/in-praise-of-gentrification">"In praise of gentrification"</a>. The Economist. 23 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424015937/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2018/06/21/in-praise-of-gentrification">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=In+praise+of+gentrification&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2018%2F06%2F21%2Fin-praise-of-gentrification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm">"Study: 744,000 homeless in United States"</a>. USA Today. 10 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525150236/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Study%3A+744%2C000+homeless+in+United+States&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5078654.stm">"Report reveals global slum crisis"</a>. BBC News. 16 June 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030050014/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5078654.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Report+reveals+global+slum+crisis&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F5078654.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521024344/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D32968%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">"Street Children"</a>. Portal.unesco.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=32968&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">the original</a> on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Street+Children&rft.pub=Portal.unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D32968%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">California LifeLine program assessment & evaluation. Sacramento, California: <a href="/wiki/California_Public_Utilities_Commission" title="California Public Utilities Commission">California Public Utilities Commission</a>. 20 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California+LifeLine+program+assessment+%26+evaluation&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+California&rft.pub=California+Public+Utilities+Commission&rft.date=2022-05-20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiné_GarrigaPérez_Foguet2013" class="citation journal cs1">Giné Garriga, Ricard; Pérez Foguet, Agustí (1 March 2013). "Unravelling the Linkages Between Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Rural Poverty: The WASH Poverty Index". Water Resources Management. 27 (5): 1501–1515. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013WatRM..27.1501G">2013WatRM..27.1501G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11269-012-0251-6">10.1007/s11269-012-0251-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2117%2F18648">2117/18648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-1650">1573-1650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189950003">189950003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Management&rft.atitle=Unravelling+the+Linkages+Between+Water%2C+Sanitation%2C+Hygiene+and+Rural+Poverty%3A+The+WASH+Poverty+Index&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1501-1515&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2117%2F18648&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189950003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013WatRM..27.1501G&rft.issn=1573-1650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11269-012-0251-6&rft.aulast=Gin%C3%A9+Garriga&rft.aufirst=Ricard&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez+Foguet%2C+Agust%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynthia_C._Cook2005" class="citation book cs1">Cynthia C. Cook; et al. (2005). Assessing the impact of transport and energy infrastructure on poverty reduction. Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-561-580-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-561-580-8"><bdi>978-971-561-580-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61391598">61391598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+impact+of+transport+and+energy+infrastructure+on+poverty+reduction&rft.place=Mandaluyong+City%2C+Metro+Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61391598&rft.isbn=978-971-561-580-8&rft.au=Cynthia+C.+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> WHO and UNICEF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328173008/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/JMP-report-2012-en.pdf">Progress on Drinking-water and Sanitation: 2012 Update</a>, WHO, Geneva and UNICEF, New York, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/03/22/how-bangladesh-vanquished-diarrhoea">"How Bangladesh vanquished diarrhoea"</a>. The Economist. 22 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819083112/https://www.economist.com/asia/2018/03/22/how-bangladesh-vanquished-diarrhoea">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+Bangladesh+vanquished+diarrhoea&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fasia%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fhow-bangladesh-vanquished-diarrhoea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenny-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny_166-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenny_166-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/12/05/trickle-down-economics/">"Trickle-Down Economics"</a>. foreignpolicy.com. 5 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502084305/http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/12/05/trickle-down-economics/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trickle-Down+Economics&rft.pub=foreignpolicy.com&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2011%2F12%2F05%2Ftrickle-down-economics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-utilitysubsidy-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utilitysubsidy_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-utilitysubsidy_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomivesFosterHalpernWodon2005" class="citation book cs1">Komives, Kristin; Foster, Vivien; Halpern, Jonathan; Wodon, Quentin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/Figures.pdf">Water, Electricity and the Poor: Who benefits from utility subsidies?</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: The World Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6342-3"><bdi>978-0-8213-6342-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216141018/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/Figures.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%2C+Electricity+and+the+Poor%3A+Who+benefits+from+utility+subsidies%3F&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-6342-3&rft.aulast=Komives&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft.au=Foster%2C+Vivien&rft.au=Halpern%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Wodon%2C+Quentin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWSS%2FResources%2FFigures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdomLiembergerMarin2006" class="citation book cs1">Kingdom, Bill; Liemberger, Roland; Marin, Philippe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/WSS8fin4.pdf">The challenge of reducing non-revenue water (NRW) in developing countries. How the private sector can help: A look at performance-based service contracting</a> (PDF). Water supply and sanitation board discussion paper series. Washington, DC: The World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523132225/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources/WSS8fin4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+challenge+of+reducing+non-revenue+water+%28NRW%29+in+developing+countries.+How+the+private+sector+can+help%3A+A+look+at+performance-based+service+contracting&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Water+supply+and+sanitation+board+discussion+paper+series&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kingdom&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Liemberger%2C+Roland&rft.au=Marin%2C+Philippe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWSS%2FResources%2FWSS8fin4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjellenMcGranahan2006" class="citation book cs1">Kjellen, Marianne & McGranahan, Gordon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10529IIED.pdf">Informal Water Vendors and the Urban Poor</a> (PDF). Human settlements discussion paper series. London: <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Environment_and_Development" title="International Institute for Environment and Development">IIED</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-586-8"><bdi>978-1-84369-586-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120904224113/http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/10529IIED.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Informal+Water+Vendors+and+the+Urban+Poor&rft.place=London&rft.series=Human+settlements+discussion+paper+series&rft.pub=IIED&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84369-586-8&rft.aulast=Kjellen&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=McGranahan%2C+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.iied.org%2Fpdfs%2F10529IIED.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_poverty_Bouzarovski-2015-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_poverty_Bouzarovski-2015_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Energy_poverty_Bouzarovski-2015_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouzarovskiPetrova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bouzarovski, Stefan; Petrova, Saska (1 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221462961500078X">"A global perspective on domestic energy deprivation: Overcoming the energy poverty–fuel poverty binary"</a>. Energy Research & Social Science. 10: 31–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ERSS...10...31B">2015ERSS...10...31B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.erss.2015.06.007">10.1016/j.erss.2015.06.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2214-6296">2214-6296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Research+%26+Social+Science&rft.atitle=A+global+perspective+on+domestic+energy+deprivation%3A+Overcoming+the+energy+poverty%E2%80%93fuel+poverty+binary&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=31-40&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.issn=2214-6296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.erss.2015.06.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ERSS...10...31B&rft.aulast=Bouzarovski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Petrova%2C+Saska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS221462961500078X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal7">"Goal 7 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>. sdgs.un.org. Retrieved 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdgs.un.org&rft.atitle=Goal+7+%7C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdgs.un.org%2Fgoals%2Fgoal7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_poverty_Pelz-2018-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Energy_poverty_Pelz-2018_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelzPachauriGroh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pelz, Setu; Pachauri, Shonali; Groh, Sebastian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwene.304">"A critical review of modern approaches for multidimensional energy poverty measurement"</a>. WIREs Energy and Environment. 7 (6). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018WIREE...7E.304P">2018WIREE...7E.304P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwene.304">10.1002/wene.304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8396">2041-8396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIREs+Energy+and+Environment&rft.atitle=A+critical+review+of+modern+approaches+for+multidimensional+energy+poverty+measurement&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2041-8396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwene.304&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018WIREE...7E.304P&rft.aulast=Pelz&rft.aufirst=Setu&rft.au=Pachauri%2C+Shonali&rft.au=Groh%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwene.304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Energy_poverty_United_Nations-2015-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Energy_poverty_United_Nations-2015_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Gender equality and women's empowerment in UNDP". Evaluation of UNDP Contribution to Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment. United Nations. 15 December 2015. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18356%2Fc121bb97-en">10.18356/c121bb97-en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+equality+and+women%27s+empowerment+in+UNDP&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+UNDP+Contribution+to+Gender+Equality+and+Women%27s+Empowerment&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18356%2Fc121bb97-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/access2017/">"Access2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801101656/https://www.iea.org/access2017/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Faccess2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartfreeCollard2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartfree, Yvette; Collard, Sharon (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/view/journals/jpsj/23/3/article-p203.xml">"Locating credit and debt within an anti-poverty strategy for the UK"</a>. Journal of Poverty and Social Justice. 23 (3): 203–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2F175982715X14443317211950">10.1332/175982715X14443317211950</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F9dc0d10f-b10d-4e4a-82e9-0957a4226608">1983/9dc0d10f-b10d-4e4a-82e9-0957a4226608</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1759-8273">1759-8273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167507335">167507335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Poverty+and+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=Locating+credit+and+debt+within+an+anti-poverty+strategy+for+the+UK&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203-214&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F9dc0d10f-b10d-4e4a-82e9-0957a4226608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167507335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1759-8273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2F175982715X14443317211950&rft.aulast=Hartfree&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft.au=Collard%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbristoluniversitypressdigital.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjpsj%2F23%2F3%2Farticle-p203.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaniwaNyawenzeMandumbuMutsiveri2020" class="citation cs2">Chaniwa, Marjorie; Nyawenze, Collen; Mandumbu, Ronald; Mutsiveri, Godfrey; Gadzirayi, Christopher T.; Munyati, Vincent T.; Rugare, Joyful Tatenda (2020), Nhamo, Godwell; Odularu, Gbadebo O. A.; Mjimba, Vuyo (eds.), "Ending Poverty Through Affordable Credit to Small-Scale Cotton Farmers: The Case of the Cotton Company of Zimbabwe", Scaling up SDGs Implementation: Emerging Cases from State, Development and Private Sectors, Sustainable Development Goals Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 115–127, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-33216-7_8">10.1007/978-3-030-33216-7_8</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-33216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-33216-7"><bdi>978-3-030-33216-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214161949">214161949</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scaling+up+SDGs+Implementation%3A+Emerging+Cases+from+State%2C+Development+and+Private+Sectors&rft.atitle=Ending+Poverty+Through+Affordable+Credit+to+Small-Scale+Cotton+Farmers%3A+The+Case+of+the+Cotton+Company+of+Zimbabwe&rft.pages=115-127&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214161949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-33216-7_8&rft.isbn=978-3-030-33216-7&rft.aulast=Chaniwa&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft.au=Nyawenze%2C+Collen&rft.au=Mandumbu%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Mutsiveri%2C+Godfrey&rft.au=Gadzirayi%2C+Christopher+T.&rft.au=Munyati%2C+Vincent+T.&rft.au=Rugare%2C+Joyful+Tatenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html">"Ending Poverty in Community (EPIC)"</a>. Usccb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309014134/http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ending+Poverty+in+Community+%28EPIC%29&rft.pub=Usccb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fcchd%2Fepic%2Fwww%2Fcausesofpovertya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-disabpov-178"><a href="#cite_ref-disabpov_178-0">^</a> Filmer, D. (2008), "Disability, poverty, and schooling in developing countries: results from 14 household surveys", The World Bank Economic Review, 22(1), pp. 141–163 <ul><li>Yeo, R. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf">Disability, poverty and the new development agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213072542/http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Disability/RedPov_agenda.pdf">Archived</a> 13 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Disability Knowledge and Research, UK Government, pp. 1–33</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/social-policy/child-poverty">"Child poverty"</a>. www.unicef.org. Retrieved 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Child+poverty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fsocial-policy%2Fchild-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origin.library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1100634217286-881/ReGenderPovertyPrimerFront.pdf">"Gender Lens on Poverty"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615045556/http://origin.library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1100634217286-881/ReGenderPovertyPrimerFront.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+Lens+on+Poverty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigin.library.constantcontact.com%2Fdownload%2Fget%2Ffile%2F1100634217286-881%2FReGenderPovertyPrimerFront.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Moore, Wilbert. 1974. Social Change. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Parsons, Talcott. 1966. Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. </li> <li id="cite_note-kerbo2006a-183"><a href="#cite_ref-kerbo2006a_183-0">^</a> Kerbo, Harold. 2006. Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical, Comparative, and Global Perspective, 6th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/06/contempt-poor-us-drives-cruel-policies-says-un-expert">""Contempt for the poor in US drives cruel policies," says UN expert"</a>. OHCHR. 4 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917141810/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23172&LangID=E">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Contempt+for+the+poor+in+US+drives+cruel+policies%2C%22+says+UN+expert&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2018%2F06%2Fcontempt-poor-us-drives-cruel-policies-says-un-expert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodiez-Dolino2021" class="citation web cs1">Brodiez-Dolino, Axelle (7 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atd-fourthworld.org/perceptions-poorest-people-throughout-history/">"Perceptions of People in Poverty Throughout History"</a>. ATD Fourth World (Online written interview.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608192811/https://www.atd-fourthworld.org/perceptions-poorest-people-throughout-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ATD+Fourth+World&rft.atitle=Perceptions+of+People+in+Poverty+Throughout+History&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.aulast=Brodiez-Dolino&rft.aufirst=Axelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atd-fourthworld.org%2Fperceptions-poorest-people-throughout-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501101647/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html?rss=human+rights+and+law">"Experts encourage action against sex trafficking"</a>. .voanews.com. 15 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html?rss=human+rights+and+law">the original</a> on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+encourage+action+against+sex+trafficking&rft.pub=.voanews.com&rft.date=2009-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fa-13-2009-05-15-voa30-68815957.html%3Frss%3Dhuman%2Brights%2Band%2Blaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/thailand/091027/economic-crisis-the-sex-trade-and-children">"Child sex boom fueled by poverty"</a>. Globalpost.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101005703/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/thailand/091027/economic-crisis-the-sex-trade-and-children">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+sex+boom+fueled+by+poverty&rft.pub=Globalpost.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fthailand%2F091027%2Feconomic-crisis-the-sex-trade-and-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2009" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Mike (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8096874.stm">"Zimbabwean girls trade sex for food"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726123910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8096874.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zimbabwean+girls+trade+sex+for+food&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8096874.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Steven (1996). "Poverty and Violence". Social Theory and Practice. 22 (1): 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract199622119">10.5840/soctheorpract199622119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-802X">0037-802X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Theory+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Poverty+and+Violence&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fsoctheorpract199622119&rft.issn=0037-802X&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Towards-Ending-Child-Marriage-2021.pdf">"Towards Ending Child Marriage"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Towards+Ending+Child+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F08%2FTowards-Ending-Child-Marriage-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/protection/child-marriage">"Child marriage | UNICEF"</a>. www.unicef.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unicef.org&rft.atitle=Child+marriage+%7C+UNICEF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fprotection%2Fchild-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ahmady, Kameel Et al 2017: An <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Silence_(book)" title="Echo of Silence (book)">Echo of Silence (book)</a> (A Comprehensive Research Study on Early Child Marriage (ECM) in Iran). Nova publishing, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel+Et+al+2017%3A+An+Echo+of+Silence+%28book%29+%28A+Comprehensive+Research+Study+on+Early+Child+Marriage+%28ECM%29+in+Iran%29.+Nova+publishing%2C+USA.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902203702if_/http://swiftjournals.org/sjssh/pdf/2018/march/Kameel2.pdf">"Ahmady, Kameel. Feminization of Poverty- The Cause and Consequence of Early Childhood Marriages in Iran, Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, March 2018 Vol. 4(1), pp. 001-010"</a> (PDF). Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swiftjournals.org/sjssh/pdf/2018/march/Kameel2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swift+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities&rft.atitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel.+Feminization+of+Poverty-+The+Cause+and+Consequence+of+Early+Childhood+Marriages+in+Iran%2C+Swift+Journal+of+Social+Sciences+and+Humanities%2C+March+2018+Vol.+4%281%29%2C+pp.+001-010.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswiftjournals.org%2Fsjssh%2Fpdf%2F2018%2Fmarch%2FKameel2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:172-194"><a href="#cite_ref-:172_194-0">^</a> United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, <a href="/wiki/File:A_RES_71_313_E.pdf" title="File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf">Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">A/RES/71/313</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121826/https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313">Archived</a> 23 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalglish_C._and_M._Tonelli2016" class="citation book cs1">Dalglish C. and M. Tonelli (2016). Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-84655-5"><bdi>978-1-138-84655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrepreneurship+at+the+Bottom+of+the+Pyramid&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-84655-5&rft.au=Dalglish+C.+and+M.+Tonelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchez2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sanchez, Thomas W. (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=fac7e9f6807c4c29319647a2ed79cf0395b3e5c9">"Poverty, policy, and public transportation"</a>. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 42 (5): 833–841. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008TRPA...42..833S">2008TRPA...42..833S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tra.2008.01.011">10.1016/j.tra.2008.01.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0965-8564">0965-8564</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Part+A%3A+Policy+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Poverty%2C+policy%2C+and+public+transportation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=833-841&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.issn=0965-8564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tra.2008.01.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008TRPA...42..833S&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fdocument%3Frepid%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf%26doi%3Dfac7e9f6807c4c29319647a2ed79cf0395b3e5c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández2017" class="citation web cs1">Hernández, Diego (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/42665/RVI122_Hernandez.pdf">"Public transport, well-being and inequality: coverage and affordability in the city of Montevideo"</a> (PDF). CEPAL Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+transport%2C+well-being+and+inequality%3A+coverage+and+affordability+in+the+city+of+Montevideo&rft.pub=CEPAL+Review&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepal.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2Ffiles%2F42665%2FRVI122_Hernandez.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/social/inequality-and-poverty.htm">"Inequality and Poverty – OECD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inequality+and+Poverty+%E2%80%93+OECD&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fsocial%2Finequality-and-poverty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP-20130120-199"><a href="#cite_ref-WP-20130120_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazan2013" class="citation news cs1">Khazan, Olga (20 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/01/20/oxfam-poverty-income-inequality/">"Can we fight poverty by ending extreme wealth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041632/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/01/20/oxfam-poverty-income-inequality/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Can+we+fight+poverty+by+ending+extreme+wealth%3F&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.aulast=Khazan&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2013%2F01%2F20%2Foxfam-poverty-income-inequality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-20130118-200"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-20130118_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21094962">"Oxfam seeks 'new deal' on inequality from world leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 18 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818014118/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21094962">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Oxfam+seeks+%27new+deal%27+on+inequality+from+world+leaders&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-21094962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagan2018" class="citation news cs1">Hagan, Shelly (22 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.com/billionaires-made-so-much-money-last-year-they-could-end-extreme-poverty-seven-times/">"Billionaires Made So Much Money Last Year They Could End Extreme Poverty Seven Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Money_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Money (magazine)">Money</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218060745/https://money.com/billionaires-made-so-much-money-last-year-they-could-end-extreme-poverty-seven-times/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Money&rft.atitle=Billionaires+Made+So+Much+Money+Last+Year+They+Could+End+Extreme+Poverty+Seven+Times&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.aulast=Hagan&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.com%2Fbillionaires-made-so-much-money-last-year-they-could-end-extreme-poverty-seven-times%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatziaWoods2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gatzia, Dimitria E.; Woods, Douglas (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=googlescholar&id=GALE%7CA399572236&v=2.1&it=r&sid=AONE&asid=30038109">"Progressive taxation as a means to equality of condition and poverty alleviation"</a>. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets. 9 (4): 29–43. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1842-3191">1842-3191</a>. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics%2C+Management%2C+and+Financial+Markets&rft.atitle=Progressive+taxation+as+a+means+to+equality+of+condition+and+poverty+alleviation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=29-43&rft.date=2014-09&rft.issn=1842-3191&rft.aulast=Gatzia&rft.aufirst=Dimitria+E.&rft.au=Woods%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26u%3Dgooglescholar%26id%3DGALE%257CA399572236%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26sid%3DAONE%26asid%3D30038109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-amaglobeli-203"><a href="#cite_ref-amaglobeli_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaglobeliThevenot2022" class="citation cs2">Amaglobeli, David; Thevenot, Celine (March 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/03/Tackling-inequality-on-all-fronts-Amaglobeli-Thevenot">Tackling Inequality on All Fronts</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, retrieved 22 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tackling+Inequality+on+All+Fronts&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022-03&rft.aulast=Amaglobeli&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Thevenot%2C+Celine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2Ffandd%2Fissues%2F2022%2F03%2FTackling-inequality-on-all-fronts-Amaglobeli-Thevenot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerreblanche2018" class="citation web cs1">Terreblanche, Sampie (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/faculties-and-schools/commerce-law-and-management/research-entities/scis/documents/SCIS%20Working%20paper%20no%201%20Wealth%20Tax.pdf">"A Wealth Tax for South Africa"</a> (PDF). University of Witwatersrand. SCIS Working Paper. Retrieved 24 February 2023. <q>wealth tax ... income could be used to set up a restitution fund to help alleviate the worst poverty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Witwatersrand&rft.atitle=A+Wealth+Tax+for+South+Africa&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Terreblanche&rft.aufirst=Sampie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wits.ac.za%2Fmedia%2Fwits-university%2Ffaculties-and-schools%2Fcommerce-law-and-management%2Fresearch-entities%2Fscis%2Fdocuments%2FSCIS%2520Working%2520paper%2520no%25201%2520Wealth%2520Tax.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattauch2019" class="citation cs2">Mattauch, Linus (31 January 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/blog/reducing-wealth-inequality-through-wealth-taxes-without-compromising-economic-growth/">"Reducing wealth inequality through wealth taxes without compromising economic growth"</a>, Oxford Martin School, retrieved 22 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Martin+School&rft.atitle=Reducing+wealth+inequality+through+wealth+taxes+without+compromising+economic+growth&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.aulast=Mattauch&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk%2Fblog%2Freducing-wealth-inequality-through-wealth-taxes-without-compromising-economic-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalos1988" class="citation journal cs1">Michalos, Alex C. (1988). "A Case for a Progressive Annual Net Wealth Tax". Public Affairs Quarterly. 2 (2): 105–140. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-0373">0887-0373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40435679">40435679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Affairs+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Case+for+a+Progressive+Annual+Net+Wealth+Tax&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-140&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40435679%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0887-0373&rft.aulast=Michalos&rft.aufirst=Alex+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scholz-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scholz_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scholz_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Scholz, John Karl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc251h.pdf">"Taxation and poverty: 1960–2006"</a> (PDF). Focus. 25 (1): 52–57. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus&rft.atitle=Taxation+and+poverty%3A+1960%E2%80%932006&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-57&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=John+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irp.wisc.edu%2Fpublications%2Ffocus%2Fpdfs%2Ffoc251h.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Paul2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jean-Paul, Fitoussi (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/972903/filename/ocdefitou.pdf">"Payroll tax reductions for the low paid"</a> (PDF), OECD Economic Studies, vol. 2000/II, no. 31, pp. 115–131, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882887538">882887538</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OECD+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Payroll+tax+reductions+for+the+low+paid&rft.volume=2000%2FII&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=115-131&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882887538&rft.aulast=Jean-Paul&rft.aufirst=Fitoussi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F972903%2Ffilename%2Focdefitou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittain1971" class="citation journal cs1">Brittain, John A. (1971). "The Incidence of Social Security Payroll Taxes". The American Economic Review. 61 (1): 110–125. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1910545">1910545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Incidence+of+Social+Security+Payroll+Taxes&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=110-125&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1910545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-8282&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovannoni2010" class="citation cs2">Giovannoni, Olivier (30 January 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utip.lbj.utexas.edu/papers/utip_58.pdf">Functional Distribution of Income, Inequality and the Incidence of Poverty: Stylized Facts and the Role of Macroeconomic Policy</a> (PDF), University of Texas Inequality Project, retrieved 25 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Functional+Distribution+of+Income%2C+Inequality+and+the+Incidence+of+Poverty%3A+Stylized+Facts+and+the+Role+of+Macroeconomic+Policy&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Inequality+Project&rft.date=2010-01-30&rft.aulast=Giovannoni&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futip.lbj.utexas.edu%2Fpapers%2Futip_58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayadev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jayadev, A. (20 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/cje/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/cje/bel037">"Capital account openness and the labour share of income"</a>. Cambridge Journal of Economics. 31 (3): 423–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbel037">10.1093/cje/bel037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-166X">0309-166X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Capital+account+openness+and+the+labour+share+of+income&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-443&rft.date=2007-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbel037&rft.issn=0309-166X&rft.aulast=Jayadev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fcje%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fcje%2Fbel037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm">"Forgotten benefactor of humanity"</a>. Theatlantic.com. January 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104005841/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jan/borlaug/borlaug.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+benefactor+of+humanity&rft.pub=Theatlantic.com&rft.date=1997-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F97jan%2Fborlaug%2Fborlaug.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-213"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/473136/poverty">Poverty (sociology)</a>. britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100315150947/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/473136/poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+%28sociology%29&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F473136%2Fpoverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a> (2001). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&pg=PA11">Europe in crisis, 1598–1648</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519014755/https://books.google.com/books?id=qy8y8rHgucoC&pg=PA11&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22028-2">978-0-631-22028-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_215-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression">Great Depression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509121741/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/243118/Great-Depression">Archived</a> 9 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2007" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (27 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/world/asia/27laos.html">"In Laos, Chinese motorcycles change lives"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409105223/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/27/world/asia/27laos.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Laos%2C+Chinese+motorcycles+change+lives&rft.date=2007-12-27&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F27%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F27laos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0625/p12s01-woaf.html?page=2">"China boosts African economies, offering a second opportunity"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 25 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512071516/http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0625/p12s01-woaf.html?page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=China+boosts+African+economies%2C+offering+a+second+opportunity&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2007%2F0625%2Fp12s01-woaf.html%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disease_Control_Priorities_Project-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Disease_Control_Priorities_Project_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623001000/http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html">"Disease Control Priorities Project"</a>. dcp2.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disease+Control+Priorities+Project&rft.pub=dcp2.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcp2.org%2Fmain%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-post-219"><a href="#cite_ref-post_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2006" class="citation news cs1">Brown, David (3 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/02/AR2006040200813.html">"Saving millions for just a few dollars"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110620195857/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/02/AR2006040200813.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Saving+millions+for+just+a+few+dollars&rft.date=2006-04-03&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2FAR2006040200813.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhat" class="citation web cs1">Prabhat, Jha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/post-2015-consensus-health-assessment-jha-et-al">"Benefits and costs of the health targets for the post-2015 development agenda"</a>. copenhageconsensus.com. Copenhagen Consensus Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000019/http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/publication/post-2015-consensus-health-assessment-jha-et-al">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copenhageconsensus.com&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+costs+of+the+health+targets+for+the+post-2015+development+agenda&rft.aulast=Prabhat&rft.aufirst=Jha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copenhagenconsensus.com%2Fpublication%2Fpost-2015-consensus-health-assessment-jha-et-al&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8399692.stm">"India's Tata launches water filter for rural poor"</a>. BBC News. 7 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8399692.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India%27s+Tata+launches+water+filter+for+rural+poor&rft.date=2009-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F8399692.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm">"Millions mark UN hand-washing day"</a>. BBC News. 15 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009215006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Millions+mark+UN+hand-washing+day&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F7670855.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/opinion/04kristof.html?_r=0">"Raising the World's I.Q."</a> New York Times. 4 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717055221/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/opinion/04kristof.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Raising+the+World%27s+I.Q.&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F04%2Fopinion%2F04kristof.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?ref=todayspaper">"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"</a>. The New York Times. 16 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160717055236/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/16/health/16iodine.html?ref=todayspaper">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Raising+the+World%27s+I.Q.%2C+the+Secret%27s+in+the+Salt&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F16%2Fhealth%2F16iodine.html%3Fref%3Dtodayspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jha-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jha_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jha_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhaRamaswami2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jha, Shikha; Ramaswami, Bharat (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506130749/http://adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2010/economics-wp221.pdf">"How Can Food Subsidies Work Better? Answers from India and the Philippines"</a> (PDF). Erd Working Paper. Manila: Asian Development Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1655-5252">1655-5252</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2010/economics-wp221.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 May 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erd+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=How+Can+Food+Subsidies+Work+Better%3F+Answers+from+India+and+the+Philippines&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1655-5252&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Shikha&rft.au=Ramaswami%2C+Bharat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub%2F2010%2Feconomics-wp221.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unodc-226"><a href="#cite_ref-unodc_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2007-11-13.html">"Anti-Corruption Climate Change: it started in Nigeria"</a>. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 13 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422134508/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2007-11-13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Corruption+Climate+Change%3A+it+started+in+Nigeria&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Fabout-unodc%2Fspeeches%2F2007-11-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/04/nigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html">"Nigeria: the Hidden Cost of Corruption"</a>. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 14 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023234604/http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/04/nigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+the+Hidden+Cost+of+Corruption&rft.pub=Public+Broadcasting+Service+%28PBS%29&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Ffrontlineworld%2Fstories%2Fbribe%2F2009%2F04%2Fnigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-graft-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graft_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graft_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13278728">"Banks, graft and development"</a>. The Economist. 12 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318081420/http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13278728">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+graft+and+development&rft.date=2009-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Finternational%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D13278728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> José Antonio Ocampo and Magdalena Sepúlveda Carmona (30 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/30/tax-avoidance-corporations-impacts-the-poor-united-nations-step-in">Tax avoidance by corporations is out of control. The United Nations must step in</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510153325/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/30/tax-avoidance-corporations-impacts-the-poor-united-nations-step-in">Archived</a> 10 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröbergWaris2011" class="citation book cs1">Fröberg, Kristina; Waris, Attiya (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5072598">Bringing The Billions Back – How Africa And Europe Can End Illicit Capital Flight</a>. Stockholm: Forum Syd. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-89542-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-89542-59-4"><bdi>978-91-89542-59-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 April 2022 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+The+Billions+Back+%E2%80%93+How+Africa+And+Europe+Can+End+Illicit+Capital+Flight&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Forum+Syd&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-91-89542-59-4&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6berg&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft.au=Waris%2C+Attiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5072598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/01/201211684512130367.html">"Africa losing billions in tax evasion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>. 16 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106135130/http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/01/201211684512130367.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=Africa+losing+billions+in+tax+evasion&rft.date=2012-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fvideo%2Fafrica%2F2012%2F01%2F201211684512130367.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transparency-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transparency_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transparency_232-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharife2011" class="citation news cs1">Sharife, Khadija (18 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/06/20116188244589715.html">"'Transparency' hides Zambia's lost billions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al-Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162746/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/06/20116188244589715.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Jazeera&rft.atitle=%27Transparency%27+hides+Zambia%27s+lost+billions&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft.aulast=Sharife&rft.aufirst=Khadija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2011%2F06%2F20116188244589715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-233"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiason2007" class="citation news cs1">Mathiason, Nick (21 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2007/jan/21/business.theobserver2">"Western bankers and lawyers 'rob Africa of $150bn every year'"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909233820/http://www.theguardian.com/money/2007/jan/21/business.theobserver2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Western+bankers+and+lawyers+%27rob+Africa+of+%24150bn+every+year%27&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.aulast=Mathiason&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmoney%2F2007%2Fjan%2F21%2Fbusiness.theobserver2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> The World Bank and International Monetary Fund. 2001. Heavily Indebted Poor Countries, Progress Report. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbank.org">Worldbank.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313170039/http://www.worldbank.org/">Archived</a> 13 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-worldcentric.org-235"><a href="#cite_ref-worldcentric.org_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527054809/http://www.worldcentric.org/conscious-living/third-world-debt">"Third World Debt"</a>. worldcentric.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcentric.org/conscious-living/third-world-debt">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+World+Debt&rft.pub=worldcentric.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcentric.org%2Fconscious-living%2Fthird-world-debt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm">"Zambia overwhelmed by free health care"</a>. BBC News. 7 April 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720055045/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Zambia+overwhelmed+by+free+health+care&rft.date=2006-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F4883062.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/nov/15/world-poverty-rising-rich-nations-debt-covid-gordon-brown-child-mortality">"World poverty rising as rich nations call in debt amid Covid, warns Gordon Brown"</a>. The Guardian. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501235245/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/nov/15/world-poverty-rising-rich-nations-debt-covid-gordon-brown-child-mortality">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+poverty+rising+as+rich+nations+call+in+debt+amid+Covid%2C+warns+Gordon+Brown&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2020%2Fnov%2F15%2Fworld-poverty-rising-rich-nations-debt-covid-gordon-brown-child-mortality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/21/uk-urged-take-lead-easing-debt-crisis-developing-countries-g7">"UK urged to take lead in easing debt crisis in developing countries"</a>. The Guardian. 21 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426033410/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/21/uk-urged-take-lead-easing-debt-crisis-developing-countries-g7">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+urged+to+take+lead+in+easing+debt+crisis+in+developing+countries&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fuk-urged-take-lead-easing-debt-crisis-developing-countries-g7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malawi-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malawi_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malawi_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2007" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (2 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html">"Ending famine simply by ignoring the experts"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032049/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ending+famine+simply+by+ignoring+the+experts&rft.date=2007-12-02&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F02%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F02malawi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vulture-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vulture_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vulture_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vulture_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vulture_240-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-21627406">"Jersey law to stop 'vulture funds' comes into force"</a>. BBC News. 1 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141017234751/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-21627406">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jersey+law+to+stop+%27vulture+funds%27+comes+into+force&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-jersey-21627406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2006" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia (31 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?_r=0">"Overfarming African land is worsening Hunger Crisis"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515181849/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/world/africa/31soil.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overfarming+African+land+is+worsening+Hunger+Crisis&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F31%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F31soil.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2014" class="citation news cs1">Das, Reenita (30 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/reenitadas/2014/06/30/if-coca-cola-can-be-delivered-all-over-the-developing-world-why-cant-essential-medications/#17d0b7415559">"If Coca-Cola can be Delivered All Over the Developing World, Why Can't Essential Medicine?"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822000311/http://www.forbes.com/sites/reenitadas/2014/06/30/if-coca-cola-can-be-delivered-all-over-the-developing-world-why-cant-essential-medications/#17d0b7415559">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=If+Coca-Cola+can+be+Delivered+All+Over+the+Developing+World%2C+Why+Can%27t+Essential+Medicine%3F&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Reenita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Freenitadas%2F2014%2F06%2F30%2Fif-coca-cola-can-be-delivered-all-over-the-developing-world-why-cant-essential-medications%2F%2317d0b7415559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaly2013" class="citation news cs1">Maly, Tim (27 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/03/colalife-piggybacks-on-coke/">"Clever Packaging: Essential Medicine Rides Coke's Distribution Into Remote Villages"</a>. wired.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620072712/http://www.wired.com/2013/03/colalife-piggybacks-on-coke">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=wired.com&rft.atitle=Clever+Packaging%3A+Essential+Medicine+Rides+Coke%27s+Distribution+Into+Remote+Villages&rft.date=2013-03-27&rft.aulast=Maly&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2013%2F03%2Fcolalife-piggybacks-on-coke%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalan2013" class="citation news cs1">Kalan, Jonathan (3 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130531-saving-lives-the-avon-way">"Africa's 'Avon Ladies' saving lives door-to-door"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140121094526/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20130531-saving-lives-the-avon-way">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+%27Avon+Ladies%27+saving+lives+door-to-door&rft.date=2013-06-03&rft.aulast=Kalan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20130531-saving-lives-the-avon-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-microfranchising-245"><a href="#cite_ref-microfranchising_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2012" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, Tina (10 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/the-avon-ladies-of-africa/">"The 'Avon Ladies' of Africa"</a>. nytimes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125114430/http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/the-avon-ladies-of-africa/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft.atitle=The+%27Avon+Ladies%27+of+Africa&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F10%2Fthe-avon-ladies-of-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philippines-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philippines_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philippines_246-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130222516/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-05-03-voa38.html">"Philippine Medical Brain Drain Leaves Public Health System in Crisis"</a>. voanews.com. 3 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/english/news/a-13-2006-05-03-voa38.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Medical+Brain+Drain+Leaves+Public+Health+System+in+Crisis&rft.pub=voanews.com&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fa-13-2006-05-03-voa38.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomfield2004" class="citation news cs1">Blomfield, Adrian (2 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525013213/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1475620/Out-of-Africa---health-workers-leave-in-droves.html">"Out of Africa – health workers leave in droves"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/ethiopia/1475620/Out-of-Africa---health-workers-leave-in-droves.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Out+of+Africa+%E2%80%93+health+workers+leave+in+droves&rft.date=2004-11-02&rft.aulast=Blomfield&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fethiopia%2F1475620%2FOut-of-Africa---health-workers-leave-in-droves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/27/what-educated-people-from-poor-countries-make-of-the-brain-drain-argument">"What educated people from poor countries make of the "brain drain" argument"</a>. The Economist. 27 August 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204140616/https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/08/27/what-educated-people-from-poor-countries-make-of-the-brain-drain-argument">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=What+educated+people+from+poor+countries+make+of+the+%22brain+drain%22+argument&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fopen-future%2F2018%2F08%2F27%2Fwhat-educated-people-from-poor-countries-make-of-the-brain-drain-argument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/05/30/inpatients-abroad/">"Inpatients abroad"</a>. foreignpolicy.com. 30 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118005150/http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/05/30/inpatients-abroad/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inpatients+abroad&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2011%2F05%2F30%2Finpatients-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alaskajournal.com/2016-10-12/medicaid-reform-improves-access-healthcare-alaska-natives">"Medicaid reform improves access to healthcare for Alaska Natives"</a>. www.alaskajournal.com. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.alaskajournal.com&rft.atitle=Medicaid+reform+improves+access+to+healthcare+for+Alaska+Natives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskajournal.com%2F2016-10-12%2Fmedicaid-reform-improves-access-healthcare-alaska-natives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSequistCullenActon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sequist, T; Cullen, T; Acton, K (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0630">"Indian health service innovations have helped reduce health disparities affecting american Indian and alaska native people"</a>. Health Aff (Millwood). 30 (10): 1965–1973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0630">10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0630</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21976341">21976341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31770979">31770979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Aff+%28Millwood%29&rft.atitle=Indian+health+service+innovations+have+helped+reduce+health+disparities+affecting+american+Indian+and+alaska+native+people.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1965-1973&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31770979%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21976341&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2011.0630&rft.aulast=Sequist&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Cullen%2C+T&rft.au=Acton%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1377%252Fhlthaff.2011.0630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-and-poverty">"Population and poverty"</a>. www.unfpa.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521093951/https://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-and-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unfpa.org&rft.atitle=Population+and+poverty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fresources%2Fpopulation-and-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA">Population growth driving climate change, poverty: experts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523114015/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gevGOq7Vctd1FmJkzO3gapTqX4ZA">Archived</a> 23 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 21 September 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-empower-254"><a href="#cite_ref-empower_254-0">^</a> World Bank. 2001. Engendering Development – Through Gender Equality in Right, Resources and Voice. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCristRippleEhrlichRees2022" class="citation journal cs1">Crist, Eileen; <a href="/wiki/William_J._Ripple" title="William J. Ripple">Ripple, William J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich, Paul R.</a>; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/Crist2022.pdf">"Scientists' warning on population"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a>. 845: 157166. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ScTEn.84557166C">2022ScTEn.84557166C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.157166">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35803428">35803428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250387801">250387801</a>. <q>Alongside ambitious investment in schooling girls (and more broadly, of course, all children), priority should be given to making high-quality family-planning services available to every woman on the planet, while economic, geographic, and cultural barriers to access should be removed. The combination of institutional support to plan one's child-bearing choices and educational attainment, including enhanced opportunity for higher education for women, yields immediate fertility declines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Scientists%27+warning+on+population&rft.volume=845&rft.pages=157166&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2022.157166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250387801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35803428&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ScTEn.84557166C&rft.aulast=Crist&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Ripple%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Rees%2C+William+E.&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCrist2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-and-poverty">"Population and Poverty"</a>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221013524/http://www.unfpa.org/resources/population-and-poverty">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Poverty&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fresources%2Fpopulation-and-poverty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agriculture-257"><a href="#cite_ref-agriculture_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugger2007" class="citation news cs1">Dugger, Celia W. (20 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/world/africa/20worldbank.html">"World Bank report puts agriculture at core of antipoverty effort"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126135129/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/20/world/africa/20worldbank.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World+Bank+report+puts+agriculture+at+core+of+antipoverty+effort&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft.aulast=Dugger&rft.aufirst=Celia+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F20%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F20worldbank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html">"Climate Change: Bangladesh facing the challenge"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 8 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191406/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+Change%3A+Bangladesh+facing+the+challenge&rft.pub=The+World+Bank&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FTOPICS%2FEXTPOVERTY%2F0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A21893554~menuPK%3A2643747~pagePK%3A64020865~piPK%3A149114~theSitePK%3A336992%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2017" class="citation cs2">Wright, Erik Olin (14 February 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/inclusivepolicylab/news/can-universal-basic-income-solve-global-inequalities">"Can the universal basic income solve global inequalities?"</a>, en.unesco.org, retrieved 22 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=en.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Can+the+universal+basic+income+solve+global+inequalities%3F&rft.date=2017-02-14&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Erik+Olin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Finclusivepolicylab%2Fnews%2Fcan-universal-basic-income-solve-global-inequalities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisGaarderHandaYablonski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Benjamin; Gaarder, Marie; Handa, Sudhanshu; Yablonski, Jenn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjde20/4/1">"Special Section on Social Cash Transfers in Sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. Journal of Development Effectiveness. 4 (1): 1–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19439342.2012.659024">10.1080/19439342.2012.659024</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129406705">129406705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808043539/https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjde20/4/1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Effectiveness&rft.atitle=Special+Section+on+Social+Cash+Transfers+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-187&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19439342.2012.659024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129406705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Gaarder%2C+Marie&rft.au=Handa%2C+Sudhanshu&rft.au=Yablonski%2C+Jenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Ftoc%2Frjde20%2F4%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrahe2009" class="citation news cs1">Krahe, Dialika (10 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,642310,00.html">"A new approach to aid: How a basic income program saved a Namibian village"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516110247/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,642310,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=A+new+approach+to+aid%3A+How+a+basic+income+program+saved+a+Namibian+village&rft.date=2009-08-10&rft.aulast=Krahe&rft.aufirst=Dialika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2F0%2C1518%2C642310%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namibians_line_up-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Namibians_line_up_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm">"Namibians line up for free cash"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620055405/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Namibians+line+up+for+free+cash&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F7415814.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoynesPatel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hoynes, Hilary; Patel, Ankur (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gc.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/2021-07/Hoynes-Patel-0616.pdf">"Effective Policy for Reducing Inequality? The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Distribution of Income"</a> (PDF). Journal of Human Resources. 53 (4). Cambridge, MA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw21340">10.3386/w21340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153263015">153263015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=Effective+Policy+for+Reducing+Inequality%3F+The+Earned+Income+Tax+Credit+and+the+Distribution+of+Income&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw21340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153263015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hoynes&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Patel%2C+Ankur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gc.cuny.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-07%2FHoynes-Patel-0616.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrszagSnower2003" class="citation journal cs1">Orszag, J. Michael; Snower, Dennis J. (1 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537103000356">"Designing employment subsidies"</a>. Labour Economics. 10 (5): 557–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0927-5371%2803%2900035-6">10.1016/S0927-5371(03)00035-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0927-5371">0927-5371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+Economics&rft.atitle=Designing+employment+subsidies&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=557-572&rft.date=2003-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0927-5371%2803%2900035-6&rft.issn=0927-5371&rft.aulast=Orszag&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft.au=Snower%2C+Dennis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0927537103000356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Economists' Statement on Guaranteed Annual Income, 1/15/1968 – April 18, 1969 folder, General Correspondence Series, Papers of John Kenneth Galbraith, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Cited in: Jyotsna Sreenivasan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC">"Poverty and the Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629172441/https://books.google.com/books?id=yk5NI69ZO9sC">Archived</a> 29 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2009), p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-Standing-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standing_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standing_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standing_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standing_266-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanding2005" class="citation book cs1">Standing, Guy (2005). "1. About Time: Basic Income Security As A Right". In Standing, Guy (ed.). Promoting Income Security as a Right: Europe and North America (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-174-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-174-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-174-4</bdi></a>. <q>Among those who have become convinced of the virtues of the basic income approach are several Nobel Prize-winning economists of surprisingly diverse political convictions: Milton Friedman, Herbert Simon, Robert Solow, Jan Tinbergen and James Tobin (besides, of course, James Meade who was an advocate from his younger days).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+About+Time%3A+Basic+Income+Security+As+A+Right&rft.btitle=Promoting+Income+Security+as+a+Right%3A+Europe+and+North+America&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-174-4&rft.aulast=Standing&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a> (1973). Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy. Vol. 2. Routledge. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8403-3"><bdi>978-0-7100-8403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Legislation+and+Liberty%3A+A+New+Statement+of+the+Liberal+Principles+of+Justice+and+Political+Economy&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8403-3&rft.aulast=Hayek&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmanFriedman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a>; Friedman, Rose (1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Harcourt. pp. 120–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-633460-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-633460-0"><bdi>978-0-15-633460-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+to+Choose%3A+A+Personal+Statement&rft.pages=120-123&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-15-633460-0&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steensland-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Steensland_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteensland2007" class="citation book cs1">Steensland, Brian (2007). The failed welfare revolution. Princeton University Press. pp. 70–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12714-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12714-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12714-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+failed+welfare+revolution&rft.pages=70-78&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12714-9&rft.aulast=Steensland&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> "Is a Negative Income Tax Practical?", James Tobin, Joseph A. Pechman, and Peter M. Mieszkowski, Yale Law Journal 77 (1967): 1–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFettig2011" class="citation web cs1">Fettig, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3649">"Interview with James Tobin – The Region – Publications & Papers | The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis"</a>. minneapolisfed.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015124538/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3649">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2011. <q>I would pursue my recommendations of years ago for a negative income tax.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minneapolisfed.org&rft.atitle=Interview+with+James+Tobin+%E2%80%93+The+Region+%E2%80%93+Publications+%26+Papers+%26%23124%3B+The+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Fettig&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fpublications_papers%2Fpub_display.cfm%3Fid%3D3649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fossilfuel-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fossilfuel_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fossilfuel_272-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/12/20121210104516139607.html">"How to end fossil fuel subsidies without hurting the poor"</a>. Aljazeera. 11 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121214104328/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/12/20121210104516139607.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+end+fossil+fuel+subsidies+without+hurting+the+poor&rft.pub=Aljazeera&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2012%2F12%2F20121210104516139607.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/world/asia/india-takes-aim-at-poverty-with-cash-transfer-program.html?_r=0">"India Aims to Keep Money for Poor Out of Others' Pockets"</a>. The New York Times. 5 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515192059/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/06/world/asia/india-takes-aim-at-poverty-with-cash-transfer-program.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Aims+to+Keep+Money+for+Poor+Out+of+Others%27+Pockets&rft.date=2013-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F01%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-takes-aim-at-poverty-with-cash-transfer-program.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapurMukhopadhyay,_Subramanian2008" class="citation web cs1">Kapur, Devesh; Mukhopadhyay, Subramanian (12 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514165229/http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/subramanian0408b.pdf">"More for the Poor and Less for and by the State: The Case for Direct Cash Transfers"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/papers/subramanian0408b.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+for+the+Poor+and+Less+for+and+by+the+State%3A+The+Case+for+Direct+Cash+Transfers&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Devesh&rft.au=Mukhopadhyay%2C+Subramanian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.petersoninstitute.org%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2Fsubramanian0408b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmonitor-275"><a href="#cite_ref-csmonitor_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0604/p01s02-woaf.html">"UN aid debate: give cash not food?"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 4 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703113649/http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0604/p01s02-woaf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=UN+aid+debate%3A+give+cash+not+food%3F&rft.date=2008-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F0604%2Fp01s02-woaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wfp-276"><a href="#cite_ref-wfp_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212124012/http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2899">"Cash roll-out to help hunger hot spots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program">World Food Program</a>. 8 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfp.org/english/?ModuleID=137&Key=2899">the original</a> on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cash+roll-out+to+help+hunger+hot+spots&rft.pub=World+Food+Program&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfp.org%2Fenglish%2F%3FModuleID%3D137%26Key%3D2899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgdev.org/blog/biometrics-identity-and-development">"Biometrics, Identity and Development"</a>. Center for Global Development. 14 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926053529/http://www.cgdev.org/blog/biometrics-identity-and-development">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biometrics%2C+Identity+and+Development&rft.pub=Center+for+Global+Development&rft.date=2010-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgdev.org%2Fblog%2Fbiometrics-identity-and-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022805299.html">"India announces changes in subsidies, will hand out cash to its poor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 28 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010022657/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/28/AR2011022805299.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=India+announces+changes+in+subsidies%2C+will+hand+out+cash+to+its+poor&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2011%2F02%2F28%2FAR2011022805299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfblog-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imfblog_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imfblog_279-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabtamuQuayyumOuattara2022" class="citation web cs1">Habtamu, Fuje; Quayyum, Saad; Ouattara, Franck (24 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2022/06/23/blog-africa-cbdc">"More African Central Banks Are Exploring Digital Currencies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+African+Central+Banks+Are+Exploring+Digital+Currencies&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022-06-24&rft.aulast=Habtamu&rft.aufirst=Fuje&rft.au=Quayyum%2C+Saad&rft.au=Ouattara%2C+Franck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FBlogs%2FArticles%2F2022%2F06%2F23%2Fblog-africa-cbdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsr.org/en/emerging-issues/central-banks-embrace-digital-currencies">"Central Banks Embrace Digital Currencies"</a>. Business for Social Responsibility. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+for+Social+Responsibility&rft.atitle=Central+Banks+Embrace+Digital+Currencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsr.org%2Fen%2Femerging-issues%2Fcentral-banks-embrace-digital-currencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21678243-regions-countries-desperately-need-reform-their-public-sectors-aiwa-yes">"Arab bureaucracies"</a>. economist.com. 14 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116150858/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21678243-regions-countries-desperately-need-reform-their-public-sectors-aiwa-yes">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arab+bureaucracies&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F21678243-regions-countries-desperately-need-reform-their-public-sectors-aiwa-yes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipak_Das_GuptaMustapha_K._NabliWorld_Bank2003" class="citation book cs1">Dipak Das Gupta; Mustapha K. Nabli; World Bank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCZcHibu5OIC&pg=PA122">Trade, Investment, and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Engaging With the World</a>. World Bank Publications. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5574-9"><bdi>978-0-8213-5574-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517073339/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCZcHibu5OIC&pg=PA122">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+Investment%2C+and+Development+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+Engaging+With+the+World&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5574-9&rft.au=Dipak+Das+Gupta&rft.au=Mustapha+K.+Nabli&rft.au=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCZcHibu5OIC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cato-283"><a href="#cite_ref-cato_283-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524064149/http://www.cato.org/research/articles/vas-0109.html">"Ending mass poverty"</a>. cato.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/research/articles/vas-0109.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ending+mass+poverty&rft.pub=cato.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2Fvas-0109.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macroeconomics1-284"><a href="#cite_ref-macroeconomics1_284-0">^</a> Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc1-285"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc1_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2006" class="citation news cs1">Doyle, Mark (4 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm">"Can aid bring an end to poverty"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402201358/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Can+aid+bring+an+end+to+poverty&rft.date=2006-10-04&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F5407770.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stm">"India:the economy"</a>. BBC News. 3 December 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/55427.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=India%3Athe+economy&rft.date=1998-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F55427.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628204700/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/poor_little_rich_country?page=0,1">"Poor Little Rich Country"</a>. foreignpolicy.com. 24 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/24/poor_little_rich_country?page=0,1">the original</a> on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poor+Little+Rich+Country&rft.pub=foreignpolicy.com&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F06%2F24%2Fpoor_little_rich_country%3Fpage%3D0%2C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-landrights-288"><a href="#cite_ref-landrights_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm">"Land rights help fight poverty"</a>. bbcnews.com. 20 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416033026/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Land+rights+help+fight+poverty&rft.date=2003-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3006562.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeininger2003" class="citation book cs1">Deininger, Klaus (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/15125">Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction</a>. World Bank Policy Research Report. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1596%2F0-8213-5071-4">10.1596/0-8213-5071-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5071-3"><bdi>978-0-8213-5071-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Policies+for+Growth+and+Poverty+Reduction&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=World+Bank+Policy+Research+Report&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1596%2F0-8213-5071-4&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-5071-3&rft.aulast=Deininger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F15125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/09/12/who-owns-what?partnerize_clickref=1011lwUDLckW">"Who owns what? Enforceable property rights are still far too rare in poor countries"</a>. economist.com. 12 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+owns+what%3F+Enforceable+property+rights+are+still+far+too+rare+in+poor+countries&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2020%2F09%2F12%2Fwho-owns-what%3Fpartnerize_clickref%3D1011lwUDLckW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GCR-291"><a href="#cite_ref-GCR_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619083349/http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%2BCompetitiveness%2BReport/index.htm">"Global Competitiveness Report 2006, World Economic Forum"</a>. weforum.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm">the original</a> on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Competitiveness+Report+2006%2C+World+Economic+Forum&rft.pub=weforum.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Fen%2Finitiatives%2Fgcp%2FGlobal%2520Competitiveness%2520Report%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/">"Infrastructure and Poverty Reduction: Cross-country Evidence"</a>. abdi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926192919/http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+and+Poverty+Reduction%3A+Cross-country+Evidence&rft.pub=abdi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adbi.org%2Fconf-seminar-papers%2F2004%2F11%2F26%2F830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=894664&story_id=14586906">"Migration and development: The aid workers who really help"</a>. The Economist. 8 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310212904/http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=894664&story_id=14586906">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Migration+and+development%3A+The+aid+workers+who+really+help&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fresearch%2FarticlesBySubject%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fsubjectid%3D894664%26story_id%3D14586906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunus2011" class="citation news cs1">Yunus, Muhammad (14 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/opinion/15yunus.html">"Sacrificing microcredit for megaprofits"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229061555/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/opinion/15yunus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sacrificing+microcredit+for+megaprofits&rft.date=2011-01-14&rft.aulast=Yunus&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F15%2Fopinion%2F15yunus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajaj2011" class="citation news cs1">Bajaj, Vikas (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/business/global/06micro.html">"Microlenders, honored with Nobel, are struggling"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617105040/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/business/global/06micro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Microlenders%2C+honored+with+Nobel%2C+are+struggling&rft.date=2011-01-05&rft.aulast=Bajaj&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F01%2F06%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2F06micro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolgreenBajaj2010" class="citation news cs1">Polgreen, Lydia; Bajaj, Vikas (17 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/world/asia/18micro.html">"India microcredit faces collapse from defaults"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127014631/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/world/asia/18micro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+microcredit+faces+collapse+from+defaults&rft.date=2010-11-17&rft.aulast=Polgreen&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft.au=Bajaj%2C+Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F18%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F18micro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/4/8/wednesday_arundhati_roy_on_elections_in">Excerpt From "Capitalism: A Ghost Story" By Arundhati Roy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529045003/http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2014/4/8/wednesday_arundhati_roy_on_elections_in">Archived</a> 29 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a> Retrieved 27 May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-time.com-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-time.com_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time.com_298-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-time.com_298-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiviat2009" class="citation news cs1">Kiviat, Barbara (30 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831064814/http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918733,00.html">"Microfinance's next step: deposits"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1918733,00.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Microfinance%27s+next+step%3A+deposits&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft.aulast=Kiviat&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1918733%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-safaricom-299"><a href="#cite_ref-safaricom_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2009" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Louise (12 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm">"Africa's mobile banking revolution"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828014936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+mobile+banking+revolution&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F8194241.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Barnett1998" class="citation journal cs1">Steven Barnett, W. (1 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743598902754">"Long-Term Cognitive and Academic Effects of Early Childhood Education on Children in Poverty"</a>. Preventive Medicine. 27 (2): 204–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fpmed.1998.0275">10.1006/pmed.1998.0275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7435">0091-7435</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9578996">9578996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Long-Term+Cognitive+and+Academic+Effects+of+Early+Childhood+Education+on+Children+in+Poverty&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=204-207&rft.date=1998-03-01&rft.issn=0091-7435&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9578996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fpmed.1998.0275&rft.aulast=Steven+Barnett&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0091743598902754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2021" class="citation web cs1">King, Mary (8 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inequality.org/research/build-back-better-universal-preschool/">"A Strong Economic Case for Federal Investment in Universal Preschool"</a>. Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Strong+Economic+Case+for+Federal+Investment+in+Universal+Preschool&rft.pub=Institute+for+Policy+Studies&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finequality.org%2Fresearch%2Fbuild-back-better-universal-preschool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía2019" class="citation web cs1">García, Rosa M. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2019/02/2019_DebtFreeCollegePrinciples.pdf">"Debt-Free College: Principles for Prioritizing Low-Income Students"</a> (PDF). Center for Law and Social Policy. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Law+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Debt-Free+College%3A+Principles+for+Prioritizing+Low-Income+Students&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Rosa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clasp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2F2019%2F02%2F2019_DebtFreeCollegePrinciples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_MarcusHolly_K._Hacker2015" class="citation cs2">Jon Marcus; Holly K. Hacker (17 December 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hechingerreport.org/the-socioeconomic-divide-on-americas-college-campuses-is-getting-wider-fast/">"The rich-poor divide on America's college campuses is getting wider, fast"</a>, The Hechinger Report, retrieved 22 February 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hechinger+Report&rft.atitle=The+rich-poor+divide+on+America%27s+college+campuses+is+getting+wider%2C+fast&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft.au=Jon+Marcus&rft.au=Holly+K.+Hacker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhechingerreport.org%2Fthe-socioeconomic-divide-on-americas-college-campuses-is-getting-wider-fast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhDiNittoKim2021" class="citation journal cs1">Oh, Sehun; DiNitto, Diana M.; Kim, Yeonwoo (1 January 2021). "Exiting poverty: a systematic review of U.S. postsecondary education and job skills training programs in the post-welfare reform era". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy. 41 (11/12): 1210–1226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJSSP-09-2020-0429">10.1108/IJSSP-09-2020-0429</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-333X">0144-333X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234253474">234253474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sociology+and+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=Exiting+poverty%3A+a+systematic+review+of+U.S.+postsecondary+education+and+job+skills+training+programs+in+the+post-welfare+reform+era&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=1210-1226&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234253474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-333X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJSSP-09-2020-0429&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Sehun&rft.au=DiNitto%2C+Diana+M.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Yeonwoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2009" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas D. (20 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/books/review/Kristof-t.html?_r=1&ref=global-">"How can we help the world's poor"</a>. NYTimes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515194939/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/22/books/review/Kristof-t.html?_r=1&ref=global-">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+can+we+help+the+world%27s+poor&rft.date=2009-11-20&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F22%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FKristof-t.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dglobal-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8488375.stm">"Sanitary pads help Ghana girls go to school"</a>. BBC News. 29 January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902124432/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8488375.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sanitary+pads+help+Ghana+girls+go+to+school&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8488375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/27/free-school-meals-young-learners-liberia-marys-meals">"Free school meals a recipe for success for young learners in Liberia"</a>. The Guardian. 27 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031030422/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/27/free-school-meals-young-learners-liberia-marys-meals">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Free+school+meals+a+recipe+for+success+for+young+learners+in+Liberia&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2016%2Foct%2F27%2Ffree-school-meals-young-learners-liberia-marys-meals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazil-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1113/p01s03-woam.html?page=1">"Brazil becomes antipoverty showcase"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 13 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724225956/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2008/1113/p01s03-woam.html?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Brazil+becomes+antipoverty+showcase&rft.date=2008-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F1113%2Fp01s03-woam.html%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csm-309">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csm_309-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csm_309-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0921/p06s10-woam.html">"Latin America makes dent in poverty with 'conditional cash' programs"</a>. Christian Science Monitor. 21 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926054924/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0921/p06s10-woam.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Latin+America+makes+dent+in+poverty+with+%27conditional+cash%27+programs&rft.date=2009-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2009%2F0921%2Fp06s10-woam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterly2006" class="citation book cs1">Easterly, William (2006). The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good. New York: Penguin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+Burden%3A+Why+the+West%27s+Efforts+to+Aid+the+Rest+Have+Done+So+Much+Ill+and+So+Little+Good&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Easterly&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermannKanieKim2017" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Biermann, Frank; Kanie, Norichika; Kim, Rakhyun E (1 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343517300209">"Global governance by goal-setting: the novel approach of the UN Sustainable Development Goals"</a>. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Open issue, part II. 26–27: 26–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017COES...26...26B">2017COES...26...26B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2017.01.010">10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F358246">1874/358246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1877-3435">1877-3435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Environmental+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Global+governance+by+goal-setting%3A+the+novel+approach+of+the+UN+Sustainable+Development+Goals&rft.volume=26%E2%80%9327&rft.pages=26-31&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F358246&rft.issn=1877-3435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2017.01.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017COES...26...26B&rft.aulast=Biermann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Kanie%2C+Norichika&rft.au=Kim%2C+Rakhyun+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1877343517300209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Stats-2017-312"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_Stats-2017_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/indicators/indicators-list/">"SDG Indicators - Global indicator framework for the Sustainable Development Goals and targets of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development"</a>. United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). Retrieved 6 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Statistics+Division+%28UNSD%29&rft.atitle=SDG+Indicators+-+Global+indicator+framework+for+the+Sustainable+Development+Goals+and+targets+of+the+2030+Agenda+for+Sustainable+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Fsdgs%2Findicators%2Findicators-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/poverty/">"Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goal+1%3A+End+poverty+in+all+its+forms+everywhere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsustainabledevelopment%2Fpoverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/sdg-2030/targets/lang--en/index.htm">"2030 Development agenda: ILO Focus targets (The 2030 development agenda)"</a>. www.ilo.org. 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ilo.org&rft.atitle=2030+Development+agenda%3A+ILO+Focus+targets+%28The+2030+development+agenda%29&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2Ftopics%2Fsdg-2030%2Ftargets%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal1">"Goal 1 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goal+1+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdgs.un.org%2Fgoals%2Fgoal1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2008/09/04/a-scramble-in-africa">"A scramble in Africa"</a>. Economist magazine. 4 September 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+scramble+in+Africa&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2008%2F09%2F04%2Fa-scramble-in-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223203509/http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509">"Tied aid strangling nations, says UN"</a>. ispnews.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509">the original</a> on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tied+aid+strangling+nations%2C+says+UN&rft.pub=ispnews.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipsnews.net%2Finterna.asp%3Fidnews%3D24509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/160075">"Let them eat micronutrients"</a>. Newsweek. 20 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090717002543/http://www.newsweek.com/id/160075">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Let+them+eat+micronutrients&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F160075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/may/07/colonial-mindset-global-aid-agencies-costs-localising-humanitarianism-ngo-">"'A colonial mindset': why global aid agencies need to get out of the way"</a>. The Guardian. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27A+colonial+mindset%27%3A+why+global+aid+agencies+need+to+get+out+of+the+way&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fmay%2F07%2Fcolonial-mindset-global-aid-agencies-costs-localising-humanitarianism-ngo-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassane2023" class="citation news cs1">Hassane, Fati (11 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/7/11/investments-in-private-healthcare-are-not-helping-africans">"Investments in private healthcare are not helping Africans"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Investments+in+private+healthcare+are+not+helping+Africans&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Hassane&rft.aufirst=Fati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2023%2F7%2F11%2Finvestments-in-private-healthcare-are-not-helping-africans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EconomicStratification-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EconomicStratification_321-1">b</a> Data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChettyJacksonKuchlerStroebel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"</a>. Nature. 608 (7921): 108–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.608..108C">2022Natur.608..108C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04996-4">10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9352590">9352590</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915342">35915342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Social+capital+I%3A+measurement+and+associations+with+economic+mobility&rft.volume=608&rft.issue=7921&rft.pages=108-121&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04996-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.608..108C&rft.aulast=Chetty&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Matthew+O.&rft.au=Kuchler%2C+Theresa&rft.au=Stroebel%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Hendren%2C+Nathaniel&rft.au=Fluegge%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Gong%2C+Sara&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Frederico&rft.au=Grondin%2C+Armelle&rft.au=Jacob%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9352590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> Charted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2022" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801104004/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/01/briefing/economic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Friending+Bias%27+%2F+A+large+new+study+offers+clues+about+how+lower-income+children+can+rise+up+the+economic+ladder.&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F01%2Fbriefing%2Feconomic-ladder-rich-poor-americans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapham2004" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lapham, Lewis (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/2004/09/tentacles-of-rage/">"Tentacles of rage"</a>. Harper's Magazine. Vol. September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019043338/https://harpers.org/archive/2004/09/tentacles-of-rage/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tentacles+of+rage&rft.volume=September+2004&rft.date=2004-10&rft.aulast=Lapham&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Farchive%2F2004%2F09%2Ftentacles-of-rage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/themes-sdc/fragile-contexts-and-prevention/fragile-states.html">"Fragile states – poverty, instability and violence"</a>. www.eda.admin.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615110941/https://www.eda.admin.ch/deza/en/home/themes-sdc/fragile-contexts-and-prevention/fragile-states.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eda.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Fragile+states+%E2%80%93+poverty%2C+instability+and+violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eda.admin.ch%2Fdeza%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fthemes-sdc%2Ffragile-contexts-and-prevention%2Ffragile-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6/ref=sr_1_12?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1466701032&sr=1-12&keywords=fault+lines+how+hidden+fractures+still+threaten+the+world+economy">Fault Lines: How Hidden Fractures Still Threaten the World Economy by Raghuram G. Rajan (2012) Paperback</a>. HarperCollins India. 1 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126113725/https://www.amazon.com/Fault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback/dp/B00OX8KPE6/ref=sr_1_12?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1466701032&sr=1-12&keywords=fault+lines+how+hidden+fractures+still+threaten+the+world+economy">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fault+Lines%3A+How+Hidden+Fractures+Still+Threaten+the+World+Economy+by+Raghuram+G.+Rajan+%282012%29+Paperback&rft.pub=HarperCollins+India&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FFault-Lines-Fractures-Threaten-Paperback%2Fdp%2FB00OX8KPE6%2Fref%3Dsr_1_12%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1466701032%26sr%3D1-12%26keywords%3Dfault%2Blines%2Bhow%2Bhidden%2Bfractures%2Bstill%2Bthreaten%2Bthe%2Bworld%2Beconomy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherRosenberg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher, Terry; Rosenberg, Talia (20 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcc.gov/resources/doc/paper-governance-and-economic-growth/">"Is Governance Associated with Poverty Reduction Independent of Economic Growth?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium+Challenge+Corporation&rft.atitle=Is+Governance+Associated+with+Poverty+Reduction+Independent+of+Economic+Growth%3F&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Talia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc.gov%2Fresources%2Fdoc%2Fpaper-governance-and-economic-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiah-OtooChenSongDumor2022" class="citation journal cs1">Appiah-Otoo, Isaac; Chen, Xudong; Song, Na; Dumor, Koffi (1 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0161893822001065">"Financial development, institutional improvement, poverty reduction: The multiple challenges in West Africa"</a>. Journal of Policy Modeling. 44 (6): 1296–1312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpolmod.2022.11.002">10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-8938">0161-8938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+Modeling&rft.atitle=Financial+development%2C+institutional+improvement%2C+poverty+reduction%3A+The+multiple+challenges+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1296-1312&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpolmod.2022.11.002&rft.issn=0161-8938&rft.aulast=Appiah-Otoo&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xudong&rft.au=Song%2C+Na&rft.au=Dumor%2C+Koffi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0161893822001065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaidiMensi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kaidi, Nasreddine; Mensi, Sami (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-019-00606-3">"Financial Development, Income Inequality, and Poverty Reduction: Democratic Versus Autocratic Countries"</a>. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 11 (4): 1358–1381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13132-019-00606-3">10.1007/s13132-019-00606-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-7873">1868-7873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.atitle=Financial+Development%2C+Income+Inequality%2C+and+Poverty+Reduction%3A+Democratic+Versus+Autocratic+Countries&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1358-1381&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-019-00606-3&rft.issn=1868-7873&rft.aulast=Kaidi&rft.aufirst=Nasreddine&rft.au=Mensi%2C+Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-019-00606-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDörffelFreytag2023" class="citation journal cs1">Dörffel, Christoph; Freytag, Andreas (1 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X23000049">"The poverty effect of democratization"</a>. World Development. 165: 106186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2023.106186">10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-750X">0305-750X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=The+poverty+effect+of+democratization&rft.volume=165&rft.pages=106186&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2023.106186&rft.issn=0305-750X&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6rffel&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Freytag%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0305750X23000049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> Dankumo, A. M., Ishak, S., Bani, Y., & Hamza, H. Z. (2021). Governance, public expenditure, trade and poverty reduction in sub-saharan african countries. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 13(1), 16-35. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Gao, Y., & Zang, L. (2022). Is democracy pro‐poor? An empirical test of the Sen Hypothesis based on global evidence. Governance, 35(3), 847-868. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabirAlam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kabir, M. Adnan; Alam, Najib (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23949015211057942">"The Efficacy of Democracy and Freedom in Fostering Economic Growth"</a>. Emerging Economy Studies. 7 (1): 76–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23949015211057942">10.1177/23949015211057942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2394-9015">2394-9015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Economy+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Efficacy+of+Democracy+and+Freedom+in+Fostering+Economic+Growth&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-93&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F23949015211057942&rft.issn=2394-9015&rft.aulast=Kabir&rft.aufirst=M.+Adnan&rft.au=Alam%2C+Najib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F23949015211057942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchiSaidiLabidi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ochi, Anis; Saidi, Yosra; Labidi, Mohamed Ali (1 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-022-01084-w">"Non-linear Threshold Effect of Governance Quality on Economic Growth in African Countries: Evidence from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Approach"</a>. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 14 (4): 4707–4729. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13132-022-01084-w">10.1007/s13132-022-01084-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-7873">1868-7873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Knowledge+Economy&rft.atitle=Non-linear+Threshold+Effect+of+Governance+Quality+on+Economic+Growth+in+African+Countries%3A+Evidence+from+Panel+Smooth+Transition+Regression+Approach&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4707-4729&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-022-01084-w&rft.issn=1868-7873&rft.aulast=Ochi&rft.aufirst=Anis&rft.au=Saidi%2C+Yosra&rft.au=Labidi%2C+Mohamed+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs13132-022-01084-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendozaBejaVenidaYap2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mendoza, Ronald U.; Beja, Edsel L. Jr.; Venida, Victor S.; Yap, David B. (1 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40104/1/MPRA_paper_40104.pdf">"Inequality in democracy: Insights from an empirical analysis of political dynasties in the 15th Philippine Congress"</a> (PDF). Philippine Political Science Journal. 33 (2): 132–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01154451.2012.734094">10.1080/01154451.2012.734094</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0115-4451">0115-4451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154856834">154856834</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801200741/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40104/1/MPRA_paper_40104.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Political+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Inequality+in+democracy%3A+Insights+from+an+empirical+analysis+of+political+dynasties+in+the+15th+Philippine+Congress&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-145&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154856834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0115-4451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01154451.2012.734094&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Ronald+U.&rft.au=Beja%2C+Edsel+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Venida%2C+Victor+S.&rft.au=Yap%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F40104%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_40104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-enough8-334"><a href="#cite_ref-enough8_334-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/276345/opinion/what-is-wrong-with-political-dynasties">"What is wrong with political dynasties?"</a>. GMA News Online. October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126001056/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/276345/opinion/what-is-wrong-with-political-dynasties">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=What+is+wrong+with+political+dynasties%3F&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F276345%2Fopinion%2Fwhat-is-wrong-with-political-dynasties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanHickel2023-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanHickel2023_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanHickel2023_335-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanHickel2023_335-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHickel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Dylan; Hickel, Jason (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026">"Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Development_(journal)" title="World Development (journal)">World Development</a>. 161: 106026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026">10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252315733">252315733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Capitalism+and+extreme+poverty%3A+A+global+analysis+of+real+wages%2C+human+height%2C+and+mortality+since+the+long+16th+century&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=106026&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252315733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft.au=Hickel%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.worlddev.2022.106026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vox_2019-02-12-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vox_2019-02-12_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vox_2019-02-12_336-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2019" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Dylan (12 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/2/12/18215534/bill-gates-global-poverty-chart">"Bill Gates tweeted out a chart and sparked a huge debate about global poverty"</a>. Vox. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+tweeted+out+a+chart+and+sparked+a+huge+debate+about+global+poverty&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Ffuture-perfect%2F2019%2F2%2F12%2F18215534%2Fbill-gates-global-poverty-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallion2016" class="citation book cs1">Ravallion, Martin (2016). The Economics of Poverty: History, Measurement, and Policy. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-021277-3"><bdi>978-0-19-021277-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Poverty%3A+History%2C+Measurement%2C+and+Policy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-021277-3&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristof2019" class="citation news cs1">Kristof, Nicholas (28 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/28/opinion/sunday/2019-best-year-poverty.html">"This Has Been the Best Year Ever"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+Has+Been+the+Best+Year+Ever&rft.date=2019-12-28&rft.aulast=Kristof&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F12%2F28%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2F2019-best-year-poverty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinker2018" class="citation book cs1">Pinker, Steven (2018). Enlightenment now: The case for reason, science, humanism, and progress. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-42757-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-42757-5"><bdi>978-0-525-42757-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+now%3A+The+case+for+reason%2C+science%2C+humanism%2C+and+progress&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-525-42757-5&rft.aulast=Pinker&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_340-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanprogress.org/the-romantic-idea-of-a-plentiful-past-is-pure-fantasy/">"The Romantic Idea of a Plentiful Past Is Pure Fantasy"</a>. HumanProgress. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HumanProgress&rft.atitle=The+Romantic+Idea+of+a+Plentiful+Past+Is+Pure+Fantasy&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanprogress.org%2Fthe-romantic-idea-of-a-plentiful-past-is-pure-fantasy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/19/reclaiming-right-social-security">"(Re)claiming the Right to Social Security"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=%28Re%29claiming+the+Right+to+Social+Security&rft.date=2023-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F19%2Freclaiming-right-social-security&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/8127IIED.pdf">"Anantha Duraiappah (1996). Poverty and Environmental Degradation: a Literature Review and Analysis CREED Working Paper Series No 8 International Institute for Environment and Development, London. Retrieved on June 27, 2016"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113164806/http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/8127IIED.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anantha+Duraiappah+%281996%29.+Poverty+and+Environmental+Degradation%3A+a+Literature+Review+and+Analysis+CREED+Working+Paper+Series+No+8+International+Institute+for+Environment+and+Development%2C+London.+Retrieved+on+June+27%2C+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.iied.org%2Fpdfs%2F8127IIED.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hickel_2020-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Hickel_2020_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2020" class="citation news cs1">Hickel, Jason (1 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(20)30196-0/fulltext">"Quantifying national responsibility for climate breakdown: an equality-based attribution approach for carbon dioxide emissions in excess of the planetary boundary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203001815/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanplh/article/PIIS2542-5196(20)30196-0/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quantifying+national+responsibility+for+climate+breakdown%3A+an+equality-based+attribution+approach+for+carbon+dioxide+emissions+in+excess+of+the+planetary+boundary&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flanplh%2Farticle%2FPIIS2542-5196%2820%2930196-0%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-344"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2020" class="citation book cs1">Hickel, Jason (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jasonhickel.org/less-is-more">Less is more: how degrowth will save the world</a>. Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785152498" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785152498"><bdi>978-1785152498</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230101429/https://www.jasonhickel.org/less-is-more">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+is+more%3A+how+degrowth+will+save+the+world&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1785152498&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasonhickel.org%2Fless-is-more&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Development_Report-345"><a href="#cite_ref-Human_Development_Report_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf">"Human Development Report 2007/2008: The 21st Century Climate Challenge"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429033726/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Report+2007%2F2008%3A+The+21st+Century+Climate+Challenge.&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fhdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-AlierTemperDel_BeneScheidel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez-Alier, Joan; Temper, Leah; Del Bene, Daniela; Scheidel, Arnim (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198">"Is there a global environmental justice movement?"</a>. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 43 (3): 731–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03066150.2016.1141198">10.1080/03066150.2016.1141198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-6150">0306-6150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156535916">156535916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Peasant+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+global+environmental+justice+movement%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=731-755&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156535916%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-6150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03066150.2016.1141198&rft.aulast=Martinez-Alier&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Temper%2C+Leah&rft.au=Del+Bene%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Scheidel%2C+Arnim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F03066150.2016.1141198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_Alier2005" class="citation book cs1">Martínez Alier, Juan (2005). The environmentalism of the poor: a study of ecological conflicts and valuation. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567328-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567328-9"><bdi>978-0-19-567328-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61669200">61669200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+environmentalism+of+the+poor%3A+a+study+of+ecological+conflicts+and+valuation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61669200&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567328-9&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Alier&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/17/climate-change-could-drive-122m-more-people-into-extreme-poverty-by-2030-un-united-nations-report">"Climate change could drive 122m more people into extreme poverty by 2030"</a>. The Guardian. 17 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018003039/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/oct/17/climate-change-could-drive-122m-more-people-into-extreme-poverty-by-2030-un-united-nations-report">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Climate+change+could+drive+122m+more+people+into+extreme+poverty+by+2030&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2016%2Foct%2F17%2Fclimate-change-could-drive-122m-more-people-into-extreme-poverty-by-2030-un-united-nations-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/plants-consume-more-water-climate-change-thirsty-future/">"Thirsty future ahead as climate change explodes plant growth"</a>. Science. 4 November 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/10/plants-consume-more-water-climate-change-thirsty-future/">the original</a> on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Thirsty+future+ahead+as+climate+change+explodes+plant+growth&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2F2019%2F10%2Fplants-consume-more-water-climate-change-thirsty-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdkn.org/2013/06/report-warmer-world-will-keep-millions-of-people-trapped-in-poverty/?loclang=en_gb">REPORT: Warmer world will keep millions of people trapped in poverty.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194528/http://cdkn.org/2013/06/report-warmer-world-will-keep-millions-of-people-trapped-in-poverty/?loclang=en_gb">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_%26_Development_Knowledge_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate & Development Knowledge Network">Climate & Development Knowledge Network</a>. Retrieved 31 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPremier2019" class="citation web cs1">Premier (18 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927121322/https://www.premierchristianity.com/Past-Issues/2019/August-2019/Meet-the-Bruderhof-Our-exclusive-peek-inside-a-modern-Christian-utopia">"Meet the Bruderhof: Our exclusive peek inside a modern Christian utopia"</a>. Premier Christianity. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premierchristianity.com/Past-Issues/2019/August-2019/Meet-the-Bruderhof-Our-exclusive-peek-inside-a-modern-Christian-utopia">the original</a> on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premier+Christianity&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Bruderhof%3A+Our+exclusive+peek+inside+a+modern+Christian+utopia&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft.au=Premier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierchristianity.com%2FPast-Issues%2F2019%2FAugust-2019%2FMeet-the-Bruderhof-Our-exclusive-peek-inside-a-modern-Christian-utopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oved_2017-352"><a href="#cite_ref-Oved_2017_352-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOved2017" class="citation book cs1">Oved, Iaácov (2017). The witness of the brothers: a history of the Bruderhof. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-47253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-47253-1"><bdi>978-1-351-47253-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994005958">994005958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+witness+of+the+brothers%3A+a+history+of+the+Bruderhof&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994005958&rft.isbn=978-1-351-47253-1&rft.aulast=Oved&rft.aufirst=Ia%C3%A1cov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Pope Paul VI (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html">Ecclesiam Suam</a>, paragraph 54, accessed on 28 August 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-Benedict-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benedict_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20090101_world-day-peace_en.html">"World Peace Day Address 2009"</a>. The Vatican. 1 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628185005/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20090101_world-day-peace_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World+Peace+Day+Address+2009&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fhomilies%2F2009%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_hom_20090101_world-day-peace_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamiakWalczak2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adamiak, Stanisław; Walczak, Damian (7 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wydawnictwoumk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/CJFA/article/view/CJFA.2014.001/3213">"Catholic social teaching and social solidarity in the context of social security"</a>. Copernican Journal of Finance & Accounting. 3 (1): 9–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12775%2FCJFA.2014.001">10.12775/CJFA.2014.001</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181657/http://wydawnictwoumk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/CJFA/article/view/CJFA.2014.001/3213">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copernican+Journal+of+Finance+%26+Accounting&rft.atitle=Catholic+social+teaching+and+social+solidarity+in+the+context+of+social+security&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-18&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12775%2FCJFA.2014.001&rft.aulast=Adamiak&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Walczak%2C+Damian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwydawnictwoumk.pl%2Fczasopisma%2Findex.php%2FCJFA%2Farticle%2Fview%2FCJFA.2014.001%2F3213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <pre>"Inequality and Poverty – OECD". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 23 February 2023. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368753">Global education monitoring report 2019: gender report: Building bridges for gender equality</a>, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Allen, Robert C. 2020. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-091819-014652">Poverty and the Labor Market: Today and Yesterday.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724225955/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-economics-091819-014652">Archived</a> 24 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Annual Review of Economomics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/half-world-s-poor-live-just-5-countries">Half of the world's poor live in just 5 countries</a> Roy Katayama & Divinshi Wadha. World Bank Blogs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Atkinson, Anthony</a>. Poverty in Europe 1998</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb,_Sarah2009" class="citation book cs1">Babb, Sarah (2009). Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of Nations. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03365-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03365-5"><bdi>978-0-226-03365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Development+Banks%3A+Washington+Politics%2C+World+Poverty%2C+and+the+Wealth+of+Nations&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03365-5&rft.au=Babb%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Banerjee, Abhijit & Esther Duflo, Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011)</li> <li>Bergmann, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html">"Deciding Who's Poor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520150222/http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html">Archived</a> 20 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dollars_%26_Sense" title="Dollars & Sense">Dollars & Sense</a>, March/April 2000</li> <li>Betson, David M. & Warlick, Jennifer L. "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty." American Economic Review 88:348–51. 1998.</li> <li>Brady, David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003, pp. 715–751 Online in Project Muse.</li> <li>Buhmann, Brigitte, et al. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." Review of Income and Wealth 34:115–142.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase,_ElaineBantebya-Kyomuhendo,_Grace2015" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Elaine; Bantebya-Kyomuhendo, Grace (2015). Poverty and Shame. Global Experiences. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968672-8"><bdi>978-0-19-968672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+Shame.+Global+Experiences&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968672-8&rft.au=Chase%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Bantebya-Kyomuhendo%2C+Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Danziger, Sheldon H. & Weinberg, Daniel H. "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty." pp. 18–50 in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel. H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Desmond" title="Matthew Desmond">Desmond, Matthew</a> (2023). <a href="/wiki/Poverty,_by_America" title="Poverty, by America">Poverty, by America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-23991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-23991-9"><bdi>978-0-593-23991-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty%2C+by+America&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-593-23991-9&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality." American Journal of Sociology (2000) 104:1597–1630. in JSTOR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Gans" title="Herbert J. Gans">Gans, Herbert J.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf">"The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605004424/http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf">Archived</a> 5 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Social Policy, July/August 1971: pp. 20–24</li> <li>Gordon, David M. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives. 1972.</li> <li>Haveman, Robert H. Poverty Policy and Poverty Research. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a> 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11150-2">978-0-299-11150-2</a></li> <li>Haymes, Stephen, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/">The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617164555/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/">Archived</a> 17 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67344-0">978-0-415-67344-0</a>.</li> <li>Iceland, John Poverty in America: a handbook University of California Press, 2003</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lee, Dwight R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/libertarianism/n326.xml">"Wealth and Poverty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 537–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n326">10.4135/9781412965811.n326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wealth+and+Poverty&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=537-539&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n326&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Dwight+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Flibertarianism%2Fn326.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McEwan, Joanne, and Pamela Sharpe, eds. Accommodating Poverty: The Housing and Living Arrangements of the English Poor, c. 1600–1850 (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 292 pages; scholarly studies of rural and urban poor, as well as vagrants, unmarried mothers, and almshouse dwellers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2000" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Alice (2000). "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era". Annual Review of Sociology. 26: 547–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.26.1.547">10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Poverty+Research+and+Policy+for+the+Post-Welfare+Era&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=547-562&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.soc.26.1.547&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbergXu" class="citation journal cs1">Osberg, Lars; Xu, Kuan. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: index decomposition and bootstrap inference". The Journal of Human Resources. 2000 (35): 51–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Human+Resources&rft.atitle=International+Comparisons+of+Poverty+Intensity%3A+index+decomposition+and+bootstrap+inference&rft.volume=2000&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=51-81&rft.aulast=Osberg&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Xu%2C+Kuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: a sociological view." pp. 41–62 in The Future of European Welfare, edited by Martin Rhodes and Yves Meny, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippou2010" class="citation journal cs1">Philippou, Lambros (2010). "Public Space, Enlarged Mentality and Being-In-Poverty". Philosophical Inquiry. 32 (1–2): 103–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fphilinquiry2010321%2F218">10.5840/philinquiry2010321/218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Public+Space%2C+Enlarged+Mentality+and+Being-In-Poverty&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=103-115&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fphilinquiry2010321%2F218&rft.aulast=Philippou&rft.aufirst=Lambros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad, Vijay</a>. The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, June 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-158-9">978-1-78168-158-9</a></li> <li>Prashad, Vijay. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/11/making-poverty-history/">Making Poverty History</a>". <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 10 November 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Pressman, Steven</a>, Poverty in America: an annotated bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-2833-9">978-0-8108-2833-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Robinson, Marilynne</a>, "Is Poverty Necessary? An idea that won't go away", <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a>, vol. 338, no. 2029 (June 2019), pp. 25–33. "To bring up the subject of providing a better life is to lean too far left, to flirt with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.... 'Why... do wages tend to a minimum which will give but a bare living?' A short answer would be: because they can.... Insofar as the public is barred from taking a central role in society, we lose wisdom to stealth, stupidity, parochialism."</li> <li>Rothman, David J., (editor). The Almshouse Experience (Poverty U.S.A.: the Historical Record). New York: Arno Press, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-405-03092-5">978-0-405-03092-5</a>Reprint of Report of the committee appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Poor of the City and Districts of Philadelphia to visit the cities of Baltimore, New York, Providence, Boston, and Salem (published in Philadelphia, 1827); Report of the Massachusetts General Court's Committee on Pauper Laws (published in [Boston?], 1821); and the 1824 Report of the New York Secretary of State on the relief and settlement of the poor (from the 24th annual report of the New York State Board of Charities, 1901).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Roy, Arundhati</a>, Capitalism: A Ghost Story, Haymarket Books, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-385-5">978-1-60846-385-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a>, Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>, 1981.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen, Amartya</a>, Development as Freedom, New York, Knopf, 1999.</li> <li>Smeeding, Timothy M., O'Higgins, Michael & Rainwater, Lee. Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective. Urban Institute Press 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Smith_(economist)" title="Stephen C. Smith (economist)">Smith, Stephen C.</a>, Ending Global Poverty: a guide to what works, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriest1998" class="citation journal cs1">Triest, Robert K. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.12.1.97">"Has Poverty Gotten Worse?"</a>. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12: 97–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.12.1.97">10.1257/jep.12.1.97</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Has+Poverty+Gotten+Worse%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=97-114&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.12.1.97&rft.aulast=Triest&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.12.1.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wilson, Richard & Pickett, Kate. The Spirit Level, London: Allen Lane, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html">World Bank: "Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415192500/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100411043749/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/EXTWDRS/EXTWDR2004/0%2C%2CmenuPK%3A477704%7EpagePK%3A64167702%7EpiPK%3A64167676%7EtheSitePK%3A477688%2C00.html">World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work For Poor People"</a>, 2004</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poverty">Poverty</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/poverty" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:poverty">poverty</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poverty" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Poverty">Poverty</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Eliminating_poverty" class="extiw" title="v:Eliminating poverty">Eliminating poverty</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552568">Addressing Global Poverty</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494">Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty">Data visualizations of the long-run development of poverty and list of data sources on poverty</a> on 'Our World in Data'.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918223238/http://www.isdb.org/irj/portal/anonymous">Islamic Development Bank</a> (archived 18 September 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204101908/http://www.lisproject.org/">Luxembourg Income Study</a> Contains a wealth of data on income inequality and poverty, and hundreds of its sponsored research papers using this data (archived 4 December 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development</a> Contains reports on economic development as well as relations between rich and poor nations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ophi.org.uk/">OPHI</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Poverty_%26_Human_Development_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative">Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative</a> (OPHI) Research to advance the human development approach to poverty reduction.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/">Transparency International</a> Tracks issues of government and corporate corruption around the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/">United Nations</a> Hundreds of free reports related to economic development and standards of living in countries around the world, such as the annual Human Development Report.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/">US Agency for International Development</a> USAID is the primary US government agency with the mission for aid to developing countries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/">World Bank</a> Contains hundreds of reports which can be downloaded for free, such as the annual World Development Report.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfp.org/">World Food Program</a> Associated with the United Nations, the World Food Program compiles hundreds of reports on hunger and food security around the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whypoverty.net/">Why poverty</a> Documentary films about poverty broadcast on television around the world in November 2012, then will be available online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/annual-income-richest-100-people-enough-end-global-poverty-four-times-over">Annual income of richest 100 people enough to end global poverty four times over</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxfam_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam International">Oxfam International</a>, 19 January 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxZi6pe2DgQC&dq=poverty+belgium+1975&pg=PA15">Contains estimates on the number of people living in poverty in selected countries from 1973 to 1985</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuEXzh48RYQC&q=world+bank+poverty+1981">Contains information on poverty in 1980</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/how-was-life-volume-ii_e20f2f1a-en">Contains estimates on trends in global extreme poverty since 1820</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w15433/w15433.pdf">Contains estimates on trends in world poverty from 1970 to 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aei.pitt.edu/100280/1/poverty_in_figures.pdf">Includes estimates on poverty in various European countries in the Eighties</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2W9jZcp6M0C&q=world+bank+poverty+1960">Contains estimates on global poverty in 1975</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poverty" title="Template:Poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poverty" title="Template talk:Poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Measuring poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_poverty" title="Concentrated poverty">Concentrated poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_poverty" title="Cost of poverty">Cost of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Climate change and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">Child poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_poverty" title="Chronic poverty">Chronic poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation" title="Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation">Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-picker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menial_job" title="Menial job">Menial job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Algeria" title="Poverty in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia" title="Poverty in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Kenya" title="Poverty in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Niger" title="Poverty in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Tanzania" title="Poverty in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Afghanistan" title="Poverty in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cambodia" title="Poverty in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_East_Timor" title="Poverty in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Indonesia" title="Poverty in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Japan" title="Poverty in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Lebanon" title="Poverty in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_North_Korea" title="Poverty in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Korea" title="Poverty in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Yemen" title="Poverty in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Peru" title="Poverty in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_poverty" title="Theories of poverty">Theories of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_trap" title="Welfare trap">Welfare trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare%27s_effect_on_poverty" title="Welfare's effect on poverty">Welfare's effect on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare" title="Criticism of welfare">Criticism of welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellness (medicine)">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">Quality of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-perceived_quality-of-life_scale" title="Self-perceived quality-of-life scale">Self-perceived quality-of-life scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_well-being" title="Subjective well-being">Subjective well-being</a> (SWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Rural access issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providing_Urban_Amenities_to_Rural_Areas" title="Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas">Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen%27s_parade" title="Pen's parade">Pen's parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_poverty" title="Causes of poverty">Causes of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template talk:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African sleeping sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">River blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_review" title="Priority review">Priority review voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators">Deprivation and poverty indicators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Deprivation_Indicators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Deprivation Indicators (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deprivation Indicators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deprivation_and_poverty_indicators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Deprivation</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">poverty</a> indicators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acting_out" title="Acting out">Acting out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disadvantaged" title="Disadvantaged">Disadvantaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fush%C5%ABgaku" title="Fushūgaku">Fushūgaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_failure" title="Governance failure">Governance failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">Mental illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_deprivation" title="Relative deprivation">Relative deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_deprivation" title="Social deprivation">Social deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">Social vulnerability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Topics:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" title="Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_helplessness" title="Learned helplessness">Learned helplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janet#Freud" title="Pierre Janet">psychological poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_mental_disorders#Poverty" title="Causes of mental disorders">Poverty and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_poverty" title="Asset poverty">Asset poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_poverty" title="Energy poverty">Energy poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_poverty" title="Extreme poverty">Extreme poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_stress" title="Housing stress">Housing stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_deficit" title="Income deficit">Income deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">Poverty threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_poverty" title="Secondary poverty">Secondary poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Below_Poverty_Line_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Below Poverty Line (India)">Below Poverty Line (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a> (GPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence#Connection_with_poverty" title="Structural violence">Poverty and violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_State_Hunger_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="India State Hunger Index">India State Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> (DALYs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> (GPI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complex measures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a> (HPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a> (MPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Quality_of_Life_Index" title="Physical Quality of Life Index">Physical Quality of Life Index</a> (PQLI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laeken_indicators" title="Laeken indicators">Laeken indicators</a> (EU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_index_of_multiple_deprivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish index of multiple deprivation">Scottish index of multiple deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend deprivation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a> (LPI)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Progress_out_of_Poverty_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progress out of Poverty Index (page does not exist)">Progress out of Poverty Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">Feminization of poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-related_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-related Development Index">Gender-related Development Index</a> (GDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Parity_Index" title="Gender Parity Index">Gender Parity Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Income_inequality_metrics" title="Category:Income inequality metrics">Income inequality metrics</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Measurements_and_definitions_of_poverty" title="Category:Measurements and definitions of poverty">Measurements and definitions of poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_responsibility_organizations" title="Category:Social responsibility organizations">Social responsibility organizations</a> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Indices_of_Deprivation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Indices of Deprivation (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indices_of_Deprivation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indices of Deprivation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indices_of_Deprivation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_deprivation_index" title="Multiple deprivation index">Indices of Deprivation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (general deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carstairs_index" title="Carstairs index">Carstairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation_2000" title="Index of Multiple Deprivation 2000">Multiple Deprivation 2000 (IMD2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2004" title="Indices of deprivation 2004">Deprivation 2004 (ID2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Deprivation 2007 (ID2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2010" title="Indices of deprivation 2010">Deprivation 2010 (ID2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townsend_deprivation_index" title="Townsend deprivation index">Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National (subject specific deprivation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underprivileged_area_score" title="Underprivileged area score">Underprivileged area score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_Index" title="Department of Environment Index">Department of Environment's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Commons categories: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_graphics_about_poverty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Information graphics about poverty">Information graphics about poverty</a> · <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poverty-related_maps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poverty-related maps">Poverty-related maps</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_class" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_class" title="Template:Social class"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_class" title="Template talk:Social class"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_class" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social class"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_class" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Stratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic classes">Economic classes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_model" title="Gilbert model">Gilbert model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_class_theory" title="Spoon class theory">Spoon class theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Weberian (three-component)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattering_classes" title="Chattering classes">Chattering classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Class society">Class society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_traitor" title="Class traitor">Class traitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">Classicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_society" title="High society">High society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">Nouveau riche</a> / <a href="/wiki/Parvenu" title="Parvenu">Parvenu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_society" title="Ranked society">Ranked society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">Social mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_orphan" title="Social orphan">Social orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_position" title="Social position">Social position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_Anxiety" title="Status Anxiety">Status Anxiety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_demographic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="demographic">By demographic</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">Administrative detainee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_(law)" title="Alien (law)">Alien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_citizenship" title="Multiple citizenship">dual or multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">native-born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">adolescent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_rights_due_to_conviction_for_criminal_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of rights due to conviction for criminal offense">Convicted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">Migrant worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">Political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">Socioeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">Stateless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By "<a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">collar</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoi" title="Aristoi">Aristoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseaten_(class)" title="Hanseaten (class)">Hanseaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian oligarch">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Patrician <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">Post-Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_class" title="Political class">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_family" title="Political family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_politicians" title="Hereditary politicians">Hereditary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Royal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">Intellectual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">Scholar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhetri" title="Chhetri">Chhetri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_warrior" title="Eagle warrior">Cuāuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Hashashin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nair_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nair castes">Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar_warrior" title="Jaguar warrior">Ocēlōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendekar" title="Pendekar">Pendekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniyar" title="Vanniyar">Vanniyar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar (Chieftain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business magnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_nobility" title="Petty nobility">Petty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)">Superclass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">Petite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">Lower middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">Commoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaroni_(Naples)" title="Lazzaroni (Naples)">Lazzaroni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-pickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">Under</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_tribe" title="Ant tribe">Ant tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outcast_(person)" title="Outcast (person)">Outcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">Outlaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">Prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_tribe" title="Rat tribe">Rat tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slave</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_country_or_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div title="country">By country or region</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="United_States" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_mobility_in_the_United_States" title="Socioeconomic mobility in the United States">Mobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Social class in the United States">Classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_upper_class" title="American upper class">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="Donor Class">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_gentry" title="American gentry">Gentry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_middle_class" title="Mexican-American middle class">Mexican-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class_in_the_United_States" title="Upper middle class in the United States">Upper Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Underprivileged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Under</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_States" title="Income in the United States">Income</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-ownership_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-ownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions or countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_society" title="Belizean society">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Cambodia" title="Social class in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Colombia" title="Social class in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Iran" title="Social class in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Luxembourg" title="Social class in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Nepal" title="Caste system in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_New_Zealand" title="Social class in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_Romania" title="Social structure of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_18th-century_Spain" title="Social class in 18th-century Spain">18th-century Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes_in_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Social classes in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Aztec_society" title="Social class in Aztec society">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Social class in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_occupations" title="Four occupations">Pre-industrial East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Pre-industrial Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_classes" title="Category:Social classes">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Algeria" title="Poverty in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia" title="Poverty in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Kenya" title="Poverty in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Niger" title="Poverty in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Tanzania" title="Poverty in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Peru" title="Poverty in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Central America (page does not exist)">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Caribbean (page does not exist)">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_America" title="Poverty in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Afghanistan" title="Poverty in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poverty in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cambodia" title="Poverty in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_East_Timor" title="Poverty in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Indonesia" title="Poverty in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Japan" title="Poverty in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_North_Korea" title="Poverty in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Korea" title="Poverty in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Lebanon" title="Poverty in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Yemen" title="Poverty in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poverty in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bulgaria" title="Poverty in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_France" title="Poverty in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Cook_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Niue (page does not exist)">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Effective_altruism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Effective_altruism" title="Template:Effective altruism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Effective_altruism" title="Template talk:Effective altruism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Effective_altruism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Effective altruism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Effective_altruism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">Effective altruism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_effectiveness" title="Aid effectiveness">Aid effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_assessment" title="Charity assessment">Charity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demandingness_objection" title="Demandingness objection">Demandingness objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_burden" title="Disease burden">Disease burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributional_cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis">Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earning_to_give" title="Earning to give">Earning to give</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_consideration_of_interests" title="Equal consideration of interests">Equal consideration of interests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">Marginal utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_circle_expansion" title="Moral circle expansion">Moral circle expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_barriers_to_effective_altruism" title="Psychological barriers to effective altruism">Psychological barriers to effective altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">Quality-adjusted life year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bankman-Fried" title="Sam Bankman-Fried">Sam Bankman-Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Boeree" title="Liv Boeree">Liv Boeree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Greaves" title="Hilary Greaves">Hilary Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_MacAskill" title="William MacAskill">William MacAskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Moskovitz" title="Dustin Moskovitz">Dustin Moskovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yew-Kwang_Ng" title="Yew-Kwang Ng">Yew-Kwang Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Ord" title="Toby Ord">Toby Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cari_Tuna" title="Cari Tuna">Cari Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/80,000_Hours" title="80,000 Hours">80,000 Hours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Malaria_Foundation" title="Against Malaria Foundation">Against Malaria Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Charity_Evaluators" title="Animal Charity Evaluators">Animal Charity Evaluators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Effective_Altruism" title="Centre for Effective Altruism">Centre for Effective Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Enabling_EA_Learning_%26_Research" title="Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research">Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_High_Impact_Philanthropy" title="Center for High Impact Philanthropy">Center for High Impact Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_Media_International" title="Development Media International">Development Media International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_Action" title="Evidence Action">Evidence Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fistula_Foundation" title="Fistula Foundation">Fistula Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Pledge" title="Founders Pledge">Founders Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveDirectly" title="GiveDirectly">GiveDirectly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiveWell" title="GiveWell">GiveWell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Multiplier" title="Giving Multiplier">Giving Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_What_We_Can" title="Giving What We Can">Giving What We Can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Food_Fund" title="Good Food Fund">Good Food Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Food_Institute" title="The Good Food Institute">The Good Food Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Ventures" title="Good Ventures">Good Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Humane_League" title="The Humane League">The Humane League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_Consortium" title="Malaria Consortium">Malaria Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy_(organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Philanthropy (organization)">Open Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_for_Effective_Giving" title="Raising for Effective Giving">Raising for Effective Giving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Institute" title="Sentience Institute">Sentience Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimit_Health" title="Unlimit Health">Unlimit Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Initiative" title="Wild Animal Initiative">Wild Animal Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Focus areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">Economic stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Global poverty">Global poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">Life extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaria prevention">Malaria prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deworming" title="Mass deworming">Mass deworming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected tropical diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Risk of astronomical suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doing_Good_Better" title="Doing Good Better">Doing Good Better</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famine,_Affluence,_and_Morality" title="Famine, Affluence, and Morality">Famine, Affluence, and Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_You_Can_Save" title="The Life You Can Save">The Life You Can Save</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_High_and_Letting_Die" title="Living High and Letting Die">Living High and Letting Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Good_You_Can_Do" title="The Most Good You Can Do">The Most Good You Can Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_We_Owe_the_Future" title="What We Owe the Future">What We Owe the Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_Altruism_Global" title="Effective Altruism Global">Effective Altruism Global</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002963-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85105939">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119549815">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119549815">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563220">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119230&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000067419&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531667905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016090">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644282">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/fakr">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty&oldid=1259131412">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty&oldid=1259131412</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poverty" title="Category:Poverty">Poverty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aid" title="Category:Aid">Aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Development_economics" title="Category:Development economics">Development economics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2021">Use dmy dates from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_November_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duplicate_articles" title="Category:Duplicate articles">Duplicate articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution" title="Category:Free-content attribution">Free-content attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_UNESCO" title="Category:Free content from UNESCO">Free content from UNESCO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:06 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poverty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mf4ts","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.605","walltime":"5.149","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48164,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":979290,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22390,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":81,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1351108,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4430.394 1 -total"," 53.70% 2378.939 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.53% 909.349 21 Template:Navbox"," 14.33% 635.037 105 Template:Cite_web"," 10.88% 481.887 85 Template:Cite_news"," 10.55% 467.348 67 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.25% 276.808 48 Template:Cite_book"," 5.93% 262.533 105 Template:Iso2country"," 5.53% 244.892 1 Template:Social_class"," 5.44% 240.915 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.670","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20680254,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","500","16.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","11.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","10.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","7.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","2.6"],["[others]","1000","32.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-zmjdq","timestamp":"20241123150625","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poverty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poverty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10294","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10294","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-26T12:27:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T15:06:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6c\/Homeless_man_in_Toronto_across_from_old_City_Hall.jpg","headline":"lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money"}</script> </body> </html>