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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83" title="المغول الأتراك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المغول الأتراك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk-monqol_%C9%99n%C9%99n%C9%99si" title="Türk-monqol ənənəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türk-monqol ənənəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তুর্ক-মঙ্গোল ঐতিহ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্ক-মঙ্গোল ঐতিহ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Mongolov%C3%A9" title="Turko-Mongolové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turko-Mongolové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcomongol" title="Turcomongol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turcomongol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سنت ترکی-مغولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنت ترکی-مغولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-mongol" title="Turco-mongol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turco-mongol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8_%EC%A0%84%ED%86%B5" title="튀르크몽골 전통 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르크몽골 전통" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="तुर्की-मंगोल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की-मंगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-Mongol" title="Turko-Mongol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turko-Mongol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D6%BE%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המסורת הטורקו־מונגולית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המסורת הטורקו־מונגולית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiurkomongolai" title="Tiurkomongolai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tiurkomongolai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko-mongoler" title="Turko-mongoler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Turko-mongoler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84" title="ترک منگول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک منگول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol" title="Turco-Mongol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turco-Mongol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkomongolsk%C3%A9_kmene" title="Turkomongolské kmene – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turkomongolské kmene" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துருக்கிய-மங்கோலிய கலாச்சாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கிய-மங்கோலிய கலாச்சாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="ธรรมเนียมเตอร์กิก-มองโกล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรรมเนียมเตอร์กิก-มองโกล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk-Mo%C4%9Fol_gelene%C4%9Fi" title="Türk-Moğol geleneği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türk-Moğol geleneği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">14th-century ethnocultural synthesis in Asia</div> <p> The <b>Turco-Mongol</b> or <b>Turko-Mongol tradition</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural">ethnocultural</a> synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. The ruling <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongol elites</a> of these khanates eventually assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> populations that they conquered and ruled over, thus becoming known as <b>Turco-Mongols</b>. These elites gradually adopted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, while retaining Mongol political and legal institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_in_1335.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_in_1335.svg/400px-Asia_in_1335.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_in_1335.svg/600px-Asia_in_1335.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_in_1335.svg/800px-Asia_in_1335.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Asia in 1335</figcaption></figure> <p>The Turco-Mongols founded many Islamic successor states after the collapse of the Mongol khanates, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> khanates that succeeded the Golden Horde (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, which succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> (1483–1530), a Turco-Mongol prince and a great-great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which ruled almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turks and Tatars also ruled part of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a>, exercising political and military authority during the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Turco-Mongol elites became patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a>, which was the predominant culture amongst the Muslims of Central Asia at the time. In subsequent centuries, the Turco-Persian culture was carried on further by the conquering Turco-Mongols to neighbouring regions, eventually becoming the predominant culture of the ruling and elite classes of South Asia (Indian subcontinent), specifically North India (<a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>), <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>) and large parts of West Asia (<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antecedents">Antecedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Mongol_tradition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic languages</a></div> <p>Before the time of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, Turkic and Mongolic peoples exchanged words with each other, with Turkic languages being more active than Mongolic.<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Not clear what is meant by Turkic being more "active" (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Extensive lexical borrowings from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic language</a> occurred from at latest the first millennium BCE. Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a> share extensive borrowed similarities in their personal pronouns, among other lexical similarities, which seem to date to before this era and already existed before the breakup of the Turkic people around 500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A still more ancient period of prolonged language contact between Turkic and Mongol languages is indicated by further and more fundamental phonotactic, grammatical, and typological similarities (e.g. synchronic <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, extensive <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a>, highly similar <a href="/wiki/Phonotactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonotactic">phonotactic</a> rules and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Janhunen_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (April 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the past, these similarities were attributed to a genetic relationship and led to the widespread acceptance of an <a href="/wiki/Altaic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaic language family">Altaic language family</a>. More recently, due to the lack of a definitive demonstration of a genetic relationship, these similarities have been divided into these three known periods of language contact. The similarities have led to the proposal of a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund#Northeast_Asia" title="Sprachbund">Northeast Asian sprachbund</a> instead, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonic">Japonic</a> language families, although Turkic and Mongolic display the most extensive similarities. According to recent aggregation and research, there are <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a>, which are considered to be the same in terms of their roots, found in the vocabulary in Mongolian language and Turkic loanwords. Also, words of Turkic origin are the most common loanwords in Mongolian vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Mongol_tradition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Mongol conquests, the ruling Mongol elites of the Mongol successor states began a process of assimilation with the non-Mongol populations that they ruled over. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> was largely a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> who adopted Islam later, as well as smaller numbers of <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Sarmato-Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, and people from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, among others (whether Muslim or not).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of the Horde's population was Turkic: <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgars" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Bulgars">Volga Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezmians</a>, and others. The Horde was gradually Turkified and lost its Mongol identity, while the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Batu" class="mw-disambig" title="Batu">Batu</a>'s original Mongol warriors constituted the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They were commonly called <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> by Russians and other Europeans. Russians preserved this common name for this group down to the 20th century. Whereas most members of this group identified themselves by their ethnic or tribal names, most also considered themselves to be Muslims. Most of the population, both sedentary and nomadic, adopted the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipchak language">Kypchak language</a>, which developed into the regional languages of Kypchak groups after the Horde disintegrated. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, the Turkic language that was adopted by the Mongol elites became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai language</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a> Turkic. The Chagatai language was the native language of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a>, a Turco-Mongol dynasty which gained power in Central Asia after the decline of the Chagatai khans. Chagatai is the predecessor of the modern Karluk branch of Turkic languages, which includes <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grenoble2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenoble2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Mongol_tradition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mongols during the period of the early Mongol conquests and the conquests of Genghis Khan largely followed <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>. However, the successor states of the Mongol Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, Golden Horde and Chagatai Khanate ruled over large Muslim populations. The Ilkhanate and Chagatai Khanate in particular ruled over Muslim-majority populations in Iran and Central Asia, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Golden Horde, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeg Khan">Uzbeg</a> (Öz-Beg) assumed the throne in 1313 and adopted Islam as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. He proscribed Buddhism and Shamanism among the Mongols in Russia, thus reversing the spread of the Yuan culture. By 1315, Uzbeg had successfully Islamicized the Horde, killing <a href="/wiki/Jochids" class="mw-redirect" title="Jochids">Jochid</a> princes and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> who opposed his religious policy and succession of the throne. Uzbeg Khan continued the alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> begun by <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> and his predecessors. He kept a friendly relationship with the Mamluk Sultan and his shadow Caliph in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. After a long delay and much discussion, he married a princess from his family to <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of Egypt. Under Uzbeg and his successor <a href="/wiki/Jani_Beg" title="Jani Beg">Jani Beg</a> (1342–1357), Islam, which among some of the Turks in Eurasia had deep roots going back into pre-Mongol times, gained general acceptance, though its adherents remained tolerant of other beliefs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to successfully expand Islam, the Mongols built mosques and other "elaborate places" requiring baths—an important element of Muslim culture. Sarai attracted merchants from other countries. The slave trade flourished due to strengthening ties with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. Growth of wealth and increasing demand for products typically produce population growth, and so it was with Sarai. Housing in the region increased, which transformed the capital into the centre of a large Muslim Sultanate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Chagatai Khanate, <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shah_(Chagatai_Khan)" title="Mubarak Shah (Chagatai Khan)">Mubarak Shah</a> converted to Islam, and over time, the Chagatai elite became entirely Islamized. The Chagatai Khanate was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> in Central Asia, founded by the Turco-Mongol warrior Timur. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Saunders" title="John Joseph Saunders">John Joseph Saunders</a>, Timur was "the product of an Islamized and Iranized society", and not steppe nomadic.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunders2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunders2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the "Sword of Islam", and patronized educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smyrna" title="Siege of Smyrna">Siege of Smyrna</a>, styling himself a <i><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">ghazi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marozzi-2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marozzi-2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Mongol_tradition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">List of Mongol states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turco-Mongol_tradition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_Forbes_Manz1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Forbes_Manz" title="Beatrice Forbes Manz">Beatrice Forbes Manz</a> (1989). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseruletamerlan00manz"><i>The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseruletamerlan00manz/page/n68">6</a>–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34595-8"><bdi>978-0-521-34595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Rule+of+Tamerlane&rft.pages=6-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34595-8&rft.au=Beatrice+Forbes+Manz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseruletamerlan00manz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9072544">"Timur"</a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online Academic ed.). 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Timur&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9072544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_F._Manz2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beatrice F. Manz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ti-mu-r-lang-COM_1223">"Tīmūr Lang"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C4%ABm%C5%ABr+Lang&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Beatrice+F.+Manz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fti-mu-r-lang-COM_1223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Cambridge History of Egypt", Volume 1, (1998) P. 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/Mamluk">"Mamluk | Islamic dynasty"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mamluk+%7C+Islamic+dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMamluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/egypt/17.htm">"Egypt – The Mamluks, 1250–1517"</a>. <i>Country Studies US</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408124239/http://countrystudies.us/egypt/17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies+US&rft.atitle=Egypt+%E2%80%93+The+Mamluks%2C+1250%E2%80%931517&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fegypt%2F17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_M._Setton1969" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth M. Setton (1969). <i>The Later Crusades, 1189–1311</i>. Wisconsin: Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 757. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04844-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-04844-0"><bdi>978-0-299-04844-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Crusades%2C+1189%E2%80%931311&rft.place=Wisconsin&rft.pages=757&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-299-04844-0&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Setton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmalia_Levanoni1995" class="citation book cs1">Amalia Levanoni (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA17"><i>A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310–1341)</i></a>. BRILL. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004101829" title="Special:BookSources/9004101829"><bdi>9004101829</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135122/https://books.google.com/books?id=YT_pUKZFdt4C&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Turning+Point+in+Mamluk+History%3A+The+Third+Reign+of+Al-N%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ir+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+Qal%C4%81w%C5%ABn+%281310%E2%80%931341%29&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9004101829&rft.au=Amalia+Levanoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYT_pUKZFdt4C%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarole_Hillenbrand2007" class="citation book cs1">Carole Hillenbrand (2007). <i>Turkish Myth and Muslim Symbol: The Battle of Manzikert</i>. Edimburgo: Edinburgh University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748625727" title="Special:BookSources/9780748625727"><bdi>9780748625727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Myth+and+Muslim+Symbol%3A+The+Battle+of+Manzikert&rft.place=Edimburgo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780748625727&rft.au=Carole+Hillenbrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert L. (1991). <i>Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 1 ("Origins"). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52291-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52291-9"><bdi>0-521-52291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=1+%28%22Origins%22%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-52291-9&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janhunen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Janhunen, Juha</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA221">"Personal pronouns in Core Altaic"</a>. In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.). <i>Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages</i>. John Benjamins. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027205995" title="Special:BookSources/9789027205995"><bdi>9789027205995</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135120/https://books.google.com/books?id=3J_6U8N2Wq8C&pg=PA221">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Personal+pronouns+in+Core+Altaic&rft.btitle=Shared+Grammaticalization%3A+With+Special+Focus+on+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789027205995&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3J_6U8N2Wq8C%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakashima, Y. (n.d.). 語彙借用に見るモンゴル語とチュルク語の言語接触: 特にカザフ語及びトゥヴァ語との比較を中心として(Rep.). Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/51188/gk00068_論文.pdf">PDF</a> (ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205231805/https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/repo/ouka/all/51188/gk00068_%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalperin1987" class="citation book cs1">Halperin, Charles J. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp"><i>Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20445-5"><bdi>978-0-253-20445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Golden+Horde%3A+The+Mongol+Impact+on+Medieval+Russian+History&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20445-5&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiagoldenhord0000halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9037242">"<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309231900/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9037242">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grenoble2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grenoble2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL.A._Grenoble2006" class="citation book cs1">L.A. Grenoble (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUeWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Language Policy in the Soviet Union</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-48083-6"><bdi>978-0-306-48083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-306-48083-6&rft.au=L.A.+Grenoble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUeWBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders2001-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders2001_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Saunders" title="John Joseph Saunders">Saunders, J. J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA173"><i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 173–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726135126/https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pages=173-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFx3OlrBMpQC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marozzi-2004-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marozzi-2004_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarozzi2004" class="citation book cs1">Marozzi, Justin (2004). <i>Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamerlane%3A+Sword+of+Islam%2C+conqueror+of+the+world&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marozzi&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATurco-Mongol+tradition" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turco-Mongol" title="Template talk:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turco-Mongol"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turco-Mongol119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turco-Mongol</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Khanate" title="Uzbek Khanate">Uzbek Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budjak_Horde" title="Budjak Horde">Budjak Horde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Kazan Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups and clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erlik" title="Erlik">Erlik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deel_(clothing)" title="Deel (clothing)"><i>Deel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Tug banner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>*</sup>Origin is controversial.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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