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id="toc-IS_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coalition_airstrikes_and_Kobanî_besieged" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalition_airstrikes_and_Kobanî_besieged"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Coalition airstrikes and Kobanî besieged </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalition_airstrikes_and_Kobanî_besieged-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_for_Kobanî_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_for_Kobanî_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle for Kobanî city </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_for_Kobanî_city-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle for Kobanî city subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_for_Kobanî_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fighting_in_Kobanî" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_in_Kobanî"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Fighting in Kobanî </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_in_Kobanî-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 First week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Second week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Third week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Fourth week </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FSA_and_Peshmerga_reinforcements_arrive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FSA_and_Peshmerga_reinforcements_arrive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 FSA and Peshmerga reinforcements arrive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FSA_and_Peshmerga_reinforcements_arrive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-YPG_and_FSA_regain_ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YPG_and_FSA_regain_ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 YPG and FSA regain ground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YPG_and_FSA_regain_ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-YPG_recaptures_Kobanî_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YPG_recaptures_Kobanî_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 YPG recaptures Kobanî city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YPG_recaptures_Kobanî_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retaking_the_Kobanî_Canton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retaking_the_Kobanî_Canton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Retaking the Kobanî Canton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retaking_the_Kobanî_Canton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-June_2015_Kobanî_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#June_2015_Kobanî_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 June 2015 Kobanî massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-June_2015_Kobanî_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Tomb of Suleyman Shah operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_needs_and_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_needs_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Humanitarian needs and reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_needs_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spillover_on_the_Turkish_side_of_the_border_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spillover_on_the_Turkish_side_of_the_border_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Spillover on the Turkish side of the border and protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spillover_on_the_Turkish_side_of_the_border_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 International reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Siege of Kobanî</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="حصار عين العرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار عين العرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaninin_m%C3%BChasir%C9%99si" title="Kobaninin mühasirəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kobaninin mühasirəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کوبانی بلوکاداسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوبانی بلوکاداسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Баі за Кабані – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баі за Кабані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Kobani" title="Setge de Kobani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Kobani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Kobani" title="Bitva o Kobani – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Kobani" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Koban%C3%AA" title="Schlacht um Kobanê – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5" title="Πολιορκία του Κομπάνε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία του Κομπάνε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Kobane" title="Batalla de Kobane – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Kobane" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobaneko_setioa" title="Kobaneko setioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobaneko setioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="محاصره کوبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره کوبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Koban%C3%A9" title="Bataille de Kobané – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Kobané" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%84" title="코바니 포위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코바니 포위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Koban%C3%AE" title="Pengepungan Kobanî – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Koban%C3%AA" title="Assedio di Kobanê – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המערכה על כובאני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה על כובאני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berxwedana_Kobaniy%C3%AA" title="Berxwedana Kobaniyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berxwedana Kobaniyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_ostroma" title="Kobanî ostroma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kobanî ostroma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Kobani" title="Slag om Kobani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Kobani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="コバニ包囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コバニ包囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obl%C4%99%C5%BCenie_Koban%C3%AA" title="Oblężenie Kobanê – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oblężenie Kobanê" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_de_Koban%C3%AE" title="Cerco de Kobanî – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco de Kobanî" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_ora%C8%99ului_Kobani" title="Asediul orașului Kobani – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul orașului Kobani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бои за Кобани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бои за Кобани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گەمارۆی کۆبانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەمارۆی کۆبانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koban%C3%AAn_taistelu" title="Kobanên taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kobanên taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobani_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Kobani Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kobani Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2014 IS offensive in northern Syria during the Syrian Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Kobanî</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rojava-Islamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava-Islamist conflict">Rojava-Islamist conflict</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War">American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression,_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg/320px-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg/480px-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg/640px-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_progression%2C_from_October_2014_to_January_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="705" /></a> A map showing the progression of the siege of Kobanî, from October 2014 to January 2015</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15 September 2014 – 20 March 2015 (6 months and 1 week)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> (Ayn al-Arab), <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava Federation</a> victory<a href="#cite_note-gf-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <ul><li>IS initially captured 350 villages and towns in the Kobanî Canton<a href="#cite_note-350_villages-10">[10]</a> and entered Kobanî city by early October 2014,<a href="#cite_note-enter-11">[11]</a> seizing 60% of it by early November 2014<a href="#cite_note-320_FSA-12">[12]</a></li> <li>YPG-led forces recapture the whole of Kobanî city in late January 2015,<a href="#cite_note-Kobanirecaptured-13">[13]</a> and almost all of the villages previously lost in the Kobanî region by mid-March 2015<a href="#cite_note-April_2015_Kobani_Canton_map-14">[14]</a></li> <li>70% of Kobanî city was destroyed in the battle<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li>YPG-led forces launch an offensive on <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> on 20 March 2015<a href="#cite_note-last_Kobane_stronghold-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Turning point in coalition <a href="/wiki/Rojava-Islamist_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava-Islamist conflict">Rojava-Islamist conflict</a>, and eventual military destruction of IS-held territory</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/PKK" class="mw-redirect" title="PKK">PKK</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> (from 30 October)<a href="#cite_note-ara29oct-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/25px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC8Oct14-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-overnight-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-overnight-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-overnight-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Salih_Muslim_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Muslim Muhammad">Salih Muslim Muhammad</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/24px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/36px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/48px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narin_Afrin" title="Narin Afrin">Narin Afrin</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/24px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/36px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/48px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> Mahmud Berxwedan<a href="#cite_note-YIss-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/24px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/36px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/48px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> Ismet Sheikh Hassan<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/24px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/36px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/48px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> Meryem Kobani<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/24px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/36px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/48px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> Hebun Sinya  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Layla" title="Abu Layla">Faisal Saadoun</a> ("Abu Layla")<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-sc21nov-24">[24]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Muhammad Mustafa Ali ("Abu Adel")<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Hasan al-Banawi ("Abu Juma") (from 18 November 2014)<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Abdul Qader Sheikh Muhammad ("Abdo Dushka")<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Saleh Ali ("Abu Furat") <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> Nizar al-Khatib ("Abu Laith") (until 18 November 2014)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayman_al-Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ayman al-Iraqi">Abu Ayman al-Iraqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Head of Military Shura)<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a> (Deputy, Syria) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a> (Field commander in Syria)<a href="#cite_note-al-Shishani_dead1-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-al-Shishani_dead2-32">[32]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> (Deputy emir of the Delegated Committee)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Ali al-Askari <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (IS senior commander)<a href="#cite_note-top_ISIL_commander_in_Kobani_killed-35">[35]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Mohammed al-Masri <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (IS senior commander)<a href="#cite_note-top_ISIL_commander_in_Kobani_killed-35">[35]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Abu Khattab al-Kurdi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (Commander)<a href="#cite_note-top_ISIL_commander_in_Kobani_killed-35">[35]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><a href="#cite_note-othman-36">[36]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Sultan al-Safri al-Harbi <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> Hassan Aboud <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Akhmed_Chatayev" title="Akhmed Chatayev">Akhmed Chatayev</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/24px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/36px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg/48px-People%27s_Protection_Units_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">PAK</a> volunteers<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:YPJ_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/24px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/36px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/YPJ_Flag.svg/48px-YPJ_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Freedom_Brigades" title="Dawn of Freedom Brigades">Dawn of Freedom Brigades</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sun_Battalion" title="Northern Sun Battalion">Northern Sun Battalion</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Rojava.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rojava.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Kurdish Front</a><a href="#cite_note-YIss-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Raqqa Revolutionaries' Brigade</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassas_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qassas Army">Retribution Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus_Company" title="Jarabulus Company">Jarabulus Company</a><a href="#cite_note-sc21nov-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Saraya Jarabulus<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a><a href="#cite_note-ara29oct-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/24px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/36px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg/48px-Flag_of_H%C3%AAz%C3%AAn_Parastina_Gel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">HPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/24px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/36px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg/48px-Flag_of_YJA-Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">YJA STAR</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/23px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/35px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MLKP_Banner.svg/45px-MLKP_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)">MLKP</a><a href="#cite_note-MLKP-42">[42]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/23px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/35px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg/45px-Flag_of_Communist_Party_of_Turkey-Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">TKP/ML TİKKO</a><a href="#cite_note-TIKKO-43">[43]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B%C3%96G_flag.svg/23px-B%C3%96G_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B%C3%96G_flag.svg/35px-B%C3%96G_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/B%C3%96G_flag.svg/45px-B%C3%96G_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Freedom_Forces" title="United Freedom Forces">United Freedom Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-BOG-44">[44]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Revolutionary_Faction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Faction" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Liberation Faction">People's Liberation Faction</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> (until January 2015)<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/15px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/23px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg/30px-Seal_of_Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="415" /> <a href="/wiki/CJTF-OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF-OIR">CJTF-OIR</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg/20px-9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg/30px-9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg/40px-9th_Bomb_Squadron_Patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="308" /></a> <a href="/wiki/9th_Bomb_Squadron" title="9th Bomb Squadron">9th Bomb Squadron</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Feb2015-47">[47]</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military of IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Iraq_and_Syria" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Wilayat Halab</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LiwaDawudFlag.jpg/22px-LiwaDawudFlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LiwaDawudFlag.jpg/33px-LiwaDawudFlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LiwaDawudFlag.jpg/43px-LiwaDawudFlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="187" /> <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Badr Katiba <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,500–2,000 YPG & YPJ (Kurdish claims as of 1 November 2014)<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> 600 PKK<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> 300 FSA (originally)<a href="#cite_note-300_FSA_infantry-52">[52]</a> 50<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>–200<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> FSA (reinforcements)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 9,000+ fighters (Kurdish claims)<a href="#cite_note-ISIL_unleashes_full_forces_against_Kobani-55">[55]</a> 30–50 <a href="/wiki/Main_battle_tank" title="Main battle tank">MBTs</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> 2 <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a><a href="#cite_note-Kobani_under_ISIL_control-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-YPG_shoots_down_second_ISIL_drone_in_Syria-58">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> YPG & YPJ: 562<a href="#cite_note-332villages-59">[59]</a>–741<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> killed (3 MLKP)<a href="#cite_note-MLKP-42">[42]</a> FSA and Jabhat al-Akrad: 29<a href="#cite_note-332villages-59">[59]</a>–72<a href="#cite_note-YIss-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> killed Peshmerga: 1 killed (accident)<a href="#cite_note-xeber-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-peshmergaKIA-63">[63]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,422<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_killed">[*]</a><a href="#cite_note-332villages-59">[59]</a>–2,000<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> killed (per SOHR) 2,000+<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_killed2">[**]</a> killed (per U.S.)<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 1,068–5,000<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_killed2">[**]</a> killed,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-fear_genocide-68">[68]</a> 18 tanks destroyed<a href="#cite_note-xeber-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> 2 drones shot down (per Kurds)<a href="#cite_note-YPG_shoots_down_second_ISIL_drone_in_Syria-58">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Hundreds of civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-332villages-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60000syrian-70">[70]</a> Over 400,000 civilians fled to Turkey<a href="#cite_note-US_airstrikes_center_on_Kobani-71">[71]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">* Additional hundreds of deaths by airstrikes<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">** 1,000+ by US-led Coalition airstrikes<a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–August 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">September–December 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">January–April 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–August 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">September–December 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">January–April 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–December 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">January–July 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">August–December 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">January–July 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">August–December 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">January–April 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–August 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">September–December 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">January–April 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–August 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">September–December 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">January–April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">September–December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">January–April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">September–December 2019</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2024)">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian civil war">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War_detailed_map" title="Template:Syrian Civil War detailed map">map</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_in_Syria" title="List of terrorist incidents in Syria">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 25em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;;float:right; clear:right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 0.5em; width:300px; display:table;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #CEE0F2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_uprising_in_Syria_(March–August_2011)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Civil uprising in Syria</a> (March–August 2011)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (May–August 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">Talkalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">1st Jisr ash-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">1st Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Latakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Start_of_insurgency_(Sept._2011_–_April_2012)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Start of insurgency</a> (Sept. 2011 – April 2012)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Homs (2011–14)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Homs_offensive" title="2012 Homs offensive">Homs offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">1st Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">Syrian–Turkish border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">Jabal al-Zawiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">1st Idlib City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saraqib" title="Battle of Saraqib">Saraqeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">1st Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932012)" title="Hama Governorate clashes (2011–2012)">Hama Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat & Tiyas ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">1st Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">1st Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor (2011–2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">Aleppo Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(2012)" title="Battle of Azaz (2012)">Azaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">2nd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">1st al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">2nd Idlib Gov.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_cease-fire_period_and_start_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox cease-fire period and start of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UN_ceasefire;_Rebel_advances_(May_2012_–_Dec._2013)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">UN ceasefire</a>; <a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">Rebel advances</a> (May 2012 – Dec. 2013)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">3rd Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Northern_Homs" title="Siege of Northern Homs">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Al-Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2012%E2%80%93April_2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2012–April 2013)">3rd Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">1st Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">Bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Base 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">1st Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Canopus_Star" title="Operation Canopus Star">2nd Aleppo offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Syrian Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2014)">Hasaka campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (2013–2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nubl_and_al-Zahraa" title="Siege of Nubl and al-Zahraa">Nubl & Al-Zahraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">2nd Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">1st Darayya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Abu_al-Duhur_Airbase" title="Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase">Abu al-Duhur Airbase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">3rd Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(December_2012)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (December 2012)">1st Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">2nd Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Darayya_and_Muadamiyat" title="Siege of Darayya and Muadamiyat">Darayya & Muadamiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">1st Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre_(2012)" title="Halfaya massacre (2012)">Halfaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">1st Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">2nd Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">1st Raqqa campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">1st Raqqa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">1st Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">4th Rif Dimashq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamon_massacre" title="Tadamon massacre">Tadamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">2nd al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eastern_Ghouta" title="Siege of Eastern Ghouta">Eastern Ghouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">2nd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">1st Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maaloula" title="Battle of Maaloula">Ma'loula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">5th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">1st Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_rise_of_the_Islamists_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox rise of the Islamists in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rise_of_ISIS_in_2014" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Rise of ISIS</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_in_Syria" title="2014 in Syria">2014</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">1st Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">2nd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">2nd Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">4th Idlib Gov.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">2nd Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">2nd Qalamoun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">1st Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">1st Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">3rd Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">6th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">1st Quneitra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kobanî</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_intervention_against_ISIL_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox intervention against ISIL in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S.-led_intervention,_Rebel_and_ISIL_advances_(Sept._2014_–_Sept._2015)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">Rebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">ISIL advances</a> (Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2015)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">U.S.-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">3rd Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">2nd Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">2014 Idlib city raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Nusra–FSA conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">2nd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">1st Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rainbow_(Syrian_civil_war)" title="Operation Rainbow (Syrian civil war)">3rd Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">4th Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama/Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">5th Idlib Gov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">2nd Idlib city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_al-Fu%27ah_and_Kafriya" title="Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya">Al-Fu'ah-Kafriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Nasib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">2nd Yarmouk camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–June 2015)">1st Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">3rd Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">1st Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_and_As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Daraa and As-Suwayda offensive (June 2015)">Daraa/As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">2nd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (June–July 2015)">5th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (July 2015)">4th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2015)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2015)">2nd Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">2nd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghab_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Al-Ghab offensive (July–August 2015)">Al-Ghab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">1st al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_massacre_(2015)" title="Douma massacre (2015)">Douma market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">7th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuweires_offensive" title="Kuweires offensive">Kuweires offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russian intervention in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_intervention_(Sept._2015_–_March_2016)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a> (Sept. 2015 – March 2016)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(October_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (October 2015)">3rd Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">2nd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">3rd Latakia offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">5th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">6th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Hama_offensive" title="2015 Hama offensive">4th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer_bombings" title="Tell Tamer bombings">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">2nd Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">al-Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontes_River_offensive" title="Orontes River offensive">Orontes River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">1st Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">1st Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">2nd Sayyidah Zaynab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">2nd Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tanf_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Tanf offensive (2016)">Al-Tanf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">2nd Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">3rd Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarat_al-Numan_(2016)" title="Battle of Maarat al-Numan (2016)">2nd Maarat al-Nu'man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Aleppo_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Aleppo escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aleppo_escalation_and_Euphrates_Shield_(March_2016_–_February_2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Aleppo escalation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> (March 2016 – February 2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">8th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Daraa offensive (March–April 2016)">6th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">9th–11th Aleppo offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dumayr_offensive_(April_2016)" title="Al-Dumayr offensive (April 2016)">Al-Dumayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">1st East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">1st Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_bombings_(April%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo bombings (April–July 2016)">Aleppo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">8th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(2016)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (2016)">3rd Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartus_bombings" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartus bombings">Jableh & Tartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_airstrike" title="Tokhar airstrike">Tokhar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">2nd Ithriyah-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">9th Rif Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">12th–14th Aleppo offensives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(June%E2%80%93July_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (June–July 2016)">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (July–August 2016)">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(August%E2%80%93September_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (August–September 2016)">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Latakia_offensive" title="2016 Latakia offensive">4th Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">1st Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atmeh_attack" title="2016 Atmeh attack">Atmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd Al-Hasakah City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Northern al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hama_offensive" title="2016 Hama offensive">5th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016)">1st Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Quneitra offensive (September 2016)">4th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">Deir ez-Zor airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">Aleppo aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">15th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Idlib_Governorate_clashes" title="October 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes">1st Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–November 2016)">16th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">2nd Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">17th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">4th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">1st Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">5th Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">4th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">18th Aleppo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">2nd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">7th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">8th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Collapse_of_Islamic_State_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Collapse of Islamic State in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collapse_of_ISIS_in_Syria_(2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Collapse of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> in Syria (<a href="/wiki/2017_in_Syria" title="2017 in Syria">2017</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">Eastern Homs offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">al-Jina mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">6th Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">US Shayrat strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April 2017 Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">2nd East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">2nd Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">2nd Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">9th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">Iranian Deir ez-Zor strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">5th Quneitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">3rd Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">4th Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">2nd Eastern Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Deir ez-Zor city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Crossing_offensive_(2017)" title="Euphrates Crossing offensive (2017)">Euphrates Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">2nd Abu Kamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">7th Hama offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_escalation_period_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib escalation period in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rebels_in_retreat_and_Operation_Olive_Branch(Nov._2017_–_Sep._2018)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rebels in retreat and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> (Nov. 2017 – Sep. 2018)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">3rd Northwestern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern Syria insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarib_market_massacre" title="Atarib market massacre">Atarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">3rd Syrian Desert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">5th Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">1st Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">SDF insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">Feb 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">10th Rif Dimashq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">4th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">2nd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">U.S.-led missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">2nd Eastern Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">3rd Southern Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor SAA-SDF clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">1st As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">2nd Southern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">2nd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">3rd As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">2nd Qamishli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_demilitarization_and_frozen_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib demilitarization and frozen conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_demilitarization(Sep._2018_–_April_2019)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> (Sep. 2018 – April 2019)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">5th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Sep. 2018 missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack#Retaliatory_missile_and_drone_strikes" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Iranian Eastern Euphrates strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_U.S._airstrike_in_Baghuz" title="2019 U.S. airstrike in Baghuz">U.S. airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Failure_of_the_demilitarization_and_renewed_fighting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Failure of the demilitarization and renewed fighting"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Idlib_offensive,_Operation_Peace_Spring,_&amp;_Second_Idlib_offensive_(April_2019_–_March_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">First Idlib offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Operation Peace Spring</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Second Idlib offensive</a> (April 2019 – March 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">4th Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">Raqqa & Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">2nd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Peace Spring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Kayla Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">Northern bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">3rd Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">5th Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Spring Shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">2nd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2020_Daraa_clashes" title="March 2020 Daraa clashes">10th Daraa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Idlib_ceasefire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Idlib ceasefire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Idlib_ceasefire_(March_2020_–_present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Idlib ceasefire (March 2020 – present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">6th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Qamishli & Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">4th Israeli missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">3rd Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_offensive" title="2021 Daraa offensive">11th Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">7th Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">3rd Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">1st Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">2nd Aleppo inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwestern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="March 2023 northeastern Syria clashes">3rd U.S. missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2nd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">Deir ez-Zor (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" title="October 2023 Northern Syria clashes">3rd Northern clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Homs_drone_strike" title="2023 Homs drone strike">Homs drone strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel-Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_consulate_airstrike_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian consulate airstrike in Damascus">Iranian consulate airstrike</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2024_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="February 2024 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">February 2024 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_anti-Turkish_riots_in_Syria" title="2024 anti-Turkish riots in Syria">Anti-Turkish riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Spillover of the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_War_spillover_and_international_incidents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Syrian War spillover and international incidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon spillover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese–Syrian border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" title="2013 Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">Turkish F4 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">Reyhanlı bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian–Syrian border incidents</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 incident</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">Iraqi–Syrian border incidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Nineveh_offensive_(2017)" title="Western Nineveh offensive (2017)">Western Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">Western Iraq</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Spillover in Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">2017 Tehran attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Iranian airstrikes in Syria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Spillover in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Su-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr Takharim airstrikes</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li></ul> <hr /> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Spillover in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Foreign intervention on behalf of Syrian Arab Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Laylat_al-Qadr" title="Operation Laylat al-Qadr">2017 missile strike</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">2012 Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> Foreign intervention in behalf of Syrian rebels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war">Foreign rebel fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah#Events_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">2017 airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Idlib Governorate operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Afrin operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israel and the Syrian civil war">Israel's role</a></li></ul> U.S.-led intervention against ISIL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attacks_on_Syria_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of United States attacks on Syria during the Syrian civil war">List of attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">2014 rescue operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_U.S._special_forces_raid_in_Syria" title="May 2015 U.S. special forces raid in Syria">May 2015 raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">2017 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatari involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Muath" title="Operation Martyr Muath">Operation Martyr Muath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%27s_role_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon's role in the Syrian civil war">Lebanon's role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">April 2018 missile strikes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">UK intervention</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Rojava_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Rojava Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rojava_conflict(Syrian_civil_war)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2012 <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Aleppo_Governorate_clashes" title="2012 Aleppo Governorate clashes">1st Aleppo</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">1st Ras al-Ayn</a></li></ul> 2013 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava%E2%80%93Islamist_conflict" title="Rojava–Islamist conflict">Kurdish–Islamist conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">1st Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">1st Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li></ul></li></ul> 2014 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war">American-led intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Koban%C3%AE_protests" title="2014 Kobanî protests">Kurdish riots</a></li></ul> 2015 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">1st Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">1st al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">2nd Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">2nd Sarrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">2nd al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">2nd Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces#Reported_internal_conflict_between_SDF_factions" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Inner-SDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">1st al-Qamishli</a></li></ul> 2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Wusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">7th Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">3rd Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">2nd al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">3rd al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2016)">3rd al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Euphrates Shield</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">1st Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">2nd Western al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">al-Bab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa</a></li></ul> 2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27Din_shootdown_incident" title="Ja'Din shootdown incident">Ja'Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">1st Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_insurgency" title="Eastern Syria insurgency">Eastern insurgency</a></li></ul> 2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Olive Branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrin_offensive_(January%E2%80%93March_2018)" title="Afrin offensive (January–March 2018)">Afrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDF_insurgency_in_Northern_Aleppo" class="mw-redirect" title="SDF insurgency in Northern Aleppo">Northern Aleppo insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">4th al-Qamishli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> 2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">2nd Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Rojava offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2019)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2019)">2nd Ras al-Ayn</a></li></ul></li></ul> 2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes</a></li></ul> 2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">5th al-Qamishli & 4th al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">6th al-Qamishli</a></li></ul> 2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">5th al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Claw-Sword</a></li></ul> 2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" title="June 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">Turkish Airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2023)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2023)">2nd Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The siege of Kobanî was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS) on 13 September 2014,<a href="#cite_note-Siege_of_Kobani_battle_maps-74">[74]</a> in order to capture the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a> and its main city of <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> (also known as Kobanê or Ayn al-Arab) in northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, in the de facto autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>. By 2 October 2014, IS succeeded in capturing 350 <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> villages and towns in the vicinity of Kobanê,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> generating a wave of some 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_refugees" title="Kurdish refugees">Kurdish refugees</a>, who fled across <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Syrian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Syrian border">the border</a> into <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-76">[76]</a> By January 2015, the number had risen to 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-US_airstrikes_center_on_Kobani-71">[71]</a> The Kurdish <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) and some <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) factions (under the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Volcano" title="Euphrates Volcano">Euphrates Volcano</a> joint <a href="/wiki/Operations_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Operations room">operations room</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a>, and American and US-allied Arab militaries' <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> began to recapture Kobane.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On 26 January 2015, the YPG and its allies, backed by the continued US-led <a href="/wiki/Airstrikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Airstrikes">airstrikes</a>, began to retake the city, driving IS into a steady retreat. The city of Kobanê was fully recaptured on 27 January; however, most of the remaining villages in the Kobanî Canton remained under IS control.<a href="#cite_note-Kobanirecaptured-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-driveIslamic-78">[78]</a> The YPG and its allies then made rapid advances in rural Kobanî, with IS withdrawing 25 km from the city of Kobanî by 2 February.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISIS_withdrawing-80">[80]</a> By late April 2015, IS had been driven out of almost all of the villages it had captured in the Canton, but maintained control of a few dozen villages it seized in the northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/Raqqa_Governorate" title="Raqqa Governorate">Raqqa Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-April_2015_Kobani_Canton_map-14">[14]</a> In late June 2015, IS launched <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">a new offensive</a> against the city, killing at least 233 civilians,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> but were quickly driven back. The battle for Kobanî was considered a turning point in the war against Islamic State.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The siege was referred by some to be the "Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>".<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) took over <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a> (Arabic: Ayn al-Arab) on 19 July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-liberated-86">[86]</a> Since then, the city has been under Kurdish control, while the YPG and Kurdish politicians exercise autonomy for what they call <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-liberatedtowns-87">[87]</a> In August 2013, Islamic State, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">al-Nusra Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahrar_al-Sham" title="Ahrar al-Sham">Ahrar al-Sham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Sham_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Suqour al-Sham Brigade">Suqour al-Sham Brigade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Tawhid_Brigade" title="Al-Tawhid Brigade">al-Tawhid Brigade</a> announced that they would besiege Kobanî. However, <a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War">infighting</a> between the groups erupted in January 2014 and some of them began to align with the YPG under the name of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_Islamic_Liberation_Front" title="Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front">Euphrates Islamic Liberation Front</a>. In March 2014, IS captured <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> and several other towns and villages from the YPG and the EILF. Clashes continued through May.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On 2 July 2014, the city and the surrounding villages came under attack from IS.<a href="#cite_note-isisattacks-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IS_advance">IS advance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: IS advance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png/260px-Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png/390px-Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Ain_al-Arab_am_13_September_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>The situation at the beginning of IS's offensive against Kobanî, on 15 September 2014 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">Kurdish forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></figcaption></figure> On 15 September 2014, IS launched a massive offensive to take the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a> and the city of Kobanî, pushing into the villages at the western and eastern borders of the Canton.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On 17 September 2014, following the capture of a strategic bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> on 16 September,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> IS launched a large offensive using tanks, rockets and artillery in the direction of Kobanî, and within 24 hours, captured 21 villages. The advance left Kobanî encircled by IS forces, and it also forced the remaining <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> fighters to the southwest of the Kobanî Canton to retreat to the city of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Two days later, IS captured 39 more villages,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> bringing their forces within 20 kilometers of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> 45,000 refugees crossed into Turkey, fearing an IS takeover of the region,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> while a number of refugees were stopped at the border and ordered to return to Kobanî by Turkish authorities.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The inhabitants of 100 villages were evacuated after coming under continuous shelling, and dozens of civilians and YPG fighters were killed as the IS advance continued.<a href="#cite_note-EUR-97">[97]</a> On 20 September, IS forces came within 15 kilometers of the city of Kobanî<a href="#cite_note-60000syrian-70">[70]</a> after capturing three more villages, and started bombarding areas within 10 kilometers of the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, more than 300 Kurdish fighters reached Kobanî from Turkey as reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-60000syrian-70">[70]</a> Senior <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) official <a href="/wiki/Murat_Karayilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murat Karayilan">Murat Karayilan</a> appealed to Kurdish youth in Turkey to join Kurdish forces in Syria. During the day, three rockets exploded within Kobanî, spreading fear among its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Since the start of the offensive, 34 civilians had been killed,<a href="#cite_note-60000syrian-70">[70]</a> while the number of refugees had reached 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-60000syrian-70">[70]</a> By 21 September, IS militants captured 64 villages; 39 IS and 27 Kurdish fighters had been killed in the previous 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-displacement-99">[99]</a> Kurdish forces evacuated at least 100 villages on the Syrian side after IS militants began their offensive against the Kurdish villages.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> IS troops came within 10 kilometers of the city and continued to advance,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with the fighting concentrated in the southern and eastern suburbs of Kobanî, 13 kilometers from the city proper.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The next day, a Kurdish spokesman reported that the IS advance east of the city had been halted during the previous night.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Despite the stalled advance, IS forces shelled the center of the city, and clashes continued in the vicinity of the village of Mojik (about 6 km west of Kobanî) and the village of Alishar (7 km east of Kobanî).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On the same day, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Numan Kurtulmus">Numan Kurtulmus</a> said that more than 130,000 Syrian Kurds fled across the border into Turkey, escaping an advance by IS jihadists.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> On 24 September, IS forces continued their advance south of the city. This brought IS within 8 kilometers of the south of Kobanî, the closest they had been to the city since the offensive started on 15 September.<a href="#cite_note-response-105">[105]</a> IS had increased its forces in the Kobanî Canton to at least 4,000 by this time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the advance, IS forces captured the villages of Robey and Tall Ghazal, and the nearby grain silos.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, an IS source claimed that their forces had also captured several villages to the west of Kobanî. The <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> to the west had moved to the cluster of villages called Siftek, as more IS fighters and tanks arrived for the offensive during the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-response-105">[105]</a> The next morning, IS fighters were only 2 kilometers away, as clashes were continuing. By this point, IS controlled 75 percent of the Kobanî <a href="/wiki/Canton_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton (country subdivision)">canton</a>, while Kurdish forces only had control of the city of Kobanî, the smaller town of Shera, and around 15 villages nearby.<a href="#cite_note-75percent-107">[107]</a> On 26 September, IS troops captured a hill from which YPG fighters had been attacking them in recent days, 10 km (6 miles) west of Kobanî. IS also captured a village about 7 km to the east of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-ISIS_advances-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalition_airstrikes_and_Kobanî_besieged">Coalition airstrikes and Kobanî besieged</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Coalition airstrikes and Kobanî besieged">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Kobane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siege_of_Kobane.svg/260px-Siege_of_Kobane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siege_of_Kobane.svg/390px-Siege_of_Kobane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Siege_of_Kobane.svg/520px-Siege_of_Kobane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the evolution of the siege of Kobanî, 2014: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 7em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1 March</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  18 September</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  21 September</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  24 September</div> </div></figcaption></figure> On 27 September, <a href="/wiki/US-led_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="US-led coalition">US-led coalition</a> planes bombed the area around Kobanî for the first time, targeting positions in the village of Alishar, 4 kilometers from the city, which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> center by IS.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Despite the coalition airstrikes against frontline IS positions, they were still able to begin shelling the city of Kobanî, wounding several people.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The US' initial reluctance to launch airstrikes to help the Kurdish city was believed be caused by its unwillingness to upset Turkey, who preferred a Kurdish defeat.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> By 28 September, 1,500 Kurdish fighters coming from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> reinforced the Kurds in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-1,500_Kurdish-114">[114]</a> The next day, IS forces approaching from the south and the southeast came within 5 kilometers of the city,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> while Kobanî faced sustained <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> for a second day.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The next day, IS troops approaching from the east advanced within 2–3 kilometers of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-organization-117">[117]</a> During the fighting, the Kurds reportedly destroyed two IS tanks. IS fighters also captured the village of Siftek, to the west, and used it to stage attacks on Kobanî itself.<a href="#cite_note-28_september_tank-118">[118]</a> The village of Kazikan was also captured.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On 1 October, Islamic State forces advanced southeast of Kobanî and on the western front, from where Kurdish forces retreated.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> This resulted in IS troops capturing one of the final villages on the outskirts of Kobanî, and approaching to within one kilometer of the town's entrance. At this point, Kurdish fighters in Kobanî were reinforcing their positions with sandbags to prepare for potential house-to-house fighting.<a href="#cite_note-State_Closes-121">[121]</a> By evening, amid a sharp shortage of weapons, Kurdish forces withdrew from the city suburbs, as IS forces continued their advance.<a href="#cite_note-ISIS_militants-122">[122]</a> As IS forces entered the suburbs of Kobanî, some refugees reported torture, rape, murder, and mutilation at the hands of IS.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> IS militants were reportedly beheading Kurdish fighters, including women.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> By 2 October, IS forces had captured 350 of the 354 villages around Kobanî,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and were positioned only hundreds of meters to the south and southeast of the city.<a href="#cite_note-350_villages-10">[10]</a> Intense firefights had erupted that day, resulting in 57 IS deaths in the east of the city, while an Iraqi IS commander and eight other militants were killed in the southern sector.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The next day, IS militants took control of Kobanî's southern and eastern entrances and exits.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They had also taken a strategic hill and a radio tower, which overlooked the town.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later, a Kurdish fighter reported that IS militants had entered the city's southwestern fringes, and that fighting was ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The US-led coalition conducted at least seven air sorties against IS targets around Kobanî within five days, until 2 October, when the US didn't carry out any strikes,<a href="#cite_note-Kurds_plea_03Oct14-128">[128]</a> before reportedly carrying out further strikes late on 3 October.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> During the night of 3/4 October, an IS attempt to breach the city was repelled.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Coalition airstrikes continued on 4 October, targeting IS logistics, units, artillery positions, and a personnel carrier.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> By this point, the city was essentially empty, as nearly all residents, except the defenders, fled to Turkey.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The last foreign journalist also left on 4 October.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In all, some 90% of the region's population had evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_for_Kobanî_city">Battle for Kobanî city</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle for Kobanî city">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fighting_in_Kobanî">Fighting in Kobanî</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fighting in Kobanî">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_week">First week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First week">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/260px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/390px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg/520px-Coalition_Airstrike_on_ISIL_position_in_Kobane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Coalition airstrike in Kobanî on Islamic State position, October 2014</figcaption></figure> On 5 October, IS managed to capture the southern side of Mistanour Hill outside Kobanî city, and a Kurdish activist said if IS captured the hill, it would give them easy access to the city.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The clashes at Mistanour involved hand-to-hand fighting.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> For the first time, a Kurdish female fighter (Deilar Kanj Khamis, also known by the <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> <a href="/wiki/Arin_Mirkan" title="Arin Mirkan">Arin Mirkan</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]) blew herself up in a suicide attack on an IS position,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> killing 10 IS fighters.<a href="#cite_note-flagsraised-138">[138]</a> Later, after seizing full control of Mistanour Hill,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> IS militants entered the southeastern edge of Kobanî, and street-to-street fighting began.<a href="#cite_note-enter-11">[11]</a> This was the first time the jihadists had entered the city proper itself.<a href="#cite_note-20jihadists-140">[140]</a> IS managed to break through Kurdish defenses, after 30 of their fighters raced across the open fields at the city's eastern edges. The IS fighters were backed up by snipers, heavy machine gun fire, and shelling from Mistanour Hill.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On 6 October, the jihadists penetrated about 100 meters into the city,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and an IS flag was raised on top of a four-story building in southeastern Kobanî, shortly after which another was raised on top of the nearby Mistanour Hill that had been captured the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-flagsraised-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> By this time, the number of IS militants deployed to the Kobanî Canton had increased to 9,000.<a href="#cite_note-ISIL_unleashes_full_forces_against_Kobani-55">[55]</a> The militants then made an attempt to advance further, but while entering Street 48, they were ambushed by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) fighters, and 20 jihadists were killed.<a href="#cite_note-20jihadists-140">[140]</a> Throughout the day, fighting raged for control of the Maqtala al-Jadida and Qani Arab districts,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> which ended with IS forces capturing both neighborhoods, as well as the industrial zone of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG/220px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG/330px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG/440px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A91.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> fighters during the battle </figcaption></figure> By the morning of 7 October, Kurdish forces managed to expel IS fighters from most of the eastern part of Kobanî that they had captured during the previous night, although IS fighters were still present in parts of the eastern neighborhoods. Meanwhile, IS forces captured several buildings on the southern side of the city, as well as a hospital under construction on the western side.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The Kurdish success in the eastern part of town came after several U.S. airstrikes during the night and morning targeted IS positions and destroyed a tank, three <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technicals</a>, and an IS unit, and damaged a tank and one technical. IS anti-aircraft artillery was also hit.<a href="#cite_note-7_october_tank-147">[147]</a> On 8 October, Kurdish fighters expelled IS forces from most of their previous gains in the city, following a new round of U.S. airstrikes<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> that targeted the rear positions of the IS fighters.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> One of the targets hit was a concentration of IS fighters near a mosque in the eastern part of the city. However, despite the airstrikes, the jihadists soon launched a new assault in the eastern part of Kobanî, as IS reinforcements arrived,<a href="#cite_note-despite-150">[150]</a> allowing them to push 50–70 meters west of the industrial zone, capturing the market area.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> By evening, IS militants had advanced an overall 100 meters towards the city center.<a href="#cite_note-despite-150">[150]</a> Meanwhile, Kurdish fighters captured Sh'ir on the western outskirts of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> On 9 October, IS forces were in control of more than a third of the city, including all of the eastern areas, a small part of the northeast, and an area in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> IS also captured the Kurdish police headquarters, which they had targeted the previous night with a large suicide truck-bomb. The clashes in that area left a high-ranking Kurdish police commander dead.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The captured police station was then targeted by <a href="/wiki/US-led_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="US-led coalition">US-led coalition</a> aircraft and destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> To create a smoke screen from coalition planes, IS fighters started setting fire to buildings, and towers of black smoke burned for hours on the top of Mistanour Hill. Later, it was reported that Kurdish fighters made advances against IS in the eastern part of the town, while FSA fighters attacked IS forces from the rear, inflicting heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Observatory_for_Human_Rights" title="Syrian Observatory for Human Rights">Syrian Observatory for Human Rights</a> (SOHR), Kurdish forces managed to besiege a group of IS fighters in the police headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The clashes around the building left 11 IS fighters killed, and four were captured by the Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-11is-158">[158]</a> At this point, Kurdish forces were faced with the risk of running out of ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg/220px-Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg/330px-Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg/440px-Hires_141019-N-HD510-062a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>Two U.S. <a href="/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet" title="Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet">F/A-18F Super Hornets</a> of <a href="/wiki/VFA-22" title="VFA-22">VFA-22</a> take off from <a href="/wiki/USS_Carl_Vinson" title="USS Carl Vinson">USS Carl Vinson</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a>, October 2014 </figcaption></figure> On 10 October, IS fighters advanced towards the city center<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> and captured the Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Military_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Military headquarters">military headquarters</a>, which would potentially allow them to advance on the border post, and thus rout the Kurdish forces inside Kobanî. With the capture of the headquarters, IS was in control of 40 percent of the town.<a href="#cite_note-kurdhq-161">[161]</a> For the first time, IS tanks were seen inside the city.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Meanwhile, Kurdish and Syrian rebel fighters retreated from Sh'ir hill on the western outskirts, which they had captured two days earlier. In order to avoid coalition airstrikes, IS fighters resorted to transporting new supplies of ammunition to the city by motorcycles,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] while also flying YPG flags on their vehicles to mislead coalition aircraft. IS militants wearing YPG uniforms began infiltrating Kurdish lines.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Later that day, an IS suicide car-bomb exploded near the Grand Mosque, west of the security quarter,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> which was followed by clashes in an attempt by IS to capture the mosque which would give them a good vantage point for their snipers over a wide area of the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 11 October, IS forces attempted to take the center of Kobanî, but were repelled by YPG forces and American airstrikes on IS positions.<a href="#cite_note-repelled-165">[165]</a> Even so, by this point, IS was in control of almost half the city, after securing the area housing administrative and security buildings, and were advancing along the street that divides the eastern and western parts of the town.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_week">Second week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second week">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png/260px-Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png/390px-Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png/520px-Front_Koban%C3%A9_octobre_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Approximate boundary of the frontline during the fighting in Kobanî, in late October 2014</figcaption></figure> On 12 October, IS reinforcements were dispatched to the battle after the militants suffered heavy losses during the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> IS seized the water wells on the outskirts of Kobanî, although the lack of diesel due to the siege already rendered them useless for the Kurdish fighters and civilians in the city.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> On 13 October, IS carried out three suicide bombings against Kurdish positions in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-threesuicide-169">[169]</a> One suicide truck-bomber blew himself up in northwest Kobanî, which opened the way for IS forces to advance and capture the New Cultural Center,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> leaving them in control of 50 percent of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-threesuicide-169">[169]</a> A second bomber attempted to reach the border crossing, but his bomb exploded prematurely,<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and the IS attack on the border crossing was repelled.<a href="#cite_note-threesuicide-169">[169]</a> The third bomber attacked Kurdish forces to the west of the security quarter,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> who had managed to advance slightly against IS in the area. Kurdish fighters also recaptured some IS positions in the south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> According to a Kurdish fighter, if IS took control of the border crossing "it's over." He said that despite Kurdish forces repelling the IS attack on the crossing point, it was "impossible" for them to hold their ground if the same situation continued.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> A day later, Kurdish fighters recaptured Tall Shair hill, west of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG/220px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG/330px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG/440px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A95.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> <a href="/wiki/Improvised_fighting_vehicle" title="Improvised fighting vehicle">improvised fighting vehicle</a> in Kobanî </figcaption></figure> From 13 to 15 October, the U.S. conducted 39 airstrikes on IS positions in and around Kobanî, 21 of which occurred on the night of 13 October. This allowed Kurdish fighters to make progress against the jihadists in the IS-held parts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The strikes killed 39 IS fighters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kurdish forces said that the airstrikes had become much more effective, due to them starting to coordinate with the U.S. by providing them targets for the strikes.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The number of strikes had risen to 53 by 17 October.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> On 15 October, the deputy head of Kobanî's foreign relations committee claimed that the advances Kurdish forces made left them in control of 80% of the city,<a href="#cite_note-retreating-179">[179]</a> which could possibly lead to them regaining control of the town.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The next day, Kurdish commander Baharin Kandal told the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> that Islamic State fighters had retreated from most of the town, with two areas of continued resistance remaining.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> On 18 October, IS launched a fierce new assault from the east towards the border crossing, in an attempt to cut off Kurdish fighters in Kobanî. However, the attack was repulsed while more IS reinforcements were being sent.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> By this point, IS fighters were still present in the south and east sectors of Kobanî, and were believed to hold around a third of the town.<a href="#cite_note-Fighting_rages-184">[184]</a> Later, two IS <a href="/wiki/Car-bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Car-bomb">car-bombs</a> exploded, one west of the security quarter, near the municipal building, and the other in the al-Hurreyyi Square, near the IS-held Cultural Center Building. During the day, IS bombarded the city with 41 shells.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_week">Third week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third week">edit</a>]</div> On 19 October, YPG fighters advanced in the Kani Erban area, where they took over two IS positions, while IS managed to advance, west of the security quarter. The US-led coalition launched six airstrikes on IS positions between 18–19 October.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Later, 3 U.S. transport aircraft dropped 27 bundles totaling 24 tons of small arms and ammunition, as well as 10 tons of medical supplies that were supplied by Kurdistan Region to the Kurdish fighters defending Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In a statement released by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Central_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> it was stated that the airdrops were "intended to enable continued resistance against ISIL's attempts to overtake Kobanî." According to reports, one of the bundles landed in an IS-held area, and was subsequently bombed. Another bundle that landed off target was recovered by Kurdish forces. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/260px--Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm/Coalition_airstrike_against_ISIL_near_Kobane_on_VBIED.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Coalition airstrike against IS <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">VBIED</a> near Kobanî, on 21 October 2014</figcaption></figure> On 20 October, two IS car-bombs exploded in the northern part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> A day later, IS militants claimed on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> to have taken hold of at least one cache of the US airdropped supplies, as shown in an uploaded video by IS militants; the cache included <a href="/wiki/Hand_grenades" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand grenades">hand grenades</a>, ammunition, and <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade_launchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket-propelled grenade launchers">rocket-propelled grenade launchers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> On 23 October, IS militants once again captured Tell Sh'ir Hill, after hours of fighting. But the hill was targeted by airstrikes in the evening, and was recaptured by the Kurds later on during the night.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The fall of the hill came as a result of a new assault by IS militants that had started the night before and had continued into the next day.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The next day, reports from Kobanî suggested that IS fighters may have used an unidentified <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapon</a> in the battle for the city.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth_week">Fourth week</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fourth week">edit</a>]</div> On 26 October, IS failed for the fourth time to capture the border gate with Turkey<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> in the northern al-Jomrok neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The next day, IS released another video with British hostage <a href="/wiki/John_Cantlie" title="John Cantlie">John Cantlie</a>, in which he claims that the city of Kobanî was mostly under IS control, with only a few pockets of Kurdish resistance remaining. He also claimed that the Battle of Kobanî was "largely over," and that IS forces were mostly mopping up in the city. The captions in the video displaying the Turkish flags at the border, claimed to have been filmed by one of the four IS drones. However, the video has been deemed as pure IS propaganda, especially since analysts claim that it was filmed about a week earlier. Additionally, 200 Iraqi Kurdish forces were expected to arrive in Kobanî as reinforcements, via the Syrian-Turkish border.<a href="#cite_note-Kobani_under_ISIL_control-57">[57]</a> On 28 October, a fifth attempt by IS to capture the border crossing was also repelled, while preparations were underway for the Peshmerga to cross the border with Syria from Turkey.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FSA_and_Peshmerga_reinforcements_arrive">FSA and Peshmerga reinforcements arrive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: FSA and Peshmerga reinforcements arrive">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG/220px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG/330px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG/440px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A96.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> during the siege </figcaption></figure> On 29 October 50 Syrian <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) fighters crossed the border from Turkey into Kobanî.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Two days later, more than 20 vehicles with <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Kurdish Peshmerga</a> forces entered the city of Kobanî from Sh'ir Hill in the western countryside of the city.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The Iraqi Peshmerga forces numbered around 150, and brought heavy weapons and ammunition. These arrivals marked the first time Turkey allowed ground troops from outside Syria to reinforce the Kurds defending Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> On 1 November, the People's Protection Units (YPG) advanced towards the al-Haj Rashad Mosque area.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> A day later, in an interview, FSA commander Abdul-Jabbar Ekada stated that 320 FSA fighters were present in the city, and that IS militants controlled 60% of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-320_FSA-12">[12]</a> On the following day, pro-Kurdish news agencies reported that the villages of Arbus, Manaza, Albalur, and Cikur were cleared of IS members.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On 5 November, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Iraqi Kurdish regional government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> delivered several truckloads of ammunition that secretly crossed into Kobanî via Turkey, to help the town's defenders. Also, officials in the town claimed that since the arrival of Peshmerga reinforcements, several IS advances had been halted, resulting in IS losses of "possibly hundreds."<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YPG_and_FSA_regain_ground">YPG and FSA regain ground</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: YPG and FSA regain ground">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg/260px-Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg/390px-Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg/520px-Siege_of_Koban%C3%AA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>The situation in Kobanî on 16 November 2014, after the YPG briefly captured the strategic Mistanour Hill. However, the YPG lost control of the hill to IS forces within 4 days, and retook control of the hill on 19 January 2015.</figcaption></figure> On 8 November, the YPG advanced near the al-Haj Rashad and al-Baladia neighborhoods in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Two days later, IS was calling "dozens" of its fighters from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a> to participate in the fight for Kobanî, due to the heavy casualties inflicted upon its forces in the fight for control of the town.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> On 11 November, the YPG recaptured an undisclosed number of streets and buildings in the southern part of the town.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Also, a very important military leader for IS, according to a report by <a href="/wiki/SOHR" class="mw-redirect" title="SOHR">SOHR</a>, said that IS militants were shocked and demoralized by the "fierce resistance" put up by YPG fighters, as they had expected victory within a few days of storming the town.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The next day, Kurdish forces cut off a road used as a supply route by IS. The road connects Kobanî with <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, the IS's headquarters. The Kurdish forces managed to cut off the supply route from Raqqa after capturing parts of the strategic Mistanour Hill.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> On 16 November, YPG units advanced east of al-Baladia area and north of the Security Square.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Two days later, Kurdish fighters captured six buildings which, according to the director at SOHR Rami Abdulrahman, "were in a strategic location in the town's north, close to Security Square where the main municipal offices are based." The Kurds also seized "a large quantity of rocket-propelled grenade launchers, guns and machine gun ammunition."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> IS launched two attacks the next day; the first was an attempt to recapture the six buildings they had lost the day before, and the second was aimed at the Kobani-Aleppo road to the town's southwest. There were reports of IS casualties.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> On 17 November, it was also reported that Abu Khattab, one of the IS's commander in Kobanî, had been killed in an ambush set by YPG fighters in the village of Tell Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-top_ISIL_commander_in_Kobani_killed-35">[35]</a> Also, 28 IS militants were killed in the clashes in Kobanî, including two high-ranking IS commanders, Abu Ali al-Askari and Abu Mohammed al-Masri.<a href="#cite_note-top_ISIL_commander_in_Kobani_killed-35">[35]</a> On 20 November, IS forces launched another attack on Mistanour Hill, in another failed attempt to regain control of the parts of Kobanî that they had lost to Kurdish forces. IS also launched another assault east of the border gate.<a href="#cite_note-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_map_on_November_20,_2014-212">[212]</a> On 25 November, YPG fighters recaptured several buildings on the outskirts of Kobanî, as well as the cultural center in the town. They also advanced in the governmental square, and east of Azadi yard.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG/220px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG/330px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG/440px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A92.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> fighters in a destroyed part of the town </figcaption></figure> On 28 November, YPG took the al-Baladia and Azadi yard, as well as Souq al-Hal and the governmental square after IS fighters pulled back from these positions, while an IS reconnaissance drone was shot down above the town. Kurdish fighters captured weapons and ammunition during their advance.<a href="#cite_note-Kurdish_fighters_shoot_down_ISIL_drone_over_Kobani-214">[214]</a> On 29 November, IS launched a counterattack by detonating four suicide cars and explosive belts, following clashes between the two parties in the town. According to the SOHR, eight YPG fighters and 17 IS fighters were killed in the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> It also reported that IS took back the Azadi yard from the YPG, after losing it the previous day.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> According to the German news outlet 'Der Spiegel', IS fighters also attacked YPG positions near the border gate from Turkish soil.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> According to the SOHR, YPG fighters crossed the Turkish border and attacked IS positions on Turkish soil, before pulling back to Syria. Soon afterwards, the Turkish Army regained control of the border crossing and silos area.<a href="#cite_note-counter-218">[218]</a> Also, YPG fighters carried out a military operation targeting an IS vehicle in the village of Tal Ghazal in the southern countryside of Kobani, killing 2 militants, including a local emir,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> and advanced in the south of the town, reaching the Aleppo-Kobani road near Tarmek village. YPG fighters also regained control over a building in the Azadi Yard.<a href="#cite_note-counter-218">[218]</a> In all, 50 IS militants, 12 FSA, 11 YPG, and three unknown pro-Kurdish fighters were killed on 29 November.<a href="#cite_note-counter-218">[218]</a> On 1 December, the YPG recaptured the Botan Gharbi neighborhood, located in the southern part of the town, and advanced in the northwestern part of the Mistanour Plain.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The next day, IS detonated a car bomb on the outskirts of that neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The YPG expanded their control over the southern part of Kobanî on 4 December, resulting in the death of 10 IS militants and one YPG fighter.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Between 8 and 13 December, YPG seized a number of IS positions in the southern part of Kobanî, as well as some points on Tarmek street.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> On 20 December, YPG fully besieged the cultural center after it took the street around it.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG/220px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG/330px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG/440px-YPG_%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A97.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">YPJ</a> fighters in Kobanî's outskirts </figcaption></figure> On 26 December, in a sixty-sixth round of airstrikes on IS in Syria, the United States and coalition partners carried out four airstrikes in and around <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, destroying three IS buildings and two IS vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-dodupdate-225">[225]</a> On 1 January 2015, the YPG recaptured the Rash library and the Botan area south of Kobanî, thus recapturing the eastern section of the town, and ending up controlling 70% of Kobanî.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the next day, IS commander Sheikh Othman Al-Nazeh was reportedly killed by an airstrike in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-othman-36">[36]</a> On 5 January 2015, YPG units recaptured the governmental and security district and the al-Refia, al-Sena'a, al-Tharura, and al-Banat schools. YPG also advanced in the Mishtanour neighborhood south of the town. According to SOHR, at this point, the YPG controlled at least 80% of Kobanî city. At least 14 IS militants were killed in the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> The next day, IS fighters launched an attack within the vicinity of the Rash bookstore. The attack was countered by the YPG.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Elsewhere, a <a href="/wiki/BMP_development" title="BMP development">BMP</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicle</a> was destroyed among other vehicles, with several weapons captured. That day's failed offensive was considered the largest YPG counter-attack in Kobani since 28 December 2014. In all, 47 IS fighters were killed during the assaults on that day.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> On 16 January 2015, an IS militant detonated a suicide belt near the government square, while the YPG destroyed an APC and seized a Humvee during the fighting. Between 15 and 16 January, 23 IS militants and 8 YPG fighters were killed in the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-humvee-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YPG_recaptures_Kobanî_city">YPG recaptures Kobanî city</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: YPG recaptures Kobanî city">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG/220px-YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG/330px-YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG/440px-YPG%C3%A0_Koban%C3%A94.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">YPG</a> fighters raise their flag over the town </figcaption></figure> On 19 January 2015, YPG fighters fully recaptured Mistanour Hill south of Kobanî, killing 11 IS militants. By recapturing the hill, the YPG controlled the IS supply routes to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The next day, YPG also captured the national hospital and reached the southwestern entrance of the town.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> On 21 January, the first Peshmerga fighter was killed in the battle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 23 January, YPG fighters captured two streets to the east and the north of Rash Library, as well as Souq al-Hal and large parts of the northwestern part of the al-Senaa neighborhood,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> bringing 70% of the city under their control.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> The next day, YPG also recaptured the Sharia School and Sidan mosque, as well as the village of Termak in the southern countryside of Kobanî. At this moment, IS presence in Kobanî was reduced to two neighborhoods.<a href="#cite_note-termak-234">[234]</a> The village of Mamid was recaptured by YPG and FSA fighters on 25 January 2015. IS lost 12 militants and a vehicle in the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-mamid-235">[235]</a> On the same day, YPG fighters cut the IS supply route to Kobanî.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By that time, IS control of Kobanî was reduced to 10%. IS dispatched an additional 140 fighters, most of them under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-seize90-236">[236]</a> On 26 January, the YPG forced remaining IS forces in Kobanî to retreat and managed to enter the eastern outlying areas,<a href="#cite_note-driveIslamic-78">[78]</a> thus fully recapturing the city. After the recapture of the city, YPG fighters were carrying out "the final clean-up" and besieging areas they believed IS leaders might be hiding.<a href="#cite_note-Kobanirecaptured-13">[13]</a> IS resistance persisted in the eastern outskirts of Kobanî, and parts of the surrounding Kobanî region remained under IS control.<a href="#cite_note-Kobanirecaptured-13">[13]</a> Pentagon spokesman Colonel Steve Warren said, "I'm not prepared to say the battle is won. The battle continues, but friendly forces have the momentum." He also said that Kurdish forces controlled about 70% of the territory in and around Kobanî,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> which includes 90% of the city itself.<a href="#cite_note-ISIL_expelled_from_Kobani-238">[238]</a> The U.S. confirmed that the city had been cleared of IS forces on 27 January,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and IS admitted defeat in Kobanî city three days later, although they vowed to return.<a href="#cite_note-defeat-240">[240]</a> At this time, IS redeployed much of its initial invasion force to other "more important fronts".<a href="#cite_note-ISIL_expelled_from_Kobani-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retaking_the_Kobanî_Canton">Retaking the Kobanî Canton</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Retaking the Kobanî Canton">edit</a>]</div> After pushing IS out of Kobanî city on 27 January, the YPG and FSA started advancing on IS-held villages in the region.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> On 27 January, YPG fighters recaptured the village of Helnej southeast of Kobanî, and they also besieged IS forces in the southern countryside of the city.<a href="#cite_note-helnej-242">[242]</a> On the next day, YPG and FSA fighters recaptured Kolama village, Seran mall, and Noroz hall.<a href="#cite_note-kolama-243">[243]</a> By 6 February, YPG forces recaptured over 100 villages in the Kobanî Canton that they had lost to IS during the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-100villages-244">[244]</a> The Kurds reported they faced "no resistance" from IS forces, due to the fact that IS kept "withdrawing its fighters" whenever the YPG entered another village.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Kurds_face_no_resistance_near_Kobani-245">[245]</a> According to the SOHR, most IS militants to the west of Kobanî were ethnic Turks. Also, during this phase, some IS militants surrendered themselves to the Turkish border guards.<a href="#cite_note-100villages-244">[244]</a> On 8 February, while IS steadily retreated from the villages to the south and the east of Kobanî, it was reported that the YPG and FSA faced stiff resistance from IS forces in the villages to the west of Kobanî, as IS wanted to retain control over their territory in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Governorate" title="Aleppo Governorate">Aleppo Governorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Experts voiced concerns that IS could return with a vengeance, given the group's fluidity and history of counterattacking after apparent withdrawals.<a href="#cite_note-the_fight_for_Kobani_is_not_yet_over-247">[247]</a> On 9 February, IS tactically withdrew some of its fighters and military hardware from other villages in the Aleppo province to reinforce the Kobanî frontline.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> On 15 February, the YPG seized the Baghdak Hill and Jareqli Hill in fighting that killed 35 IS and four YPG fighters.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> The next day, YPG forces backed by rebels captured Khondan, thus regaining control over 2,000 square kilometers of the northeastern Aleppo countryside.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 17 February, YPG and rebels seized the Aleppo-Hasakah road and seven villages in the Raqqa province during clashes in which 10 IS militants and one YPG fighter were killed.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> On 26 February, it was reported that the YPG and FSA has retaken some of the last IS strongholds in the western Kobanî countryside, killing over 23 IS militants. An airstrike targeted the local IS command center in al-Shuyookh Gharbi, killing at least 8 militants, including prominent leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Coalition_airstrike_kills_multiple_ISIL_leaders_near_Kobani-251">[251]</a> By 1 March, YPG forces, backed by FSA fighters, had recaptured 296 villages. IS deployed reinforcements to the southern and eastern parts of the Kobanî Canton, as they wanted to prevent YPG and FSA forces from reaching the de facto IS capital of Raqqa.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Kurdish forces were reportedly planning to build on their advances and capture <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad" title="Tell Abyad">Tell Abyad</a>, thus connecting the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî Canton">Kobanî Canton</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jazira_Canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazira Canton">Jazira Canton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kurds_advance-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-underfire-254">[254]</a> Between 1 and 6 March the YPG and FSA, supported by airstrikes, besieged IS militants at the French-owned <a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge</a> Cement Plant and seized 11 villages, including Shuyukh Tahtani and Shuyukh Fawqani, the last two villages in the western part of Kobanî Canton still held by IS, on the eastern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates River">Euphrates River</a>. As a result, IS retreated to <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, before blowing up the western end of the Jarabulus Bridge in order to prevent Kurdish forces from reaching that city. 98 IS militants and 11 YPG fighters were killed during the clashes.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> It was also reported that IS militants from Tell Abyad were crossing over into Turkey and re-emerging in the villages to the west of Tell Abyad, to stage attacks on Kurdish-held villages near the edge of the eastern frontline.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 9 March, as a result of the recent Kurdish gains, and the Kurdish advance towards the <a href="/wiki/Sarrin" title="Sarrin">Sarrin</a> grain silos, IS attempted to launch a counterattack from Sarrin, in the southern part of Kobanî Canton, capturing the villages of Jill, Khan-Mamdid, and Sal. IS also assaulted several villages north of Sarrin. However, a Coalition airstrike halted the IS advance. In addition, airstrikes blew up an oil refinery at Al-Mumbteh,<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> just northwest of Tell Abyad. The explosion killed 30 IS militants and refinery workers in the area.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> 13 YPG fighters were killed during the clashes in the Mandek area, west of the village of al-Jalabiyyi.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> It was also reported that the YPG and allied forces had begun shelling the IS-held city of <a href="/wiki/Jarabulus" title="Jarabulus">Jarabulus</a>, across the west bank of the Euphrates River.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> The next day, the YPG recaptured Mandek, Khwaydan, Khan-Mamed, and Hamdoun. The fighting left 15 Kurdish fighters and 12 IS fighters dead.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> On 13 March, fighting along the frontline killed 7 IS militants and 2 FSA fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 15 March, after a renewed YPG assault, supported by airstrikes, in Qara Qozak caused the IS defense there to collapse and forced them to retreat, IS militants blew up the Qara Qozak Bridge, to prevent YPG forces from crossing over to the west bank of the Euphrates. The remaining IS militants gathered in a house near the bridge, which was promptly destroyed by a Coalition airstrike.<a href="#cite_note-bombsancient-259">[259]</a> On the next day, it was confirmed that all of the remaining IS fighters in Qara Qozak had either been killed or surrendered, leaving YPG and FSA forces in full control of the town. 45 IS militants and at least 4 YPG fighters had been killed at Qara Qozak, between 13 and 15 March. Three days later, the Coalition destroyed the remainder of the Qara Qozak Bridge, to prevent IS reinforcements from reaching Sarrin.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-bombsancient-259">[259]</a> With this, Kurdish forces had recaptured almost all of the villages previously lost to IS in their initial September 2014 assault on the Kobanî Canton. IS continued to maintain control of a few dozen villages they captured in the northwestern part of the Raqqa Governorate, as well as a few villages in the southern part of the Canton.<a href="#cite_note-deSyracuse-260">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobani_Canton_post-siege,_April_29,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kobani_Canton_post-siege%2C_April_29%2C_2015.jpg/260px-Kobani_Canton_post-siege%2C_April_29%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kobani_Canton_post-siege%2C_April_29%2C_2015.jpg/390px-Kobani_Canton_post-siege%2C_April_29%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Kobani_Canton_post-siege%2C_April_29%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>The situation after the end of IS's siege of the Kobanî Canton, on 29 April 2015. Most of IS's advances since September 2014 had been reversed, and YPG-led forces were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">battling for control of Sarrin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">Kurdish forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Syrian opposition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive_(2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Abyad offensive (2015)">Tell Abyad offensive (2015)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/220px--DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="161" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="656" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/DVIDS_-_Video_-_Coalition_Airstrike_on_a_Daesh_Mortar_Position_April_19_2015_near_Kobani_Syria.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="655" data-height="480" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CJTF-OIR" class="mw-redirect" title="CJTF-OIR">CJTF-OIR</a> airstrike on an IS <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> position near Kobani, 19 April 2015</figcaption></figure> Over the next few days, the YPG seized control of a hill overlooking Sarrin, the last remaining IS stronghold in the southern part of the Kobanî Canton.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 20 March, the YPG and the allied Burkan al-Furat, backed by Coalition air support, launched an assault on Sarrin,<a href="#cite_note-last_Kobane_stronghold-16">[16]</a> which led to hit-and-run fighting until 28 March.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-combatISIS-261">[261]</a> On 21 March, the YPG captured Tel Kharab Zir<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> and advanced into Akbesh and Tell Kazan.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> Meanwhile, YPG and FSA forces completely besieged the Sarrin grain silos. A total of 71 IS militants and 1 FSA fighters were killed during the clashes and Coalition strikes. On the night between 22 and 23 March, IS dispatched reinforcements from to Sarrin, across the <a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam" title="Tishrin Dam">Tishrin Dam</a>, which the Coalition did not target, due to the risks that destroying the dam would pose to those living downstream.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 25 March, the YPG reportedly captured the village of Al-Jalabiyya in the Raqqa province. Meanwhile, IS forces attacked the village of Qara Qozak by boat, but the attack was repelled by the YPG and airstrikes struck the gathered IS forces on the other side of the river. The clashes led to the deaths of at least 71 IS militants and 4 YPG fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> Two days later, fighting in the southern villages of Sebti and Khani left three IS militants dead.<a href="#cite_note-combatISIS-261">[261]</a> During the next 3 weeks, the YPG and FSA advance along the southern and eastern borders nearly stalemated, as IS continued pouring reinforcements into the region. The clashes that erupted during this period of time killed at least 195 IS militants, along with at least 14 YPG fighters and 2 FSA fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> Between 12 and 14 April, YPG-FSA joint forces captured seven villages and the French-owned <a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge</a> Cement Plant in Raqqa Province, and repelled an IS counterattack on 12 April. At least 30 IS militants,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> and at least 3 YPG and 2 FSA fighters were killed during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 9 April, an IS counterattack pushed YPG forces back from Sarrin and retook the grain silos, breaking past YPG defense lines at the M4 Highway. However, a YPG counter-offensive during mid-April, with the aid of US-led Coalition airstrikes, allowed them to slowly advance towards the city again.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> By 17 April, the YPG had recaptured 332 of the 350 villages they had lost in the initial IS offensive, in September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-332villages-59">[59]</a> By 20 April, the YPG had fully recaptured Jill, Hamdoun, Kayful, Sal, and the neighboring villages. The YPG had also captured Ras al Ayn on 19 April, which severed IS's supply line to Sarrin from the east, allowing the YPG and allied forces to surround Sarrin.<a href="#cite_note-YPG_captures_Ras_al_Ayn-265">[265]</a> The clashes over the past few days, from 16–19 April, were reported to have killed at least 27 IS militants and 3 YPG fighters.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 20 April, YPG forces captured Ras al Ayn, allowing the Kurds to sever IS's supply line to Sarrin from the east, and effectively besieging the city from both the east and the west.<a href="#cite_note-YPG_captures_Ras_al_Ayn-265">[265]</a> Also, YPG forces began attacking the last IS supply route to Sarrin, which lay south of the city.<a href="#cite_note-April_20,_2015_Kobani_map-266">[266]</a> On 21 April, it was reported that YPG forces to the east of Sarrin came within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) the gates of Sarrin, and YPG forces were continuing to advance, despite reports IS had heavily mined the approach to the city.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> On 21 April 2015, the YPG and allied forces had recaptured territory up the M4 Highway, including the Sarrin grain silos, Septe, and the other neighboring villages, allowing YPG forces to advance further southward towards Sarrin.<a href="#cite_note-April_2015_Kobani_Canton_map-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-April_21,_2015_Kobani_Canton_map-267">[267]</a> The clashes around the Sarrin grain silos were reported to have killed at least 20 IS militants over the past two days.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> This advance allowed the YPG to recapture nearly all of the territory that they had lost during IS's September 2014 offensive, except for a few dozen villages that IS had captured in the northwest Raqqa Province. By 21 April 2015, a total of 4,460–5,000 IS militants had been reportedly killed in the Kobanî Canton since 15 September 2014, according to Kurdish sources.<a href="#cite_note-total_ISIL_death_count-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-fear_genocide-68">[68]</a> On 22 April, it was reported the Sarrin grain silos were still held by around 50 IS militants,<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> but a "near total" siege had been imposed on them.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Early on 25 April, after three days of repeated IS attacks on Mistras failed, Kurdish forces and their allies launched an all-out offensive on Sarrin from several fronts, backed by reinforcements, to dislodge IS.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-YPG_enters_Sarrin-270">[270]</a> It was reported IS forces stationed near Sarrin had retreated the city and heavy fighting had erupted in the northern, western, and eastern suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> YPG and FSA forces also pushed into the northern part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-YPG_enters_Sarrin-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarrin_map_April_26,_2015-271">[271]</a> On 26 April, YPG-led forces entered the eastern outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Sarrin_battle_map,_April_26,_2015-272">[272]</a> By 26 April, it was reported the YPG-led push into Sarrin had slowed, as IS continued sending more reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Syria_and_Iraq_news-82">[82]</a> Early on 29 April 2015, the last 124 Peshmerga fighters stationed in Kobanî returned to <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, as the city had been secured. Kurdistan Region also stated that no more troops would be sent to Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-Peshmerga_leaves-273">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_2015_Kobanî_massacre">June 2015 Kobanî massacre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: June 2015 Kobanî massacre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></div> On 25 June 2015, fighters from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> detonated three <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî">Kobanî</a>, close to the Turkish border crossing.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> The IS fighters were reported to have disguised themselves as Kurdish security forces, before entering the town and shooting civilians with assault rifles and RPGs.<a href="#cite_note-indyvoices-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> Kurdish forces and the Syrian government claimed the vehicles had entered the city from across the border, an action denied by Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-277">[277]</a> IS also committed a massacre in the village of Barkh Butan, about 20 kilometres south of Kobanî, executing at least 26 Syrian Kurds, among them women and children.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> In total, around 164 people were killed and 200 were injured by 27 June, making the attack one of the largest killing of civilians carried out by IS in northern Syria.<a href="#cite_note-indyvoices-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah_operation">Tomb of Suleyman Shah operation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tomb of Suleyman Shah operation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Turkish Army</a> mounted a rescue operation across the border to evacuate its soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Suleyman_Shah" title="Tomb of Suleyman Shah">Tomb of Suleyman Shah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> south of Kobanî. The Turkish convoy reportedly transited through Kurdish-held Kobanî en route to the tomb. One Turkish soldier was killed in what <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkey" title="Government of Turkey">Ankara</a> described as an accident. The success of the operation was announced 22 February by Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Humanitarian_needs_and_reconstruction">Humanitarian needs and reconstruction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Humanitarian needs and reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg/260px-Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg/390px-Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg/520px-Kurdish_Refuge_Camp_in_Suruc_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish refugees from Kobanî in a refugee camp, on the Turkish side of the Syria–Turkey border</figcaption></figure> The humanitarian response to the people from Kobani who were displaced to Suruc, Turkey, was highly polarizing, with actors associated with Turkish state opposed to such aid on one hand, and the pro-Kurdish movement desiring aid on the other.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In early 2015, Kurdish sources detailed the humanitarian needs and need for reconstruction as a result of the siege. The situation was complicated by the effective trade embargo by Turkey and all routes through Syrian territory being under IS control. The siege destroyed large parts of the town and surrounding villages and damaged infrastructure. Al-Qaeda (IS) and its allies cut the water and electricity supplies to the city in January 2014,<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> so the residents established a replacement water service and a power generating station. IS destroyed the replacement water line and the fuel tanks that ran the generators that provided electricity. Wells provide some non-potable water but residents used bottled drinking water which was in short supply. Food, grain and flour, were in short supply and the government bakery was captured by IS. The fighting destroyed all three hospitals, leaving a single volunteer doctor operating from a damaged house. A lack of medical supplies and electricity for medical equipment complicated medical care. Conditions in Turkish refugee camps were poor, so residents started back to Kobanî as soon as IS was expelled from the city, placing additional pressure on the food, water, and damaged utilities.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spillover_on_the_Turkish_side_of_the_border_and_protests">Spillover on the Turkish side of the border and protests</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spillover on the Turkish side of the border and protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Kurdish_riots_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey">2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG/220px-Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG/330px-Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG/440px-Chars_turcs_Koban%C3%A9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Tanks of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a> on the border to Syria, near Kobanî, November 2014 </figcaption></figure> More than 300,000 Syrian refugees flowed into Turkey to escape the IS advance into the Kobanî Canton.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-76">[76]</a> However, security forces did not allow <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG) militants and other volunteers to go the other way, using teargas and water cannons.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> On 30 September, errant shells landed on Turkish soil and the Turks shot back into Syrian territory, with Turkish armor being brought to the border to deter further incursions.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Five civilians in Turkey were injured when a mortar hit their house. Turkey evacuated two villages as a precautionary measure.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> While dispersing Kurdish crowds, Turkish police fired teargas directly into a BBC news crew van, breaking through the rear window and starting a small fire.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Protests erupted in various cities in Turkey regarding the lack of support for the Kurds from the Turkish government. Protesters were met with teargas and water cannons, and initially 12 people were killed. Thirty-one people were killed in subsequent rioting.<a href="#cite_note-BBC8Oct14-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Turkish President Erdoğan</a> said that he was not ready to launch operations against IS in Syria unless it was also against the <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> On 1 November, there was an international day of protest for the Kurds of Kobanî. Five thousand people demonstrated in the Turkish town of <a href="/wiki/Suruc" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruc">Suruc</a>, 10 kilometres (six miles) from the border. At least 15,000 marched in Turkey's largest Kurdish-majority city of <a href="/wiki/Diyarbakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbakir">Diyarbakir</a> and 1,000 protested in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> On 7 November, there were reports that a 28-year-old Kurdish woman activist had been "shot in the head" by Turkish soldiers on the Turkish side of the border near Kobanî. She was reportedly part of a "peaceful group of demonstrators", who wanted the Turkish government to allow volunteers from Turkey to join the fight against IS in Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> On 28 November, Kurds alleged that an IS suicide bomber crossed over in a vehicle from Turkey into Kobanî; however, Turkey denied this. A Kobanî activist, Mustafa Bali, said that IS fighters took positions in the grain silos on the Turkish side of the border, and launched attacks toward the border crossing point from there.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> However, on 29 November, YPG fighters crossed the Turkish border and attacked IS positions on Turkish soil, before pulling back to Syria, and the Turkish Army regained control of the border crossing and silos area shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-counter-218">[218]</a> On 27 January 2015, Turkey fired tear gas against Kurds trying to cross the border to celebrate the liberation of Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> Media pointed to Kobanî as more symbolic than strategic, for all sides. Kurdish People's Defense Units (YPG) militia issued this statement: "The battle for Kobani was not only a fight between the YPG and Daesh [ISIS], it was a battle between humanity and barbarity, a battle between freedom and tyranny, it was a battle between all human values and the enemies of humanity". The fighting strengthened ties between the YPG and the FSA (Free Syrian Army) by establishing a viable source of ground forces for the American-led coalition, and dispelled the notion that the Kurds were Assad supporters.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> The successful experience in Kobanî has informed U.S. policy in regards to arming Syrian opposition groups other than the YPG, with plans to equip other groups with <a href="/wiki/Technical_(vehicle)" title="Technical (vehicle)">technicals</a> with radio equipment and <a href="/wiki/Global_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global positioning system">global positioning system</a> trackers to call in airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The battle became a magnet for IS fighters, including the group's best foreign fighters.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> IS had issued a video of hostage <a href="/wiki/John_Cantlie" title="John Cantlie">John Cantlie</a> in Kobanî talking about their control of the city, but the loss of Kobanî is a reversal of fortunes, and perhaps a strategic withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergview.com-295">[295]</a> There were reports of strife and infighting in the ranks of IS in the wake of their defeat at Kobanî, with foreign fighters of different nationalities turning on each other under the strain of the confrontation, with accusations of treachery.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> US spokesmen credited the U.S. airdrop of arms to the Kurdish defenders and an agreement by Turkey to let Iraqi Kurdish reinforcements cross the border. "Had we not done those two things, Kobani would've been gone, and you would've seen another massacre. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Kirby_(admiral)" title="John Kirby (admiral)">John Kirby</a>, the Pentagon press secretary, said: "I think the air strikes helped a lot. It helped when we had ... a reliable partner on the ground in there who could help us fine-tune those strikes."<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> The bombings were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_B-1B_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell B-1B Lancer">Rockwell B-1B Lancer</a> strategic bombers carrying 500 lb and 2,000 lb bombs, and Lt. Col. Sumangil of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Bomb_Squadron" title="9th Bomb Squadron">9th Bomb Squadron</a> stated that airstrikes combined with allied ground forces "basically stopped their [ISIL's] progress"; YPG fighters communicated with liaisons and air controllers at the U.S. Combined Air Operation Center at <a href="/wiki/Al_Udeid_Air_Base" title="Al Udeid Air Base">Al Udeid Air Base</a> in Qatar, who then took that information and sent bomb coordinates to the B-1s flying over Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_Feb2015-47">[47]</a> USAF F-15Es and F-16s were also integral to the campaign. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG/220px-Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG/330px-Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG/440px-Koban%C3%A9VOA4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish civilians watch the fighting in Kobanî from the Turkish border, 30 October 2014</figcaption></figure> Kobanî's unique geographical position directly on the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Border_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Border city">border</a> prevented IS from fully surrounding the city. Although Turkey heavily restricted<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-298">[298]</a> the flow of fighters, weapons, and supplies,<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> some of them still made it into Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Over 1,000 defenders of Kobanî were treated in Turkish hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-298">[298]</a> and the border functioned as an escape route of last resort for defenders. Turkey and its foreign policy is seen by some as a loser in the battle over Kobanî. Turkey's own struggle against Kurdish independence has clouded its stance toward the <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a> Kurds. After the US airdropped supplies that Turkey would not allow into Kobanî, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated that he had asked then-US President Barack Obama not to intervene on the side of the Kurds. "I told Mr. Obama, 'Don't drop those bombs [meaning weapons and other supplies]. You will be making a mistake.' Unfortunately, despite our conversation, they dropped whatever was needed with three C-130's and half of it landed in [IS'] hands. So who is supplying [ISIL], then?" Erdogan is also opposed to any arrangements in Syria that would mirror the Iraqi Kurds' de facto state in northern Syria. He repeated this view on 26 January 2015 to reporters, asking, "What is this? Northern Iraq? Now [they want] Northern Syria to be born. It is impossible for us to accept this. … Such entities will cause great problems in the future."<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-298">[298]</a> Local highly motivated ground forces combined with airpower are needed to reverse IS gains, and the Kurds are nearly unique in their willingness to fight on the ground, something the Iraqi central government, Syrian government, and American allies like Turkey, Jordan, and others in the region have been unwilling or unable to do. The Syrian Kurds are strongly motivated to protect their region and gain greater autonomy, while the Iraqi Kurds are motivated to enlarge the size of their de facto autonomous region.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergview.com-295">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_reactions">International reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: International reactions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg/260px-Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg/390px-Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg/520px-Wien_-_Kobane-Demo_2014-10-10_-_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria, 10 October 2014</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/220px--We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f8/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm/We_are_all_Kobane_-_Maryam_Namazie_and_Karima_Bennoune.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Secular_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular Conference">Secular Conference</a> statement in support of the Kobane defenders, London 11–12 October 2014.</figcaption></figure> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) – In September, the PKK threatened to resume its fight against the Turkish government, partly because of what it said was the latter's support for the onslaught against Kobanî.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a> reiterated the threat on 1 October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_KDP.png/23px-Flag_of_KDP.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_KDP.png/35px-Flag_of_KDP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_KDP.png/45px-Flag_of_KDP.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP) – The leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and President of Kurdistan Region, <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Barzani" title="Masoud Barzani">Masoud Barzani</a>, called on the international community to defend the town, immediately after the first attack. "Barzani urges countries that are fighting IS to help the people and fighters of Kobane in their fight against the terrorist ISIS," said <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Hussein" title="Fuad Hussein">Fuad Hussein</a>, chief of staff of Barzani. Meanwhile, soon the Turkish daily newspaper Hurriyet reported that Barzani has asked Turkey to allow Peshmarga to pass through its territory to enter Kobane and prevent the town from falling. On 19 October, the US air planes delivered military and medical assistance from the Kurdistan Region via airdrops. A few days later, 150 Peshmarga troops were mobilized to be sent to Kobane which they entered the town on 30 October carrying heavy weaponry with themselves. <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> – On 6 October 2014, Kurdistan Region officials blamed the geography of the Kobanî region, as well as the Syrian <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party's</a> (PYD) "strategic mistakes"—which included concentrating power in an authoritarian manner—for not being able to send aid or support.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government</a> announced on 12 October 2014, that it would send weapons, equipment, and humanitarian aid to Kobanî, with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nechirvan_Barzani" title="Nechirvan Barzani">Nechirvan Barzani</a> stating "Kobanî is very important to us and we will spare no effort to save it".<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/23px-Flag_of_PUK.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/35px-Flag_of_PUK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_PUK.png/46px-Flag_of_PUK.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="237" /> <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK) – In September 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">PUK</a> asked <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to help the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">Kurdish defenders of Kobanî</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"><img alt="Syrian opposition" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a> (FSA) – Colonel Malik el-Kurdi, one of the commanders of the FSA, criticized the U.S. administration over airdropping weapons to the armed Kurdish factions: "It is disgusting politics for the U.S. to deliver weapons to the Kurds who have been fighting ISIS for only a month in a small town, while depriving the mainstream opposition for more than three years from any military and strategic aid while resisting the Assad regime that commits any kind of war crime."<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> – A senior Syrian minister apologized for not sending airstrikes, saying that Kobanî was so close to the Turkish border, that their jets would violate Turkish territory and be shot down.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> The Syrian Foreign Ministry also said that any Turkish military activity on its soil would be considered an act of aggression,<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> and reacted furiously to <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> troops being deployed to Kobanî, claiming this was evidence of Turkey's "conspiratorial role" in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg/260px-Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg/390px-Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg/520px-Iranian_Kurds_demonstration_in_support_of_Koban%C3%AE_people_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Kurds demonstration in support of Kobanî people, <a href="/wiki/Marivan" title="Marivan">Marivan</a>, 6 October 2014</figcaption></figure> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Foreign Ministry</a> spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Marzieh_Afkham" title="Marzieh Afkham">Marzieh Afkham</a> stressed the importance of supporting the Syrian government and nation in their fight against the terrorists in the region and called for supplying humanitarian aid to civilians and refugees. She denounced the international community's indifference toward the fate of the people in Kobani and said, "The Islamic Republic of Iran will soon send humanitarian aid to residents and refugees in this area through the Syrian government."<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> Foreign Ministry also criticized the "passivity of the international community" regarding the besieged Syrian border town of Kobani and said the world should help President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_Assad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashar Assad">Bashar Assad</a> confront "the terrorists." The comments by foreign ministry spokeswoman Afkham came shortly after Turkey's president <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> said Kobani was on the verge of falling to jihadists fighting for ISIS.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> also said that his country is ready to hold talks with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> on ways to resolve Syria's civil war, providing such negotiations can secure peace and democracy in conflict-torn Syria. "Iran will sit at any table with regional countries and world powers if the outcome will be a safer, stable and democratic future for Syria," Rouhani said in a press conference with Austrian President <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Fischer" title="Heinz Fischer">Heinz Fischer</a>, adding this is part of Iran's commitment to "international, Islamic and humane" norms.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> Protests broke out in several Kurdish cities in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Western Iran</a>, as well as other cities across country including <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> itself in front of the Turkish Embassy to express their support for Kobani. Human rights and dissident activists were also in attendance at some of the protests. Iranian Kurdish musicians <a href="/wiki/Shahram_Nazeri" title="Shahram Nazeri">Shahram Nazeri</a> and Sedigh Tarif have also gone on hunger strike to bring attention to the plight of Kurds in Kobani. One op-ed by conservative Iranian news website Khabar Online has asked Major General <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a> to help defend Kobani. As commander of the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, Soleimani has been heavily involved in advising the Iraqi forces and militias since IS took over large parts of western Iraq this summer. Pictures of him alongside Iraqi and Iraqi Kurdish forces in various Iraqi cities have become common as Iran has not hidden its presence there. The op-ed cited reports that Soleimani and Iran were involved in liberating the Iraqi town of Amerli and had supplied arms to Kurdish forces in Iraq to fight IS. It read that "the weight of resistance in the region" was on his shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a> also praised Kobani's women with saying "Kobani's women are true symbol of brave women..."<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG/260px-Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG/390px-Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG/520px-Kurdish_protests_against_Kobane_siege_in_Bologna-Italy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Global day for Kobanî. Kurdish protests took the streets all over the world on 1 November 2014. Kurdish protesters in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_girl-student._Bologna,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg/260px-The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg/390px-The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg/520px-The_girl-student._Bologna%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Kurdish graffiti at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a></figcaption></figure> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> – President <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> urged the international community to act to defend the town and prevent it from falling to ISIS. He stressed that "there must be cooperation on the ground", as airstrikes alone would not change the situation.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> said that it is "not acceptable to claim that the crisis has happened just because Turkey has not opened its borders." He also defended Turkey's refusal to let Kurds cross into Syria to fight into Kobanî, saying that Turkey does "not let Turkish citizens go into Syria because we don't want them to be a part of the conflict in Syria."<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Turkish Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Bülent Arınç">Bülent Arınç</a> mocked the defenders of the town, saying that "They are not able to put up a serious fight there. ... It is easy to kidnap people but they are not able to fight in Ain al-Arab. I could say a lot more but let me leave it at that so that they are not embarrassed."<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasin_Aktay" title="Yasin Aktay">Yasin Aktay</a>, deputy chairman of the ruling AKP party, stated in an interview that "What is going on in Kobanî now is a war between two terrorist organizations."<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> President Erdoğan, on 22 October 2014, concerning the U.S. airdrops in Kobanî, told a news conference in Ankara that "What was done here on this subject turned out to be wrong. Why did it turn out wrong? Because some of the weapons they dropped from those C130s were seized by ISIS."<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> – The United States conducted airstrikes, but the proximity of the Turkish border and Kurdish fighters made for a difficult situation. A <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a> official believes that the media outcry about the situation in Kobanî is relayed by nearby reporters. The official said that many other towns have fallen to IS without TV crews present.<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> US officials indicated to <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> that they were not concerned if Kobanî fell and that the US goals in Syria are "not to save cities and towns, but to go after ISIS' senior leadership, oil refineries and other infrastructure that would curb the terror group's ability to operate—particularly in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> However, in late October 2014, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> reported that U.S. officials had decided Kobanî was "too symbolically important to lose" and stepped up efforts to prevent IS from capturing the border town, including covertly coordinating with local Kurdish forces, despite opposition from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Kurdish film <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AA_(film)" title="Kobanê (film)">Kobanê</a> depicts the Siege of Kobanî.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobane_Calling" title="Kobane Calling">Kobane Calling</a> by the Italian author <a href="/wiki/Zerocalcare" title="Zerocalcare">Zerocalcare</a> is a graphic novel / reportage that focuses on the aftermath of the siege. It has been adapted into a theater play.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">2014 Eastern Syria offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deir_ez-Zor_(2014%E2%80%932017)" title="Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)">Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">December 2014 Sinjar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">November 2015 Sinjar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Battle of Sirte (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%9317)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–17)">Battle of Mosul (2016–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a> – U.S. designation for operations against IS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li></ul> <style 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=British+hostage+John+Cantlie+says+ISIS+controls+Kobani&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft.au=Catherine+E.+Shoichet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-british-hostage-syria-kobani%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YPG_shoots_down_second_ISIL_drone_in_Syria-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_shoots_down_second_ISIL_drone_in_Syria_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_shoots_down_second_ISIL_drone_in_Syria_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192630/http://en.firatajans.com/news/news/ypg-shoot-down-two-exploration-drones-of-the-isis-flash.htm">"YPG shoot down two exploration drones of the ISIS – FLASH – ANF"</a>. firatajans.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.firatajans.com/news/news/ypg-shoot-down-two-exploration-drones-of-the-isis-flash.htm">the original</a> on 30 January 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+shoot+down+two+exploration+drones+of+the+ISIS+%E2%80%93+FLASH+%E2%80%93+ANF&rft.pub=firatajans.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.firatajans.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fypg-shoot-down-two-exploration-drones-of-the-isis-flash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332villages-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-332villages_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-332villages_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-332villages_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-332villages_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-332villages_59-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster2015" class="citation web cs1">Master (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=17567">"YPG retakes more than 332 villages in Ayn al- Arab "Kobane", and consultations to convert about a third of the city to a museum"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215133537/http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=17567">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=YPG+retakes+more+than+332+villages+in+Ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobane%22%2C+and+consultations+to+convert+about+a+third+of+the+city+to+a+museum&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.au=Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F%3Fp%3D17567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> 431 killed (16 September–7 December 2014),<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029195800/http://www.syriahr.com/en/2014/12/1400-killed-in-80-days-of-clashes-bombardment-and-suicide-explosions-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">"1400 killed in 80 days of clashes, bombardment, and suicide explosions in ein al-Arab"Kobane" | Syrian Observatory for Human Rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/en/2014/12/1400-killed-in-80-days-of-clashes-bombardment-and-suicide-explosions-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">the original</a> on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1400+killed+in+80+days+of+clashes%2C+bombardment%2C+and+suicide+explosions+in+ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22+%26%23124%3B+Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2F1400-killed-in-80-days-of-clashes-bombardment-and-suicide-explosions-in-ein-al-arabkobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> 310 killed (17 December 2014 – 26 January 2015),<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20768/E_023_15_906248123.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221457/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20768/E_023_15_906248123.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2FData%2Farticles%2FArt_20768%2FE_023_15_906248123.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) total of 741 reported killed </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> 2 killed 13 March (see the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî offensive">Retaking the Kobanî Canton</a> section) </li> <li id="cite_note-xeber-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xeber_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xeber_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131075821/http://xeber24.org/nuce/51986.html">"القوات المشتركة تكشف حصيلة اشتباكات 4 اشهر ونصف في كوباني"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xeber24.org/nuce/51986.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81+%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA+4+%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxeber24.org%2Fnuce%2F51986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peshmergaKIA-63"><a href="#cite_ref-peshmergaKIA_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/EjmAlrai/status/557990144741879808">"Elijah J. Magnier on Twitter"</a>. Twitter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128074729/https://twitter.com/EjmAlrai/status/557990144741879808">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Twitter&rft.atitle=Elijah+J.+Magnier+on+Twitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FEjmAlrai%2Fstatus%2F557990144741879808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113821/http://in.reuters.com/article/2015/02/02/mideast-syria-kobani-ypg-idINKBN0L61FN20150202?rpc=401">"Syrian Kurds push back Islamic State around Kobani – monitor, Kurds"</a>. Reuters. 2 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-syria-kobani-ypg-idINKBN0L61FN20150202?rpc=401">the original</a> on 26 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+push+back+Islamic+State+around+Kobani+%E2%80%93+monitor%2C+Kurds&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fmideast-syria-kobani-ypg-idINKBN0L61FN20150202%3Frpc%3D401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/victory-kobani">"A Victory in Kobani?"</a>. The New Yorker. 27 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129065104/http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/victory-kobani">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=A+Victory+in+Kobani%3F&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fvictory-kobani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20768/E_023_15_906248123.pdf">"After about four months of fighting, ISIS was defeated in the Kurdish city of Kobanî (Ayn al-Arab) in northern Syria. It was the worst blow dealt to ISIS since the beginning of the American and coalition campaign against it"</a> (PDF). terrorism-info.org.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626191523/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/Data/articles/Art_20768/E_023_15_906248123.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terrorism-info.org.il&rft.atitle=After+about+four+months+of+fighting%2C+ISIS+was+defeated+in+the+Kurdish+city+of+Koban%C3%AE+%28Ayn+al-Arab%29+in+northern+Syria.+It+was+the+worst+blow+dealt+to+ISIS+since+the+beginning+of+the+American+and+coalition+campaign+against+it.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2FData%2Farticles%2FArt_20768%2FE_023_15_906248123.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> 268 killed between 27 January – 15 March (see the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî offensive">Retaking the Kobanî Canton</a> section) </li> <li id="cite_note-fear_genocide-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fear_genocide_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fear_genocide_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215125052/http://aranews.net/2016/06/syrian-democratic-forces-further-advance-into-manbij-fear-genocide-against-kurds-by-isis/">"Syrian Democratic Forces further advance into Manbij, fear genocide against Kurds by ISIS - ARA News"</a>. aranews.net. 27 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2016/06/syrian-democratic-forces-further-advance-into-manbij-fear-genocide-against-kurds-by-isis/">the original</a> on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aranews.net&rft.atitle=Syrian+Democratic+Forces+further+advance+into+Manbij%2C+fear+genocide+against+Kurds+by+ISIS+-+ARA+News&rft.date=2016-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2016%2F06%2Fsyrian-democratic-forces-further-advance-into-manbij-fear-genocide-against-kurds-by-isis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> 2 tanks destroyed on 26 February (see the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî offensive">Retaking the Kobanî Canton</a> section </li> <li id="cite_note-60000syrian-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-60000syrian_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60000syrian_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60000syrian_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60000syrian_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-60000syrian_70-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2014" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Daren (20 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-turkey-kurds-idUSKBN0HF05I20140920">"About 60,000 Syrian Kurds flee to Turkey as Islamic State advances"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920181023/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/20/us-syria-crisis-turkey-kurds-idUSKBN0HF05I20140920">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=About+60%2C000+Syrian+Kurds+flee+to+Turkey+as+Islamic+State+advances&rft.date=2014-09-20&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Daren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-syria-crisis-turkey-kurds-idUSKBN0HF05I20140920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_airstrikes_center_on_Kobani-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_airstrikes_center_on_Kobani_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_airstrikes_center_on_Kobani_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.motherjones.com/politics/2015/01/airstrikes-syria-kobani-statistics-operation-inherent-resolve">"Most US Airstrikes in Syria Target a City That's Not a "Strategic Objective""</a>. Mother Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713013457/http://m.motherjones.com/politics/2015/01/airstrikes-syria-kobani-statistics-operation-inherent-resolve">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Most+US+Airstrikes+in+Syria+Target+a+City+That%27s+Not+a+%22Strategic+Objective%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.motherjones.com%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F01%2Fairstrikes-syria-kobani-statistics-operation-inherent-resolve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster2015" class="citation web cs1">Master (16 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/02/more-than-1800-killed-since-the-is-started-its-attack-on-ein-al-arab-kobane/">"More than 1800 killed since the IS started its attack on Ein al-Arab "Kobane""</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216121643/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/02/more-than-1800-killed-since-the-is-started-its-attack-on-ein-al-arab-kobane/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=More+than+1800+killed+since+the+IS+started+its+attack+on+Ein+al-Arab+%22Kobane%22&rft.date=2015-02-16&rft.au=Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F02%2Fmore-than-1800-killed-since-the-is-started-its-attack-on-ein-al-arab-kobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shows-73"><a href="#cite_ref-shows_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/29/world/u-s-says-kobani-shows-beat-islamic-state-key-city-mosul-may-require-new-tactics/">"U.S. says Kobani shows how to beat Islamic State; key city of Mosul may require new tactics"</a>. Japan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131223751/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/29/world/u-s-says-kobani-shows-beat-islamic-state-key-city-mosul-may-require-new-tactics/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+says+Kobani+shows+how+to+beat+Islamic+State%3B+key+city+of+Mosul+may+require+new+tactics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F29%2Fworld%2Fu-s-says-kobani-shows-beat-islamic-state-key-city-mosul-may-require-new-tactics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siege_of_Kobani_battle_maps-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Siege_of_Kobani_battle_maps_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/archives/52">"Syria Kobane IS Offensive (15 September 2014 – 26 January 2015)"</a>. Agathocle de Syracuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204173752/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/archives/52">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2015. 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Wall Street Journal. 19 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921022347/http://online.wsj.com/articles/thousands-of-syrian-kurds-flee-islamic-state-fighters-into-turkey-1411151657">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+Syrian+Kurds+Flee+Islamic+State+Fighters+into+Turkey&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthousands-of-syrian-kurds-flee-islamic-state-fighters-into-turkey-1411151657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/content/islamic-state-fighters-seize-syrian-villages/2453910.html">"In Major Assault, IS Fighters Seize Kurdish Villages in Syria"</a>. VOA. 18 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006202349/http://www.voanews.com/content/islamic-state-fighters-seize-syrian-villages/2453910.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Major+Assault%2C+IS+Fighters+Seize+Kurdish+Villages+in+Syria&rft.pub=VOA&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fcontent%2Fislamic-state-fighters-seize-syrian-villages%2F2453910.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://q13fox.com/2014/09/19/syrian-kurds-warn-of-mounting-crisis-as-isis-advances-takes-more-villages/">"Syrian Kurds warn of mounting crisis as ISIL advances, takes more villages"</a>. 19 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062814/http://q13fox.com/2014/09/19/syrian-kurds-warn-of-mounting-crisis-as-isis-advances-takes-more-villages/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Kurds+warn+of+mounting+crisis+as+ISIL+advances%2C+takes+more+villages&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fq13fox.com%2F2014%2F09%2F19%2Fsyrian-kurds-warn-of-mounting-crisis-as-isis-advances-takes-more-villages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041535/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/kurdish-leader-urges-world-to-protect-syrian-town-from-islamic-state/40789514">"Kurdish leader urges world to protect Syrian town from Islamic State"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/kurdish-leader-urges-world-to-protect-syrian-town-from-islamic-state/40789514">the original</a> on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+leader+urges+world+to+protect+Syrian+town+from+Islamic+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fkurdish-leader-urges-world-to-protect-syrian-town-from-islamic-state%2F40789514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140922220715/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2699412-turkish-deputy-pm-says-45000-syrian-kurds-enter-turkey-fleeing-islamic-state-advance">"45.000 Refugees"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2699412-turkish-deputy-pm-says-45000-syrian-kurds-enter-turkey-fleeing-islamic-state-advance/">the original</a> on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45.000+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnewswires%2F2699412-turkish-deputy-pm-says-45000-syrian-kurds-enter-turkey-fleeing-islamic-state-advance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/2014/09/19/thousands-of-syrians-seek-refuge-from-isil-in-turkey/">"Refugees Stopped at the border"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919224811/http://www.euronews.com/2014/09/19/thousands-of-syrians-seek-refuge-from-isil-in-turkey/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugees+Stopped+at+the+border&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2014%2F09%2F19%2Fthousands-of-syrians-seek-refuge-from-isil-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUR-97"><a href="#cite_ref-EUR_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920014948/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2697556-hundreds-of-syrian-kurds-fleeing-islamic-state-gather-on-turkish-border/">"Euronews Report"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2697556-hundreds-of-syrian-kurds-fleeing-islamic-state-gather-on-turkish-border/">the original</a> on 20 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euronews+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fnewswires%2F2697556-hundreds-of-syrian-kurds-fleeing-islamic-state-gather-on-turkish-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/19092014">"Kobane Shelled"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919231650/http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/19092014">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kobane+Shelled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F19092014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-displacement-99"><a href="#cite_ref-displacement_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=23831&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.VB8s6_mSyyE">"The displacement of more than 150 thousand citizens Kurd attack since the start of the Islamic State"</a>. SyriaHR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006181243/http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=23831&Itemid=2&task=displaynews">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+displacement+of+more+than+150+thousand+citizens+Kurd+attack+since+the+start+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=SyriaHR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D23831%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews%23.VB8s6_mSyyE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/kurds-call-arms-after-isis-seizez-dozens-villages">"Kurds call to arms after ISIS seizes dozens of villages"</a>. Al Akhbar English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006072138/http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/kurds-call-arms-after-isis-seizez-dozens-villages">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Akhbar+English&rft.atitle=Kurds+call+to+arms+after+ISIS+seizes+dozens+of+villages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fcontent%2Fkurds-call-arms-after-isis-seizez-dozens-villages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syria-refugee-flood-to-turkey-hits-100000/2014/09/21/4192b678-41bc-11e4-b437-1a7368204804_story.html">"Syria refugee flood to Turkey hits 100,000"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524114238/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/syria-refugee-flood-to-turkey-hits-100000/2014/09/21/4192b678-41bc-11e4-b437-1a7368204804_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Syria+refugee+flood+to+Turkey+hits+100%2C000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fsyria-refugee-flood-to-turkey-hits-100000%2F2014%2F09%2F21%2F4192b678-41bc-11e4-b437-1a7368204804_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-22/271492-syrian-kurdish-fighters-halt-advance-by-isis-east-of-kobani-kurdish-forces-spokesman.ashx">"Kurds say halted ISIS advance on Syrian town"</a>. The Daily Star. 22 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923054221/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-22/271492-syrian-kurdish-fighters-halt-advance-by-isis-east-of-kobani-kurdish-forces-spokesman.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Kurds+say+halted+ISIS+advance+on+Syrian+town&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FSep-22%2F271492-syrian-kurdish-fighters-halt-advance-by-isis-east-of-kobani-kurdish-forces-spokesman.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133527/http://aranews.net/2014/09/isis-militants-advance-syrian-kurdish-region/">"ISIS militants advance in Syrian Kurdish region"</a>. ARA News. 22 September 2014. 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Lebanon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006142058/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Sep-22/271481-100000-syrian-kurds-have-fled-to-turkey-un.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=More+than+130%2C000+Syrian+Kurds+flee+to+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FSep-22%2F271481-100000-syrian-kurds-have-fled-to-turkey-un.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-response-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-response_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-response_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-intensifies-its-fight-response-us-attacks-272911">"Islamic State Intensifies Its Fight in Response to U.S. Attacks"</a>. Newsweek. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002123916/http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-intensifies-its-fight-response-us-attacks-272911">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+Intensifies+Its+Fight+in+Response+to+U.S.+Attacks&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fislamic-state-intensifies-its-fight-response-us-attacks-272911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eaworldview.com/2014/09/syria-daily-us-missiles-hits-insurgents-upsets-opposition/">"Syria Daily: US Missiles Hit Insurgents, Kill Civilians, Upset the Opposition"</a>. EA WorldView. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161802/http://eaworldview.com/2014/09/syria-daily-us-missiles-hits-insurgents-upsets-opposition/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EA+WorldView&rft.atitle=Syria+Daily%3A+US+Missiles+Hit+Insurgents%2C+Kill+Civilians%2C+Upset+the+Opposition&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feaworldview.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fsyria-daily-us-missiles-hits-insurgents-upsets-opposition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75percent-107"><a href="#cite_ref-75percent_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria_Live_Blog/128067758">"Clashes continue around Kobane"</a>. AJE Live Events. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153314/http://live.aljazeera.com/Event/Syria_Live_Blog/128067758">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AJE+Live+Events&rft.atitle=Clashes+continue+around+Kobane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flive.aljazeera.com%2FEvent%2FSyria_Live_Blog%2F128067758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISIS_advances-108"><a href="#cite_ref-ISIS_advances_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg2014" class="citation news cs1">Hogg, Jonny (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124323/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/26/uk-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUKKCN0HL0PR20140926">"Islamic State tightens grip on Syrian border town; shells hit Turkey"</a>. Reuters. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUKKCN0HL0PR20140926">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+tightens+grip+on+Syrian+border+town%3B+shells+hit+Turkey&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUKKCN0HL0PR20140926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093122/http://en.cihan.com.tr/news/Coalition-forces-interrupts-ISIL-attacks-to-Kobani_4262-CHMTU0NDI2Mi80">"Coalition forces interrupts ISIL attacks to Kobani"</a>. Cihan News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cihan.com.tr/news/Coalition-forces-interrupts-ISIL-attacks-to-Kobani_4262-CHMTU0NDI2Mi80">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coalition+forces+interrupts+ISIL+attacks+to+Kobani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.cihan.com.tr%2Fnews%2FCoalition-forces-interrupts-ISIL-attacks-to-Kobani_4262-CHMTU0NDI2Mi80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0HM06920140927">"Islamic State defies air strikes by shelling Syrian Kurdish town"</a>. Reuters. 27 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075706/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/27/us-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0HM06920140927">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+defies+air+strikes+by+shelling+Syrian+Kurdish+town&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0HM06920140927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/air-strikes-alone-will-fail-to-stop-isis-9759913.html">"Air strikes alone will fail to stop Isis"</a>. The Independent. 28 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930233256/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/air-strikes-alone-will-fail-to-stop-isis-9759913.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Air+strikes+alone+will+fail+to+stop+Isis&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcomment%2Fair-strikes-alone-will-fail-to-stop-isis-9759913.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraeber2015" class="citation news cs1">Graeber, David (18 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/18/turkey-cut-islamic-state-supply-lines-erdogan-isis">"Turkey could cut off Islamic State's supply lines. So why doesn't it?"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Turkey+could+cut+off+Islamic+State%27s+supply+lines.+So+why+doesn%27t+it%3F&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft.aulast=Graeber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fnov%2F18%2Fturkey-cut-islamic-state-supply-lines-erdogan-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/speedreads/444703/heres-why-turkey-isnt-helping-save-syrias-kobani-from-isis">"Here's why Turkey isn't helping save Syria's Kobani from ISIS"</a>. theweek.com. 9 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222161138/http://theweek.com/speedreads/444703/heres-why-turkey-isnt-helping-save-syrias-kobani-from-isis">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theweek.com&rft.atitle=Here%27s+why+Turkey+isn%27t+helping+save+Syria%27s+Kobani+from+ISIS&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Fspeedreads%2F444703%2Fheres-why-turkey-isnt-helping-save-syrias-kobani-from-isis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1,500_Kurdish-114"><a href="#cite_ref-1,500_Kurdish_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006195219/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/1500-Kurdish-Fighters-Join-Forces-Against-IS-in-Syria/2014/09/28/article2453611.ece">"1,500 Kurdish Fighters Join Forces Against IS in Syria"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/1500-Kurdish-Fighters-Join-Forces-Against-IS-in-Syria/2014/09/28/article2453611.ece">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=1%2C500+Kurdish+Fighters+Join+Forces+Against+IS+in+Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2F1500-Kurdish-Fighters-Join-Forces-Against-IS-in-Syria%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Farticle2453611.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/news/is-jihadists-within-5-km-of-key-syria-border-town_26928">"IS jihadists within 5 km of key Syria border town"</a>. Your Middle East. 29 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003033547/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/news/is-jihadists-within-5-km-of-key-syria-border-town_26928">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Middle+East&rft.atitle=IS+jihadists+within+5+km+of+key+Syria+border+town&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Fnews%2Fis-jihadists-within-5-km-of-key-syria-border-town_26928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11129001/Isil-jihadists-bombard-Syrian-border-town-despite-allied-air-strikes.html">"Isil jihadists bombard Syrian border town despite allied air strikes"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 29 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141002131308/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11129001/Isil-jihadists-bombard-Syrian-border-town-despite-allied-air-strikes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Isil+jihadists+bombard+Syrian+border+town+despite+allied+air+strikes&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsyria%2F11129001%2FIsil-jihadists-bombard-Syrian-border-town-despite-allied-air-strikes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-organization-117"><a href="#cite_ref-organization_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=24286&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.VCq-yPmSyyE">"Organization 'Islamic state' on the outskirts of the eye Arabs "Kobanî" East"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+%27Islamic+state%27+on+the+outskirts+of+the+eye+Arabs+%22Koban%C3%AE%22+East&rft.pub=SyriaHR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D24286%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews%23.VCq-yPmSyyE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28_september_tank-118"><a href="#cite_ref-28_september_tank_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/30/isis-kurds-iraq-syria_n_5910664.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592">"Kurds Defeat ISIS Forces Holding Key Iraq Border Border Crossing"</a>. The Huffington Post. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003073331/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/30/isis-kurds-iraq-syria_n_5910664.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Kurds+Defeat+ISIS+Forces+Holding+Key+Iraq+Border+Border+Crossing&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F30%2Fisis-kurds-iraq-syria_n_5910664.html%3Fncid%3Dtxtlnkusaolp00000592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoumaliBarnard2014" class="citation news cs1">Shoumali, Karam; Barnard, Anne (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/world/middleeast/isis-fighters-overrun-kurdish-village-in-syria.html">"ISIS Takes a Kurdish Village in Syria as Car Bombs Kill Dozens in Homs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Post">The New York Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006092954/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/world/middleeast/isis-fighters-overrun-kurdish-village-in-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Post&rft.atitle=ISIS+Takes+a+Kurdish+Village+in+Syria+as+Car+Bombs+Kill+Dozens+in+Homs&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Shoumali&rft.aufirst=Karam&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F10%2F02%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisis-fighters-overrun-kurdish-village-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-02/islamic-state-fighters-advance-to-the-syrian-town-of-ain-al-arab/5784518">"Islamic State: Kurdish fighters retreat as IS militants advance towards Syrian town of Ain al-Arab"</a>. ABC News (Australia). October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003063157/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-02/islamic-state-fighters-advance-to-the-syrian-town-of-ain-al-arab/5784518">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State%3A+Kurdish+fighters+retreat+as+IS+militants+advance+towards+Syrian+town+of+Ain+al-Arab&rft.pub=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-10-02%2Fislamic-state-fighters-advance-to-the-syrian-town-of-ain-al-arab%2F5784518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-State_Closes-121"><a href="#cite_ref-State_Closes_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141001145310/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-01/islamic-state-closes-in-on-syria-s-kobani-kurdish-official-says">"Islamic State Closes in on Syria's Kobani as Kurds Resist"</a>. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-01/islamic-state-closes-in-on-syria-s-kobani-kurdish-official-says">the original</a> on 1 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+Closes+in+on+Syria%27s+Kobani+as+Kurds+Resist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2014-10-01%2Fislamic-state-closes-in-on-syria-s-kobani-kurdish-official-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISIS_militants-122"><a href="#cite_ref-ISIS_militants_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006140309/http://aranews.net/2014/10/isis-militants-behead-three-kurdish-civilians-northern-syria/">"ISIS militants behead three Kurdish civilians in northern Syria"</a>. ARA News. 2 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2014/10/isis-militants-behead-three-kurdish-civilians-northern-syria/">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARA+News&rft.atitle=ISIS+militants+behead+three+Kurdish+civilians+in+northern+Syria&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2014%2F10%2Fisis-militants-behead-three-kurdish-civilians-northern-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/turkey-troops-isis-siege-kobani-refugees-rape-and-murder">"Tales of torture, mutilation and rape as Isis targets key town of Kobani"</a>. The Guardian. 4 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141004183547/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/04/turkey-troops-isis-siege-kobani-refugees-rape-and-murder">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tales+of+torture%2C+mutilation+and+rape+as+Isis+targets+key+town+of+Kobani&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Foct%2F04%2Fturkey-troops-isis-siege-kobani-refugees-rape-and-murder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-beheads-three-kurdish-women-battle-kobani-rages-1468078">"Syria: Isis Beheads Kurdish Women Soldiers as Battle for Kobani Rages On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Times UK">International Business Times UK</a>. 1 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003032751/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-beheads-three-kurdish-women-battle-kobani-rages-1468078">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times+UK&rft.atitle=Syria%3A+Isis+Beheads+Kurdish+Women+Soldiers+as+Battle+for+Kobani+Rages+On&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fisis-beheads-three-kurdish-women-battle-kobani-rages-1468078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006175409/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/30/uk-mideast-crisis-idUKKCN0HN0FI20140930">"Kurds seize Iraq/Syria border post; Sunni tribe joins fight against Islamic State"</a>. Reuters. 30 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-idUKKCN0HN0FI20140930">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kurds+seize+Iraq%2FSyria+border+post%3B+Sunni+tribe+joins+fight+against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-idUKKCN0HN0FI20140930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-announces-offensive-al-qamishli-syrian-arab-army-liberates-2-villages-northeast-latakia/">"ISIS Announces an Offensive in Al-Qamishli; Syrian Arab Army Liberates 2 More Villages in Northeast Latakia"</a>. Al-Masdar. 2 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003184958/http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-announces-offensive-al-qamishli-syrian-arab-army-liberates-2-villages-northeast-latakia/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+Announces+an+Offensive+in+Al-Qamishli%3B+Syrian+Arab+Army+Liberates+2+More+Villages+in+Northeast+Latakia&rft.pub=Al-Masdar&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almasdarnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisis-announces-offensive-al-qamishli-syrian-arab-army-liberates-2-villages-northeast-latakia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-03/272872-isis-fighters-enter-kobani-reports.ashx">"ISIS fighters enter Kobani: reports"</a>. The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006153307/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-03/272872-isis-fighters-enter-kobani-reports.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=ISIS+fighters+enter+Kobani%3A+reports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FOct-03%2F272872-isis-fighters-enter-kobani-reports.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurds_plea_03Oct14-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurds_plea_03Oct14_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/syrian-kurds-plea-for-help-kobani-isis-advance">"Syrian Kurds plea for help defending Kobani from Isis advance"</a>. The Guardian. 3 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141003180714/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/03/syrian-kurds-plea-for-help-kobani-isis-advance">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Syrian+Kurds+plea+for+help+defending+Kobani+from+Isis+advance&rft.date=2014-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Foct%2F03%2Fsyrian-kurds-plea-for-help-kobani-isis-advance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/10/04/us-raids-enter-battle-key-syria-turkey-border-town-kobane">"US raids enter battle at key Syria-Turkey border town Kobane"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 4 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005062714/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/10/04/us-raids-enter-battle-key-syria-turkey-border-town-kobane">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+raids+enter+battle+at+key+Syria-Turkey+border+town+Kobane&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2014%2F10%2F04%2Fus-raids-enter-battle-key-syria-turkey-border-town-kobane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis/syrian-border-town-still-under-siege-by-islamic-state-despite-allied-air-strikes-idUKKCN0HQ3S120141005">"Syrian border town still under siege by Islamic State despite allied air strikes"</a>. 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US Department of Defense. 4 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006144127/http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/Airstrikes2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+Defense&rft.atitle=U.S.+Military%2C+Partner+Nations+Conduct+Airstrikes+Against+ISIL+in+Syria+and+Iraq&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fhome%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F0814_iraq%2FAirstrikes2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29487977">"Kobane: Last foreign journalist to leave embattled town"</a>. BBC News. 4 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133550/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29487977">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kobane%3A+Last+foreign+journalist+to+leave+embattled+town&rft.date=2014-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29487977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/149634-besieged-syrian-town-near-turkish-border-under-heavy-fire">"Besieged Syrian Town near Turkish Border under Heavy Fire"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naharnet&rft.atitle=Besieged+Syrian+Town+near+Turkish+Border+under+Heavy+Fire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F149634-besieged-syrian-town-near-turkish-border-under-heavy-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/kurdish-forces-continue-fight-syria-regain-control-some-iraqi-towns">"Kurdish forces continue fight in Syria, regain control of some Iraqi towns"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+forces+continue+fight+in+Syria%2C+regain+control+of+some+Iraqi+towns&rft.pub=Al-Akhbar+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.al-akhbar.com%2Fcontent%2Fkurdish-forces-continue-fight-syria-regain-control-some-iraqi-towns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-05/273021-kurds-battle-islamist-militants-closing-in-on-syrian-town.ashx">"Kurds battle Islamist militants closing in on Syrian town"</a>. The Daily Star. 5 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005174046/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-05/273021-kurds-battle-islamist-militants-closing-in-on-syrian-town.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Kurds+battle+Islamist+militants+closing+in+on+Syrian+town&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FOct-05%2F273021-kurds-battle-islamist-militants-closing-in-on-syrian-town.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supportkurds.org/news/sunday-5-october-2014/">"Sunday 5 October 2014"</a>. Support Kurds in Syria Association. 5 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunday+5+October+2014&rft.pub=Support+Kurds+in+Syria+Association&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupportkurds.org%2Fnews%2Fsunday-5-october-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131500/https://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/25190353/kurds-battle-for-key-syria-town-woman-suicide-bomber-hits-is/">"Kurds battle for key Syria town, woman suicide bomber hits IS"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kurds+battle+for+key+Syria+town%2C+woman+suicide+bomber+hits+IS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fau.news.yahoo.com%2Fworld%2Fa%2F25190353%2Fkurds-battle-for-key-syria-town-woman-suicide-bomber-hits-is%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flagsraised-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flagsraised_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flagsraised_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/06/islamic-state-flags-reported-flying-in-kurdish-syrian-town-kobani">"Isis flags raised in Kobani near Turkish-Syrian border"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Isis+flags+raised+in+Kobani+near+Turkish-Syrian+border&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Foct%2F06%2Fislamic-state-flags-reported-flying-in-kurdish-syrian-town-kobani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-04/kurdish-fighters-hold-out-against-islamic-state-in-syria.html">"Islamic State Takes Hill Over Kurdish Border Stronghold"</a>. Bloomberg L.P. 5 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006205748/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-04/kurdish-fighters-hold-out-against-islamic-state-in-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+Takes+Hill+Over+Kurdish+Border+Stronghold&rft.pub=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.date=2014-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-10-04%2Fkurdish-fighters-hold-out-against-islamic-state-in-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20jihadists-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20jihadists_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-20jihadists_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/141006/20-jihadists-killed-syrias-kobane-overnight">"20 jihadists killed in Syria's Kobane overnight"</a>. GlobalPost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012063559/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/141006/20-jihadists-killed-syrias-kobane-overnight">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalPost&rft.atitle=20+jihadists+killed+in+Syria%27s+Kobane+overnight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpost.com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fafp%2F141006%2F20-jihadists-killed-syrias-kobane-overnight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/in-battle-for-kobani-syria-s-kurds-hold-out-against-isis-militants-1.2050909">"In battle for Kobani, Syria's Kurds hold out against ISIS militants"</a>. CTVNews. 12 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210622/http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/in-battle-for-kobani-syria-s-kurds-hold-out-against-isis-militants-1.2050909">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+battle+for+Kobani%2C+Syria%27s+Kurds+hold+out+against+ISIS+militants&rft.pub=CTVNews&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Fin-battle-for-kobani-syria-s-kurds-hold-out-against-isis-militants-1.2050909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2014" class="citation news cs1">Butler, Daren (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007213409/http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0HV0NS20141006">"Street fighting rages in Syrian town as Islamic State moves in"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Street+fighting+rages+in+Syrian+town+as+Islamic+State+moves+in&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Daren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FtopNews%2FidCAKCN0HV0NS20141006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/382418/news/world/islamic-state-raises-flag-in-eastern-kobani-kurds-say-town-has-not-fallen">"Islamic State raises flag in eastern Kobani, Kurds say town has not fallen"</a>. GMA News Online. 6 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010221134/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/382418/news/world/islamic-state-raises-flag-in-eastern-kobani-kurds-say-town-has-not-fallen">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+raises+flag+in+eastern+Kobani%2C+Kurds+say+town+has+not+fallen&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F382418%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fislamic-state-raises-flag-in-eastern-kobani-kurds-say-town-has-not-fallen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/isil-penetrates-key-syrian-town-kobane-201410618837412383.html">"ISIL penetrates Syrian town of Kobane"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIL+penetrates+Syrian+town+of+Kobane&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F10%2Fisil-penetrates-key-syrian-town-kobane-201410618837412383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010173105/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/is-militants-seize-parts/1401176.html">"Islamic State militants seize parts of key Syrian town"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/is-militants-seize-parts/1401176.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+militants+seize+parts+of+key+Syrian+town&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fis-militants-seize-parts%2F1401176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008042858/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-wages-assault-on-syrian-border-town/2014/10/06/2c70abec-4dba-11e4-877c-335b53ffe736_story.html">"Turkey: Syrian town about to fall to jihadists"</a>. The Washington Post. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Syria+Border+Town%2C+Kobani%2C+Falling+to+ISIS%2C+Turkey%27s+Leader+Says&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Landler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Anne&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisis-syria-coalition-strikes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbian.com/news/2014/oct/08/airstrikes-push-jihadists-back-syrian-town/">"Airstrikes push jihadists back in Syrian town"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Columbian&rft.atitle=Airstrikes+push+jihadists+back+in+Syrian+town&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbian.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2Foct%2F08%2Fairstrikes-push-jihadists-back-syrian-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/10/08/ISIS-withdraws-from-some-parts-of-Syria-s-Kobane.html">"ISIS launches new offensive east of Syria's Kobane"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+launches+new+offensive+east+of+Syria%27s+Kobane&rft.pub=Al+Arabiya&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2FISIS-withdraws-from-some-parts-of-Syria-s-Kobane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-despite-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-despite_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-despite_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.com.au/world/islamic-state-jihadists-advance-on-syrian-border-town-kobane-despite-usled-air-strikes/story-fndir2ev-1227084446438">"Islamic State jihadists advance on Syrian border town Kobani despite US-led air strikes"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kurdish+units+and+combat+battalions+controlled+on+a+hill+Brive+eye+Arabs&rft.pub=Syriahr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D24698%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2014" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Daren Butler (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012010218/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/10/09/syria-crisis-kobani-idINKCN0HY0IC20141009">"Islamic State seizes large areas of Syrian town despite air strikes"</a>. Reuters. 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Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=500+civilians+at+risk+of+massacre+if+ISIS+takes+over+Syria+town%3A+UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2F500-civilians-at-risk-of-massacre-if-ISIS-takes-over-Syria-town-UN%2Farticleshow%2F44779281.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-repelled-165"><a href="#cite_ref-repelled_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera_and_agencies2014" class="citation web cs1">Al Jazeera and agencies (11 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/isil-bid-storm-syrian-town-repelled-20141011122119400795.html">"ISIL bid to storm Syrian town repelled"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+Seen+Capturing+Kobani+Within+Days&rft.pub=Bloomberg+L.P.&rft.date=2014-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-10-12%2Fislamic-state-seen-capturing-kobani-within-days.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-threesuicide-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-threesuicide_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threesuicide_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-threesuicide_169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-bombing-idUSKCN0I20RI20141013">"Three suicide attacks hit Kurdish town on Syria-Turkey border"</a>. Reuters. 13 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924205320/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/13/us-mideast-crisis-bombing-idUSKCN0I20RI20141013">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Three+suicide+attacks+hit+Kurdish+town+on+Syria-Turkey+border&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-bombing-idUSKCN0I20RI20141013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=24933&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.VDwGf_mUeyE">"Organization 'Islamic State' blow Cart third in the eye of the Arabs "Kobanî"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015134809/http://syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=24933&Itemid=2&task=displaynews">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+%27Islamic+State%27+blow+Cart+third+in+the+eye+of+the+Arabs+%22Koban%C3%AE&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D24933%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews%23.VDwGf_mUeyE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/13/kobani-isis-bombing_n_5975818.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592">"Fierce Fighting Resumes Against ISIS in Kobani"</a>. The Huffington Post. 13 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102954/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/13/kobani-isis-bombing_n_5975818.html?ncid=txtlnkusaolp00000592">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Fierce+Fighting+Resumes+Against+ISIS+in+Kobani&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F10%2F13%2Fkobani-isis-bombing_n_5975818.html%3Fncid%3Dtxtlnkusaolp00000592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=24931&Itemid=2&task=displaynews">"The explosion of a booby-trapped vehicle in the new city of Ain Arab "Kobanî""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+explosion+of+a+booby-trapped+vehicle+in+the+new+city+of+Ain+Arab+%22Koban%C3%AE%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D24931%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/index.php?option=com_news&nid=24919&Itemid=2&task=displaynews#.VDwfu_mUeyE">"Progress of the Kurdish units in the eye of the Arabs "Kobanî""</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Progress+of+the+Kurdish+units+in+the+eye+of+the+Arabs+%22Koban%C3%AE%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_news%26nid%3D24919%26Itemid%3D2%26task%3Ddisplaynews%23.VDwfu_mUeyE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/10/battle-for-syria-s-kobani-intensifies-isis-takes-iraq-base-108055.html">"Battle for Syria's Kobani intensifies; ISIS takes Iraq base"</a>. WJLA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128074413/http://www.wjla.com/articles/2014/10/battle-for-syria-s-kobani-intensifies-isis-takes-iraq-base-108055.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Syria%27s+Kobani+intensifies%3B+ISIS+takes+Iraq+base&rft.pub=WJLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wjla.com%2Farticles%2F2014%2F10%2Fbattle-for-syria-s-kobani-intensifies-isis-takes-iraq-base-108055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29611673">"Islamic State crisis: Kurds 'recapture key Kobani hill'"</a>. BBC News. 14 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318030906/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29611673">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+crisis%3A+Kurds+%27recapture+key+Kobani+hill%27&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29611673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/15/airstrikes-street-battles-in-syrian-kurdish-town/">"Airstrikes, street battles in Syrian Kurdish town"</a>. The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram. 15 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018012727/http://www.pressherald.com/2014/10/15/airstrikes-street-battles-in-syrian-kurdish-town/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Portland+Press+Herald+%2F+Maine+Sunday+Telegram&rft.atitle=Airstrikes%2C+street+battles+in+Syrian+Kurdish+town&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressherald.com%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2Fairstrikes-street-battles-in-syrian-kurdish-town%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029014901/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-islamic-state-airstrikes-kobani-20141015-story.html">"Kurds: Kobani defence improved by coordinating targets with U.S."</a> Chicago Tribune. Reuters. 15 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-islamic-state-airstrikes-kobani-20141015-story.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Kurds%3A+Kobani+defence+improved+by+coordinating+targets+with+U.S.&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-islamic-state-airstrikes-kobani-20141015-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/syria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html">"Fighting rages for control of Syria's Kobane"</a>. Al Jazeera and agencies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023010425/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/syria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+rages+for+control+of+Syria%27s+Kobane&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+and+agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F10%2Fsyria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-retreating-179"><a href="#cite_ref-retreating_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29629357">"Islamic State 'retreating' in key Syria town of Kobane"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095957/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29629357">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+%27retreating%27+in+key+Syria+town+of+Kobane&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29629357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/kurds-claim-to-have-turned-tide-against-islamic-state-in-kobane/2014/10/15/af9b5726-547f-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html">"Kurds claim to have turned tide against Islamic State in Kobane"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Kurds+claim+to+have+turned+tide+against+Islamic+State+in+Kobane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle_east%2Fkurds-claim-to-have-turned-tide-against-islamic-state-in-kobane%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2Faf9b5726-547f-11e4-809b-8cc0a295c773_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29647314">"Islamic State 'being driven out of Syria's Kobani'"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016123544/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-29647314">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+%27being+driven+out+of+Syria%27s+Kobani%27&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29647314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/afp-kurds-thwart-new-jihadist-bid-to-cut-off-syria-town-2014-10">"Kurds thwart new jihadist bid to cut off Syria town"</a>. Business Insider. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Kurds+thwart+new+jihadist+bid+to+cut+off+Syria+town&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fafp-kurds-thwart-new-jihadist-bid-to-cut-off-syria-town-2014-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumeyra_PamukOliver_Holmes2014" class="citation web cs1">Humeyra Pamuk; Oliver Holmes (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0I70IR20141018">"U.S.-led coalition jets strike Kobani, Islamic State shells hit Turkey"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001135512/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/18/us-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0I70IR20141018">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.-led+coalition+jets+strike+Kobani%2C+Islamic+State+shells+hit+Turkey&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft.au=Humeyra+Pamuk&rft.au=Oliver+Holmes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-idUSKCN0I70IR20141018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fighting_rages-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Fighting_rages_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/syria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html">"Fighting rages for control of Syria's Kobane"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018042410/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/10/syria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+rages+for+control+of+Syria%27s+Kobane&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fmiddleeast%2F2014%2F10%2Fsyria-kobane-isil-20141017141317370535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSOHRadmin12014" class="citation web cs1">SOHRadmin1 (18 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/10/is-detonated-2-booby-trapped-vehicles-in-kobani/">"IS detonated 2 booby- trapped vehicles in Kobani"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020133242/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/10/is-detonated-2-booby-trapped-vehicles-in-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IS+detonated+2+booby-+trapped+vehicles+in+Kobani&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-10-18&rft.au=SOHRadmin1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F10%2Fis-detonated-2-booby-trapped-vehicles-in-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSOHRadmin12014" class="citation web cs1">SOHRadmin1 (19 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/10/u-s-led-coalition-warplanes-strike-is-positions-in-kobani/">"U.S. led coalition warplanes struck IS positions in Kobani this morning"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021002954/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/10/u-s-led-coalition-warplanes-strike-is-positions-in-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+led+coalition+warplanes+struck+IS+positions+in+Kobani+this+morning&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.au=SOHRadmin1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F10%2Fu-s-led-coalition-warplanes-strike-is-positions-in-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstanze_Letsch2014" class="citation web cs1">Constanze Letsch (20 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/20/turkey-iraqi-kurds-kobani-isis-fighters-us-air-drops-arms">"US drops weapons and ammunition to help Kurdish fighters in Kobani"</a>. 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Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205172324/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/ypg-fighters-carried-out-2-militiry-operations-against-is-militants-while-the-regime-forces-shell-areas-in-aleppo/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+fighters+carried+out+2+militiry+operations+against+IS+militants&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fypg-fighters-carried-out-2-militiry-operations-against-is-militants-while-the-regime-forces-shell-areas-in-aleppo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diclehaber.com/en/news/content/view/428245?from=919196554">"Joint action by YPG, Burkan al Firat and Peshmerga"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dicle_News_Agency" title="Dicle News Agency">Dicle News Agency</a>. 3 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103172546/http://www.diclehaber.com/en/news/content/view/428245?from=919196554">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Joint+action+by+YPG%2C+Burkan+al+Firat+and+Peshmerga&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diclehaber.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F428245%3Ffrom%3D919196554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104155745/http://kurdishquestion.com/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/breaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane/402-breaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane.html">"BREAKING: YPG and Peshmerga take back 4 villages in Kobane"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdishquestion.com/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/breaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane/402-breaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BREAKING%3A+YPG+and+Peshmerga+take+back+4+villages+in+Kobane&rft.pub=Kurdish+Question&rft.date=2014-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurdishquestion.com%2Fkurdistan%2Fwest-kurdistan%2Fbreaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane%2F402-breaking-ypg-and-peshmerga-take-back-4-villages-in-kobane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyla_Albayrak2014" class="citation news cs1">Ayla Albayrak (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqi-kurds-boost-battle-for-syrian-city-but-no-breakthrough-yet-1415308109">"Iraqi Kurds Make First Dent in Kobani"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109123630/http://online.wsj.com/articles/iraqi-kurds-boost-battle-for-syrian-city-but-no-breakthrough-yet-1415308109">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Iraqi+Kurds+Make+First+Dent+in+Kobani&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.au=Ayla+Albayrak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Firaqi-kurds-boost-battle-for-syrian-city-but-no-breakthrough-yet-1415308109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/about-20-fighters-fell-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-the-ypg-advances-in-the-area/">"about 20 fighters fell in Ein al-Arab"Kobane" and the YPG advances in the area"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 8 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110211441/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/about-20-fighters-fell-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-the-ypg-advances-in-the-area/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=about+20+fighters+fell+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22+and+the+YPG+advances+in+the+area&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fabout-20-fighters-fell-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-the-ypg-advances-in-the-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/is-recalls-dozens-of-fighters-in-order-to-fight-in-kobani/">"IS recalls dozens of fighters in order to fight in Kobani"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 10 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112183259/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/is-recalls-dozens-of-fighters-in-order-to-fight-in-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IS+recalls+dozens+of+fighters+in+order+to+fight+in+Kobani&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fis-recalls-dozens-of-fighters-in-order-to-fight-in-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111222056/http://www.france24.com/en/20141111-syria-kurds-recapture-areas-kobane/?aef_campaign_date=2014-11-11&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_linkname=editorial&ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter">"Flash – Syria Kurds 'recapture' areas of Kobane from IS"</a>. France 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20141111-syria-kurds-recapture-areas-kobane/?aef_campaign_date=2014-11-11&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef&ns_campaign=reseaux_sociaux&ns_linkname=editorial&ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter">the original</a> on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+%E2%80%93+Syria+Kurds+%27recapture%27+areas+of+Kobane+from+IS&rft.pub=France+24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20141111-syria-kurds-recapture-areas-kobane%2F%3Faef_campaign_date%3D2014-11-11%26aef_campaign_ref%3Dpartage_aef%26ns_campaign%3Dreseaux_sociaux%26ns_linkname%3Deditorial%26ns_mchannel%3Dsocial%26ns_source%3Dtwitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/ypg-fighters-advance-in-kobani-and-is-militants-shocked-by-the-ypg-resistance/">"YPG fighters advance in Kobani, and IS militants shocked by the YPG resistance"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 11 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113152826/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/ypg-fighters-advance-in-kobani-and-is-militants-shocked-by-the-ypg-resistance/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+fighters+advance+in+Kobani%2C+and+IS+militants+shocked+by+the+YPG+resistance&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fypg-fighters-advance-in-kobani-and-is-militants-shocked-by-the-ypg-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnlee_Varghese2014" class="citation web cs1">Johnlee Varghese (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kobani-kurdish-fighters-capture-strategic-hill-cutting-off-isis-supply-route-raqqa-613919">"Kobani Kurdish Fighters Capture Strategic Hill, Cutting off ISIS Supply Route from Raqqa"</a>. International Business Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113165349/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kobani-kurdish-fighters-capture-strategic-hill-cutting-off-isis-supply-route-raqqa-613919">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Kobani+Kurdish+Fighters+Capture+Strategic+Hill%2C+Cutting+off+ISIS+Supply+Route+from+Raqqa&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.au=Johnlee+Varghese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.in%2Fkobani-kurdish-fighters-capture-strategic-hill-cutting-off-isis-supply-route-raqqa-613919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaster2014" class="citation web cs1">Master (16 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/violent-clashes-continue-since-84-hours-in-ein-al-arabkobane-28-isis-killed/">"Violent clashes continue since 84 hours in Ein al-Arab"Kobane", 28 ISIS killed"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219011848/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/violent-clashes-continue-since-84-hours-in-ein-al-arabkobane-28-isis-killed/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violent+clashes+continue+since+84+hours+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22%2C+28+ISIS+killed&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft.au=Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fviolent-clashes-continue-since-84-hours-in-ein-al-arabkobane-28-isis-killed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUSKCN0J20Z620141118">"Kurds seize Islamic State arms, buildings in besieged town: monitor"</a>. Reuters. 18 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118231117/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/18/us-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUSKCN0J20Z620141118">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kurds+seize+Islamic+State+arms%2C+buildings+in+besieged+town%3A+monitor&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-mideast-crisis-kurds-idUSKCN0J20Z620141118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/is-militants-attempt-to-retake-buildings-in-the-municipality-area/">"IS militants attempt to retake buildings in the Municipality area"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 19 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141124160937/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/is-militants-attempt-to-retake-buildings-in-the-municipality-area/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IS+militants+attempt+to+retake+buildings+in+the+Municipality+area&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fis-militants-attempt-to-retake-buildings-in-the-municipality-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_map_on_November_20,_2014-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Siege_of_Kobani_frontline_map_on_November_20,_2014_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Kobane-20-Nov-2014-by-@deSyracuse.png">"Kobane battle situation"</a>. Agathocle de Syracuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203232444/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Kobane-20-Nov-2014-by-%40deSyracuse.png">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kobane+battle+situation&rft.pub=Agathocle+de+Syracuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agathocledesyracuse.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FKobane-20-Nov-2014-by-%40deSyracuse.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/advances-for-ypg-in-ein-al-arabkobane-2/">"Advances for YPG in Ein al-Arab"Kobane""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 24 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127082418/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/advances-for-ypg-in-ein-al-arabkobane-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advances+for+YPG+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fadvances-for-ypg-in-ein-al-arabkobane-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurdish_fighters_shoot_down_ISIL_drone_over_Kobani-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Kurdish_fighters_shoot_down_ISIL_drone_over_Kobani_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010030157/http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/28/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7/">"تقدم حذر للوحدات الكردية، بعد انسحاب "الدولة الإسلامية" من سوق الهال وأجزاء واسعة من المربع الحكومي الأمني في عين العرب "كوباني""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/28/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7/">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85+%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A9+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%22%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2F2014%2F11%2F28%2F%25D8%25AA%25D9%2582%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%25D8%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AF-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/30-fighters-killed-and-no-less-than-110-shells-on-ein-al-arabkobane/">"30 fighters killed and no less than 110 shells on EIn al-Arab"Kobane""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203004754/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/30-fighters-killed-and-no-less-than-110-shells-on-ein-al-arabkobane/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+fighters+killed+and+no+less+than+110+shells+on+EIn+al-Arab%22Kobane%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2F30-fighters-killed-and-no-less-than-110-shells-on-ein-al-arabkobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/violent-clashes-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-no-less-than-90-shells-on-the-city/">"Violent clashes in Ein al-Arab"Kobane" and no less than 90 shells on the city"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211040415/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/violent-clashes-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-no-less-than-90-shells-on-the-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violent+clashes+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22+and+no+less+than+90+shells+on+the+city&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fviolent-clashes-in-ein-al-arabkobane-and-no-less-than-90-shells-on-the-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/kobane-islamischer-staat-greift-von-der-tuerkei-aus-an-a-1005699.html">"Schlacht um syrische Grenzstadt: IS-Kämpfer greifen Kobane aus der Türkei an"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202154745/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/kobane-islamischer-staat-greift-von-der-tuerkei-aus-an-a-1005699.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Schlacht+um+syrische+Grenzstadt%3A+IS-K%C3%A4mpfer+greifen+Kobane+aus+der+T%C3%BCrkei+an&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fkobane-islamischer-staat-greift-von-der-tuerkei-aus-an-a-1005699.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-counter-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-counter_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-counter_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-counter_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-counter_218-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141201190100/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">"50 ISIS killed in Ein al-Arab"Kobane""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane/">the original</a> on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+ISIS+killed+in+Ein+al-Arab%22Kobane%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2F50-isis-killed-in-ein-al-arabkobane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/more-than-95-shells-launched-on-kobani-in-the-last-36-hours/">"More than 95 shells launched on Kobani in the last 36 hours"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 29 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219125151/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/11/more-than-95-shells-launched-on-kobani-in-the-last-36-hours/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+than+95+shells+launched+on+Kobani+in+the+last+36+hours&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F11%2Fmore-than-95-shells-launched-on-kobani-in-the-last-36-hours%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-fighters-advance-in-the-city-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"YPG fighters advance in the city of Ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 2 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213083050/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-fighters-advance-in-the-city-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+fighters+advance+in+the+city+of+Ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobani%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2Fypg-fighters-advance-in-the-city-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141203000821/http://www.syriahr.com/archives/40582">"تنظيم "الدولة الإسلامية" يفجر عربتين مفخختين بمدينة عين العرب "كوباني" ومدينة دير الزور, والحسبة تعلن عن حظر تجوال في دير الزور"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriahr.com/archives/40582">the original</a> on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85+%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9%22+%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86+%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8+%22%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%22+%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1%2C+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9+%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86+%D8%B9%D9%86+%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%B1+%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriahr.com%2Farchives%2F40582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141204141734/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/10-is-militants-killed-in-clashes-with-ypg-fighters-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"10 IS militants killed in clashes with YPG fighters in Ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/10-is-militants-killed-in-clashes-with-ypg-fighters-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">the original</a> on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+IS+militants+killed+in+clashes+with+YPG+fighters+in+Ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobani%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2F10-is-militants-killed-in-clashes-with-ypg-fighters-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-fighters-take-control-over-some-positions-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"YPG fighters take control over some positions in Ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 13 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220191650/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-fighters-take-control-over-some-positions-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+fighters+take+control+over+some+positions+in+Ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobani%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2Fypg-fighters-take-control-over-some-positions-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-advances-in-kobane-and-take-control-on-the-cultural-center/">"YPG advances in Kobane and take control on the cultural center"</a>. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. 20 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141222060338/http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/ypg-advances-in-kobane-and-take-control-on-the-cultural-center/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YPG+advances+in+Kobane+and+take+control+on+the+cultural+center&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2014-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2014%2F12%2Fypg-advances-in-kobane-and-take-control-on-the-cultural-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dodupdate-225"><a href="#cite_ref-dodupdate_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/Airstrikes6.html">"Operation Inherent Resolve Strike Updates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. 26 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324140710/http://www.defense.gov/home/features/2014/0814_iraq/Airstrikes6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Operation+Inherent+Resolve+Strike+Updates&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gov%2Fhome%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F0814_iraq%2FAirstrikes6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jan-05/283114-kurds-push-back-isis-in-syrias-kobani-activists.ashx">"Kurds push back ISIS in Syria's Kobani: activists"</a>. Daily Star Lebanon. 5 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106000933/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jan-05/283114-kurds-push-back-isis-in-syrias-kobani-activists.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Star+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Kurds+push+back+ISIS+in+Syria%27s+Kobani%3A+activists&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FJan-05%2F283114-kurds-push-back-isis-in-syrias-kobani-activists.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (6 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/31-is-militants-and-7-ypg-fighters-killed-in-clashes-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"31 IS militants and 7 YPG fighters killed in clashes in Ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115094314/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/31-is-militants-and-7-ypg-fighters-killed-in-clashes-in-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2015. 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Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115051953/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/107-killed-on-tuesday-06012015/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2015. 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Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150116221112/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/violent-clashes-continue-in-kobane-and-the-ypg-takes-over-a-humvee-vehicle/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2015. 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Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+3+months+of+losing+control+on+it%2C+YPG+takes+full+control+on+Mashta+Nour+hill&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.au=Master&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F01%2Fypg-takes-full-control-on-mashta-nour-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (20 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/ypg-fighters-advance-and-seize-the-national-hospital-and-entrance-of-the-city/">"YPG fighters advance and seize the National Hospital and entrance of the city of Kobani"</a>. 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Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/advances-for-ypg-southwest-of-kobane-no-less-than-12-isis-killed-in-violent-clashes/">the original</a> on 27 January 2015. 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Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128060659/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/01/united-states-says-battle-not-over-in-syrias-kobane-despite-kurds-claim-theyve-recaptured-town/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2015. 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Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kurd+Militia+Says+ISIS+Is+Expelled+From+Kobani&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Shoumali%2C+Karam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fkurds-isis-syria-kobani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150201211233/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/01/31/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-kobani-idUKKBN0L40U820150131?rpc=401">"U.S. general says Syrian town of Kobani taken from Islamic State"</a>. Reuters. 31 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-kobani-idUKKBN0L40U820150131?rpc=401">the original</a> on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+general+says+Syrian+town+of+Kobani+taken+from+Islamic+State&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mideast-crisis-syria-kobani-idUKKBN0L40U820150131%3Frpc%3D401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-defeat-240"><a href="#cite_ref-defeat_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/isis-admits-kobani-defeat-after-u-s-led-airstrike-campaign-in-syria-1.2214806">"ISIS admits Kobani defeat after U.S.-led airstrike campaign in Syria"</a>. CTV News. 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Retrieved 31 January 2015. <q>Members of the Islamic State group have acknowledged for the first time that they were defeated in the Syrian town of Kobani.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIS+admits+Kobani+defeat+after+U.S.-led+airstrike+campaign+in+Syria&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctvnews.ca%2Fworld%2Fisis-admits-kobani-defeat-after-u-s-led-airstrike-campaign-in-syria-1.2214806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/17072014">"Kobane Under Intense ISIS Attack, Excluded from UN Humanitarian Aid"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria+Kurds+under+fire&rft.pub=mmedia.me&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnow.mmedia.me%2Flb%2Fen%2FNewsReports%2F564956-syria-kurds-under-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Van_Auken2015" class="citation web cs1">Bill Van Auken (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/03/10/iraq-m10.html">"US bombs kill oil workers in Syria"</a>. World Socialist Web Site. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315144535/http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/03/10/iraq-m10.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+bombs+kill+oil+workers+in+Syria&rft.pub=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.au=Bill+Van+Auken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2015%2F03%2F10%2Firaq-m10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/us-led-coalition-warplanes-kill-30-is-militants-and-employees-of-an-oil-refinery-in-tal-abyad/">"US led coalition warplanes kill 30 IS militants and employees of an oil refinery in Tal Abyad"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322143934/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/us-led-coalition-warplanes-kill-30-is-militants-and-employees-of-an-oil-refinery-in-tal-abyad/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+led+coalition+warplanes+kill+30+IS+militants+and+employees+of+an+oil+refinery+in+Tal+Abyad&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F03%2Fus-led-coalition-warplanes-kill-30-is-militants-and-employees-of-an-oil-refinery-in-tal-abyad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/13-ypg-fighters-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"13 YPG fighters killed in the countryside of ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091836/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/13-ypg-fighters-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+YPG+fighters+killed+in+the+countryside+of+ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobani%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F03%2F13-ypg-fighters-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/27-fighters-of-ypg-and-is-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">"27 fighters of YPG and IS killed in the countryside of Ayn al- Arab "Kobani""</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330132851/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/03/27-fighters-of-ypg-and-is-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=27+fighters+of+YPG+and+IS+killed+in+the+countryside+of+Ayn+al-+Arab+%22Kobani%22&rft.pub=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F03%2F27-fighters-of-ypg-and-is-killed-in-the-countryside-of-ayn-al-arab-kobani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bombsancient-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bombsancient_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bombsancient_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328091933/http://aranews.net/2015/03/islamic-state-bombs-ancient-bridge-prevents-kurdish-advancement-to-raqqa/">"Islamic State bombs ancient bridge, prevents Kurdish advancement to Raqqa"</a>. ARA News. 15 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2015/03/islamic-state-bombs-ancient-bridge-prevents-kurdish-advancement-to-raqqa/">the original</a> on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+State+bombs+ancient+bridge%2C+prevents+Kurdish+advancement+to+Raqqa&rft.pub=ARA+News&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2015%2F03%2Fislamic-state-bombs-ancient-bridge-prevents-kurdish-advancement-to-raqqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-deSyracuse-260"><a href="#cite_ref-deSyracuse_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Kobane-15-March-2015.png">"Kobani Canton Map: 15 March 2015"</a>. agathocledesyracuse.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190235/http://www.agathocledesyracuse.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Kobane-15-March-2015.png">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agathocledesyracuse.com&rft.atitle=Kobani+Canton+Map%3A+15+March+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agathocledesyracuse.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FKobane-15-March-2015.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-combatISIS-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-combatISIS_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-combatISIS_261-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330003201/http://aranews.net/2015/03/kurds-combat-isis-in-serrin-town-north-syria/">"Kurds combat ISIS in Serrin town north Syria"</a>. ARA News. 27 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aranews.net/2015/03/kurds-combat-isis-in-serrin-town-north-syria/">the original</a> on 30 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARA+News&rft.atitle=Kurds+combat+ISIS+in+Serrin+town+north+Syria&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faranews.net%2F2015%2F03%2Fkurds-combat-isis-in-serrin-town-north-syria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402115954/http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/news/568-heroic-resistance-continues-in-kobane-and-cizire-cantons">"Heroic resistance continues in Kobane and Cizire Cantons"</a>. ypgrojava.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ypgrojava.com/en/index.php/news/568-heroic-resistance-continues-in-kobane-and-cizire-cantons">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heroic+resistance+continues+in+Kobane+and+Cizire+Cantons&rft.pub=ypgrojava.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fypgrojava.com%2Fen%2Findex.php%2Fnews%2F568-heroic-resistance-continues-in-kobane-and-cizire-cantons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/04/clashes-break-out-around-the-frensh-lafrash-cement-plant-and-14-is-militants-killed-in-al-raqqa/">"Clashes break out around the Frensh Lafrash cement plant, and 14 IS militants killed in al- Raqqa"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413012850/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/04/clashes-break-out-around-the-frensh-lafrash-cement-plant-and-14-is-militants-killed-in-al-raqqa/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Clashes+break+out+around+the+Frensh+Lafrash+cement+plant%2C+and+14+IS+militants+killed+in+al-+Raqqa&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F04%2Fclashes-break-out-around-the-frensh-lafrash-cement-plant-and-14-is-militants-killed-in-al-raqqa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsohranas2015" class="citation web cs1">sohranas (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriahr.com/en/2015/04/ypg-backed-by-rebel-battalions-takes-control-over-the-french-cement-plant-of-lafarj-and-3-new-villages/">"YPG, backed by rebel battalions, takes control over the French cement plant of Lafarj and 3 new villages"</a>. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414022601/http://syriahr.com/en/2015/04/ypg-backed-by-rebel-battalions-takes-control-over-the-french-cement-plant-of-lafarj-and-3-new-villages/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Observatory+For+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=YPG%2C+backed+by+rebel+battalions%2C+takes+control+over+the+French+cement+plant+of+Lafarj+and+3+new+villages&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.au=sohranas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriahr.com%2Fen%2F2015%2F04%2Fypg-backed-by-rebel-battalions-takes-control-over-the-french-cement-plant-of-lafarj-and-3-new-villages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YPG_captures_Ras_al_Ayn-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_captures_Ras_al_Ayn_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_captures_Ras_al_Ayn_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i0.wp.com/www.petercliffordonline.com/wp-content/uploads/Syria-SW-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-18.04.15-.jpeg">"YPG Capture of Ras al Ayn Severs ISIL Supply Line to Sarrin"</a>. wp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103905/http://i0.wp.com/www.petercliffordonline.com/wp-content/uploads/Syria-SW-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-18.04.15-.jpeg">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wp.com&rft.atitle=YPG+Capture+of+Ras+al+Ayn+Severs+ISIL+Supply+Line+to+Sarrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi0.wp.com%2Fwww.petercliffordonline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FSyria-SW-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-18.04.15-.jpeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-April_20,_2015_Kobani_map-266"><a href="#cite_ref-April_20,_2015_Kobani_map_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713150740/https://7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com/host/0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM/KobaniCantonEN-2015-04-20.png">"Kobani Canton: 20 April 2015"</a>. googledrive.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com/host/0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM/KobaniCantonEN-2015-04-20.png">the original</a> on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=googledrive.com&rft.atitle=Kobani+Canton%3A+20+April+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com%2Fhost%2F0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM%2FKobaniCantonEN-2015-04-20.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-April_21,_2015_Kobani_Canton_map-267"><a href="#cite_ref-April_21,_2015_Kobani_Canton_map_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i2.wp.com/www.petercliffordonline.com/wp-content/uploads/Syria-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-2-21.04.15.jpg">"Kobani Canton Situation Map: 21 April 2015"</a>. wp.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204235737/http://i2.wp.com/www.petercliffordonline.com/wp-content/uploads/Syria-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-2-21.04.15.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wp.com&rft.atitle=Kobani+Canton+Situation+Map%3A+21+April+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi2.wp.com%2Fwww.petercliffordonline.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FSyria-Kobane-Canton-Situation-Map-2-21.04.15.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-total_ISIL_death_count-268"><a href="#cite_ref-total_ISIL_death_count_268-0">^</a> 3,978 militants killed from 15 September 2015 to 15 March 2015, 482 militants killed from 20 March to 21 April 2015, a total of 4,460 IS militants killed (per Kurdish sources, see the <a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kobanî offensive">Retaking the Kobanî Canton</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Aftermath">Aftermath</a> sections for more details) </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/syria-direct-news-update-4-22-15/">"Syria Direct: News Update 4-22-15"</a>. Syria Direct. 22 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427170907/http://syriadirect.org/news/syria-direct-news-update-4-22-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Direct&rft.atitle=Syria+Direct%3A+News+Update+4-22-15&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fsyria-direct-news-update-4-22-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YPG_enters_Sarrin-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_enters_Sarrin_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YPG_enters_Sarrin_270-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072228/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CDf_WpvXIAEfYvl.jpg%3Alarge">"YPG/FSA Joint Forces Have Breached ISIL Defensive Line North of Sarrin, Combat in City"</a>. twimg.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CDf_WpvXIAEfYvl.jpg:large">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=twimg.com&rft.atitle=YPG%2FFSA+Joint+Forces+Have+Breached+ISIL+Defensive+Line+North+of+Sarrin%2C+Combat+in+City&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbs.twimg.com%2Fmedia%2FCDf_WpvXIAEfYvl.jpg%3Alarge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarrin_map_April_26,_2015-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarrin_map_April_26,_2015_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.imgur.com/6rFWFVP.png">"Sarrin Battle Map: 26 April 2015"</a>. imgur.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074608/http://i.imgur.com/6rFWFVP.png">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imgur.com&rft.atitle=Sarrin+Battle+Map%3A+26+April+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi.imgur.com%2F6rFWFVP.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarrin_battle_map,_April_26,_2015-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarrin_battle_map,_April_26,_2015_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075940/https://7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com/host/0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM/SarrinCity-2015-04-26.png">"Battle of Sarrin: 26 April 2015"</a>. googledrive.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com/host/0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM/SarrinCity-2015-04-26.png">the original</a> on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=googledrive.com&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Sarrin%3A+26+April+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F7496bff410df41fc380ad565a50f607d4b1e8372.googledrive.com%2Fhost%2F0BzN49CdHSAwmcGU4eEI5dVBGZXM%2FSarrinCity-2015-04-26.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peshmerga_leaves-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Peshmerga_leaves_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701192615/http://world.bgnnews.com/peshmerga-forces-leave-kobani-having-secured-the-town-haberi/5564">"Peshmerga forces leave Kobani, having secured the town"</a>. Bugun.com.tr. 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The Daily Star. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204160902/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2015/Jun-26/303885-civilian-death-toll-from-isis-attack-on-kobani-hits-146-2nd-largest-massacre-of-civilians-by.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=ISIS+commits+major+massacre+in+Syria%27s+Kobani%3A+activists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2015%2FJun-26%2F303885-civilian-death-toll-from-isis-attack-on-kobani-hits-146-2nd-largest-massacre-of-civilians-by.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-277"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33266399">"Syria crisis: IS re-enters Kurdish-held city of Kobane"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+frustration+rises+as+Turkey+withholds+military+help+from+besieged+Kobani&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fus-frustration-rises-as-turkey-withholds-military-help-from-besieged-kobane%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2F311cb190-4f0e-11e4-babe-e91da079cb8a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/thousands-protest-turkey-show-solidarity-kobane-kurds-129318560#sthash.zBERWwJN.dpuf">"Thousands protest in Turkey to show solidarity with Kobane Kurds"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Kurdish+victory+in+Kobani+defeat+for+Turkish+policy+%E2%80%93+Al-Monitor%3A+the+Pulse+of+the+Middle+East&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Foriginals%2F2015%2F01%2Fturkey-kurds-kobani-defeat-turkish-policy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-eu-idUSKCN0I91L220141020">"EU urges Turkey to open border to allow supplies to Kobani"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Only+Syrian+refugees+can+cross+to+join+Kobani+fight&rft.pub=Al-Arabiya+News&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2FNews%2Fmiddle-east%2F2014%2F10%2F15%2FTurkey-Only-Syrian-refugees-can-cross-to-join-Kobane-fight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-16/274255-kurdish-fighters-start-to-push-back-isis-in-ain-al-arab.ashx">"Kurdish fighters start to push back ISIS in Ain al-Arab"</a>. The Daily Star. 16 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016192219/http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-16/274255-kurdish-fighters-start-to-push-back-isis-in-ain-al-arab.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Kurdish+fighters+start+to+push+back+ISIS+in+Ain+al-Arab&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FOct-16%2F274255-kurdish-fighters-start-to-push-back-isis-in-ain-al-arab.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTastekin2014" class="citation news cs1">Tastekin, Fehim (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/10/turkey-kobani-syria-kurds-ypg-corridor.html">"Is anyone left in Kobani?"</a>. Al Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102073436/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/2014/10/turkey-kobani-syria-kurds-ypg-corridor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Is+anyone+left+in+Kobani%3F&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Tastekin&rft.aufirst=Fehim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fsecurity%2F2014%2F10%2Fturkey-kobani-syria-kurds-ypg-corridor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29555999">"Kobane: Air strikes 'stall IS advance' on Syrian border town"</a>. BBC. 10 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011195815/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29555999">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kobane%3A+Air+strikes+%27stall+IS+advance%27+on+Syrian+border+town&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-29555999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-22/274956-turkeys-erdogan-says-us-weapons-airdrop-on-kobani-was-wrong.ashx">"Turkey's Erdogan says US weapons airdrop on Kobani was wrong"</a>. The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022165357/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Oct-22/274956-turkeys-erdogan-says-us-weapons-airdrop-on-kobani-was-wrong.ashx">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Lebanon&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+says+US+weapons+airdrop+on+Kobani+was+wrong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailystar.com.lb%2FNews%2FMiddle-East%2F2014%2FOct-22%2F274956-turkeys-erdogan-says-us-weapons-airdrop-on-kobani-was-wrong.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-airstrikes/index.html?hpt=hp_t1">"ISIS set to capture Kobani, finish major land grab"</a>. CNN. 6 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102745/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/06/world/meast/isis-airstrikes/index.html?hpt=hp_t1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ISIS+set+to+capture+Kobani%2C+finish+major+land+grab&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F06%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-airstrikes%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/08/world/meast/isis-threat/index.html">"U.S. military: Airstrikes against ISIS won't save key city of Kobani"</a>. CNN. 8 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012174754/http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/08/world/meast/isis-threat/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+military%3A+Airstrikes+against+ISIS+won%27t+save+key+city+of+Kobani&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmeast%2Fisis-threat%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/u-s-cooperated-secretly-with-syrian-kurds-in-battle-against-islamic-state-1413939876">"U.S. Cooperated Secretly with Syrian Kurds in Battle Against Islamic State"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 22 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023154432/http://online.wsj.com/articles/u-s-cooperated-secretly-with-syrian-kurds-in-battle-against-islamic-state-1413939876">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=U.S.+Cooperated+Secretly+with+Syrian+Kurds+in+Battle+Against+Islamic+State&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-cooperated-secretly-with-syrian-kurds-in-battle-against-islamic-state-1413939876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVick2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Vick, Karl (October 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3533554/why-kobani-matters/">"Why Kobani Matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved September 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+Kobani+Matters&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Vick&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3533554%2Fwhy-kobani-matters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Koban%C3%AE" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kobani.net">Operation Inherent Resolve airstrike updates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030424010358/http://www.kobani.net/">Siege of Kobanî frontline maps (Part 1: ISIL offensive)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_against_the_Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="Template:International military intervention against the Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="Template talk:International military intervention against the Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International military intervention against the Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_against_the_Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations in Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_rescue_mission_in_Syria" title="2014 American rescue mission in Syria">American rescue mission</a> (4 July 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a> (22 September 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention in Syria</a> (22 September 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish intervention in Syria</a> (24 August 2016 – 29 March 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a> (30 September 2015 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention in Syria</a> (November 2015 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">British intervention in Syria</a> (2 December 2015 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention in Syria</a> (4 December 2015 – 12 January 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war">Dutch involvement in the Syrian civil war</a> (29 January 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a> (26–27 October 2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations in Iraq & Kurdistan Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian-led intervention in Iraq</a> (13 June 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">American-led intervention in Iraq</a> (15 June 2014 – 9 December 2021) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2020%E2%80%932021)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2020–2021)">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shader" title="Operation Shader">British intervention in Iraq</a> (9 August 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Australian intervention in Iraq</a> (31 August 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Canadian intervention in Iraq</a> (4 September 2014 – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Chammal" title="Opération Chammal">French intervention in Iraq</a> (19 September 2014 – present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="German intervention against the Islamic State">German intervention in Iraq</a> (4 December 2015 – present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations in Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a> (16 February 2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations in Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Taliban security operations</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">American-led intervention in Afghanistan</a> (2015–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nangarhar_airstrike" title="2017 Nangarhar airstrike">2017 Nangarhar airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">First Battle of Tikrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mosul_Dam" title="Battle for Mosul Dam">Battle for Mosul Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Battle of Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Siege of Amirli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suq_al_Ghazi" title="Battle of Suq al Ghazi">Battle of Suq al Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin campaign (2014–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">December 2014 Sinjar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna campaign (2014–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Second Battle of Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Anbar campaign (2015–2016)">Anbar campaign (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Battle of al-Hasakah (June–August 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">2015 al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">November 2015 Sinjar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Nineveh Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Siege of Fallujah (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Battle of Hit (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirqat_offensive_(2016)" title="Shirqat offensive (2016)">Mosul offensive (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Battle of Sirte (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Third Battle of Fallujah (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">2016 Abu Kamal offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa (2017)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Battle of Tal Afar (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Battle of Hawija (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">2017 Western Iraq campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State_aerial_order_of_battle" title="War against the Islamic State aerial order of battle">Aerial order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State_ground_order_of_battle" title="War against the Islamic State ground order of battle">Ground order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Timeline of US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_military_intervention_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="American military intervention in Cameroon">American military intervention in Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State">Response of Saudi Arabia to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaborationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_the_international_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" title="List of military awards and decorations of the international military intervention against the Islamic State">List of military awards and decorations of the international military intervention against the Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_State" title="Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_State" title="Template talk:Islamic State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Names of the Islamic State">Names of the Islamic State</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Islamic_State" title="List of leaders of the Islamic State">List of leaders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hafs_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hudhayfah_Al-Ansari" title="Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari">Abu Hudhayfah Al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Mumin" title="Abdul Qadir Mumin">Abdul Qadir Mumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Fatima_al-Jaheishi" title="Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi">Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusaf" title="Abu Yusaf">Abu Yusaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Baraa_el-Azdi" title="Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi">Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Habib_al-Libi" title="Abu Habib al-Libi">Abu Habib al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Masri" title="Abu Jandal al-Masri">Abu Jandal al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfi_Hoxha" title="Zulfi Hoxha">Zulfi Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajro_Ikanovi%C4%87" title="Bajro Ikanović">Bajro Ikanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faysal_Ahmad_Ali_al-Zahrani" title="Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani">Faysal Ahmad Ali al-Zahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Mejjati" title="Fatiha Mejjati">Fatiha Mejjati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_al-Nasr" title="Ahlam al-Nasr">Ahlam al-Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issam_Abuanza" title="Issam Abuanza">Issam Abuanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Baluku" title="Musa Baluku">Musa Baluku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hussein_al-Husseini_al-Qurashi" title="Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi">Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_al-Alwani" title="Abu Ahmad al-Alwani">Abu Ahmad al-Alwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bakr" title="Haji Bakr">Haji Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Usamah_al-Maghrebi" title="Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi">Abu Usamah al-Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdulrahman_al-Bilawi" title="Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi">Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhannad_al-Suwaydawi" title="Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi">Abu Muhannad al-Suwaydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rauf_Aliza" title="Abdul Rauf Aliza">Abdul Rauf Aliza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf_(Islamic_State_leader)" title="Abu Sayyaf (Islamic State leader)">Abu Sayyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Awni_al-Harzi" title="Ali Awni al-Harzi">Ali Awni al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Harzi" title="Tariq al-Harzi">Tariq al-Harzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Khattab_al-Tunisi" title="Abu Khattab al-Tunisi">Abu Khattab al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_Meshaal" title="Maher Meshaal">Maher Meshaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Turkmani" title="Abu Muslim al-Turkmani">Abu Muslim al-Turkmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Saleh" title="Abu Saleh">Abu Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_John" title="Jihadi John">Mohammed Emwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nabil_al-Anbari" title="Abu Nabil al-Anbari">Abu Nabil al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Anbari" title="Abu Ali al-Anbari">Abu Ali al-Anbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Waheeb" title="Abu Waheeb">Abu Waheeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Aswad_al-Jiburi" title="Ali Aswad al-Jiburi">Ali Aswad al-Jiburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Abu Omar al-Shishani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Hassen_Ould_Khalill_Jouleibib" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib">El-Hassen Ould Khalill Jouleibib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Adnani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Adnani">Abu Mohammad al-Adnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Furqan" title="Abu Muhammad al-Furqan">Abu Muhammad al-Furqan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Jandal_al-Kuwaiti" title="Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti">Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bilal_al-Harbi" title="Abu Bilal al-Harbi">Abu Bilal al-Harbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Abousamra" title="Ahmad Abousamra">Ahmad Abousamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_al-Binali" title="Turki al-Binali">Turki al-Binali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareq_Kamleh" title="Tareq Kamleh">Tareq Kamleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavdrim_Muhaxheri" title="Lavdrim Muhaxheri">Lavdrim Muhaxheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Osama_al-Masri" title="Abu Osama al-Masri">Abu Osama al-Masri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul-Hasan_al-Muhajir" title="Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir">Abul-Hasan al-Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Shimali" title="Abu Muhammad al-Shimali">Abu Muhammad al-Shimali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Nasser_Qardash" title="Abdul Nasser Qardash">Abdul Nasser Qardash</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yasser_al-Issawi" title="Abu Yasser al-Issawi">Abu Yasser al-Issawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamza_Al-Qurashi" title="Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi">Abu Hamza Al-Qurashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf al-Hindi">Yusuf al-Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Muhajir" title="Abu Omar al-Muhajir">Abu Omar al-Muhajir</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othman_al-Nazih" title="Othman al-Nazih">Othman al-Nazih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Udeen_Al-Harith" title="Jamal Udeen Al-Harith">Jamal Udeen Al-Harith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aine_Davis" title="Aine Davis">Aine Davis</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanda_Kotey" title="Alexanda Kotey">Alexanda Kotey</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shafee_Elsheikh" title="El Shafee Elsheikh">El Shafee Elsheikh</a> (captured)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Cuspert" title="Denis Cuspert">Denis Cuspert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Abaaoud" title="Abdelhamid Abaaoud">Abdelhamid Abaaoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubaker_El_Hakim" title="Boubaker El Hakim">Boubaker El Hakim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_State" title="History of the Islamic State">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a> (1999–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">Al-Qaeda in Iraq</a> (2004–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Iraq)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Iraq)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (2006–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State#Name" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (2014–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Timeline of events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2013)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2013)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2014)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2014)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2015)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2015)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2016)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2016)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2017)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2017)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2018)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2018)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2019)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2019)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2020)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2020)">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2021" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2022" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State#2023" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Islamic_State_(2024)" title="Timeline of the Islamic State (2024)">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Specific_territorial_claims" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Khorasan Province (Afghanistan and Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Libya_Province" title="Islamic State – Libya Province">Libyan Provinces (Libya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Caucasus_Province" title="Islamic State – Caucasus Province">Caucasus Province (North Caucasus, Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sinai_Province" title="Islamic State – Sinai Province">Sinai Province (Sinai, Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Algeria_Province" title="Islamic State – Algeria Province">Algeria Province (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Yemen_Province" title="Islamic State – Yemen Province">Yemen Province (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Somalia">Abnaa ul-Khilafah (Somalia and Somaliland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Bengal_Province" title="Islamic State – Bengal Province">Bengal Province (Bangladesh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Mali)</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">West Africa Province (Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad and Niger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Central_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – Central Africa Province">Central Africa Province (DR Congo and Uganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Sahil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State – Sahil Province">Sahil Province (Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Hind_Province" title="Islamic State – Hind Province">Hind Province (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Pakistan_Province" title="Islamic State – Pakistan Province">Pakistan Province ((Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Turkey_Province" title="Islamic State – Turkey Province">Turkey Province (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Mozambique_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic State – Mozambique Province (page does not exist)">Mozambique Province (Mozambique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army (Syria)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Omar_Hadid_Brigade" title="Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade">Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (Gaza)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Khalifa_Philippines" title="Ansar Khalifa Philippines">Ansar Khalifa (Philippines)</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Khilafah_Brazil" title="Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil">Ansar al-Khilafah Brazil (Brazil)</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indonesia_Mujahideen" title="East Indonesia Mujahideen">East Indonesia Mujahideen (Indonesia)</a> (2014–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unorganized cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Azerbaijan" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Azerbaijan Province (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Islamic State in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir Province (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Kurdistan" title="Islamic State in Kurdistan">Kurdistan Province (Kurdistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Saudi_Arabia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Haramayn Province (Saudi Arabia and Bahrain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Lebanon Province (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State#Lebanon_and_Tunisia" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Jund al Khilafah in Tunisia (Tunisia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Brussels Islamic State terror cell (Belgium)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Insurgency (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_civil_war_(2006%E2%80%932008)" title="Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)">Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war">Opposition–Islamic State conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Conflict with Taliban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro conflict (1968–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">Military intervention against IS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" title="US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">US intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Turkish operation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_and_battles_involving_the_Islamic_State" title="List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hawija_clashes" title="2013 Hawija clashes">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Latakia_offensive" title="2013 Latakia offensive">Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Menagh_Air_Base" title="Siege of Menagh Air Base">Menagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Ali_Ben_Aoun" title="Battle of Sidi Ali Ben Aoun">Sidi Ali Ben Aoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadad" title="Battle of Sadad">Sadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalamoun_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Battle of Qalamoun (2013–2014)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Tell Hamis and Tell Brak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Anbar campaign (2013–2014)">Anbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Fallujah" title="Fall of Fallujah">Fallujah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">N Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">N Iraq (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salahuddin_campaign" title="Salahuddin campaign">Salahuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baiji" title="Fall of Baiji">Baiji (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="First Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">N Iraq (Aug)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_massacre" title="Sinjar massacre">Sinjar (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_campaign_(2014%E2%80%932016)" title="Derna campaign (2014–2016)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)">Ramadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baiji_(2014%E2%80%932015)" title="Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)">Baiji (14–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Sinjar_offensive" title="December 2014 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zumar" title="Battle of Zumar">Zumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amirli" title="Siege of Amirli">Amirli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Nofaliya_(2015)" title="Fall of Nofaliya (2015)">Nofaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_West_African_offensive" title="2015 West African offensive">W Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Egyptian_airstrikes_in_Libya" title="February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya">Egyptian airstrikes in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Niger_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Niger raid">Niger raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">E al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tikrit" title="Second Battle of Tikrit">Tikrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2015)" title="Battle of Sirte (2015)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_and_Homs_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Hama and Homs offensive (March–April 2015)">Hama & Homs (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">W al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_city_offensive" title="Al-Hasakah city offensive">Al-Hasakah city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2015)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramadi_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Ramadi (2015–2016)">Ramadi (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2015)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2015)">Al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs (Nov–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Sinjar_offensive" title="November 2015 Sinjar offensive">Sinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">E Aleppo (15–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains_offensive" title="Nineveh Plains offensive">Niveneh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fallujah_(2016)" title="Siege of Fallujah (2016)">Fallujah (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_offensive_(2016)" title="Nangarhar offensive (2016)">Nangarhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Guerdane" title="Battle of Ben Guerdane">Ben Guerdane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn_(2016)" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)">Al-Qaryatayn (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">N Aleppo (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hit_(2016)" title="Battle of Hit (2016)">Hīt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tipo-Tipo" title="Battle of Tipo-Tipo">Tipo-Tipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirte_(2016)" title="Battle of Sirte (2016)">Sirte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ar-Rutbah_(2016)" title="Battle of Ar-Rutbah (2016)">Ar-Rutbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">N Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Third Battle of Fallujah">Fallujah (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2016 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Northern al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">N al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">W al-Bab (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">W al-Bab (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa (16–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">E Aleppo (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Homs_offensive_(2017)" title="Eastern Homs offensive (2017)">E Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Nineveh_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Western Nineveh offensive">W Nineveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Syrian Desert (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Syrian Desert (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Marawi" title="Siege of Marawi">Marawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">S Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">C Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tal_Afar_(2017)" title="Battle of Tal Afar (2017)">Tal Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor (17–19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hawija" title="Battle of Hawija">Hawija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">E Syria (Sep–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">NW Syria (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Western_Iraq_campaign" title="2017 Western Iraq campaign">W Iraq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">S Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug–Nov)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)#Battle_of_Hajin" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Hajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinagodrar" title="Battle of Chinagodrar">Chinagodrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danag" title="Battle of Danag">Danag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia_offensive" title="Mocímboa da Praia offensive">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bayda_offensive" title="Al Bayda offensive">Al Bayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)" title="Battle of Tessit (2021)">Tessit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palma" title="Battle of Palma">Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sambisa_Forest_(2021)" title="Battle of Sambisa Forest (2021)">Sambisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi" title="Killing of Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi">Dangarous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ibrahim_al-Hashimi_al-Qurashi#Death" title="Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi">Atme raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)" title="Battle of Andéramboukane (2022)">Andéramboukane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)" title="Battle of Talataye (2022)">Talataye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falagountou" title="Battle of Falagountou">Falagountou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents_linked_to_the_Islamic_State" title="List of terrorist incidents linked to the Islamic State">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Speicher_massacre" title="Camp Speicher massacre">Camp Speicher massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu_ramming_attack" title="2014 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming attack">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">Beheading of Copts in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Corinthia_Hotel_attack" title="2015 Corinthia Hotel attack">Corinthia Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qubbah_bombings" title="Al Qubbah bombings">Al Qubbah bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_attack" title="Bardo National Museum attack">Bardo National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombings" title="March 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings">Sanaa bombings (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="2015 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Culwell_Center_attack" title="Curtis Culwell Center attack">Curtis Culwell Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_and_Dammam_mosque_bombings" title="Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings">Qatif & Dammam bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26_June_2015_Islamist_attacks" title="26 June 2015 Islamist attacks">26 June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin-Fallavier_attack" title="Saint-Quentin-Fallavier attack">Saint-Quentin-Fallavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kuwait_mosque_bombing" title="2015 Kuwait mosque bombing">Kuwait mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sousse_attacks" title="2015 Sousse attacks">Sousse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Khan_Bani_Saad_bombing" title="2015 Khan Bani Saad bombing">Khan Bani Saad bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7_bombing" title="Suruç bombing">Suruç bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2015_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2015 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Sanaa_mosque_bombing" title="September 2015 Sanaa mosque bombing">Sanaa bombing (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Ankara_bombings" title="2015 Ankara bombings">Ankara bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Saihat_shooting" title="2015 Saihat shooting">Saihat shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrojet_Flight_9268" title="Metrojet Flight 9268">Metrojet Flight 9268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Beirut_bombings" title="2015 Beirut bombings">Beirut bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">Paris (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Tunis_bombing" title="2015 Tunis bombing">Tunis bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Bernardino_attack" title="2015 San Bernardino attack">San Bernardino attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zliten_truck_bombing" title="Zliten truck bombing">Zliten truck bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Hurghada_attack" title="2016 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="January 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ramadi_bombing" title="2016 Ramadi bombing">Ramadi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasin_mosque_attack" title="Mahasin mosque attack">Mahasin mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attack">Sayyidah Zaynab (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Mosul_massacre" title="2016 Mosul massacre">Mosul massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">Homs bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Sayyidah Zaynab bombings">Sayyidah Zaynab bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2016_Istanbul_bombing" title="March 2016 Istanbul bombing">Istanbul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Brussels_bombings" title="2016 Brussels bombings">Brussels bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aden_car_bombing" title="2016 Aden car bombing">Aden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandariya_suicide_bombing" title="Iskandariya suicide bombing">Iskandariya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2016_Baghdad_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2016 Baghdad bombing">Baghdad bombing (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samawa_bombing" title="2016 Samawa bombing">Samawa bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Gaziantep_bombing" title="May 2016 Gaziantep bombing">Gaziantep bombing (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="11 May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (11 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres" title="Real Madrid fan club massacres">Real Madrid fan club massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Taji_gas_plant_attack" title="2016 Taji gas plant attack">Baghdad gas plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Yemen_police_bombings" title="May 2016 Yemen police bombings">Yemen police bombings (15 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (17 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">Jableh & Tartous bombings (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23_May_2016_Yemen_bombings" title="23 May 2016 Yemen bombings">Yemen bombings (23 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aktobe_shootings" title="2016 Aktobe shootings">Aktobe shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_nightclub_shooting" title="Pulse nightclub shooting">Pulse nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Magnanville_stabbing" title="2016 Magnanville stabbing">Magnanville stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Mukalla_attacks" title="June 2016 Mukalla attacks">Mukalla (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Movida_Bar_grenade_attack" title="2016 Movida Bar grenade attack">Movida Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Atat%C3%BCrk_Airport_attack" title="2016 Atatürk Airport attack">Atatürk Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Dhaka_attack" title="July 2016 Dhaka attack">Dhaka (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Karrada_bombing" title="2016 Karrada bombing">Karrada bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ali_al-Hadi_Mausoleum_attack" title="Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum attack">Muhammad ibn Ali al-Hadi Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_truck_attack" title="2016 Nice truck attack">Nice truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_train_attack" title="Würzburg train attack">Würzburg train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Kabul_bombing" title="July 2016 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Ansbach_bombing" title="2016 Ansbach bombing">Ansbach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Normandy_church_attack" title="2016 Normandy church attack">Normandy church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2016_Qamishli_bombings" title="July 2016 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_stabbing_of_Charleroi_police_officers" title="2016 stabbing of Charleroi police officers">Charleroi stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchelkovo_Highway_police_station_attack" title="Shchelkovo Highway police station attack">Shchelkovo Highway police station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2016_Aden_bombing" title="August 2016 Aden bombing">Aden bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">Syria bombings (5 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9_September_2016_Baghdad_bombings" title="9 September 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (9 Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2016_Baghdad_attacks" title="October 2016 Baghdad attacks">Baghdad bombings (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Quetta_police_training_college_attack" title="2016 Quetta police training college attack">Quetta police college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamam_al-Alil_massacre" title="Hamam al-Alil massacre">Hamam al-Alil massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khuzdar_bombing" title="2016 Khuzdar bombing">Khuzdar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Samarinda_church_bombing" title="2016 Samarinda church bombing">Samarinda bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2016_Hillah_suicide_truck_bombing" title="November 2016 Hillah suicide truck bombing">Hillah bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Aden_suicide_bombings" title="December 2016 Aden suicide bombings">Aden bombings (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botroseya_Church_bombing" title="Botroseya Church bombing">Botroseya bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Al-Karak_attack" title="2016 Al-Karak attack">Al-Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Berlin_truck_attack" title="2016 Berlin truck attack">Berlin truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Sefter_Ta%C5%9F_and_Fethi_%C5%9Eahin" title="Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin">Murders of Sefter Taş and Fethi Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2016_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="December 2016 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2,_2017_Baghdad_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="January 2, 2017 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings (2 Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">Azaz bombing (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehwan_suicide_bombing" title="Sehwan suicide bombing">Sehwan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Kabul_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2017 Kabul attack">Kabul (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_bombing" title="2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing">St Petersburg Metro bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday_church_bombings" title="Palm Sunday church bombings">Egypt church bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mastung_suicide_bombing" title="2017 Mastung suicide bombing">Mastung bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">Jakarta bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Minya_bus_attack" title="2017 Minya bus attack">Minya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faqma_ice_cream_parlor_bombing" title="Al-Faqma ice cream parlor bombing">Al-Faqma bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Brighton_siege" title="2017 Brighton siege">Brighton siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Tehran_attacks" title="2017 Tehran attacks">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2017_Pakistan_attacks" title="June 2017 Pakistan attacks">Pakistan attacks (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Hurghada_attack" title="2017 Hurghada attack">Hurghada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="August 2017 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2017_Brussels_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2017 Brussels attack">Brussels (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nasiriyah_attacks" title="2017 Nasiriyah attacks">Nasiriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_October_2017_Afghanistan_attacks" title="20 October 2017 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (20 Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">New York City truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">Sinai mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_December_2017_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="28 December 2017 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (28 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Menas_church" title="Attack on Saint Menas church">Saint Menas church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Baghdad_bombings" title="2018 Baghdad bombings">Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children_Jalalabad_attack" title="Save the Children Jalalabad attack">Save The Children Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlyar_church_shooting" title="Kizlyar church shooting">Kizlyar church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="March 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcassonne_and_Tr%C3%A8bes_attack" title="Carcassonne and Trèbes attack">Carcasonne & Trèbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombing" title="22 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombing">Kabul bombing (22 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_April_2018_Kabul_suicide_bombings" title="30 April 2018 Kabul suicide bombings">Kabul bombings (30 Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_attack_on_the_High_National_Elections_Commission_in_Tripoli,_Libya" title="2018 attack on the High National Elections Commission in Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mako_Brimob_standoff" title="2018 Mako Brimob standoff">Mako Brimob standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Paris_knife_attack" title="2018 Paris knife attack">Paris knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_bombings" title="Surabaya bombings">Surabaya bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Li%C3%A8ge_attack" title="2018 Liège attack">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2018_Jalalabad_suicide_bombing" title="July 2018 Jalalabad suicide bombing">Jalalabad bombing (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Mastung_and_Bannu_bombings" title="2018 Mastung and Bannu bombings">Mastung & Bannu bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Quetta_suicide_bombing" title="2018 Quetta suicide bombing">Quetta bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Tajikistan_tourist_attack" title="2018 Tajikistan tourist attack">Tajikistan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_Kabul_attacks" title="September 2018 Kabul attacks">Kabul (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_military_parade_attack" title="Ahvaz military parade attack">Ahvaz military parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Minya_bus_attack" title="2018 Minya bus attack">Minya bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Melbourne_stabbing_attack" title="2018 Melbourne stabbing attack">Melbourne stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Louisa_Vesterager_Jespersen_and_Maren_Ueland" title="Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland">Murders of Louisa Vesterager Jespersen and Maren Ueland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jolo_Cathedral_bombings" title="2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings">Jolo Cathedral bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainthamaruthu_shootout" title="Sainthamaruthu shootout">Sainthamaruthu shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_August_2019_Kabul_bombing" title="17 August 2019 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (17 Aug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_March_2020_Kabul_shooting" title="6 March 2020 Kabul shooting">Kabul shooting (6 Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_gurdwara_attack" title="Kabul gurdwara attack">Kabul gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xitaxi_massacre" title="Xitaxi massacre">Xitaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="May 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalalabad_prison_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalabad prison attack">Jalalabad prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Jolo_bombings" title="2020 Jolo bombings">Jolo bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kabul_University_attack" title="2020 Kabul University attack">Kabul University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vienna_attack" title="2020 Vienna attack">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2020_Afghanistan_attacks" title="December 2020 Afghanistan attacks">Afghanistan (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Machh_attack" title="2021 Machh attack">Machh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2021_Baghdad_bombings" title="January 2021 Baghdad bombings">January Baghdad bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_school_bombing" title="2021 Kabul school bombing">Kabul school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_airport_attack" title="2021 Kabul airport attack">Kabul airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kunduz_mosque_bombing" title="2021 Kunduz mosque bombing">Kunduz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kandahar_bombing" title="2021 Kandahar bombing">Kandahar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Uganda_bombings" title="2021 Uganda bombings">Kampala bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kabul_hospital_attack" title="2021 Kabul hospital attack">Kabul hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Diyala_massacre" title="2022 Diyala massacre">Diyala massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Peshawar_mosque_attack" title="2022 Peshawar mosque attack">Peshawar mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hadera_shooting" title="2022 Hadera shooting">Hadera shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_mosque_bombing" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing">Mazar-i-Sharif mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Mazar-i-Sharif_minivan_bombings" title="2022 Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings">Mazar-i-Sharif minivan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourasso_and_Namissiguima_massacres" title="Bourasso and Namissiguima massacres">Bourasso and Namissiguima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuje_prison_break" title="Kuje prison break">Kuje prison break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_August_2022_Kabul_bombing" title="5 August 2022 Kabul bombing">5 August Kabul bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2022_Kabul_mosque_bombing" title="August 2022 Kabul mosque bombing">August Kabul mosque bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Russian_embassy_in_Kabul" title="Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul">Bombing of the Russian embassy in Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Shah_Cheragh_attack" title="2022 Shah Cheragh attack">Shah Cheragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kabul_hotel_attack" title="2022 Kabul hotel attack">Kabul hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kabul_airport_bombing" title="2023 Kabul airport bombing">Kabul airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan_bombing" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Khar_bombing" title="2023 Khar bombing">Khar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_school_stabbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arras school stabbing">Arras school stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Pul-i-Khumri_bombing" title="2023 Pul-i-Khumri bombing">Pul-i-Khumri bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Brussels_shooting" title="2023 Brussels shooting">Brussels shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2023_Kabul_bombing" title="November 2023 Kabul bombing">Kabul bombing (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Paris_attack" title="2023 Paris attack">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University_bombing" title="Mindanao State University bombing">Mindanao State University bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerman_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman bombings">Kerman bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Balochistan_bombings" title="2024 Balochistan bombings">Balochistan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sibi_bombing" title="2024 Sibi bombing">Sibi bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucojo_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucojo attack">Mucojo attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Karabulak_clash" title="2024 Karabulak clash">Karabulak clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kandahar_New_Kabul_Bank_bombing" title="2024 Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing">Kandahar New Kabul Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tillab%C3%A9ri_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Tillabéri attack">Tillabéri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Guzara_Attack" title="2024 Guzara Attack">2024 Guzara Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bamyan_shooting" title="2024 Bamyan shooting">2024 Bamyan shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Beirut_US_embassy_shooting" title="2024 Beirut US embassy shooting">2024 Beirut US embassy shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don_pre-trial_detention_center_hostage_crisis" title="Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis">Rostov-on-Don pre-trial detention center hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">2024 Dagestan attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_attack_on_the_Israeli_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade">2024 attack on the Israeli embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Muscat_mosque_shooting" title="2024 Muscat mosque shooting">2024 Muscat mosque shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Kabul_bus_bombing" title="2024 Kabul bus bombing">2024 Kabul bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surovikino_penal_colony_hostage_crisis" title="Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis">Surovikino penal colony hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Solingen_stabbing" title="2024 Solingen stabbing">2024 Solingen stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qala_Bakhtiar_bombing" title="2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing">2024 Qala Bakhtiar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Afghanistan_bus_shooting" title="2024 Afghanistan bus shooting">2024 Afghanistan bus shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Qusar_attack" title="2024 Qusar attack">2024 Qusar attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finances_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Finances of the Islamic State">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Ideology of the Islamic State">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_Health_Service" title="Islamic State Health Service">Medicare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Armoured warfare of the Islamic State">Armoured warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Shias_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State">Persecution of Shias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Yazidis_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State">Genocide of Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Genocide of Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_gay_and_bisexual_men_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of gay and bisexual men by the Islamic State">Persecution of gay and bisexual men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_captives_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Killing of captives by the Islamic State">Killing of captives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_beheading_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State beheading incidents">Beheading incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State">Destruction of cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS_occupation_of_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS occupation of Mosul">Occupation of Mosul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_executions_in_ISIL-occupied_Mosul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass executions in ISIL-occupied Mosul">Executions in Mosul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Iran and the Islamic State">Iran and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Philippines and the Islamic State">Philippines and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_Islamic_State" title="United Kingdom and the Islamic State">United Kingdom and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_and_the_Islamic_State" title="Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State">Trinidad and Tobago and the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War_and_War_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign fighters in the Syrian Civil War and War in Iraq">Foreign fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_changes_due_to_the_Islamic_State" title="Name changes due to the Islamic State">Name changes due to the Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_the_Islamic_State_in_American_media" title="Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media">Portrayal of the Islamic State in American media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein_and_al-Qaeda_link_allegations" title="Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations">Connection with Saddam Regime and Baath Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_State_members" title="List of Islamic State members">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Islamic_State_terror_cell" title="Brussels Islamic State terror cell">Terrorist cell in Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">Territorial claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">al-Barakah district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_the_Islamic_State" title="Collaboration with the Islamic State">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Second_Message_to_America" title="A Second Message to America">A Second Message to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayan_(radio_station)" title="Al-Bayan (radio station)">Al-Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furat_Media_Center" title="Al-Furat Media Center">Al-Furat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hayat_Media_Center" title="Al-Hayat Media Center">Al-Hayat Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Naba" title="Al-Naba">Al-Naba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaq_News_Agency" title="Amaq News Agency">Amaq News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Islam_(magazine)" title="Dar al-Islam (magazine)">Dar al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawlat_al-Islam_Qamat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawlat al-Islam Qamat">Dawlat al-Islam Qamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huroof" title="Huroof">Huroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27lam_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="I'lam foundation">I'lam foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istok_(magazine)" title="Istok (magazine)">Istok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantiniyye_(magazine)" title="Konstantiniyye (magazine)">Konstantiniyye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumiyah_(magazine)" title="Rumiyah (magazine)">Rumiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatihin_Magazine" title="Al-Fatihin Magazine">Al-Fatihin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salil_al-Sawarim" title="Salil al-Sawarim">Salil al-Sawarim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defeating_ISIS" title="Defeating ISIS">Defeating ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIS-chan" title="ISIS-chan">ISIS-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syrian_civil_war" style="wide;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syrian Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syrian_civil_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Overviews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overviews</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Main overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background and causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belligerents_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents in the Syrian civil war">Belligerents </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_cities_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Control of cities during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Effects and ongoing concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Phases and processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_revolution" title="Syrian revolution">Syrian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_insurgency_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Early insurgency phase of the Syrian civil war">Early insurgency phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_escalation_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="2012–2013 escalation of the Syrian civil war">2012–2013 escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_ceasefires" title="Syrian civil war ceasefires">Ceasefires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">World reaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions to the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Specific groups and countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkish involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention in the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria">2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Area_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Area in Syria">Kurdish Area in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">Syrian Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Joint_Task_Force_%E2%80%93_Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve">U.S. task force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">Agreements and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian-Turkish_agreement_on_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria">Russian-Turkish agreement on Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AANES%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="AANES–Syria relations">Relations between Syrian government and Kurdish groups in Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Background and causes of the Syrian Civil War">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_uprising_in_Syria" title="Islamist uprising in Syria">Islamist uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Latakia_protests" title="1999 Latakia protests">Latakia protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Damascus Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Qamishli_riots" title="2004 Qamishli riots">Qamishli riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_occupation_of_Lebanon" title="Syrian occupation of Lebanon">Syrian occupation of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Damascus Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Syria_political_history" title="2010s in Syria political history">2010s in Syria political history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2011 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2011)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2011)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2011)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2011)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_uprising_phase_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil uprising phase of the Syrian civil war">Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daraa" title="Siege of Daraa">Siege of Daraa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baniyas" title="Siege of Baniyas">Siege of Baniyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Talkalakh_(May_2011)" title="Siege of Talkalakh (May 2011)">May Talkalakh siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rastan_and_Talbiseh" title="Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh">Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2011_Jisr_ash-Shughur_clashes" title="June 2011 Jisr ash-Shughur clashes">June Jisr ash-Shughur operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hama_(2011)" title="Siege of Hama (2011)">Siege of Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Homs" title="Siege of Homs">Siege of Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_operation" title="Summer 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya operation">Jabal al-Zawiya operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Latakia" title="Siege of Latakia">Siege of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)">Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_clashes_(November_2011%E2%80%93March_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012)">Rif Dimashq clashes (Nov 2011-Mar 2012)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zabadani_(2012)" title="Battle of Zabadani (2012)">Battle of Zabadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douma" title="Battle of Douma">Battle of Douma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_Governorate_clashes_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Daraa Governorate clashes (2011–2013)">Daraa Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(2011)" title="Battle of Rastan (2011)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayrat_and_Tiyas_airbase_ambush" title="Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush">Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(September_2011_%E2%80%93_March_2012)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (September 2011 – March 2012)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Jabal_al-Zawiya_massacres" title="December 2011 Jabal al-Zawiya massacres">December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2012 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2012)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2012)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2012)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2012)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(January%E2%80%93February_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (January–February 2012)">Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2012)" title="Battle of Idlib (2012)">First Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2012)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Idlib_Governorate_Operation" title="April 2012 Idlib Governorate Operation">Idlib Governorate operation (Apr)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taftanaz" title="Battle of Taftanaz">Battle of Taftanaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastan_(May_2012)" title="Battle of Rastan (May 2012)">May Battle of Rastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houla_massacre" title="Houla massacre">Houla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Haffah" title="Battle of al-Haffah">Battle of al-Haffah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubeir_massacre" title="Al-Qubeir massacre">Al-Qubeir massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tremseh" title="Battle of Tremseh">Battle of Tremseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle of Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">18 July 2012 Damascus bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aleppo_(2012%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)">Battle of Aleppo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anadan" title="Battle of Anadan">Battle of Anadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Base_46" title="Siege of Base 46">Siege of Base 46</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)">Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93October_2012)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–October 2012)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug-Oct)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darayya_massacre" title="Darayya massacre">Darayya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khirbet_Al-Joz" title="Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz">Battle of Khirbet Al-Joz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2012)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2012–2013)">First siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harem" title="Battle of Harem">Battle of Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (November 2012–February 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Nov 2012–Feb 2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqrab_massacre" title="Aqrab massacre">Aqrab massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Hama_offensive" title="2012 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfaya massacre">Halfaya massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Darayya_(November_2012%E2%80%93February_2013)" title="Battle of Darayya (November 2012–February 2013)">Battle of Darayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_Governorate_clashes_(2012%E2%80%932014)" title="Quneitra Governorate clashes (2012–2014)">Quneitra Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbiseh_bakery_massacre" title="Talbiseh bakery massacre">Talbiseh bakery massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2013 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2013)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–December 2013)">May–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Safira" title="Battle of Safira">Battle of Safira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaddadi_(2013)" title="Battle of Shaddadi (2013)">Battle of Shadadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_offensive_(2013)" title="Damascus offensive (2013)">Damascus offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2012%E2%80%932013)" title="Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)">Raqqa campaign (2012–2013)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2013)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2013)">Battle of Raqqa (Mar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Daraa_offensive" title="2013 Daraa offensive">Daraa offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(March%E2%80%93August_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (March–August 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Mar–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jdaidet_al-Fadl" title="Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl">Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta_chemical_attack" title="Ghouta chemical attack">Ghouta chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qusayr_offensive" title="Al-Qusayr offensive">Al-Qusayr offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qusayr_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Qusayr (2013)">Battle of al-Qusayr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayda_and_Baniyas_massacres" title="Bayda and Baniyas massacres">Bayda and Baniyas massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Hama_offensive" title="2013 Hama offensive">Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatla_massacre" title="Hatla massacre">Hatla massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_chemical_attack" title="Khan al-Assal chemical attack">Khan al-Assal chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Assal_massacre" title="Khan al-Assal massacre">Khan al-Assal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adra_massacre" title="Adra massacre">Adra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ras_al-Ayn_(2012%E2%80%9313)" title="Battle of Ras al-Ayn (2012–13)">Battle of Ras al-Ayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2013)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2013)">Battle of Tell Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2013)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September–November 2013)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2013)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2013)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Yaarubiyah" title="Battle of al-Yaarubiyah">Battle of al-Yaarubiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Hamis_and_Tell_Brak_(December_2013%E2%80%93January_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (December 2013–January 2014)">Battle of Tell Hamis and Tell Brak (Dec–Jan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2014 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2014)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2014)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2014)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">First Inter-rebel conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Markada" title="Battle of Markada">Battle of Markada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(April%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (April–July 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morek" title="Battle of Morek">Battle of Morek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93May_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (February–May 2014)">Daraa offensive (Feb–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maan_massacre" title="Maan massacre">Maan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Otaiba_ambush" title="Al-Otaiba ambush">Al-Otaiba ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Idlib_offensive" title="2014 Idlib offensive">Idlib offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hosn" title="Battle of Hosn">Battle of Hosn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Latakia_offensive" title="2014 Latakia offensive">Latakia Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Malihah" title="Battle of Al-Malihah">Battle of Al-Malihah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kafr_Zita_chemical_attack" title="2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack">Kafr Zita chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Wadi_Deif_(2014)" title="Siege of Wadi Deif (2014)">Second siege of Wadi Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2014)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2014)">Qalamoun offensive (Jun–Aug)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsal_(2014)" title="Battle of Arsal (2014)">Battle of Arsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(July_2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (July 2014)">First Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Eastern_Syria_offensive" title="2014 Eastern Syria offensive">Eastern Syria offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa_Airbase" title="Battle of Tabqa Airbase">Battle of Tabqa Airbase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February%E2%80%93July_2014)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February–July 2014)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hama_offensive" title="2014 Hama offensive">Hama Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Quneitra_offensive" title="2014 Quneitra offensive">Quneitra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (August–November 2014)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Aug–Nov)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Kobanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_school_bombing" title="Homs school bombing">Homs school bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(October_2014)" title="Daraa offensive (October 2014)">Daraa offensive (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Al-Safira_offensive" title="2014 Al-Safira offensive">Al-Safira offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_raid_on_Idlib_city" title="2014 raid on Idlib city">Idlib Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front%E2%80%93SRF/Hazzm_Movement_conflict" title="Al-Nusra Front–SRF/Hazzm Movement conflict">Second Inter-Rebel Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shaer_gas_field_(October%E2%80%93November_2014)" title="Battle of the Shaer gas field (October–November 2014)">Second Battle of the Shaer gas field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2014)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2014)">Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(December_2014)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2015 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–July 2015)">Jan–Jul</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(August%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (August–December 2015)">Aug–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Syrian_Air_Force_An-26_crash" title="2015 Syrian Air Force An-26 crash">Air Force An-26 crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(January_2015)" title="Daraa offensive (January 2015)">Daraa Offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2015 Southern Syria offensive">Southern Syria Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Eastern al-Hasakah offensive">Eastern al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(March%E2%80%93April_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (March–April 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarrin_(June%E2%80%93July_2015)" title="Battle of Sarrin (June–July 2015)">Battle of Sarrin (Jun–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(2015)" title="Battle of Bosra (2015)">Battle of Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Idlib_offensive" title="2015 Idlib offensive">Idlib Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idlib_(2015)" title="Battle of Idlib (2015)">Second Battle of Idlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nasib_Border_Crossing" title="Battle of Nasib Border Crossing">Battle of Nasib Border Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk_Camp_(2015)" title="Battle of Yarmouk Camp (2015)">Battle of Yarmouk Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Hasakah_offensive" title="Western al-Hasakah offensive">Western al-Hasakah offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(May_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (May 2015)">Palmyra offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Qamishli_bombings" title="2015 Qamishli bombings">Qamishli bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abyad_offensive" title="Tell Abyad offensive">Tell Abyad offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban%C3%AE_massacre" title="Kobanî massacre">Kobanî massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2015)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2015)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(July%E2%80%93August_2015)" title="Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)">Palmyra offensive (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(September_2015)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (September 2015)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2015)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)">Northwestern Syria offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(October%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Aleppo offensive (October–December 2015)">Aleppo offensive (Oct–Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_al-Hawl_offensive" title="2015 al-Hawl offensive">Al-Hawl offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homs_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2015)" title="Homs offensive (November–December 2015)">Homs offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)">East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Latakia_offensive" title="2015–2016 Latakia offensive">2015–2016 Latakia offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrin_Dam_offensive" title="Tishrin Dam offensive">Tishrin Dam offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown" title="2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown">Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2016 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2016)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2016)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2016)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Shaykh_Maskin_(2015%E2%80%932016)" title="Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin (2015–2016)">Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2016)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2016)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#January" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(February_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93March_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February–March 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaddadi_offensive_(2016)" title="Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016)">Al-Shaddadi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2016_Homs_bombings" title="February 2016 Homs bombings">February Homs bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sayyidah_Zaynab_attacks#February" title="2016 Sayyidah Zaynab attacks">February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Khanasir_offensive" title="2016 Khanasir offensive">Khanasir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tell_Abyad_(2016)" title="Battle of Tell Abyad (2016)">Battle of Tel Abyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maarrat_al-Numan_(2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maarrat al-Numan (2016)">Battle of Maarrat al-Numan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2016)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2016)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_offensive_(March%E2%80%93June_2016)" title="Northern Aleppo offensive (March–June 2016)">Northern Aleppo offensive (Mar–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(March_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (March 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2016)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (April–May 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Raqqa_offensive" title="Northern Raqqa offensive">Northern Raqqa offensive (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2016_Jableh_and_Tartous_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings">May Jableh & Tartous bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithriyah-Raqqa_offensive_(June_2016)" title="Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016)">Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(June%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (June–October 2016)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Jun–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbij_offensive" title="Manbij offensive">Manbij offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhar_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokhar massacre">Tokhar massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Southern_Aleppo_campaign" title="2016 Southern Aleppo campaign">Southern Aleppo campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Rai_(August_2016)" title="Battle of al-Rai (August 2016)">Battle of al-Rai (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Euphrates_Shield" title="Operation Euphrates Shield">Operation Euphrates Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Aleppo_summer_campaign" title="2016 Aleppo summer campaign">Aleppo summer campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(September_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_September_2016_Syria_bombings" title="5 September 2016 Syria bombings">5 September bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Deir_ez-Zor_air_raid" title="September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid">September Deir ez-Zor air raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_Urum_al-Kubra_aid_convoy_attack" title="September 2016 Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack">September Urum al-Kubra aid convoy attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(September%E2%80%93October_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (September–October 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Dabiq_offensive" title="2016 Dabiq offensive">Dabiq offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_al-Bab_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Western al-Bab offensive (October–November 2016)">Western al-Bab offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_offensive_(October%E2%80%93November_2016)" title="Khan al-Shih offensive (October–November 2016)">Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqqa_campaign_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)">Raqqa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Bab" title="Battle of al-Bab">Battle of al-Bab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_offensive_(November%E2%80%93December_2016)" title="Aleppo offensive (November–December 2016)">Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(December_2016)" title="Palmyra offensive (December 2016)">Palmyra offensive (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2017)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2017)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2017)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Barada_offensive_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)">Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2017_Azaz_bombing" title="January 2017 Azaz bombing">January Azaz bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2016%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016–April 2017)">Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(January%E2%80%93March_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (January–March 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(February%E2%80%93June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (February–June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Daraa_offensive_(February_2017)" title="Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017)">Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qaboun offensive (2017)">Qaboun offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_offensive_(2017)" title="Palmyra offensive (2017)">Palmyra offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Aleppo_offensive_(2017)" title="East Aleppo offensive (2017)">East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2017 Damascus bombings">March Damascus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_al-Jinah_airstrike" title="2017 al-Jinah airstrike">Al-Jinah airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(March%E2%80%93April_2017)" title="Hama offensive (March–April 2017)">Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabqa" title="Battle of Tabqa">Battle of Tabqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Shaykhun_chemical_attack" title="Khan Shaykhun chemical attack">Khan Shaykhun chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Shayrat_missile_strike" title="2017 Shayrat missile strike">Shayrat missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">Aleppo bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2017_Turkish_airstrikes_in_Syria_and_Iraq" title="April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq">April Turkish airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Ghouta_inter-rebel_conflict_(April%E2%80%93May_2017)" title="East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April–May 2017)">East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(May%E2%80%93July_2017)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (May–July 2017)">Desert campaign (May–Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskanah_Plains_offensive" title="Maskanah Plains offensive">Maskanah Plains offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hama_offensive_(2017)" title="East Hama offensive (2017)">East Hama offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raqqa_(2017)" title="Battle of Raqqa (2017)">Battle of Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Daraa offensive (June 2017)">Daraa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Southern_Raqqa_offensive" title="2017 Southern Raqqa offensive">Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Jobar_offensive" title="2017 Jobar offensive">Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quneitra_offensive_(June_2017)" title="Quneitra offensive (June 2017)">Quneitra offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(July_2017)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017)">Idlib clashes (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Syria_campaign" title="Central Syria campaign">Central campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_campaign_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="Deir ez-Zor campaign (2017–2019)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_offensive_(September_2017)" title="Hama offensive (September 2017)">Hama offensive (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_campaign_(October_2017%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017–February 2018)">Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_military_operation_in_Idlib_Governorate" title="Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate">Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harasta_(2017%E2%80%932018)" title="Battle of Harasta (2017–2018)">Battle of Harasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Syria_campaign_(September%E2%80%93December_2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Syria campaign (September–December 2017)">Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Euphrates_Crossing_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive">Euphrates Crossing offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Mayadin_offensive" title="2017 Mayadin offensive">Mayadin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(September%E2%80%93November_2017)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (September–November 2017)">Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Abu_Kamal_offensive" title="2017 Abu Kamal offensive">Abu Kamal offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Jinn_offensive" title="Beit Jinn offensive">Beit Jinn offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2018 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2018)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2018)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2018)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2018)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasham" title="Battle of Khasham">Battle of Khasham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_Dimashq_offensive_(February%E2%80%93April_2018)" title="Rif Dimashq offensive (February–April 2018)">Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(January%E2%80%93February_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (January–February 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Liberation_Front%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(March_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douma_chemical_attack" title="Douma chemical attack">Douma chemical attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_missile_strikes_against_Syria" title="April 2018 missile strikes against Syria">Missile strikes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Homs_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Northern Homs offensive (April–May 2018)">Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qalamoun_offensive_(April_2018)" title="Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018)">Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Damascus_offensive_(April%E2%80%93May_2018)" title="Southern Damascus offensive (April–May 2018)">Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Governorate_clashes" title="Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes">Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_offensive_(2018)" title="Deir ez-Zor offensive (2018)">Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(June_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018)">As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Southern_Syria_offensive" title="2018 Southern Syria offensive">Southern offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_As-Suwayda_attacks" title="2018 As-Suwayda attacks">As-Suwayda attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwayda_offensive_(August%E2%80%93November_2018)" title="As-Suwayda offensive (August–November 2018)">As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli_clashes_(2018)" title="Qamishli clashes (2018)">Qamishli clashes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">Missile strikes (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian-Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Syrian-Turkish border clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2019 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(January%E2%80%93April_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (January–April 2019)">Jan–Apr</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(May%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (May–August 2019)">May–Aug</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(September%E2%80%93December_2019)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (September–December 2019)">Sep–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation%E2%80%93Tahrir_al-Sham_conflict" title="National Front for Liberation–Tahrir al-Sham conflict">Idlib inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Manbij_bombing" title="2019 Manbij bombing">Manbij bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghuz_Fawqani" title="Battle of Baghuz Fawqani">Battle of Baghuz Fawqani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIL_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL insurgency in Deir ez-Zor (2019)">ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AArik_prison_escape_attempt" title="Dêrik prison escape attempt">Dêrik prison escape attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Tell_Rifaat_clashes" title="2019 Tell Rifaat clashes">Tell Rifaat clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(April%E2%80%93August_2019)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (April–August 2019)">Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Syria_bombings" title="June 2019 Syria bombings">June bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hass_refugee_camp_bombing" title="Hass refugee camp bombing">Hass refugee camp bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">Missile strikes (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish offensive into northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Death of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Barisha raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Syria_bombings" title="November 2019 Syria bombings">November bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">Israeli missile strikes (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qah_missile_strike" title="Qah missile strike">Qah missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_offensive_(December_2019%E2%80%93March_2020)" title="Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019–March 2020)">Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">US airstrikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2020 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2020%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2020–present)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Syria">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Afrin_bombing" title="2020 Afrin bombing">Afrin bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_Governorate_clashes_(June_2020)" title="Idlib Governorate clashes (June 2020)">Idlib Governorate clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Kafr_Takharim_airstrike" title="2020 Kafr Takharim airstrike">Kafr-Takharim airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Ayn_Issa_clashes" title="2020–2021 Ayn Issa clashes">Ayn Issa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Deir_ez-Zor_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Deir ez-Zor ambush">Deir ez-Zor ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2021 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2021)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2021)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Qamishli_and_Al-Hasakah" title="Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah">Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">Missile strikes (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qamishli_(2021)" title="Battle of Qamishli (2021)">Battle of Qamishli (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">US airstrike (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Daraa_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Daraa clashes">Daraa clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham%E2%80%93Junud_al-Sham_conflict" title="Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict">Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2022 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2022)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2022)">Jan–Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Hasakah_(2022)" title="Battle of al-Hasakah (2022)">Battle of al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ahrar_al-Sham%E2%80%93Levant_Front_clashes" title="2022 Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes">Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jabal_al-Bishr%C4%AB_clashes" title="2022 Jabal al-Bishrī clashes">Jabal al-Bishrī clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Jarqli_airstrikes" title="2022 Jarqli airstrikes">Jarqli airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Aleppo_clashes_(October_2022)" title="Northern Aleppo clashes (October 2022)">Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Claw-Sword" title="Operation Claw-Sword">Operation Claw-Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Syria_clashes_(December_2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Northwestern Syria clashes (December 2022–present)">Northwest clashes (Dec)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;">2023 <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_(2023)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war (2023)">Jan-Dec</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Sukhnah_attack" title="2023 Al-Sukhnah attack">Al-Sukhnah attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hama_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hama attack">Hama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Northern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Northern Syria clashes">Northern border clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em;font-weight:normal; vertical-align:top;;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Spillover of the Syrian civil war">Spillover</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israel and Golan Heights</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">Iraq</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashat_ambush" title="Akashat ambush">Akashat ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_al-Shabah" title="Operation al-Shabah">Operation al-Shabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_in_Iraq_(2014)#April" title="Timeline of the War in Iraq (2014)">April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">Jordanian border incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian%E2%80%93Syrian_border_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war#2014" title="Jordanian–Syrian border incidents during the Syrian civil war">April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Syria_border_clashes" title="Lebanon–Syria border clashes">Lebanese border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sidon_clash" title="2013 Sidon clash">Battle of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_embassy_bombing_in_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut">Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Lebanon_clashes_(2014)" title="North Lebanon clashes (2014)">North Lebanon clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(2017)" title="Qalamoun offensive (2017)">Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_2011_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clash" title="December 2011 Syrian–Turkish border clash">December 2011 Turkish border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown" title="2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown">2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Syrian–Turkish border clashes">2012 Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Reyhanl%C4%B1_car_bombings" title="2013 Reyhanlı car bombings">2013 Reyhanlı car bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2014_Turkish_attack_in_Syria" title="January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria">January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov" title="Assassination of Andrei Karlov">Assassination of Andrei Karlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Russian_Air_Force_Al-Bab_incident" title="2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident">Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Balyun_airstrikes" title="2020 Balyun airstrikes">2020 Balyun airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Shield" title="Operation Spring Shield">Operation Spring Shield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2em;background:transparent; text-align:right; padding:0; vertical-align:top;">Elsewhere:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Deir_ez-Zor_missile_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike">Deir ez-Zor missile strike</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Belligerents" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Belligerents</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Syria" title="Politics of Syria">Politics of Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Movement" title="Arab Socialist Movement">Arab Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Communist_Party_(Bakdash)" title="Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)">Syrian Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Military and militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Armed_Forces" title="Syrian Armed Forces">Syrian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Resistance" title="Syrian Resistance">Syrian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Quds" title="Liwa al-Quds">al-Quds Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Army" title="Palestine Liberation Army">Palestine Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Russian involvement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Syrian_hospital_bombing_campaign" title="Russian–Syrian hospital bombing campaign">medical facility targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mobilization_Forces" title="Popular Mobilization Forces">Popular Mobilization Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Interim_Government" title="Syrian Interim Government">Interim government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_of_Syrian_Revolutionary_and_Opposition_Forces" title="National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces">National Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Coordination_Committees_of_Syria" title="Local Coordination Committees of Syria">Local Coordination Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Syrian_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution">Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coordination_Committee_for_Democratic_Change" title="National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change">National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Revolution_General_Commission" title="Syrian Revolution General Commission">Syrian Revolution General Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Support_Group" title="Syrian Support Group">Syrian Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adopt_a_Revolution" title="Adopt a Revolution">Adopt a Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Council#Syrian_Patriotic_Group" title="Syrian National Council">Syrian Patriotic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition militias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_National_Army" title="Syrian National Army">Syrian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Syrian_Army" title="Free Syrian Army">Free Syrian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_Liberation" title="National Front for Liberation">National Front for Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Izza" title="Jaysh al-Izza">Army of Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_and_Development_Front" title="Authenticity and Development Front">Authenticity and Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Free_Tribes" title="Army of Free Tribes">Army of Free Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Commando_Army" title="Revolutionary Commando Army">Revolutionary Commando Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">Muslim Brotherhood in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">US intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Jordanian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Jordanian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Qatari involvement in the Syrian civil war">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">DFNS Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Democratic Union Party (Syria)">Democratic Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Rojava" title="List of political parties in Rojava">Smaller political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces" title="Syrian Democratic Forces">SDF militias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defense_Units" title="People's Defense Units">People's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Terror_Units" title="Anti-Terror Units">Anti-Terror Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanadid_Forces" title="Al-Sanadid Forces">Al-Sanadid Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Revolutionaries" title="Army of Revolutionaries">Army of Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Democratic_Forces_military_councils" title="Syrian Democratic Forces military councils">SDF military councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Thuwar_al-Raqqa" title="Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa">Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Democratic_Brigade" title="Northern Democratic Brigade">Northern Democratic Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_Battalion" title="International Freedom Battalion">International Freedom Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.25em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Military of the Islamic State">Military activity of ISIL</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Barakah_(Islamic_State_administrative_district)" title="Al-Barakah (Islamic State administrative district)">Al-Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokumac%C4%B1lar" title="Dokumacılar">Dokumacılar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid_Army" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid Army">Khalid ibn al-Walid Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Martyrs_Brigade" title="Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade">Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Muthanna_Movement" title="Islamic Muthanna Movement">Islamic Muthanna Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Jihad" title="Jaysh al-Jihad">Jaysh al-Jihad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Aqsa" title="Jund al-Aqsa">Liwa al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Dawud" title="Liwa Dawud">Liwa Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_Aqab_al-Islami" title="Liwa Aqab al-Islami">Liwa Aqab al-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibah_Nusantara" title="Katibah Nusantara">Katibah Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katiba_al-Bittar_al-Libi" title="Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi">Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khansaa_Brigade" title="Al-Khansaa Brigade">Al-Khansaa Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_One_and_Only" title="Group of the One and Only">Group of the One and Only</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front" title="Al-Nusra Front">Al-Nusra Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jabhat_Fatah_al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat Fatah al-Sham">Jabhat Fatah al-Sham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khorasan_group" title="Khorasan group">Khorasan group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suqour_al-Ezz" title="Suqour al-Ezz">Suqour al-Ezz</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jaysh_Muhammad_in_Bilad_al-Sham" title="Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham">Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahrir_al-Sham" title="Tahrir al-Sham">Tahrir al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party_in_Syria" title="Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria">Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Emirate" title="Caucasus Emirate">Caucasus Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz" title="Ajnad al-Kavkaz">Ajnad al-Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junud_al-Makhdi" title="Junud al-Makhdi">Junud al-Makhdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_the_Believers_Operations_Room" title="Rouse the Believers Operations Room">Rouse the Believers Operations Room</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Tawhid_(Syria)" title="Ansar al-Tawhid (Syria)">Ansar al-Tawhid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firqat_al-Ghuraba" title="Firqat al-Ghuraba">Firqat al-Ghuraba</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hurras_al-Din" title="Hurras al-Din">Hurras al-Din</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Din_Front" title="Ansar al-Din Front">Ansar al-Din Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harakat_Sham_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat Sham al-Islam">Harakat Sham al-Islam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ansar_al-Islam_in_Kurdistan" title="Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan">Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish_al-Haramoun" title="Jaish al-Haramoun">Jaish al-Haramoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaysh_al-Sunna" title="Jaysh al-Sunna">Jaysh al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_al-Muhajireen_wal-Ansar" title="Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar">Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Battalion" title="Green Battalion">Green Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_(Syria)" title="Mujahideen Shura Council (Syria)">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhama_Tactical" title="Malhama Tactical">Malhama Tactical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad" title="Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad">Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Ansar_al-Furqan_in_Bilad_al_Sham" title="Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham">Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba_al-Sham" title="Ghuraba al-Sham">Ghuraba al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Taliban" title="Pakistani Taliban">Pakistani Taliban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari_Jamaat" title="Imam Bukhari Jamaat">Imam Bukhari Jamaat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirin_wa-Ansar_Alliance" title="Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance">Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liwaa_al-Umma" title="Liwaa al-Umma">Liwaa al-Umma</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_Abdulhamid" title="Ammar Abdulhamid">Ammar Abdulhamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Abdallah" title="Ali al-Abdallah">Ali al-Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Aroor" title="Adnan al-Aroor">Adnan al-Aroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_family" title="Al-Assad family">al-Assad family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maher_al-Assad" title="Maher al-Assad">Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaat_al-Assad" title="Rifaat al-Assad">Rifaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Makhlouf" title="Rami Makhlouf">Rami Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafez Makhlouf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Asaad" title="Riad al-Asaad">Riad al-Asaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Bunni" title="Anwar al-Bunni">Anwar al-Bunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_Jassem_al-Freij" title="Fahd Jassem al-Freij">Fahd Jassem al-Freij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheil_al-Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suheil al-Hassan">Suheil al-Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitham_al-Maleh" title="Haitham al-Maleh">Haitham al-Maleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaz_al-Khatib" title="Moaz al-Khatib">Moaz al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Labwani" title="Kamal al-Labwani">Kamal al-Labwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hamza_Ali_Al-Khateeb" title="Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb">Hamza al-Khateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_al-Mallohi" title="Tal al-Mallohi">Tal al-Mallohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_al-Sayed" title="Fida al-Sayed">Fida al-Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_al-Turk" title="Riad al-Turk">Riad al-Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Khoja" title="Khaled Khoja">Khaled Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_al-Qurabi" title="Ammar al-Qurabi">Ammar al-Qurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suheir_Atassi" title="Suheir Atassi">Suheir Atassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadreddine_Al-Bayanouni" title="Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni">Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aref_Dalila" title="Aref Dalila">Aref Dalila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farid_Ghadry" title="Farid Ghadry">Farid Ghadry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan_Ghalioun" title="Burhan Ghalioun">Burhan Ghalioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Ghazzawi" title="Razan Ghazzawi">Razan Ghazzawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassan_Hitto" title="Ghassan Hitto">Ghassan Hitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salim_Idris" title="Salim Idris">Salim Idris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randa_Kassis" title="Randa Kassis">Randa Kassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Khaddam" title="Abdul Halim Khaddam">Abdul Halim Khaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kilo" title="Michel Kilo">Michel Kilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Bassma Kodmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Habib_Mahmud" title="Ali Habib Mahmud">Ali Habib Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Mahmoud_Othman" title="Ali Mahmoud Othman">Ali Mahmoud Othman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Qashoush" title="Ibrahim Qashoush">Ibrahim Qashoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoud_Rajiha" title="Dawoud Rajiha">Dawoud Rajiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassin_al-Haj_Saleh" title="Yassin al-Haj Saleh">Yassin al-Haj Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouthaina_Shaaban" title="Bouthaina Shaaban">Bouthaina Shaaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulbaset_Sieda" title="Abdulbaset Sieda">Abdulbaset Sieda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Seif" title="Riad Seif">Riad Seif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadwa_Souleimane" title="Fadwa Souleimane">Fadwa Souleimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamad_Anas_Haitham_Soueid" title="Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid">Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Tabbara" title="Yaser Tabbara">Yaser Tabbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razan_Zaitouneh" title="Razan Zaitouneh">Razan Zaitouneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rami_Jarrah" title="Rami Jarrah">Rami Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Mustafa" title="Abdurrahman Mustafa">Abdurrahman Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fadlallah_al-Haji" title="Fadlallah al-Haji">Fadlallah al-Haji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Syrian_local_elections" title="2011 Syrian local elections">2011 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2012 Syrian parliamentary election">2012 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2014 Syrian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Rojava_local_elections" title="2015 Rojava local elections">2015 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Syrian parliamentary election">2016 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_local_elections" title="2017 Rojava local elections">2017 Northern local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Rojava_regional_elections" title="2017 Rojava regional elections">2017 Northern regional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Syrian_local_elections" title="2018 Syrian local elections">2018 local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Syrian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Syrian parliamentary election">2020 parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Syrian_presidential_election" title="2021 Syrian presidential election">2021 presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Syrian civil war">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns during the Syrian civil war">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heritage_sites_damaged_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of heritage sites damaged during the Syrian civil war">Damaged heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war">Foreign involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Human rights violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Humanitarian aid during the Syrian civil war">Humanitarian aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_demonstrations_and_protests_relating_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International demonstrations and protests relating to the Syrian civil war">International demonstrations and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="International reactions to the Syrian civil war">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="List of massacres during the Syrian civil war">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian civil war">Sectarianism and minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Status of the Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_government_reactions_to_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government reactions to the Syrian civil war">Syrian government reactions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Syria_Group" title="Friends of Syria Group">Friends of Syria Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan">Kofi Annan peace plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Supervision_Mission_in_Syria" title="United Nations Supervision Mission in Syria">UN supervision mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhdar_Brahimi_Syrian_peace_plan" title="Lakhdar Brahimi Syrian peace plan">Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Russia_peace_proposals_on_Syria" title="U.S.–Russia peace proposals on Syria">U.S.–Russia peace proposals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39th_G8_summit" title="39th G8 summit">39th G8 summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2118" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118">UN Security Council Resolution 2118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_II_Conference_on_Syria" title="Geneva II Conference on Syria">Geneva II conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Zabadani_cease-fire_agreement" title="2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement">2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_peace_talks_for_Syria" title="Vienna peace talks for Syria">Vienna talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_peace_talks_on_Syria_(2016)" title="Geneva peace talks on Syria (2016)">2016 Geneva talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idlib_demilitarization_(2018%E2%80%932019)" title="Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)">Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Northern Syria Buffer Zone">First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_Syria_Buffer_Zone" title="Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone">Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Constitutional_Committee" title="Syrian Constitutional Committee">Syrian Constitutional Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkerstrafgesetzbuch#Syrian_civil_war" title="Völkerstrafgesetzbuch">Universal jurisdiction trials in Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">Exclusive mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Syrian_National_Council" title="International recognition of the Syrian National Council">International recognition of the Syrian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Files" title="Syria Files">Syria Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Syrian_detainee_report" title="2014 Syrian detainee report">Syrian detainee report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Media coverage of the Syrian civil war">Syrian media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian civil war in popular culture">Syrian civil war in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Koban%C3%AE&params=36.8897_N_38.3556_E_source:wikidata">36°53′23″N 38°21′20″E / 36.8897°N 38.3556°E / 36.8897; 38.3556</a>    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