CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Miscegenation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ad9d2e3f-e198-4d80-a6e4-a5390ee616f2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Miscegenation","wgTitle":"Miscegenation","wgCurRevisionId":1259134848,"wgRevisionId":1259134848,"wgArticleId":145031,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Articles containing Latin-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010","Articles containing Spanish-language text","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from November 2022", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Afrikaans-language text","Commons category link from Wikidata","Interracial relationships"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Miscegenation","wgRelevantArticleId":145031,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2090033","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init" :"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Miscegenation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Miscegenation rootpage-Miscegenation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Miscegenation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Miscegenation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Miscegenation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Miscegenation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymological_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_banning_miscegenation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_banning_miscegenation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Laws banning miscegenation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_banning_miscegenation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_of_ethnoracial_admixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_of_ethnoracial_admixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics of ethnoracial admixture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics_of_ethnoracial_admixture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics of ethnoracial admixture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics_of_ethnoracial_admixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_admixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_admixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetic admixture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_admixture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetic admixture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_admixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admixture_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Admixture in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_in_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_in_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Admixture in Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_in_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Recent studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_in_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_in_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Admixture in the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_in_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_among_the_Romani_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_among_the_Romani_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Admixture among the Romani people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_among_the_Romani_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_in_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_in_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Admixture in South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_in_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Miscegenation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="تمازج الأجناس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمازج الأجناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestissatge" title="Mestissatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mestissatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizaje" title="Mestizaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mestizaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmiksi%C4%9Do" title="Rasmiksiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rasmiksiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizaje" title="Mestizaje – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mestizaje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اختلاط نژادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلاط نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tissage" title="Métissage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemheascadh" title="Cinemheascadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cinemheascadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalgamasi" title="Amalgamasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amalgamasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescolanza_etnica" title="Mescolanza etnica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mescolanza etnica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Метисация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Метисация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misegenasi" title="Misegenasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Misegenasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscigena%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Miscigenação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Miscigenação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Метисация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метисация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miscegenation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasblandning" title="Rasblandning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rasblandning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இடையினத் திருமணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடையினத் திருமணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irklar%C4%B1n_kar%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Irkların karışması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irkların karışması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Метисація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метисація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6)" title="混合 (社会学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="混合 (社会学)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2090033#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Miscegenation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Miscegenation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Miscegenation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&oldid=1259134848" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Miscegenation&id=1259134848&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMiscegenation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMiscegenation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Miscegenation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miscegenation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2090033" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pejorative term for interracial relationships</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_terminology_for_race" title="Biblical terminology for race">Biblical terminology for race</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">Race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">Racial equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_politics" title="Racial politics">Racial politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociology of race</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Race and...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime" title="Race and crime">Crime</a> (<a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Race and crime in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States" title="Race and crime in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_horror_films" title="Race in horror films">Horror films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_race" title="Neuroscience and race">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sexuality" title="Race and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_society" title="Race and society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_sports" title="Race and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_video_games" title="Race and video games">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By location</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Race and ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Colombia" title="Race and ethnicity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Latin_America" title="Race and ethnicity in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_racism-related_articles" title="Index of racism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Race_(human_categorization)" title="Category:Race (human categorization)">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Race" title="Template:Race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Race" title="Template talk:Race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Miscegenation</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mih-<span style="font-size:90%">SEJ</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">NAY</span>-shən</i></a>) is a pejorative term for a marriage or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">admixture</a> between people who are members of different <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> regards race as a <a href="/wiki/Social_construct" title="Social construct">social construct</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a> which is assigned based on rules made by society. While partly based on physical similarities within groups, race does not have an inherent physical or biological meaning. The concept of race is foundational to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, the belief that humans can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. </p><p>Etymology: The term miscegenation is derived from a combination of the Latin terms <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">miscere</i></span> ('to mix') and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">genus</i></span> ('race' or 'kind').<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation_hoax" title="Miscegenation hoax">Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro</a></i>, an anti-abolitionist pamphlet <a href="/wiki/David_Goodman_Croly" class="mw-redirect" title="David Goodman Croly">David Goodman Croly</a> and others published anonymously in advance of the 1864 presidential election in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term came to be associated with laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, which were known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws were <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">overruled federally in 1967</a>, and by the year 2000, all states had removed them from their laws, with Alabama being the last to do so on November 7, 2000. In the 21st century, newer scientific data shows that human populations are actually genetically quite similar. The scientific consensus is that race is an arbitrary social construct, and that it does not actually have a major genetic delineation, or indeed any scientific validity .<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the present day, the use of the word <i>miscegenation</i> is avoided by many scholars because the term suggests that race is a concrete biological phenomenon, rather than a categorization which is imposed on certain relationships. The term's historical usage in contexts which typically implied disapproval is also a reason why more unambiguously neutral terms such as <i>interracialism</i>, <i>interethnicism</i> or <i>cross-culturalism</i> are more common in contemporary usage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term remains in use among scholars when referring to past practices concerning multiraciality, such as anti-miscegenation laws that banned interracial marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spanish, Portuguese, and French, the words used to describe the mixing of races are <i>mestizaje</i>, <i>mestiçagem</i>, and <i>métissage</i> respectively. These words, much older than the term <i>miscegenation</i>, are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>mixticius</i> for "mixed", which is also the root of the Spanish word <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i>. (Portuguese also uses <i>miscigenação</i>, derived from the same Latin root as the English word.) These non-English terms for "race-mixing" are not considered as offensive as "miscegenation", although they have historically been tied to the <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> system (<a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a>) that was established during the colonial era in Spanish-speaking Latin America. </p><p>Today, the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse, so it is considered preferable to use the term "mixed-race" or simply "mixed" (<i>mezcla</i>). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>), a milder form of caste system existed, although it also provided for legal and social discrimination among individuals belonging to different races, since <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> for black people existed until the late 19th century. Intermarriage occurred significantly from the very first settlements to the present day, affording mixed people upward mobility in Brazil for Black Brazilians, a phenomenon known as the "<a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> escape hatch".<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_2012_p._191-192_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth_2012_p._191-192-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, there are controversies regarding whether the Brazilian class system would<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Is "should" intended here? (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> be drawn mostly around socioeconomic lines, not racial ones (in a manner similar to other former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> colonies). Conversely, people classified in censuses as black, brown ("<a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a>") or indigenous have disadvantaged social indicators in comparison to the white population.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference. As the different connotations and etymologies of <i>miscegenation</i> and <i>mestizaje</i> suggest, definitions of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, "race mixing" and multiraciality have diverged globally as well as <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">historically</a>, depending on changing social circumstances and cultural perceptions. Mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usually <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> ancestry, who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. In Canada, however, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>, who also have partly Amerindian and partly white, often French Canadian, ancestry, have identified as an ethnic group and are a constitutionally recognized <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">aboriginal people</a>. </p><p>Interracial marriages are often disparaged in racial minority communities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data from the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> has shown that <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are twice as likely as <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a> Americans to believe that interracial marriage "is a bad thing".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a considerable amount of scientific literature that demonstrates similar patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences between related terms and words which encompass aspects of racial admixture show the impact of different historical and cultural factors leading to changing <a href="/wiki/Social_interpretations_of_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interpretations of race">social interpretations of race</a> and ethnicity. Thus the <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Montlosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Montlosier">Comte de Montlosier</a>, in exile during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, equated class difference in 18th-century France with racial difference. Borrowing <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Boulainvilliers" title="Henri de Boulainvilliers">Boulainvilliers</a>' discourse on the "<a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>" as being the French aristocracy that invaded the plebeian "Gauls", he showed his contempt for the lowest <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Third Estate</a>, calling it "this new person born of slaves ... a mixture of all races and of all times".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymological_history">Etymological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miscegenation_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Miscegenation_1864.jpg/170px-Miscegenation_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Miscegenation_1864.jpg/255px-Miscegenation_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Miscegenation_1864.jpg/340px-Miscegenation_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Hoax pamphlet "Miscegenation" that coined the term <i>miscegenation</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Miscegenation</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miscere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:miscere">miscere</a></i>, 'to mix' and <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/genus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:genus">genus</a></i>, 'kind'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was coined in an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlet</a> published in New York City in December 1863, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The pamphlet was entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation_hoax" title="Miscegenation hoax">Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoaxes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoaxes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It purported to advocate the intermarriage of whites and blacks until they were indistinguishably mixed, as desirable, and further asserted that this was a goal of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. </p><p>The pamphlet was a hoax, concocted by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> to discredit the Republicans by imputing to them what were then radical views that would offend the vast majority of whites, even those who opposed slavery. The issue of miscegenation, raised by the opponents of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, featured prominently in the election campaign of 1864. In his fourth debate with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, Lincoln took great care to emphasise that he supported the law of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> which forbade "the marrying of white people with negroes".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in both the North and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">South</a> by Democrats and Confederates. Only in November 1864, after Lincoln had won the election, was the pamphlet exposed in the United States as a hoax. It was written by <a href="/wiki/David_Goodman_Croly" class="mw-redirect" title="David Goodman Croly">David Goodman Croly</a>, managing editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i>, a Democratic Party paper, and George Wakeman, a <i>World</i> reporter. By then, the word <i>miscegenation</i> had entered the common language of the day as a popular <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a> in political and social discourse. </p><p>Before the publication of <i>Miscegenation</i>, the words <i>racial intermixing</i> and <i>amalgamation</i> were used as general terms for ethnic and racial genetic mixing. Contemporary usage of the <i>amalgamation</i> metaphor, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, was that of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a>'s private vision in 1845 of America as an ethnic and racial smelting-pot, a variation on the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hollinger_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hollinger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinions in the U.S. on the desirability of such intermixing, including that between white <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholic</a> immigrants, were divided. The term <i>miscegenation</i> was coined to refer specifically to the intermarriage of blacks and whites, with the intent of galvanizing opposition to the war. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish America</a>, the term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mestizaje</i></span>, which is derived from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a></i></span>, a term used to describe a person who is the offspring of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> and a European. The primary reason why there are so few <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">indigenous peoples of Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> remaining is because of the persistent and pervasive miscegenation between the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> colonists and the indigenous American population, which is the most common admixture of ethnicities found in the genetic tests of present-day Latinos.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explains why Latinos in North America, the vast majority of whom are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Central and South America,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Miscegenation#Dubious" title="Talk:Miscegenation">discuss</a></i>]</sup> carry an average of 18% Native American ancestry, and 65.1% European ancestry (mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_banning_miscegenation">Laws banning miscegenation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Laws banning miscegenation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation laws</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Workers' rights</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Prostitutes%27_Rights" title="World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights">World Charter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Specific offences<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>varies by jurisdiction</i>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery_laws" title="Adultery laws">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_touching" title="Forcible touching">Forcible touching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">U.S. law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain U.S. states until 1967 (but they were still on the books in some states until 2000),<sup id="cite_ref-abc_news_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc_news-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>) from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> era (1949–1985). All of these laws primarily banned marriage between persons who were members of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the U.S. The laws in Nazi Germany and the laws in many U.S. states, as well as the laws in South Africa, also banned sexual relations between such individuals. </p><p>In the United States, various state laws prohibited marriages between <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whites</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">blacks</a>, and in many states, they also prohibited marriages between whites and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> as well as marriages between whites and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., such laws were known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_General_Assembly" title="Maryland General Assembly">Maryland General Assembly</a> the first to criminalize interracial marriage in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> was proposed in 1871, in 1912–1913, and again in 1928,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no nationwide law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> unanimously ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> that anti-miscegenation laws are <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> adopted in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states which still had them. </p><p>The Nazi ban on interracial sexual relations and marriages was enacted in September 1935 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, the <i>Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre</i> (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour). The Nuremberg Laws classified <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> as a race, and they also forbade extramarital sexual relations and marriages between persons who were classified as "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryans</a>" and persons who were classified as "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">non-Aryans</a>". Violations of these laws were condemned as <i><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i> (lit. "race-disgrace/race-shame") and they could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed by <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportation</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camp</a>) and could even be punished by death. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Mixed_Marriages_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act">Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act</a> in South Africa, enacted in 1949, banned intermarriages between members of different racial groups, including intermarriages between <a href="/wiki/Whites_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites in South Africa">whites</a> and non-whites. The <a href="/wiki/Immorality_Act" title="Immorality Act">Immorality Act</a>, enacted in 1950, also made it a criminal offense for a white person to have any sexual relations with a person who was a member of a different race. Both of these laws were repealed in 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_miscegenation" title="History of miscegenation">History of miscegenation</a></div> <p>Interracial relationships have profoundly influenced various regions throughout history. Africa has had a long history of interracial mixing with non-Africans, since prehistoric times, with migrations from the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> leading to significant admixture. This continued into antiquity with <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> explorers, traders, and soldiers having relationships with African women. Mixed-race communities like the <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> emerged from these unions. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and Asia, similar patterns of interracial relationships and communities formed. In the US, historical taboos and laws against interracial marriage evolved, culminating in the landmark <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> case in 1967. <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, has a rich history of racial mixing, reflected in its diverse population. In Asia, countries like India, China, and Japan experienced interracial unions through trade, colonization, and migration, contributing to diverse genetic and cultural landscapes. </p><p>In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s anti-miscegenation laws sought to maintain "racial purity," specifically targeting <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>-German unions. <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and France saw mixed marriages through historical conquests and colonialism, such as between Vietnamese men and French women during the early 20th century. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, particularly Australia and New Zealand, dynamics varied; Australia had policies like the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> and practices affecting Indigenous populations, while New Zealand saw significant <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> and European intermarriages. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, inter-ethnic relationships were common, often involving Arab and non-Arab unions. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese colonies">Portuguese colonies</a> encouraged mixed marriages to integrate populations, notably seen in Brazil and other territories, resulting in diverse, multicultural societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_of_ethnoracial_admixture">Demographics of ethnoracial admixture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics of ethnoracial admixture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S.">U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">Census</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2000 there were 504,119 Asian–white marriages, 287,576 black-white marriages, and 31,271 Asian–black marriages. The black–white marriages increased from 65,000 in 1970 to 403,000 in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 558,000 in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Census Bureau figures.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, rates of interracial <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> are significantly higher than those of marriage. Although only 7 percent of married African American men have Caucasian American wives, 13% of cohabitating African American men have Caucasian American partners. 25% of married Asian American women have Caucasian spouses, but 45% of cohabitating Asian American women are with Caucasian American men. Of cohabiting Asian men, slightly over 37% of Asian men have white female partners over 10% married White American women.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanbrow_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanbrow-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asian American women and Asian American men who live with a white partner, 40 and 27 percent, respectively (Le, 2006b). In 2008, of new marriages including an Asian man, 80% were to an Asian spouse and 14% to a White spouse; of new marriages involving an Asian woman, 61% were to an Asian spouse and 31% to a White spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 30% of Asians and Latinos outmarry, with 86.8 and 90% of these, respectively, being to a white person.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Karyn Langhorne Folan, "although the most recent census available reported that 70% of African American women are single, African American women have the greatest resistance to marrying 'out' of the race."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One survey revealed that 19% of black males had engaged in sexual activity with white women.<sup id="cite_ref-smallpox_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smallpox-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> on interracial dating in June 2006 found 75% of Americans approving of a white man dating a black woman, and 71% approving of a black man dating a white woman. Among people between the ages of 18 and 29, the poll found that 95% approved of blacks and whites dating, and about 60% said they had dated someone of a different race.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 69% of Hispanics, 52% of non-Hispanic blacks, and 45% of non-Hispanic whites said they have dated someone of another race or ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, just 17% of all respondents said they had dated someone from a different racial background.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenToddJealousFamily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BenToddJealousFamily.jpg/170px-BenToddJealousFamily.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BenToddJealousFamily.jpg/255px-BenToddJealousFamily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BenToddJealousFamily.jpg/340px-BenToddJealousFamily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> President <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jealous" title="Ben Jealous">Ben Jealous</a> is the son of a white father and a black mother.</figcaption></figure> <p>However, according to a study from the University of California at Berkeley, using data from over 1 million profiles of singles from online dating websites, whites were far more reluctant to date outside their race than non-whites. The study found that over 80% of whites, including whites who stated no racial preference, contacted other whites, whereas about 3% of whites contacted blacks, a result that held for younger and older participants. Only 5% of whites responded to inquiries from blacks. Black participants were ten times more likely to contact whites than whites were to contact blacks, however black participants sent inquiries to other blacks more often than otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interracial marriage is still relatively uncommon, despite the increasing rate. In 2010, 15% of new marriages were interracial, and of those only 9% of Whites married outside of their race. However, this takes into account inter ethnic marriages, this meaning it counts <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">white Hispanics</a> marrying <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a> as interracial marriages, despite both bride and groom being racially <a href="/wiki/White_american" class="mw-redirect" title="White american">white</a>. Of the 275,000 new interracial marriages in 2010, 43% were white-Hispanic, 14.4% were white-Asian, 11.9% were white-black and the rest were other combinations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, interracial marriage has become more common over the past decades due to increasing racial diversity, and liberalizing attitudes toward the practice. The number of interracial marriages in the U.S. increased by 65% between 1990 and 2000, and by 20% between 2000 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A record 14.6% of all new marriages in the United States in 2008 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another. ... Rates more than doubled among whites and nearly tripled among blacks between 1980 and 2008. But for both Hispanics and Asians, rates were nearly identical in 2008 and 1980", according to a <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> analysis of demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to studies by Jenifer L. Bratter and Rosalind B. King made publicly available on the <a href="/wiki/Education_Resources_Information_Center" title="Education Resources Information Center">Education Resources Information Center</a>, White female-Black male and White female-Asian male marriages are more prone to <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> than White-White pairings.<sup id="cite_ref-ERIC_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERIC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, unions between White males and non-White females (and between Hispanics and non-Hispanic persons) have similar or lower risks of divorce than White-White marriages, unions between white male-black female last longer than white-white pairings or white-Asian pairings.<sup id="cite_ref-ERIC_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERIC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Race in Brazil">Race in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/170px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/255px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/340px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><i>A Redenção de Cam</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ham%27s_Redemption" title="Ham's Redemption">Ham's Redemption</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Brocos" title="Modesto Brocos">Modesto Brocos</a>, 1895, <a href="/wiki/Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Museu Nacional de Belas Artes">Museu Nacional de Belas Artes</a>. The painting depicts a black grandmother, mulatta mother, white father and their <a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroon</a> child, hence three generations of <a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">hypergamy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Racial_whitening" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial whitening">racial whitening</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2022 census, 92.1 million people or 45.3% of Brazil's population identified themselves as "pardos", meaning brown or mixed race.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> researches, Brazilians predominantly possess some degree of mixed-race ancestry, though less than half of the country's population classified themselves as "pardos" in the census.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a> Brazilians live in all regions of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, they are mainly people of mixed European, African, East Asian (mostly Japanese) and <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> ancestry. </p><p>Interracial marriages constituted 22.6% of all marriages in 2000. 15.7% of blacks, 24.4% of whites and 27.6% of <i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardos</a></i> (mixed-race/brown) married someone whose race was different from their own.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_admixture">Genetic admixture<span class="anchor" id="Genetic_studies_of_racial_admixture"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genetic admixture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_admixture" title="Genetic admixture">Genetic admixture</a></div> <p>Sexual reproduction between two populations reduces the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_distance" title="Genetic distance">genetic distance</a> between the populations. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> which began in the early <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a>, European explorers sailed all across the globe reaching all the major continents. In the process they came into contact with many populations that had been isolated for thousands of years. The <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Aboriginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian Aboriginal">Tasmanian Aboriginals</a> were one of the most isolated groups on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasteen_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasteen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many died from disease and conflict, but a number of their descendants survive today as multiracial people of Tasmanian and European descent. This is an example of how modern migrations may reduce the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetic divergence</a> of the human species, which would usually lead to <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> demographics were radically changed within a short time following the voyage of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasteen_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasteen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonization of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Native Americans</a> into contact with the distant populations of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chasteen_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chasteen-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many countries in the Americas have significant and complex <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_in_the_United_States">Admixture in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Admixture in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Multiracial American</a></div> <p>Genetic studies indicate that many African-Americans possess varying degrees of European admixture, although it is suggested that the Native American admixture in African-Americans is exaggerated. Some estimates from studies indicated that many of the African-Americans who took part, had European admixture ranging from 25 to 50% in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast United States">Northeast</a> and less than 10% in the <a href="/wiki/South_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South United States">South</a> (where a vast majority of the population reside).<sup id="cite_ref-23andme_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23andme-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 study by <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Shriver" title="Mark D. Shriver">Mark D. Shriver</a> of a European-American sample found that the average admixture in the individuals who participated was 0.7% African and 3.2% Native American. However, 70% of the sample had no African admixture. The other 30% had African admixture ranging from 2% to 20% with an average of 2.3%. By extrapolating these figures to the whole population some scholars suggest that up to 74 million European-Americans may have African admixture in the same range (2–20%).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently J.T. Frudacas, Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, contradicted him stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the U.S. aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such slave owner, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, fathered his slave <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> child.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While publicly opposed to race mixing, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> published in 1785, Jefferson wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the African-American population, the amount of African admixture is directly correlated with darker skin since less selective pressure against dark skin is applied within the group of "non-passing" individuals. Thus, African-Americans may have a much wider range of African admixture (>0–100%), whereas European-Americans have a lower range (2–20%). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg/170px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg/255px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg/340px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_The_Trapper%27s_Bride_-_Walters_37194012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><i>The Trapper's Bride</i> shows a <a href="/wiki/American_Fur_Company" title="American Fur Company">trapper</a>, Francois, paying $600 in trade goods for an Indian woman to be his wife, ca. 1837</figcaption></figure> <p>A statistical analysis done in 1958 using historical census data and historical data on immigration and birth rates concluded that 21% of the white population had black ancestors. The growth in the White population could not be attributed to births in the White population and immigration from Europe alone, but had received significant contribution from the African American population as well.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author states in 1958: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The data presented in this study indicate that the popular belief in the non-African background of white persons is invalid. Over twenty-eight million white persons are descendants of persons of African origin. Furthermore, the majority of the persons with African ancestry are classified as White.</p></blockquote> <p>A 2003 study on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in the European-Americans who took part in it. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a genome-wide study by 23andMe, White Americans (European Americans) who participated were: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American on average."<sup id="cite_ref-23andme_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23andme-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, intermarriage among <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipinos</a> with other races is common. They have the largest number of interracial marriages among Asian immigrant groups, as documented in California.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also noted that 21.8% of Filipino Americans are of mixed blood, second among Asian Americans, and is the fastest growing.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_in_Latin_America">Admixture in Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Admixture in Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the European conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> the demographics of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> was naturally 100% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a>. Today those who identify themselves as Native Americans are small minorities in many countries. For example, the CIA lists <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Argentina#Indigenous_peoples" title="Demographics of Argentina">Argentina's</a> at 0.9%, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil's</a> at 0.4%, and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>'s at 0%.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the range varies widely from country to country in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> with some countries having significantly larger <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindian</a> minorities. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/189px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/284px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg/378px-Ignacio_Mar%C3%ADa_Barreda_-_Las_castas_mexicanas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of casta system in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Mexico</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The early conquest of Latin America was primarily carried out by male soldiers and sailors from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. Since they carried very few European women on their journeys the new settlers married and fathered children with Amerindian women and also with women taken by force from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. This process of miscegenation was even encouraged by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Monarchy">Spanish Monarchy</a> and it led to the system of stratification known as the <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a>. This system had Europeans (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spaniards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>) at the top of the hierarchy followed by those of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed race</a>. Unmixed Blacks and Native Americans were at the bottom. A philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Racial_whitening" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial whitening">whitening</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, emerged in which Amerindian and African culture were stigmatized in favor of European values. Many Amerindian languages were lost as mixed race offspring adopted <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> as their first languages. Only towards the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century did large numbers of Europeans begin to migrate to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and consequently altering its <a href="/wiki/Latin_america#Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin america">demographics</a>. </p><p>In addition many <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">Africans</a> were shipped to regions all over the Americas and were present in many of the early voyages of the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> has the largest population of African descendants outside Africa. Other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> still have sizeable populations identified as <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>. However countries such as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> do not have a visible African presence today. Census information from the early 19th century shows that people categorized as Black made up to 30% of the population, or around 400,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though almost completely absent today, their contribution to Argentine culture is significant and include the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_tango" title="Argentine tango">tango</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">milonga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamba_(artform)" title="Zamba (artform)">zamba</a>, words of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Demographics of Brazil in 1835, 1940, 2000 and 2008<sup id="cite_ref-skidmore_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skidmore-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>White</th> <th>Brown</th> <th>Black </th></tr> <tr> <td>1835 </td> <td>24.4%</td> <td>18.2%</td> <td>51.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>64%</td> <td>21%</td> <td>14% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>53.7%</td> <td>38.5%</td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>48.8%</td> <td>43.8%</td> <td>6.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ideology of whitening encouraged non-whites to seek white or lighter skinned partners. This dilution of non-white admixture would be beneficial to their offspring as they would face less stigmatization and find it easier to assimilate into mainstream society. After successive generations of European gene flow, non-white admixture levels would drop below levels at which skin color or physical appearance is not affected thus allowing individuals to identify as White. In many regions, the native and black populations were simply overwhelmed by a succession of waves of European immigration. </p><p>Historians and scientists are thus interested in tracing the fate of Native Americans and Africans from the past to the future. The questions remain about what proportion of these populations simply died out and what proportion still has descendants alive today including those who do not racially identify themselves as their ancestors would have. Admixture testing has thus become a useful objective tool in shedding light on the demographic history of Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_studies">Recent studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recent studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg/170px-Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg/255px-Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg/340px-Cabrera_Pintura_de_Castas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A Spaniard plays with his mixed-race daughter while his Mulatta wife looks on, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a>, 1763, Colonial Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike in the United States, there were no anti-miscegenation policies in Latin America. Though still a racially stratified society there were no significant barriers to gene flow between the three populations. As a result, admixture profiles are a reflection of the colonial populations of Africans, Europeans and Amerindians. The pattern is also sex biased in that the African and Amerindian maternal lines are found in significantly higher proportions than African or Amerindian Y chromosomal lines. This is an indication that the primary mating pattern was that of European males with Amerindian or African females. According to the study more than half the White populations of the Latin American countries studied have some degree of either Native American or African admixture (<a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">MtDNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a>). In countries such as <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> almost the entire white population was shown to have some non-white admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moya_Pons" title="Frank Moya Pons">Frank Moya Pons</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican</a> historian documented that Spanish colonists intermarried with <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> women, and, over time, these mestizo descendants intermarried with Africans, creating a tri-racial Creole culture. 1514 census records reveal that 40% of Spanish men in the colony of <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> had Taíno wives.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 study conducted in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> suggests that over 61% of the population possess Amerindian mtDNA.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_in_the_Philippines">Admixture in the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Admixture in the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">Historically</a>, admixture has been a common phenomenon in the Philippines. The Philippines were originally settled by <a href="/wiki/Australoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Australoid">Australoid</a> peoples called <a href="/wiki/Negritos" class="mw-redirect" title="Negritos">Negritos</a> which now form the country's aboriginal community. Admixture occurred between this earlier group and the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been <a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian migration</a> to and influence in the Philippines since the precolonial era. About 25% of the words in the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> terms and about 5% of the country's population possess Indian ancestry from antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-precolonial_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-precolonial-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> presence in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> since the 9th century. However, large-scale migrations of Chinese to the Philippines only started during the Spanish colonial era, when the world market was opened to the Philippines. It is estimated that among <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a>, 10%–20% have some Chinese ancestry and 1.5% are "full-blooded" Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-ocac_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocac-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the American <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologist</a> Dr. H. Otley Beyer, the ancestry of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a> is 2% <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>. This dates back to when Arab traders intermarried with the local <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a> Filipina female populations during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(Before_1521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (Before 1521)">pre-Spanish history of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arab-Malays_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arab-Malays-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent genetic study by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> indicates that at least 3.6% of the population are <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> or of part European descent from both <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and United States colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_among_the_Romani_people">Admixture among the Romani people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Admixture among the Romani people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/230px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/345px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg/460px-Debret_casa_ciganos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1202" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Interior of a Roma's house in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> c. 1820, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Debret</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg/204px-RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg/306px-RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg/408px-RO_CJ_Mociu_Roma_dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Romani dancers in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Genetic evidence has shown that the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Romani_people" title="Names of the Romani people">Gypsies</a>") originated from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and mixed with the local populations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. In the 1990s, it was discovered that Romani populations carried large frequencies of particular <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosomes</a> (inherited paternally) that otherwise exist only in populations from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, in addition to fairly significant frequencies of particular <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> (inherited maternally) that is rare outside South Asia. </p><p>47.3% of Romani males carry Y chromosomes of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">haplogroup H-M82</a> which is rare outside of the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-kalaydjieva_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalaydjieva-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">haplogroup M</a>, most common in Indian subjects and rare outside Southern Asia, accounts for nearly 30% of Romani people.<sup id="cite_ref-kalaydjieva_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalaydjieva-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more detailed study of Polish <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> shows this to be of the M5 lineage, which is specific to India.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a form of the inherited disorder <a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">congenital myasthenia</a> is found in Romani subjects. This form of the disorder, caused by the 1267delG mutation, is otherwise only known in subjects of Indian ancestry. This is considered to be the best evidence of the Indian ancestry of the Romanies.<sup id="cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharti_Morar-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanis have been described as "a conglomerate of genetically isolated founder populations",<sup id="cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a number of common Mendelian disorders among Romanies from all over Europe indicates "a common origin and founder effect".<sup id="cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also this table:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from 2001 by Gresham et al. suggests "a limited number of related founders, compatible with a small group of migrants splitting from a distinct caste or tribal group".<sup id="cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the study pointed out that "genetic drift and different levels and sources of admixture, appear to have played a role in the subsequent differentiation of populations".<sup id="cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found that "a single lineage ... found across Romani populations, accounts for almost one-third of Romani males. A similar preservation of a highly resolved male lineage has been reported elsewhere only for Jewish priests".<sup id="cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Gresham-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See also the <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Aaron" title="Y-chromosomal Aaron">Cohen Modal Haplotype</a>. </p><p>A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romani are "a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Gypsy groups".<sup id="cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharti_Morar-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study revealed that this population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago".<sup id="cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharti_Morar-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_in_South_Africa">Admixture in South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Admixture in South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/250px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/375px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg/500px-South_Africa_2011_Coloured_population_proportion_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>Coloured people as a proportion of the total population in South Africa. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist image-key"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EDF8E9; color:black;"> </span> 0–20%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BAE4B3; color:black;"> </span> 20–40%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#74C476; color:black;"> </span> 40–60%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#31A354; color:black;"> </span> 60–80%</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#006D2C; color:white;"> </span> 80–100%</div></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coloureds</b> (<a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>: <i lang="af">Kleurlinge</i> or <i>Bruinmense</i>, lit. "Brown people") are a <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">native</a> to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> who have ancestry from more than one of the various populations inhabiting the region, including <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asian</a>. Because of the combination of ethnicities, different families and individuals within a family may have a variety of different physical features.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Coloured</i> was a legally defined <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial classification</a> during <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Posel2001_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Posel2001-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pillay2019_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pillay2019-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloured</a> and affiliated <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> culture developed. In other parts of Southern Africa, people classified as Coloured were usually the descendants of individuals from two distinct ethnicities. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> studies have demonstrated that the maternal lines of the Coloured population are descended mostly from African <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> women. This ethnicity shows a gender-biased admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-cell.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cell.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a plurality of male lines have come from Ngunis, Southern African, West African and East African populations, 45.2%, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> lineages contributed 37.3% to paternal components and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> lineages 17.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-cell.com_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cell.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coloureds are to be mostly found in the western part of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, they form 45.4% of the total population, according to the <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Census_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African National Census of 2011">South African National Census of 2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wc-muni-report_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wc-muni-report-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–59">: 56–59 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Interracial pornography">Interracial pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">Interdenominational marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_society" title="Race and society">Race and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">Transnational marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britannica.com/dictionary/miscegenation">"Miscegenation Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Miscegenation+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritannica.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmiscegenation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=miscegenation">"miscegenation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=miscegenation&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmiscegenation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/05009520/">"Miscegenation; the theory of the blending of the races, applied to the American white man and negro"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Miscegenation%3B+the+theory+of+the+blending+of+the+races%2C+applied+to+the+American+white+man+and+negro.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F05009520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowningNicholsWebster2005" class="citation book cs1">Downing, Karen; Nichols, Darlene; Webster, Kelly (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g-fm97haJQEC&pg=PA9"><i>Multiracial America: A Resource Guide on the History and Literature of Interracial Issues</i></a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5199-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5199-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-5199-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multiracial+America%3A+A+Resource+Guide+on+the+History+and+Literature+of+Interracial+Issues&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5199-3&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Darlene&rft.au=Webster%2C+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg-fm97haJQEC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/race-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue/">"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Race+Is+a+Social+Construct%2C+Scientists+Argue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Frace-is-a-social-construct-scientists-argue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1999" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Richard (1999). "Miscegenation". In <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Africana" title="Encyclopedia Africana"><i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Basic Civitas Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi/page/1320">1320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00071-5"><bdi>978-0-465-00071-5</bdi></a>. <q>Miscegenation, a term for sexual relations across racial lines; no longer in use because of its racist implications</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miscegenation&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1320&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Basic+Civitas+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00071-5&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pascoe, P. (1996). "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of "Race" in Twentieth-Century America". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>83</b> (1): 44–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2945474">10.2307/2945474</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2945474">2945474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Miscegenation+Law%2C+Court+Cases%2C+and+Ideologies+of+%22Race%22+in+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-69&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2945474&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2945474%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth_2012_p._191-192-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roth_2012_p._191-192_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2012" class="citation book cs1">Roth, W.D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7sfNnihrdsC&pg=PA192"><i>Race Migrations: Latinos and the Cultural Transformation of Race</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8253-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-8253-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Migrations%3A+Latinos+and+the+Cultural+Transformation+of+Race&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8253-1&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7sfNnihrdsC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/1075/cd_2010_trabalho_rendimento_amostra.pdf">"Censo Demografico 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biblioteca.ibge.gov.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca.ibge.gov.br&rft.atitle=Censo+Demografico+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ibge.gov.br%2Fvisualizacao%2Fperiodicos%2F1075%2Fcd_2010_trabalho_rendimento_amostra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/545/cd_2010_educacao_e_deslocamento.pdf">"Censo Demografico 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biblioteca.ibge.gov.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca.ibge.gov.br&rft.atitle=Censo+Demografico+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ibge.gov.br%2Fvisualizacao%2Fperiodicos%2F545%2Fcd_2010_educacao_e_deslocamento.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/talking-apes/202003/how-racial-minorities-view-interracial-couples">"How Racial Minorities View Interracial Couples | Psychology Today Canada"</a>. <i>www.psychologytoday.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.psychologytoday.com&rft.atitle=How+Racial+Minorities+View+Interracial+Couples+%7C+Psychology+Today+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fca%2Fblog%2Ftalking-apes%2F202003%2Fhow-racial-minorities-view-interracial-couples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2017/05/18/2-public-views-on-intermarriage/">"2. Public views on intermarriage"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project</i>. 18 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%E2%80%99s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&rft.atitle=2.+Public+views+on+intermarriage&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fsocial-trends%2F2017%2F05%2F18%2F2-public-views-on-intermarriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasetTaylor1991" class="citation journal cs1">Paset, P. S.; Taylor, R. D. (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1784661/">"Black and white women's attitudes toward interracial marriage"</a>. <i>Psychological Reports</i>. <b>69</b> (3 Pt 1): 753–754. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1991.69.3.753">10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3.753</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-2941">0033-2941</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1784661">1784661</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29540796">29540796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Reports&rft.atitle=Black+and+white+women%27s+attitudes+toward+interracial+marriage&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3+Pt+1&rft.pages=753-754&rft.date=1991-12&rft.issn=0033-2941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29540796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1784661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2466%2Fpr0.1991.69.3.753&rft.aulast=Paset&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F1784661%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuangWilkinsTanMead2021" class="citation journal cs1">Chuang, Roxie; Wilkins, Clara; Tan, Mingxuan; Mead, Caroline (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219899482">"Racial minorities' attitudes toward interracial couples: An intersection of race and gender"</a>. <i>Group Processes & Intergroup Relations</i>. <b>24</b> (3): 453–467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1368430219899482">10.1177/1368430219899482</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1368-4302">1368-4302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216166130">216166130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Group+Processes+%26+Intergroup+Relations&rft.atitle=Racial+minorities%27+attitudes+toward+interracial+couples%3A+An+intersection+of+race+and+gender&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=453-467&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216166130%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1368-4302&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1368430219899482&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=Roxie&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+Clara&rft.au=Tan%2C+Mingxuan&rft.au=Mead%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1368430219899482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove1961" class="citation book cs1">Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/unabridged/miscegenation"><i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged</i></a></span>. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language%2C+Unabridged&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+Merriam&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funabridged.merriam-webster.com%2Funabridged%2Fmiscegenation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoaxes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoaxes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/archive/permalink/the_miscegenation_hoax/">"The Miscegenation Hoax"</a>. <i>Museum of Hoaxes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Hoaxes&rft.atitle=The+Miscegenation+Hoax&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofhoaxes.com%2Fhoax%2Farchive%2Fpermalink%2Fthe_miscegenation_hoax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincolnDouglas1858" class="citation web cs1">Lincoln, Abraham; Douglas, Stephen A. (18 September 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teachingamericanhistory.org/document/the-lincoln-douglas-debates-4th-debate-part-i/">"The Lincoln–Douglas Debates 4th Debate Part 1"</a>. <i>Teaching American History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas+Debates+4th+Debate+Part+1&rft.date=1858-09-18&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Fdocument%2Fthe-lincoln-douglas-debates-4th-debate-part-i%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hollinger-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hollinger_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollinger2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hollinger, D. A. (2003). "Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>108</b> (5): 1363–1390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F529971">10.1086/529971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Amalgamation+and+Hypodescent%3A+The+Question+of+Ethnoracial+Mixture+in+the+History+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1363-1390&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F529971&rft.aulast=Hollinger&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrycDurandMacphersonReich2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (8 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289685">"The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>96</b> (1): 37–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2014.11.010">10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4289685">4289685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25529636">25529636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Ancestry+of+African+Americans%2C+Latinos%2C+and+European+Americans+across+the+United+States&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-53&rft.date=2015-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4289685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25529636&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2014.11.010&rft.aulast=Bryc&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=Durand%2C+Eric+Y.&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+J.+Michael&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft.au=Mountain%2C+Joanna+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4289685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/genetically-theres-no-such-thing-mexican-n129866">"Genetically, There's No Such Thing as a Mexican"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 12 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Genetically%2C+There%27s+No+Such+Thing+as+a+Mexican&rft.date=2014-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fhealth%2Fhealth-news%2Fgenetically-theres-no-such-thing-mexican-n129866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2014" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Lizzie (18 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/genetic-study-reveals-surprising-ancestry-many-americans-rev2">"Genetic study reveals surprising ancestry of many Americans"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genetic+study+reveals+surprising+ancestry+of+many+Americans&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fgenetic-study-reveals-surprising-ancestry-many-americans-rev2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonillaParraPfaffDios2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bonilla, C.; Parra, E. J.; Pfaff, C. L.; Dios, S.; Marshall, J. A.; Hamman, R. F.; Ferrell, R. E.; Hoggart, C. L.; McKeigue, P. M.; Shriver, M. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00084.x">"Admixture in the Hispanics of the San Luis Valley, Colorado, and its implications for complex trait gene mapping"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>68</b> (2): 139–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.00084.x">10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00084.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F65937">2027.42/65937</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-1809">1469-1809</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15008793">15008793</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13702953">13702953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Admixture+in+the+Hispanics+of+the+San+Luis+Valley%2C+Colorado%2C+and+its+implications+for+complex+trait+gene+mapping&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-153&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F65937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13702953%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.00084.x&rft.issn=1469-1809&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15008793&rft.aulast=Bonilla&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Parra%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Pfaff%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=Dios%2C+S.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Hamman%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Ferrell%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Hoggart%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=McKeigue%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Shriver%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2003.00084.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc_news-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abc_news_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=3277875">"Groundbreaking Interracial Marriage"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 14 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Groundbreaking+Interracial+Marriage&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3277875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarthikeyanChin,_Gabriel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Karthikeyan, Hrishi; Chin, Gabriel (2002). "Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950". <i>Asian Law Journal</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=283998">283998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Preserving+Racial+Identity%3A+Population+Patterns+and+the+Application+of+Anti-Miscegenation+Statutes+to+Asian+Americans%2C+1910%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D283998%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Karthikeyan&rft.aufirst=Hrishi&rft.au=Chin%2C+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/eugenics-race-and-marriage">"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage"</a>. <i>Facing History.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facing+History.org&rft.atitle=Eugenics%2C+Race%2C+and+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Feugenics-race-and-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231145639/http://www.lovingday.org/map.htm">"Where were Interracial Couples Illegal?"</a>. <i>LovingDay</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lovingday.org/map.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LovingDay&rft.atitle=Where+were+Interracial+Couples+Illegal%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flovingday.org%2Fmap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lovingday.org/courtroom.htm">"Courtroom History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231035205/http://www.lovingday.org/courtroom.htm">Archived</a> 31 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lovingday.org Retrieved 28 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Edward (2004). "Past and present proposed amendments to the United States constitution regarding marriage". <i>Washington University Law Quarterly</i>. <b>82</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=576181">576181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Past+and+present+proposed+amendments+to+the+United+States+constitution+regarding+marriage&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D576181%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1">"Loving v. Virginia"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191015003713/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Loving+v.+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F388%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t19/tab01.pdf">Hispanic Origin and Race of Coupled Households: 2000</a> U.S. Census. Retrieved 29 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-08-05-interracial-dating_N.htm">"More black women consider 'dating out'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=More+black+women+consider+%27dating+out%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-08-05-interracial-dating_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam/cps2010.html">"Table FG4. Married Couple Family Groups, by Presence of Own Children In Specific Age Groups, and Age, Earnings, Education, and Race and Hispanic Origin of Both Spouses: 2010 (thousands)"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+FG4.+Married+Couple+Family+Groups%2C+by+Presence+of+Own+Children+In+Specific+Age+Groups%2C+and+Age%2C+Earnings%2C+Education%2C+and+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+of+Both+Spouses%3A+2010+%28thousands%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fsocdemo%2Fhh-fam%2Fcps2010.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna18090277">After 40 years, interracial marriage flourishing</a>. NBC News. 15 April 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanbrow-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swanbrow_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanbrow2000" class="citation web cs1">Swanbrow, Diane (23 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2000/Mar00/r032300a">"Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought"</a>. University of Michigan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intimate+Relationships+Between+Races+More+Common+Than+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2000-03-23&rft.aulast=Swanbrow&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2Fnews%2Findex.html%3FReleases%2F2000%2FMar00%2Fr032300a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=416:degrading-stereotypes-ruin-dating-experience-&catid=37:dating&Itemid=56">Degrading Stereotypes Ruin Dating Experience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000013/http://www.modelminority.com/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=416%3Adegrading-stereotypes-ruin-dating-experience-&catid=37%3Adating&Itemid=56">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Modelminority.com (22 October 2002). Retrieved 11 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey S. Passel, Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf">Marrying Out: One-in-Seven New U.S. Marriages Is Interracial or Interethnic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611003916/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/files/2010/10/755-marrying-out.pdf">Archived</a> 11 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF). Pew Research Center. 4 June 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClain_DaCosta2007" class="citation book cs1">McClain DaCosta, Kimberly (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WFAUYfFV2QC&pg=PA9"><i>Making multiracials: state, family, and market in the redrawing of the color line</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5546-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-5546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+multiracials%3A+state%2C+family%2C+and+market+in+the+redrawing+of+the+color+line&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5546-7&rft.aulast=McClain+DaCosta&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WFAUYfFV2QC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanghorne_Folan2010" class="citation book cs1">Langhorne Folan, Karyn (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xBRucoPhD0C&pg=PA11"><i>Don't Bring Home a White Boy: And Other Notions That Keep Black Women from Dating Out</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-5475-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-5475-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Bring+Home+a+White+Boy%3A+And+Other+Notions+That+Keep+Black+Women+from+Dating+Out&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-5475-5&rft.aulast=Langhorne+Folan&rft.aufirst=Karyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4xBRucoPhD0C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smallpox-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smallpox_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples2006" class="citation book cs1">Staples, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lm8mUih8Q2YC&pg=PA124"><i>Exploring black sexuality</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4659-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-4659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+black+sexuality&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4659-2&rft.aulast=Staples&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlm8mUih8Q2YC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-02-07-colorblind_x.htm">New generation doesn't blink at interracial relationships</a>". USA Today (2 August 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/19033/Most-Americans-Approve-Interracial-Dating.aspx">Most Americans Approve of Interracial Dating</a>". Gallup.com. 7 October 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fll.stcloudstate.edu/classes/English191Spring2001/Heather_Huston_CrosCultural.htm">Interracial and Cross Cultural Dating of Generation Y</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003822/http://fll.stcloudstate.edu/classes/English191Spring2001/Heather_Huston_CrosCultural.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". St. Cloud State University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/02/11/onlinedating/">In online dating, blacks more open to romancing whites than vice versa</a>". Berkeley.edu 11 February 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthland.time.com/2011/02/22/love-isnt-color-blind-white-online-daters-spurn-blacks/">Love Isn't Color-Blind: White Online Daters Spurn Blacks</a>". <i>Time</i>. 22 February. 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2012" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Miriam (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204880404577226981780914906?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories">"More Marriages Cross Race, Ethnicity Lines"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Theosophical University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=More+Marriages+Cross+Race%2C+Ethnicity+Lines&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970204880404577226981780914906%3Fmod%3DWSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYen2010" class="citation news cs1">Yen, Hope (26 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/05/26/interracial-marriage-stil_n_590459.html">"Interracial Marriage Still Rising, But Not As Fast: Report"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Interracial+Marriage+Still+Rising%2C+But+Not+As+Fast%3A+Report&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.aulast=Yen&rft.aufirst=Hope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F05%2F26%2Finterracial-marriage-stil_n_590459.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/1616/american-marriage-interracial-interethnic">Marrying Out</a>". Jeffrey S. Passel, Wendy Wang and Paul Taylor, Pew Research Center. 4 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERIC-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ERIC_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ERIC_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratterKing2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bratter, J. L.; King, R. B. (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'But Will It Last?': Marital Instability Among Interracial and Same-Race Couples". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 160–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2008.00491.x">10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00491.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146490809">146490809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Relations&rft.atitle=%27But+Will+It+Last%3F%27%3A+Marital+Instability+Among+Interracial+and+Same-Race+Couples&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=160-171&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3729.2008.00491.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146490809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bratter&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=King%2C+R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml">"Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem"</a>. 22 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+2022%3A+Pela+1%C2%AA+vez%2C+Brasil+se+declara+mais+pardo+que+branco%3B+popula%C3%A7%C3%B5es+preta+e+ind%C3%ADgena+tamb%C3%A9m+crescem&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fgoogle%2Famp%2Feconomia%2Fcenso%2Fnoticia%2F2023%2F12%2F22%2Fcenso-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacaomestica.org">"Nação Mestiça - Movimento Pardo-Mestiço Brasileiro"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Mesti%C3%A7a+-+Movimento+Pardo-Mesti%C3%A7o+Brasileiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacaomestica.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Escóssia, F. (23 October 2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scil.stanford.edu/research/learningcareers/capstones/brian/documents/brazil02.pdf">"Casamento reflete discriminação racial."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chasteen-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chasteen_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chasteen_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chasteen_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasteenWood2003" class="citation book cs1">Chasteen, John Charles; Wood, James A (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxRdCirZ-voC&pg=PA4"><i>Problems in modern Latin American history, sources and interpretations</i></a>. Sr Books. pp. 4–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-5060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-5060-9"><bdi>978-0-8420-5060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+in+modern+Latin+American+history%2C+sources+and+interpretations&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=Sr+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-5060-9&rft.aulast=Chasteen&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft.au=Wood%2C+James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxRdCirZ-voC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23andme-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-23andme_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-23andme_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrycDurandMacphersonReich2014" class="citation biorxiv cs1">Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (18 September 2014). "The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States". <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F009340">10.1101/009340</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=The+genetic+ancestry+of+African%2C+Latino%2C+and+European+Americans+across+the+United+States&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F009340%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Bryc&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft.au=Durand%2C+Eric+Y.&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+J.+Michael&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft.au=Mountain%2C+Joanna+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/09/18/009340.DC1/009340-1.pdf">"Supplemental Tables and Figures"</a>. p. 42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2013" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (11 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/exactly-how-black-is-black-america-1790895185">"Exactly How 'Black' Is Black America?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exactly+How+%27Black%27+Is+Black+America%3F&rft.date=2013-02-11&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Henry+Louis+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theroot.com%2Fexactly-how-black-is-black-america-1790895185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailer,_Steve2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sailer" title="Steve Sailer">Sailer, Steve</a> (8 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2002/05/08/Analysis-White-prof-finds-hes-not-2/UPI-53561020909970">"Analysis: White prof finds he's not"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Analysis%3A+White+prof+finds+he%27s+not.&rft.date=2002-05-08&rft.au=Sailer%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2F2002%2F05%2F08%2FAnalysis-White-prof-finds-hes-not-2%2FUPI-53561020909970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shriver, et al., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf">Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230031612/https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Genetics_(journal)" title="Human Genetics (journal)">Hum Genet</a></i> (2003) 112 : 387–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Wooten, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/https://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html">Race Reversal Man Lives as ‘Black’ for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He's Probably Not</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity". National Institutes of Health (NIH). <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167003">6167003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+African+American+Women%2C+and+Their+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health%3A+A+Review+of+Historical+and+Contemporary+Evidence+and+Implications+for+Health+Equity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6167003%23id-name%3DPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-01-mn-38336-story.html">"DNA Study Shows Jefferson Fathered His Slave's Child"</a>. <i>Low Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Low+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=DNA+Study+Shows+Jefferson+Fathered+His+Slave%27s+Child&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-nov-01-mn-38336-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1980" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, A. Leon (1980). <i>In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process. The Colonial Period</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Color%3A+Race+and+the+American+Legal+Process.+The+Colonial+Period&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=A.+Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuckert1908" class="citation journal cs1">Stuckert, Robert P. (May 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/4532/1/V58N03_155.pdf">"African Ancestry of the White American Population"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Ohio Journal of Science</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 155<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ohio+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=African+Ancestry+of+the+White+American+Population&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155&rft.date=1908-05&rft.aulast=Stuckert&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.osu.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F1811%2F4532%2F1%2FV58N03_155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayserBrauerSchädlichPrinz2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kayser, M.; Brauer, S.; Schädlich, H.; Prinz, M.; Batzer, M. A.; Zimmerman, P. A.; Boatin, B. A.; Stoneking, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430174">"Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry"</a>. <i>Genome Research</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 624–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgr.463003">10.1101/gr.463003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430174">430174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671003">12671003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.atitle=Y+Chromosome+STR+Haplotypes+and+the+Genetic+Structure+of+U.S.+Populations+of+African%2C+European%2C+and+Hispanic+Ancestry&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=624-634&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC430174%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12671003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fgr.463003&rft.aulast=Kayser&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Brauer%2C+S.&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4dlich%2C+H.&rft.au=Prinz%2C+M.&rft.au=Batzer%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Boatin%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC430174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asian-nation.org/interracial.shtml">"Interracial Dating & Marriage"</a>. <i>asian-nation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asian-nation.org&rft.atitle=Interracial+Dating+%26+Marriage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asian-nation.org%2Finterracial.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asian-nation.org/multiracial.shtml">"Multiracial / Hapa Asian Americans"</a>. <i>asian-nation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asian-nation.org&rft.atitle=Multiracial+%2F+Hapa+Asian+Americans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asian-nation.org%2Fmultiracial.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html">CIA Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html">Archived</a> 7 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cia.gov. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFejermanCarneseGoicoecheaAvena2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fejerman, L.; Carnese, F. R.; Goicoechea, A. S.; Avena, S. A.; Dejean, C. B.; Ward, R. H. (2005). "African ancestry of the population of Buenos Aires". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>128</b> (1): 164–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20083">10.1002/ajpa.20083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15714513">15714513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=African+ancestry+of+the+population+of+Buenos+Aires&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164-170&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20083&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15714513&rft.aulast=Fejerman&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Carnese%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Goicoechea%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Avena%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=Dejean%2C+C.+B.&rft.au=Ward%2C+R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidi2002" class="citation web cs1">Aidi, Hisham (2 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/argentina.html">"Blacks in Argentina: Disappearing Acts"</a>. <i>History Notes</i>. The Global African Community<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Notes&rft.atitle=Blacks+in+Argentina%3A+Disappearing+Acts&rft.date=2002-04-02&rft.aulast=Aidi&rft.aufirst=Hisham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwo.com%2F~lucumi%2Fargentina.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skidmore-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skidmore_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore1992" class="citation journal cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E. (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf">"Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper</i>. <b>173</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Fact+and+Myth%3A+Discovering+a+Racial+Problem+in+Brazil&rft.volume=173&rft.date=1992-04&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.edu%2F~kellogg%2Fpublications%2Fworkingpapers%2FWPS%2F173.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.uol.com.br/especiais/pnad/ultnot/2009/09/18/ult6843u18.jhtm">Brasil perde brancos e pretos e ganha 3,2 milhões de pardos</a>. Noticias.uol.com.br (18 September 2009). Retrieved 11 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez_MarignacBianchi_Néstor_O.Bertoni_BernardoParra_Esteban_J.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez Marignac, Verónica L.; Bianchi Néstor O.; Bertoni Bernardo; Parra Esteban J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/human_biology/v076/76.4marignac.html">"Characterization of Admixture in an Urban Sample from Buenos Aires, Argentina, Using Uniparentally and Biparentally Inherited Genetic Markers"</a>. <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 543–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhub.2004.0058">10.1353/hub.2004.0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15754971">15754971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13708018">13708018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+Admixture+in+an+Urban+Sample+from+Buenos+Aires%2C+Argentina%2C+Using+Uniparentally+and+Biparentally+Inherited+Genetic+Markers&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=543-57&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13708018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15754971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhub.2004.0058&rft.aulast=Mart%C3%ADnez+Marignac&rft.aufirst=Ver%C3%B3nica+L.&rft.au=Bianchi+N%C3%A9stor+O.&rft.au=Bertoni+Bernardo&rft.au=Parra+Esteban+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fhuman_biology%2Fv076%2F76.4marignac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonçalvesProsdocimi_F.Santos_L._S.Ortega_J._M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gonçalves, V. F.; Prosdocimi F.; Santos L. S.; Ortega J. M.; Pena S. D. J. (9 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm">"Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians"</a>. <i>Genetics and Molecular Research</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 256–61. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1676-5680">1676-5680</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17573655">17573655</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics+and+Molecular+Research&rft.atitle=Sex-biased+gene+flow+in+African+Americans+but+not+in+American+Caucasians&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-61&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17573655&rft.issn=1676-5680&rft.aulast=Gon%C3%A7alves&rft.aufirst=V.+F.&rft.au=Prosdocimi+F.&rft.au=Santos+L.+S.&rft.au=Ortega+J.+M.&rft.au=Pena+S.+D.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.funpecrp.com.br%2Fgmr%2Fyear2007%2Fvol2-6%2Fgmr0330_full_text.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves-Silvada_Silva_SantosGuimarãesFerreira2000" class="citation journal cs1">Alves-Silva, Juliana; da Silva Santos, Magda; Guimarães, Pedro E. M.; Ferreira, Alessandro C. S.; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Pena, Sérgio D. J.; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287189">"The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Human_Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of Human Genetics">The American Journal of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): 444–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F303004">10.1086/303004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1287189">1287189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10873790">10873790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Ancestry+of+Brazilian+mtDNA+Lineages&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=444-461&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1287189%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10873790&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F303004&rft.aulast=Alves-Silva&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft.au=da+Silva+Santos%2C+Magda&rft.au=Guimar%C3%A3es%2C+Pedro+E.+M.&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+Alessandro+C.+S.&rft.au=Bandelt%2C+Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Pena%2C+S%C3%A9rgio+D.+J.&rft.au=Prado%2C+Vania+Ferreira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1287189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzanoCátira_Bortolini,_Maria2002" class="citation book cs1">Salzano, Francisco M.; Cátira Bortolini, Maria (2002). <i>The Evolution and Genetics of Latin American Populations</i>. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology. Vol. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65275-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65275-9"><bdi>978-0-521-65275-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+and+Genetics+of+Latin+American+Populations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Biological+and+Evolutionary+Anthropology&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65275-9&rft.aulast=Salzano&rft.aufirst=Francisco+M.&rft.au=C%C3%A1tira+Bortolini%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferbel, Dr. P. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.html">"Not Everyone Who Speaks Spanish is from Spain: Taíno Survival in the 21st Century Dominican Republic".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529100634/http://www.kacike.org/FerbelEnglish.html">Archived</a> 29 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Kacikie: Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology.</i> . Retrieved 24 September 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martínez Cruzado, Juan C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kacike.org/MartinezEnglish.pdf">The Use of Mitochondrial DNA to Discover Pre-Columbian Migrations to the Caribbean:Results for Puerto Rico and Expectations for the Dominican Republic.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040622184420/http://www.kacike.org/MartinezEnglish.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Kacike: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology.</i> Lynne Guitar, Ed. (Retrieved 25 September 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThangarajSinghReddyRao2003" class="citation journal cs1">Thangaraj, K.; Singh, L.; Reddy, A. G.; Rao, V. R.; Sehgal, S. C.; Underhill, P. A.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2901336-2">"Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 86–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CBio...13...86T">2003CBio...13...86T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2901336-2">10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12546781">12546781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12155496">12155496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Genetic+Affinities+of+the+Andaman+Islanders%2C+a+Vanishing+Human+Population&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-93&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2802%2901336-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12155496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12546781&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CBio...13...86T&rft.aulast=Thangaraj&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Singh%2C+L.&rft.au=Reddy%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Rao%2C+V.+R.&rft.au=Sehgal%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Pierson%2C+M.&rft.au=Frame%2C+I.+G.&rft.au=Hagelberg%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252802%252901336-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-precolonial-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-precolonial_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091020001239/http://geocities.com/CollegePark/Pool/1644/precolonial.html">Pre Colonial Period</a>. geocities.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ocac-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocac_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B">:: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. ::</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B">Archived</a> 4 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ocac.gov.tw (24 August 2004). Retrieved 14 August 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arab-Malays-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arab-Malays_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=Asia&x=ArabMalays">"Arab and native intermarriage in Austronesian Asia"</a>. <i>ColorQ World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ColorQ+World&rft.atitle=Arab+and+native+intermarriage+in+Austronesian+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorq.org%2FMeltingPot%2Farticle.aspx%3Fd%3DAsia%26x%3DArabMalays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelliWilsonRichardsStumpf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Capelli, C.; Wilson, J. F.; Richards, M.; Stumpf, M. P. H.; Gratrix, F.; Oppenheimer, S.; Underhill, P.; Pascali, V. L.; Ko, T. M.; Goldstein, D. B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235276">"A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>68</b> (2): 432–443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318205">10.1086/318205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235276">1235276</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11170891">11170891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Predominantly+Indigenous+Paternal+Heritage+for+the+Austronesian-Speaking+Peoples+of+Insular+Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-443&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11170891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F318205&rft.aulast=Capelli&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Richards%2C+M.&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+M.+P.+H.&rft.au=Gratrix%2C+F.&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+S.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+P.&rft.au=Pascali%2C+V.+L.&rft.au=Ko%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+D.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalaydjieva-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalaydjieva_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalaydjieva_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaMorarChaixTang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, L.; Morar, B.; Chaix, R.; Tang, H. (2005). "A newly discovered founder population: The Roma/Gypsies". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>27</b> (10): 1084–1094. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20287">10.1002/bies.20287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16163730">16163730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=A+newly+discovered+founder+population%3A+The+Roma%2FGypsies&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1084-1094&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16163730&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Morar%2C+B.&rft.au=Chaix%2C+R.&rft.au=Tang%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalyarchukGrzybowskiDerenkoCzarny2006" class="citation journal cs1">Malyarchuk, B. A.; Grzybowski, T.; Derenko, M. V.; Czarny, J.; Miscicka-Sliwka, D. (2006). "Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in the Polish Roma". <i>Annals of Human Genetics</i>. <b>70</b> (2): 195–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00222.x">10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00222.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16626330">16626330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:662278">662278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+Diversity+in+the+Polish+Roma&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-206&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A662278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16626330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00222.x&rft.aulast=Malyarchuk&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft.au=Grzybowski%2C+T.&rft.au=Derenko%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Czarny%2C+J.&rft.au=Miscicka-Sliwka%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bharti_Morar-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bharti_Morar_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorarGreshamAngelichevaTournev2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morar, B.; Gresham, D.; Angelicheva, D.; Tournev, I.; Gooding, R.; Guergueltcheva, V.; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182047">"Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 596–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424759">10.1086/424759</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182047">1182047</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15322984">15322984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Mutation+History+of+the+Roma%2FGypsies&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=596-609&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15322984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F424759&rft.aulast=Morar&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Gresham%2C+D.&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+D.&rft.au=Tournev%2C+I.&rft.au=Gooding%2C+R.&rft.au=Guergueltcheva%2C+V.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+C.&rft.au=Abicht%2C+A.&rft.au=Lochmuller%2C+H.&rft.au=Tordai%2C+A.&rft.au=Kalm%C3%A1r%2C+L.&rft.au=Nagy%2C+M.&rft.au=Karcagi%2C+V.&rft.au=Jeanpierre%2C+M.&rft.au=Herczegfalvi%2C+A.&rft.au=Beeson%2C+D.&rft.au=Venkataraman%2C+V.&rft.au=Warwick+Carter%2C+K.&rft.au=Reeve%2C+J.&rft.au=De+Pablo%2C+R.&rft.au=Ku%C4%8Dinskas%2C+V.&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1182047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luba_Kalaydjieva-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luba_Kalaydjieva_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, L.; Gresham, D.; Calafell, F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">"Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A review"</a>. <i>BMC Medical Genetics</i>. <b>2</b>: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5">10.1186/1471-2350-2-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">31389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11299048">11299048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+studies+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%3A+A+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11299048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Gresham%2C+D.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalaydjievaGreshamCalafell2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kalaydjieva, Luba; Gresham, David; Calafell, Francesc (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">"Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): A review"</a>. <i>BMC Medical Genetics</i>. <b>2</b>: 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5">10.1186/1471-2350-2-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31389">31389</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11299048">11299048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+studies+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29%3A+A+review&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11299048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2350-2-5&rft.aulast=Kalaydjieva&rft.aufirst=Luba&rft.au=Gresham%2C+David&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC31389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2350/2/5/figure/F4">Figure 4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Gresham-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_Gresham_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreshamMorarUnderhillPassarino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gresham, D.; Morar, B.; Underhill, P. A.; Passarino, G.; Lin, A. A.; Wise, C.; et al. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">"Origins and Divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>69</b> (6): 1314–1331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F324681">10.1086/324681</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235543">1235543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11704928">11704928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Divergence+of+the+Roma+%28Gypsies%29&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1314-1331&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11704928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F324681&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Morar%2C+B.&rft.au=Underhill%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Passarino%2C+G.&rft.au=Lin%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Wise%2C+C.&rft.au=Angelicheva%2C+D.&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F.&rft.au=Oefner%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Shen%2C+P.&rft.au=Tournev%2C+I.&rft.au=De+Pablo%2C+R.&rft.au=Ku%C4%89inskas%2C+V.&rft.au=Perez-Lezaun%2C+A.&rft.au=Marushiakova%2C+E.&rft.au=Popov%2C+V.&rft.au=Kalaydjieva%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309100643/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured">"coloured"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/coloured?q=coloured">the original</a> on 9 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=coloured&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcoloured%3Fq%3Dcoloured&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posel2001-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Posel2001_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosel2001" class="citation journal cs1">Posel, Deborah (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108101109/http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf">"What's in a name? Racial categorisations under apartheid and their afterlife"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transformation</i>: 50–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-7696">0258-7696</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transformation.und.ac.za/issue%2047/47%20posel1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transformation&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+name%3F+Racial+categorisations+under+apartheid+and+their+afterlife&rft.pages=50-74&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0258-7696&rft.aulast=Posel&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transformation.und.ac.za%2Fissue%252047%2F47%2520posel1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillay2019-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pillay2019_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2019" class="citation book cs1">Pillay, Kathryn (2019). "Indian Identity in South Africa". <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity</i>. pp. 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-13-2898-5_9">10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5_9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2897-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-13-2897-8"><bdi>978-981-13-2897-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Identity+in+South+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Ethnicity&rft.pages=77-92&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-13-2898-5_9&rft.isbn=978-981-13-2897-8&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2009" class="citation news cs1">Schmid, Randolph E. (30 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30502963">"Africans have world's greatest genetic variation"</a>. <i>NBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Africans+have+world%27s+greatest+genetic+variation&rft.date=2009-04-30&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Randolph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna30502963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkoffReedFriedlaender2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Friedlaender FR, et al. (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>324</b> (5930): 1035–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T">2009Sci...324.1035T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257">10.1126/science.1172257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">2947357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144">19407144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+and+History+of+Africans+and+African+Americans&rft.volume=324&rft.issue=5930&rft.pages=1035-44&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19407144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1172257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...324.1035T&rft.aulast=Tishkoff&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Reed%2C+FA&rft.au=Friedlaender%2C+FR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2947357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cell.com-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cell.com_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cell.com_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintana-MurciHarmantHBalanovsky2010" class="citation journal cs1">Quintana-Murci, L; Harmant, C; H, Quach; Balanovsky, O; Zaporozhchenko, V; Bormans, C; van Helden, PD; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850426">"Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>86</b> (4): 611–620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.02.014">10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2850426">2850426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20346436">20346436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Strong+maternal+Khoisan+contribution+to+the+South+African+coloured+population%3A+a+case+of+gender-biased+admixture&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=611-620&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850426%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20346436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2010.02.014&rft.aulast=Quintana-Murci&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Harmant%2C+C&rft.au=H%2C+Quach&rft.au=Balanovsky%2C+O&rft.au=Zaporozhchenko%2C+V&rft.au=Bormans%2C+C&rft.au=van+Helden%2C+PD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2850426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinelibrary.wiley.com-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinelibrary.wiley.com_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlebuschNaidooSoodyall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schlebusch, CM; Naidoo, T; Soodyall, H (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". <i>Electrophoresis</i>. <b>30</b> (21): 3657–3664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Felps.200900197">10.1002/elps.200900197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19810027">19810027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19515426">19515426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrophoresis&rft.atitle=SNaPshot+minisequencing+to+resolve+mitochondrial+macro-haplogroups+found+in+Africa&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3657-3664&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19515426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19810027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Felps.200900197&rft.aulast=Schlebusch&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Naidoo%2C+T&rft.au=Soodyall%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wc-muni-report-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wc-muni-report_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/WC_Municipal_Report.pdf"><i>Census 2011 Municipal report: Western Cape</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics South Africa. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-621-41459-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-621-41459-2"><bdi>978-0-621-41459-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2011+Municipal+report%3A+Western+Cape&rft.pub=Statistics+South+Africa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-621-41459-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statssa.gov.za%2Fcensus%2Fcensus_2011%2Fcensus_products%2FWC_Municipal_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascoe2004" class="citation news cs1">Pascoe, Peggy (19 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/articles/4708.html">"Why the Ugly Rhetoric Against Gay Marriage Is Familiar to this Historian of Miscegenation"</a>. George Mason University's History News Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+Ugly+Rhetoric+Against+Gay+Marriage+Is+Familiar+to+this+Historian+of+Miscegenation&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Pascoe&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Farticles%2F4708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Novkov" title="Julie Novkov">Novkov, Julie</a>, <i>Racial union: law, intimacy, and the White state in Alabama, 1865–1954</i>, University of Michigan Press, 2008, pp. 125–128.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2004" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Debra J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_8kSPDFVGEC"><i>Race Mixture in Nineteenth-Century U.S and Spanish-American Fiction</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5564-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-5564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+Mixture+in+Nineteenth-Century+U.S+and+Spanish-American+Fiction&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5564-5&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Debra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_8kSPDFVGEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeupp2003" class="citation book cs1">Leupp, Gary P. (2003). <i>Interracial Intimacy in Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6074-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-6074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy+in+Japan&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5&rft.aulast=Leupp&rft.aufirst=Gary+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Deschamps, Bénédicte, <i>Le racisme anti-italien aux États-Unis (1880–1940)</i>, in <i>Exclure au nom de la race (États-Unis, Irlande, Grande-Bretagne)</i>, Michel Prum (Éd.). Paris: Syllepse, 2000. 59–81.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemire,_Elise2002" class="citation book cs1">Lemire, Elise (July 2002). <i>"Miscegenation": Making Race in America</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3664-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-3664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Miscegenation%22%3A+Making+Race+in+America&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3664-4&rft.au=Lemire%2C+Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovkov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Novkov, J. (2002). "Racial Constructions: The Legal Regulation of Miscegenation in Alabama, 1890–1934". <i>Law and History Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 225–277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F744035">10.2307/744035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/744035">744035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145460865">145460865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+History+Review&rft.atitle=Racial+Constructions%3A+The+Legal+Regulation+of+Miscegenation+in+Alabama%2C+1890%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-277&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145460865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F744035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F744035&rft.aulast=Novkov&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Sollors2000" class="citation book cs1">Werner Sollors, ed. (19 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6524/is_200110/ai_n25878127"><i>Interracialism: Black-White Intermarriage in American History, Literature, and Law</i></a> (Sollors, Werner ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512856-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512856-7"><bdi>978-0-19-512856-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracialism%3A+Black-White+Intermarriage+in+American+History%2C+Literature%2C+and+Law&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=Sollors%2C+Werner&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000-10-19&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512856-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb6524%2Fis_200110%2Fai_n25878127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodes,_Martha1998" class="citation book cs1">Hodes, Martha, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion00mank">"Miscegenation"</a>. <i>Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History</i>. New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-67173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-67173-3"><bdi>978-0-395-67173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miscegenation&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Companion+to+U.S.+Women%27s+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-395-67173-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freaderscompanion00mank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiscegenation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jacobson, Matthew Frye, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/pubhealth/rosner/p8773/readings/jacobson1.pdf">Whiteness of a different color. European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race</a></i>, Harvard University Press, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/miscegenation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/miscegenation"><i>miscegenation</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miscegenation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_ethics" title="Template talk:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_party_(sexuality)" title="Rainbow party (sexuality)">Rainbow party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian pornography">lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's pornography">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">reform</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Age of consent in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Age of consent in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Age of consent in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Age of consent in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Age of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Age of consent in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sexual_ethics" title="Outline of sexual ethics">Topical outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&oldid=1259134848">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&oldid=1259134848</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Interracial_relationships" title="Category:Interracial relationships">Interracial relationships</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from November 2022">Articles with disputed statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Afrikaans-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Afrikaans-language text">Articles containing Afrikaans-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 15:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miscegenation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-nttnx","wgBackendResponseTime":171,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.444","walltime":"1.725","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6690,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":228571,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3276,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":345577,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1481.622 1 -total"," 43.32% 641.886 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.31% 226.852 29 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.05% 208.212 26 Template:Cite_web"," 9.26% 137.160 4 Template:Lang"," 7.43% 110.036 1 Template:Race"," 7.28% 107.879 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.85% 86.712 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.31% 78.637 17 Template:Cite_book"," 3.62% 53.693 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.899","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21579064,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-4599c","timestamp":"20241127201252","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Miscegenation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miscegenation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2090033","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2090033","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-08T00:16:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T15:31:08Z","headline":"pejorative term referring to interethnic relationships resulting in multiethnic offspring"}</script> </body> </html>