CINXE.COM

Frontiers | Publisher of peer-reviewed articles in open access journals

<!doctype html> <html data-n-head-ssr lang="en" data-n-head="%7B%22lang%22:%7B%22ssr%22:%22en%22%7D%7D"> <head> <title>Frontiers | Publisher of peer-reviewed articles in open access journals</title><meta data-n-head="ssr" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="msapplication-TileColor" content="003bde"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="msapplication-config" content="/favicons/browserconfig.xml"><meta data-n-head="ssr" name="theme-color" content="003bde"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="charset" charset="utf-8"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="mobile-web-app-capable" name="mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="apple-mobile-web-app-title" name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Frontiers | Research Publisher"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:type" name="og:type" property="og:type" content="website"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="description" property="description" name="description" content="Open access publisher of peer-reviewed scientific articles across the entire spectrum of academia. Research network for academics to stay up-to-date with the latest scientific publications, events, blogs and news."><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:title" property="og:title" name="title" content="Frontiers | Publisher of peer-reviewed articles in open access journals"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:description" property="og:description" name="description" content="Open access publisher of peer-reviewed scientific articles across the entire spectrum of academia. Research network for academics to stay up-to-date with the latest scientific publications, events, blogs and news."><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="keywords" name="keywords" content="Open Access Journals,peer reviewed articles,scholarly articles,research articles,academic journals"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:image" property="og:image" name="image" content="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/736B937B-CCA4-4440-B731C5C595C623EA/WebsiteWebP_XL-shutterstock_1895343883.webp"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="og:site_name" property="og:site_name" name="site_name" content="Frontiers"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="twitter:card" property="twitter:card" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-n-head="ssr" data-hid="robots" name="robots" content="index, follow"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="mask-icon" href="/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#003bde"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="manifest" href="/_nuxt/manifest.e33bfb31.json" data-hid="manifest"><link data-n-head="ssr" rel="canonical" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/"><script data-n-head="ssr" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org#organization","name":"Frontiers Media S.A.","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://brand.frontiersin.org/m/ed3f9ce840a03d7/favicon_192-tenantFavicon-Frontiers.png"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin","https://twitter.com/frontiersin","https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers"]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.frontiersin.org#website","name":"Frontiers Media S.A.","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.frontiersin.org/search?query={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}}]}</script><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/40d8906.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/7e659e8.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/2c4cc51.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/ef340e6.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/880c676.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/b8c10cd.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/css/20e7c8c.css" as="style"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/55fcbdd.js" as="script"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/2c4cc51.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/880c676.css"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_nuxt/css/20e7c8c.css"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/state.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/payload.js" as="script"><link rel="preload" href="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/manifest.js" as="script"> <meta property="fb:admins" content="1841006843"> </head> <body> <button class="BypassBlock__firstEl"></button> <a href="#main-content" class="BypassBlock__wrapper"> <span class="BypassBlock__button">Skip to main content</span> </a> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://tag-manager.frontiersin.org/ns.html?id=GTM-PQWSNCJ&gtm_auth=0HxnYwqN2wpANrd769hTJg&gtm_preview=env-1&gtm_cookies_win=x" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div data-server-rendered="true" id="__nuxt"><!----><div id="__layout"><div><div class="Home"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Navigation group</h1> <nav class="Ibar"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Top bar navigation</h1> <div class="Ibar__main"><div class="Ibar__wrapper"><button aria-label="Open Menu" data-event="iBar-btn-openMenu" class="Ibar__burger"></button> <div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div> <!----> <div parent-data-event="iBar" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"><!----> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="about/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBar-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a> <div class="Ibar__spacer"></div> <a href="/search" aria-label="Search" data-event="iBar-a-search" class="Ibar__icon Ibar__icon--search"><span>Search</span></a> <!----> <!----> <!----> <div class="Ibar__userArea"></div></div></div> <div class="Ibar__menu"><div class="Ibar__menu__header"><div class="Ibar__logo"><div class="Ibar__logo"><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/" aria-label="Frontiershome" data-event="iBar-a-home" class="Ibar__logo__link"><svg viewBox="0 0 2811 590" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Ibar__logo__svg"><path d="M633.872 234.191h-42.674v-57.246h42.674c0-19.776 2.082-35.389 5.204-48.92 4.164-13.53 9.368-23.939 17.695-31.225 8.326-8.326 18.735-13.53 32.266-16.653 13.531-3.123 29.143-5.204 47.878-5.204h21.858c7.286 0 14.572 1.04 21.857 1.04v62.451c-8.326-1.041-16.653-2.082-23.939-2.082-10.408 0-17.694 1.041-23.939 4.164-6.245 3.122-9.368 10.408-9.368 22.898v13.531h53.083v57.246h-53.083v213.372h-89.512V234.191zM794.161 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.041c6.245-17.694 16.653-30.185 31.225-39.552 14.572-9.368 31.225-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.409c3.122 0 7.286 1.041 10.408 2.082v81.185c-6.245-2.082-11.449-3.122-16.653-4.163-5.204-1.041-11.449-1.041-16.654-1.041-11.449 0-20.816 2.082-29.143 5.204-8.327 3.123-15.613 8.327-20.817 14.572-5.204 6.245-10.408 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.123 8.326-4.163 15.612-4.163 23.939v133.228h-88.472V176.945h-1.041zM989.84 312.254c0-19.776 3.122-39.552 10.41-56.205 7.28-17.695 16.65-32.266 29.14-45.797 12.49-13.531 27.06-22.899 44.76-30.185 17.69-7.285 36.43-11.449 57.24-11.449 20.82 0 39.56 4.164 57.25 11.449 17.69 7.286 32.27 17.695 45.8 30.185 12.49 12.49 22.9 28.102 29.14 45.797 7.29 17.694 10.41 36.429 10.41 56.205 0 20.817-3.12 39.552-10.41 57.246-7.29 17.695-16.65 32.266-29.14 44.756-12.49 12.49-28.11 22.899-45.8 30.185-17.69 7.286-36.43 11.449-57.25 11.449-20.81 0-40.59-4.163-57.24-11.449-17.7-7.286-32.27-17.695-44.76-30.185-12.49-12.49-21.86-28.102-29.14-44.756-7.288-17.694-10.41-36.429-10.41-57.246zm88.47 0c0 8.327 1.04 17.694 3.12 26.021 2.09 9.368 5.21 16.653 9.37 23.939 4.16 7.286 9.37 13.531 16.65 17.695 7.29 4.163 15.62 7.285 26.03 7.285 10.4 0 18.73-2.081 26.02-7.285 7.28-4.164 12.49-10.409 16.65-17.695 4.16-7.286 7.29-15.612 9.37-23.939 2.08-9.368 3.12-17.694 3.12-26.021 0-8.327-1.04-17.694-3.12-26.021-2.08-9.368-5.21-16.653-9.37-23.939-4.16-7.286-9.37-13.531-16.65-17.695-7.29-5.204-15.62-7.285-26.02-7.285-10.41 0-18.74 2.081-26.03 7.285-7.28 5.205-12.49 10.409-16.65 17.695-4.16 7.286-7.28 15.612-9.37 23.939-2.08 9.368-3.12 17.694-3.12 26.021zM1306.25 176.945h86.39v37.47h1.04c4.17-7.286 9.37-13.531 15.62-18.735 6.24-5.204 13.53-10.408 20.81-14.572 7.29-4.163 15.62-7.286 23.94-9.367 8.33-2.082 16.66-3.123 24.98-3.123 22.9 0 40.6 4.164 53.09 11.449 13.53 7.286 22.89 16.654 29.14 27.062 6.24 10.409 10.41 21.858 12.49 34.348 2.08 12.49 2.08 22.898 2.08 33.307v172.779h-88.47V316.417v-27.061c0-9.368-1.04-16.654-4.16-23.94-3.13-7.286-7.29-12.49-13.53-16.653-6.25-4.164-15.62-6.245-27.07-6.245-8.32 0-15.61 2.081-21.85 5.204-6.25 3.122-11.45 7.286-14.58 13.531-4.16 5.204-6.24 11.449-8.32 18.735s-3.12 14.572-3.12 21.858v145.717h-88.48V176.945zM1780.88 234.19h-55.17v122.819c0 10.408 3.12 17.694 8.33 20.817 6.24 3.122 13.53 5.204 22.9 5.204 4.16 0 7.28 0 11.45-1.041h11.45v65.573c-8.33 0-15.62 1.041-23.94 2.082-8.33 1.04-16.66 1.041-23.94 1.041-18.74 0-34.35-2.082-46.84-5.205-12.49-3.122-21.86-8.326-29.14-15.612-7.29-7.286-12.49-16.654-14.58-29.144-3.12-12.49-4.16-27.062-4.16-45.797V234.19h-44.76v-57.246h44.76V94.717h88.47v82.227h55.17v57.246zM1902.66 143.639h-88.48V75.984h88.48v67.655zm-89.52 33.307h88.48v270.618h-88.48V176.946zM2024.43 334.111c1.04 18.735 6.25 33.307 16.66 44.756 10.4 11.449 24.98 16.653 43.71 16.653 10.41 0 20.82-2.081 30.19-7.286 9.36-5.204 16.65-12.49 20.81-22.898h83.27c-4.16 15.613-10.41 29.144-19.78 40.593-9.36 11.449-19.77 20.817-31.22 28.102-12.49 7.286-24.98 12.491-39.55 16.654-14.57 3.122-29.15 5.204-43.72 5.204-21.86 0-41.63-3.122-60.37-9.367-18.73-6.246-34.34-15.613-46.83-28.103-12.49-12.49-22.9-27.062-30.19-45.797-7.28-17.694-10.41-38.511-10.41-60.369 0-20.817 4.17-39.552 11.45-57.246 7.29-17.694 17.7-32.266 31.23-44.756 13.53-12.49 29.14-21.858 46.83-29.144 17.7-7.286 36.43-10.408 56.21-10.408 23.94 0 45.8 4.163 63.49 12.49 17.7 8.327 33.31 19.776 44.76 35.389 11.45 15.612 20.81 32.266 26.02 52.042 5.2 19.776 8.33 41.633 7.28 64.532h-199.84v-1.041zm110.33-49.961c-1.04-15.612-6.24-28.102-15.61-39.551-9.37-10.409-21.86-16.654-37.47-16.654s-28.1 5.204-38.51 15.613c-10.41 10.408-16.66 23.939-18.74 40.592h110.33zM2254.46 176.945h86.39v47.879h1.04c6.25-17.694 16.65-30.185 31.23-39.552 14.57-9.368 31.22-13.531 49.96-13.531h10.4c3.13 0 7.29 1.041 10.41 2.082v81.185c-6.24-2.082-11.45-3.122-16.65-4.163-5.21-1.041-11.45-1.041-16.65-1.041-11.45 0-20.82 2.082-29.15 5.204-8.32 3.123-15.61 8.327-20.81 14.572-6.25 6.245-10.41 12.49-12.49 20.817-3.13 8.326-4.17 15.612-4.17 23.939v133.228h-88.47V176.945h-1.04zM2534.45 359.091c0 7.286 1.04 12.49 4.16 17.694 3.12 5.204 6.24 9.368 10.41 12.49 4.16 3.123 9.36 5.204 14.57 7.286 6.24 2.082 11.45 2.082 17.69 2.082 4.17 0 8.33 0 13.53-2.082 5.21-1.041 9.37-3.123 13.53-5.204 4.17-2.082 7.29-5.204 10.41-9.368 3.13-4.163 4.17-8.327 4.17-13.531 0-5.204-2.09-9.367-5.21-12.49-3.12-3.122-7.28-6.245-11.45-8.327-4.16-2.081-9.36-4.163-14.57-5.204-5.2-1.041-9.37-2.081-13.53-3.122-13.53-3.123-28.1-6.245-42.67-9.368-14.58-3.122-28.11-7.286-40.6-12.49-12.49-6.245-22.9-13.531-30.18-23.939-8.33-10.409-11.45-23.94-11.45-42.675 0-16.653 4.16-30.184 11.45-40.592 8.33-10.409 17.69-18.736 30.18-24.981 12.49-6.245 26.02-10.408 40.6-13.53 14.57-3.123 28.1-4.164 41.63-4.164 14.57 0 29.14 1.041 43.71 4.164 14.58 2.081 27.07 7.285 39.56 13.53 12.49 6.245 21.85 15.613 29.14 27.062 7.29 11.45 11.45 26.021 12.49 43.716h-82.23c0-10.409-4.16-18.736-11.45-23.94-7.28-4.163-16.65-7.286-28.1-7.286-4.16 0-8.32 0-12.49 1.041-4.16 1.041-8.32 1.041-12.49 2.082-4.16 1.041-7.28 3.122-9.37 6.245-2.08 3.122-4.16 6.245-4.16 11.449 0 6.245 3.12 11.449 10.41 15.613 6.24 4.163 14.57 7.286 24.98 10.408 10.41 2.082 20.82 5.204 32.27 7.286 11.44 2.082 22.89 4.163 33.3 6.245 13.53 3.123 24.98 7.286 33.31 13.531 9.37 6.245 15.61 12.49 20.82 19.776 5.2 7.286 9.36 14.572 11.45 21.858 2.08 7.285 3.12 13.53 3.12 19.776 0 17.694-4.17 33.306-11.45 45.796-8.33 12.491-17.7 21.858-30.19 30.185-12.49 7.286-26.02 12.49-41.63 16.653-15.61 3.123-31.22 5.204-45.8 5.204-15.61 0-32.26-1.04-47.87-4.163-15.62-3.122-29.15-8.327-41.64-15.612a83.855 83.855 0 01-30.18-30.185c-8.33-12.49-12.49-28.102-12.49-46.838h84.31v-2.081z" fill="#FFFFFF" class="Ibar__logo__text"></path> <path d="M0 481.911V281.028l187.351-58.287v200.882L0 481.911z" fill="#8BC53F"></path> <path d="M187.351 423.623V222.741l126.983 87.431v200.882l-126.983-87.431z" fill="#EBD417"></path> <path d="M126.982 569.341L0 481.911l187.351-58.287 126.983 87.43-187.352 58.287z" fill="#034EA1"></path> <path d="M183.188 212.331l51.001-116.574 65.573 155.085-51.001 116.574-65.573-155.085z" fill="#712E74"></path> <path d="M248.761 367.415l51.001-116.574 171.739-28.102-49.96 115.533-172.78 29.143z" fill="#009FD1"></path> <path d="M299.762 250.842L234.189 95.757l171.739-28.103 65.573 155.085-171.739 28.103z" fill="#F6921E"></path> <path d="M187.352 222.741L59.328 198.802 44.757 71.819 172.78 95.76l14.572 126.982z" fill="#DA2128"></path> <path d="M172.78 95.758L44.757 71.818l70.777-70.776 128.023 23.94-70.777 70.776z" fill="#25BCBD"></path> <path d="M258.129 153.005l-70.777 69.736-14.571-126.982 70.777-70.778 14.571 128.024z" fill="#00844A"></path></svg></a></div></div> <button aria-label="Close Menu" data-event="iBarMenu-btn-closeMenu" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__menu__wrapper"><!----> <div parent-data-event="iBarMenu" class="Ibar__dropdown Ibar__dropdown--aboutUs"><button class="Ibar__dropdown__trigger"><!----> About us </button> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu"><div class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header"><button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__dropdown__menu__header__title"> About us </button> <button aria-label="Close Dropdown" class="Ibar__close"></button></div> <div class="Ibar__dropdown__about"><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Who we are</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/mission" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Mission and values</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/history" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">History</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/leadership" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Leadership</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/awards" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_0-a_whoWeAre">Awards</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Impact and progress</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/impact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Frontiers' impact</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://progressreport.frontiersin.org/?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=frep&utm_campaign=pr20" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">Progress Report 2022</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/progress-reports" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_1-a_impactAndProgress">All progress reports</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Publishing model</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">How we publish</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Open access</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Fee policy</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Peer review</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-integrity" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research integrity</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_2-a_publishingModel">Research Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">Services</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Societies</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/open-access-agreements/consortia" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">National consortia</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Institutional partnerships</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/collaborators" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_3-a_services">Collaborators</a></li></ul><ul class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block"><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__title">More from Frontiers</li> <li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Forum</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Press office</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="about/sustainability" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Sustainability</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Career opportunities</a></li><li class="Ibar__dropdown__about__block__item"><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="iBar-aboutUs_4-a_moreFromFrontiers">Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/journals" data-event="iBar-a-allJournals" class="Ibar__link">All journals</a><a href="//www.frontiersin.org/articles" data-event="iBar-a-allArticles" class="Ibar__link">All articles</a> <!----> <!----> <!----> <a href="//www.frontiersin.org/submission/submit" data-event="iBarMenu-a-submit" class="Ibar__button Ibar__submit">Submit your research</a></div></div> <!----></nav> <header><h1 class="acc-hidden">Home Banner</h1> <header class="MainHeader MainHeader--bgImage"><figure class="FrontiersImage MainHeader__mask MainHeader__mask--gradient"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/736B937B-CCA4-4440-B731C5C595C623EA/WebsiteWebP_XL-shutterstock_1895343883.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/736B937B-CCA4-4440-B731C5C595C623EA/WebsiteJpg_XL-shutterstock_1895343883.jpg" alt="Ice climbing under aurora" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <!----> <div class="MainHeader__ibar"></div> <div class="MainHeader__body"><!----> <h1 class="MainHeader__title">Where scientists empower society</h1> <h2 class="MainHeader__subtitle">Creating solutions for healthy lives on a healthy planet</h2> <!----></div> <div class="MainHeader__actions"><div class="MainHeader__actionsWrapper"><ul class="Metrics"><li class="Metrics__numbers__item"><div><div class="Metrics__numbers__line"></div> <div class="Metrics__numbers__mask"><p class="Metrics__numbers__main"><!----><span class="Metrics__numbers__number">9.4</span><span class="Metrics__numbers__suffix"> million</span></p> <p class="Metrics__numbers__text">citations</p></div></div></li><li class="Metrics__numbers__item"><div><div class="Metrics__numbers__line"></div> <div class="Metrics__numbers__mask"><p class="Metrics__numbers__main"><!----><span class="Metrics__numbers__number">2.8</span><span class="Metrics__numbers__suffix"> billion</span></p> <p class="Metrics__numbers__text">article views and downloads</p></div></div></li></ul> <!----></div></div></header></header> <main id="main-content"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Main Content</h1> <div class="Home__main"><section id="FilterCardListA" class="FilterCardA"><div class="FilterCardA__filterWrapper"><div class="FilterButtonsSelect FilterButtonsSelect--default"><ul class="FilterButtonsSelect__filterList"><li><button data-event="fbs-filter_0-btn_openMenu" class="FilterButtonsSelect__filterItem FilterButtonsSelect__filterItem--active"> Authors </button> <h1 class="acc-hidden"> Authors </h1></li><li><button data-event="fbs-filter_1-btn_openMenu" class="FilterButtonsSelect__filterItem"> Editors and reviewers </button> <!----></li><li><button data-event="fbs-filter_2-btn_openMenu" class="FilterButtonsSelect__filterItem"> Collaborators </button> <!----></li></ul> <div parent-data-event="fbs" class="DropDown"><button class="DropDown__titleContainer is-filtered DropDown__titleContainer--hasValue"><!----> <div class="DropDown__selectedValue">Authors</div></button> <div class="DropDown__overlay is-hidden"></div> <div class="DropDown__menuWrapper"><button aria-label="Close" data-event="dropDown-button-close" class="DropDown__titleMobile"></button> <div class="DropDown__search" style="display:none"><button class="DropDown__search__icon DropDown__search__icon--search"></button> <input placeholder="Search..." class="DropDown__search__input"> <div class="DropDown__search__icon DropDown__search__icon--spinner" style="display:none"></div> <div class="DropDown__info" style="display:none"> No matches to your query could be found. Try another search term. </div> <div class="DropDown__error" style="display:none"> </div></div> <ul class="DropDown__menu"><!----> <li class="DropDown__option DropDown__option--active DropDown__option--arrow-active"><button data-index="0" data-event="dropDown-btn_0-click" class="DropDown__option__button">Authors</button></li><li class="DropDown__option"><button data-index="1" data-event="dropDown-btn_1-click" class="DropDown__option__button">Editors and reviewers</button></li><li class="DropDown__option"><button data-index="2" data-event="dropDown-btn_2-click" class="DropDown__option__button">Collaborators</button></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="FilterCardA__list"><article class="CardA"><a href="/journals" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-seeJournals" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/D28FC604-BC38-4EBE-ABAB00F016474901/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1908127948.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/D28FC604-BC38-4EBE-ABAB00F016474901/thul-D5D37AFF-11C1-4AAF-9D732B9D773B083F.png" alt="Male doctor examining petri dish at laboratory while coworker working in background" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Find a journal</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> We have a home for your research. Our community led journals cover more than 1,500 academic disciplines and are some of the largest and most cited in their fields. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/submission/submit" target="_blank" data-event="cardA-a-submitNow" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/CB20AF94-0883-4297-99B9DF2233850001/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1895371750.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/CB20AF94-0883-4297-99B9DF2233850001/thul-600678EE-0A90-4E27-A46192A1DCACA8FC.png" alt="Confident young woman gesturing while teaching students in class" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Submit your research</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Start your submission and get more impact for your research by publishing with us. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-learnMore" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C2B4C1B8-A247-46E5-A04D3EE18E2194C4/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1895392510.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C2B4C1B8-A247-46E5-A04D3EE18E2194C4/thul-36585EAB-DEDE-4E52-A27073C2C12F8401.png" alt="Active senior woman concentrating while working on laptop" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Author guidelines</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Ready to publish? Check our author guidelines for everything you need to know about submitting, from choosing a journal and section to preparing your manuscript. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/about/peer-review" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-learnMore" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/35311ED7-A6E8-4492-A027EDFCF3F7D81C/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1895298835.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/35311ED7-A6E8-4492-A027EDFCF3F7D81C/thul-8958C7C8-D7BA-4828-A9086F1A6D533111.png" alt="Smiling colleagues doing research over laptop computer on desk in office" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Peer review</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Our efficient collaborative peer review means you’ll get a decision on your manuscript in an average of 61 days. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-learnMore" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/DE012B7F-FBD9-4AA0-B3B7B1B3379098B6/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1895613127.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/DE012B7F-FBD9-4AA0-B3B7B1B3379098B6/thul-F1A6E797-9302-4AAA-AA2341AE8D74D879.png" alt="Interior of a library with desks and bookshelves" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Fee policy</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Article publishing charges (APCs) apply to articles that are accepted for publication by our external and independent editorial boards </p></div></a></article> <noscript><article class="CardA"><a href="https://pressoffice.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="cardA-a-pressOffice" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C0CED9CC-3404-4B03-B57CCBBE386BB4A6/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_264406220.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C0CED9CC-3404-4B03-B57CCBBE386BB4A6/thul-E4332F64-57F6-4583-B87E50E41DC90DEA.png" alt="Group of international university students having fun studying in library, three colleagues of modern work co-working space talking and smiling while sitting at the desk table with laptop computer" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Press office</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Visit our press office for key media contact information, as well as Frontiers’ media kit, including our embargo policy, logos, key facts, leadership bios, and imagery. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/about/open-access-agreements" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-institutionalPartnerships" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/40B218F1-A780-4865-A3305AB31C709611/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_478521652.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/40B218F1-A780-4865-A3305AB31C709611/thul-D88E1E22-125C-4D47-9CC7F00040FFFE49.png" alt="Back view of man presenting to students at a lecture theatre" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Institutional partnerships</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Join more than 555 institutions around the world already benefiting from an institutional membership with Frontiers, including CERN, Max Planck Society, and the University of Oxford. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="https://publishingpartnerships.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="cardA-a-publishingPartnerships" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C22082B1-9B9C-458A-9282730C6F0207D2/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1896357688.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C22082B1-9B9C-458A-9282730C6F0207D2/thul-00F70AA3-B0DA-4ACE-AC47CFFBE9B12819.png" alt="Happy senior old korean businesswoman discussing online project on laptop with african american male colleague, working together in pairs at shared workplace, analyzing electronic documents." loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Publishing partnerships</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Partner with Frontiers and make your society’s transition to open access a reality with our custom-built platform and publishing expertise. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="cardA-a-policyLabs" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/1D59B8C1-8419-4DFA-B013315E468F0203/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1118045.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/1D59B8C1-8419-4DFA-B013315E468F0203/thul-BAA8D4EB-9446-4984-8DC3CA1A71AC2968.png" alt="Welsh Assembly debating chamber, UK." loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Policy Labs</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Connecting experts from business, science, and policy to strengthen the dialogue between scientific research and informed policymaking. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-learnMore" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A50D6D31-9FCF-4CE8-B42377AE0888D797/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1936236868.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A50D6D31-9FCF-4CE8-B42377AE0888D797/thul-7157EEBC-57CE-4345-9CFBF58D8448DD09.png" alt="Smiling African American Woman Talking to Boss in Office" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">How we publish</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> All Frontiers journals are community-run and fully open access, so every research article we publish is immediately and permanently free to read. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/guidelines/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-editorGuidelines" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/52FD1E31-E4D1-4343-8E7158DA392BDF5D/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1926463943.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/52FD1E31-E4D1-4343-8E7158DA392BDF5D/thul-DE1C653C-3AE8-40EE-B6569274C2EF87CB.png" alt="Front view portrait of African American man wearing lab coat and raising hand asking question while sitting in audience and listening to lecture on medicine" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Editor guidelines</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Reviewing a manuscript? See our guidelines for everything you need to know about our peer review process. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/editors/join-as-editor" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-joinAsEditor" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/93899F63-37B3-4EF7-ABFA00E195E8592B/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1336366292.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/93899F63-37B3-4EF7-ABFA00E195E8592B/thul-57000CB8-A73F-44A4-87ADC4532D55E673.png" alt="Shaking hands. African American dark-skinned man touching hands of his light-skinned workmate in greeting gesture" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">Become an editor</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> Apply to join an editorial board and collaborate with an international team of carefully selected independent researchers. </p></div></a></article><article class="CardA"><a href="/my-frontiers/overview" target="_self" data-event="cardA-a-seeAssignments" class="CardA__wrapper CardA__wrapper--vertical"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardA__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/EEAAB8D7-8241-4A74-BE65AC8A77E611E8/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_426901348.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/EEAAB8D7-8241-4A74-BE65AC8A77E611E8/thul-229E96C1-0F7C-4D79-A6696C4F2EE595DB.png" alt="Scientist looking at 3D rendered graphic scans from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner, close up" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardA__info"><h1 class="CardA__title">My assignments</h1> <p class="CardA__text"> It’s easy to find and track your editorial assignments with our platform, 'My Frontiers' – saving you time to spend on your own research. </p></div></a></article></noscript></div></section><div id="Heading" class="Heading Heading--h2"><h2>News</h2> <!----></div><section id="FilterCardListB" class="FilterCardB FilterCardB--layoutOddCards"><div class="FilterCardB__list"><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/10/15/how-vaccinating-plants-could-reduce-pesticide-use-and-secure-global-food" target="_blank" data-event="cardB-a-how ‘vaccinating’PlantsCouldRedu" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9E44B83E-0048-4142-A3B73C189B29C299/42D92142-F37E-49F7-9BE63F133C103822/WebsiteWebP_M-FSCI_Mauch-Mani_Induced-resistance-in-plants_Hub-card.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9E44B83E-0048-4142-A3B73C189B29C299/thul-50A1D12A-895A-49FE-8E34D291A741A8B2.png" alt="FSCI_Mauch-Mani_Induced-resistance-in-plants_Hub-card" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">PRESS RELEASE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 15 Oct 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">How ‘vaccinating’ plants could reduce pesticide use and secure global food supplies</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> Induced resistance, where plants’ immune systems are activated in a controlled way that prepares them to fight pests and disease, could help build a sustainable and resilient agricultural system. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/01/09/safeguarding-peer-review-to-ensure-quality-at-scale" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-safeguardingPeerReviewToEnsureQu" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9BDB1903-5270-47B6-A769DD562DD4B85C/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1141923626.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9BDB1903-5270-47B6-A769DD562DD4B85C/thul-8437A31B-40D5-4C1E-9A3BEED5D4E3081D.png" alt="winter kayaking in Antarctica, extreme sport adventure, people paddling on kayak near iceberg" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">OPEN SCIENCE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 10 Jan 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Safeguarding peer review to ensure quality at scale</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> Making scientific research open has never been more important. But for research to be trusted, it must be of the highest quality. Facing an industry-wide rise in fraudulent science, Frontiers has increased its focus on safeguarding quality. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/10/01/understanding-regional-climate-change-essential-for-effective-climate-adaptation" target="_blank" data-event="cardB-a-understandingRegionalClimateChan" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BF93DD-F58E-4C61-BD22B1FBB3A04EB0/A0172AF0-3AF1-48CA-AD7C64B3554AB17A/WebsiteWebP_M-FSCI_Hub_Climate-Change_Collins_Hub-card.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BF93DD-F58E-4C61-BD22B1FBB3A04EB0/thul-1B029B0F-306B-4CAF-90BCC968D5618DCA.png" alt="FSCI_Hub_Climate-Change_Collins_Hub-card" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">PRESS RELEASE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 01 Oct 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Understanding regional climate change is essential for guiding effective climate adaptation policy, study finds</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> From intensified monsoons and storm tracks to polar precipitation shifts, a new synthesis of regional climate data emphasizes the need for climate adaptation policy based on the latest regional climate science. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/20/oceanic-life-found-to-be-thriving-thanks-to-saharan-dust-blown-from" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-oceanicLifeFoundToBeThrivingThan" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/492B519E-51E8-4C1A-ACF3B2FAD3C0D150/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_361651271.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/492B519E-51E8-4C1A-ACF3B2FAD3C0D150/thul-10102924-B6A2-40B3-AC4972130B3CAE6F.png" alt="Turbulent Ocean" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 20 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Oceanic life found to be thriving thanks to Saharan dust blown from thousands of kilometers away</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> US scientists found that the further Saharan dust travels, the more iron in it becomes bioreactive. This is crucial for understanding iron's impact on phytoplankton growth, terrestrial ecosystems, and carbon cycling, especially under global change </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/19/zoom-background-tired-video-call" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-yourZoomBackgroundCouldInfluence" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A38E9170-ED4B-4C59-BD9A90FA801AE4F5/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1626375430.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A38E9170-ED4B-4C59-BD9A90FA801AE4F5/thul-FA1BAD43-6726-46DC-BC3690C6E9CE49EE.png" alt="Focused young african businessman wear headphones study online watching webinar podcast on laptop listening learning education course conference calling make notes sit at work desk, elearning concept" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 19 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Your Zoom background could influence how tired you feel after a video call</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> On many videoconferencing platforms users can set virtual backgrounds. But could this choice have varying effects on how tired people feel after a video call? </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/04/procrastination-health-african-lakes-climate-change" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-whenProcrastinationBecomesUnheal" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/59B378D1-10BB-4543-BB123A21A1415013/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1460812190.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/59B378D1-10BB-4543-BB123A21A1415013/thul-3E9E327E-4A91-4521-AFBFF10527D22FAC.png" alt="Smart watch, wearable gadget. Man wearing hybrid smartwatch. Wearables with digital touchscreen and mobile app technology. Person using wristwatch for business and work. Device with touch interface." loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 04 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">When procrastination becomes unhealthy: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/09/research-topics-exploring-dementia-diagnosis-and-treatment" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-threeResearchTopicsExploringDeme" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0506DA90-122E-4C0D-84D319DA8B1EDB9F/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_2114997188.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0506DA90-122E-4C0D-84D319DA8B1EDB9F/thul-26FB05F1-4462-4993-ABB580AB1BEAADE3.png" alt="Group of senior friends playing chess game at the park. Lifestyle concepts about seniority and third age" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">RESEARCH TOPICS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 09 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Three Research Topics exploring dementia diagnosis and treatment</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> While dementia remains a complex challenge, scientists are making significant progress in understanding and treating it. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article> <noscript><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/10/15/how-vaccinating-plants-could-reduce-pesticide-use-and-secure-global-food" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-how ‘vaccinating’PlantsCouldRedu" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9E44B83E-0048-4142-A3B73C189B29C299/42D92142-F37E-49F7-9BE63F133C103822/WebsiteWebP_M-FSCI_Mauch-Mani_Induced-resistance-in-plants_Hub-card.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9E44B83E-0048-4142-A3B73C189B29C299/thul-50A1D12A-895A-49FE-8E34D291A741A8B2.png" alt="FSCI_Mauch-Mani_Induced-resistance-in-plants_Hub-card" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">PRESS RELEASE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 15 Oct 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">How ‘vaccinating’ plants could reduce pesticide use and secure global food supplies</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> Induced resistance, where plants’ immune systems are activated in a controlled way that prepares them to fight pests and disease, could help build a sustainable and resilient agricultural system. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/01/09/safeguarding-peer-review-to-ensure-quality-at-scale" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-safeguardingPeerReviewToEnsureQu" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9BDB1903-5270-47B6-A769DD562DD4B85C/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1141923626.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/9BDB1903-5270-47B6-A769DD562DD4B85C/thul-8437A31B-40D5-4C1E-9A3BEED5D4E3081D.png" alt="winter kayaking in Antarctica, extreme sport adventure, people paddling on kayak near iceberg" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">OPEN SCIENCE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 10 Jan 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Safeguarding peer review to ensure quality at scale</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> Making scientific research open has never been more important. But for research to be trusted, it must be of the highest quality. Facing an industry-wide rise in fraudulent science, Frontiers has increased its focus on safeguarding quality. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB CardB--highlighted"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/10/01/understanding-regional-climate-change-essential-for-effective-climate-adaptation" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-understandingRegionalClimateChan" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BF93DD-F58E-4C61-BD22B1FBB3A04EB0/A0172AF0-3AF1-48CA-AD7C64B3554AB17A/WebsiteWebP_M-FSCI_Hub_Climate-Change_Collins_Hub-card.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/C7BF93DD-F58E-4C61-BD22B1FBB3A04EB0/thul-1B029B0F-306B-4CAF-90BCC968D5618DCA.png" alt="FSCI_Hub_Climate-Change_Collins_Hub-card" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">PRESS RELEASE</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 01 Oct 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Understanding regional climate change is essential for guiding effective climate adaptation policy, study finds</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> From intensified monsoons and storm tracks to polar precipitation shifts, a new synthesis of regional climate data emphasizes the need for climate adaptation policy based on the latest regional climate science. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/20/oceanic-life-found-to-be-thriving-thanks-to-saharan-dust-blown-from" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-oceanicLifeFoundToBeThrivingThan" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/492B519E-51E8-4C1A-ACF3B2FAD3C0D150/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_361651271.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/492B519E-51E8-4C1A-ACF3B2FAD3C0D150/thul-10102924-B6A2-40B3-AC4972130B3CAE6F.png" alt="Turbulent Ocean" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 20 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Oceanic life found to be thriving thanks to Saharan dust blown from thousands of kilometers away</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> US scientists found that the further Saharan dust travels, the more iron in it becomes bioreactive. This is crucial for understanding iron's impact on phytoplankton growth, terrestrial ecosystems, and carbon cycling, especially under global change </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/19/zoom-background-tired-video-call" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-yourZoomBackgroundCouldInfluence" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A38E9170-ED4B-4C59-BD9A90FA801AE4F5/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1626375430.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/A38E9170-ED4B-4C59-BD9A90FA801AE4F5/thul-FA1BAD43-6726-46DC-BC3690C6E9CE49EE.png" alt="Focused young african businessman wear headphones study online watching webinar podcast on laptop listening learning education course conference calling make notes sit at work desk, elearning concept" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 19 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Your Zoom background could influence how tired you feel after a video call</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> On many videoconferencing platforms users can set virtual backgrounds. But could this choice have varying effects on how tired people feel after a video call? </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/04/procrastination-health-african-lakes-climate-change" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-whenProcrastinationBecomesUnheal" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/59B378D1-10BB-4543-BB123A21A1415013/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_1460812190.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/59B378D1-10BB-4543-BB123A21A1415013/thul-3E9E327E-4A91-4521-AFBFF10527D22FAC.png" alt="Smart watch, wearable gadget. Man wearing hybrid smartwatch. Wearables with digital touchscreen and mobile app technology. Person using wristwatch for business and work. Device with touch interface." loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">SCIENCE NEWS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 04 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">When procrastination becomes unhealthy: Here are five Frontiers articles you won’t want to miss</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> At Frontiers, we bring some of the world’s best research to a global audience. But with tens of thousands of articles published each year, it’s impossible to cover all of them. Here are just five amazing papers you may have missed. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article><article class="CardB"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news/2024/09/09/research-topics-exploring-dementia-diagnosis-and-treatment" target="_self" data-event="cardB-a-threeResearchTopicsExploringDeme" class="CardB__link"><figure class="FrontiersImage CardB__img"><picture class="FrontiersImage"><source srcset="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0506DA90-122E-4C0D-84D319DA8B1EDB9F/WebsiteWebP_M-shutterstock_2114997188.webp" media="" type="image/webp"> <img src="https://d2csxpduxe849s.cloudfront.net/media/E32629C6-9347-4F84-81FEAEF7BFA342B3/0506DA90-122E-4C0D-84D319DA8B1EDB9F/thul-26FB05F1-4462-4993-ABB580AB1BEAADE3.png" alt="Group of senior friends playing chess game at the park. Lifestyle concepts about seniority and third age" loading="eager" class="is-inside-mask"></picture> <!----></figure> <div class="CardB__info"><div class="CardB__row"><div class="CardB__pretitle">RESEARCH TOPICS</div> <div class="CardB__date"> Published on 09 Sep 2024 </div></div> <h1 class="CardB__title">Three Research Topics exploring dementia diagnosis and treatment</h1> <p class="CardB__text"> While dementia remains a complex challenge, scientists are making significant progress in understanding and treating it. </p> <!----> <div class="l-spacer"></div> <!----></div></a></article></noscript></div></section><span id="CustomLink" class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="see more news" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/news" target="_self" data-event="customLink-outlineButton-a_seeMoreNews" class="Link Link--outlineButton Link--grey Link--medium Link--outlineButton Link--icon Link--arrowRight Link--right"><span>See more news</span></a></span><section id="Newsletter" class="Newsletter"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Newsletter</h1> <div class="Newsletter__signup"><div class="Newsletter__heading"><p class="Newsletter__title"> Get the latest research updates, subscribe to our newsletter </p> <!----></div> <div class="FormContainer FormContainer--blue"><form class="Newsletter__form"><fieldset class="Newsletter__fieldset"><div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div required-error-message="Please, fill in this field" class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberFirstName" class="Input__label">Name</label></span> <input id="subscriberFirstName" class="Input__field"></div></div> <div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div required-error-message="Please, fill in this field" class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberLastName" class="Input__label">Last name</label></span> <input id="subscriberLastName" class="Input__field"></div></div> <div class="Newsletter__fieldgroup"><div required-error-message="Please, fill in this field" email-error-message="Please, provide a valid email" class="Input"><span class="Input__labelWrapper"><label for="subscriberEmail" class="Input__label">E-mail</label></span> <input id="subscriberEmail" class="Input__field"></div></div></fieldset> <button type="" data-event="newsletter-btn-subscribe" class="Button Button--blue40 Button--medium"><span>Subscribe</span></button></form></div></div> <input type="hidden"></section></div></main> <footer class="Footer"><h1 class="acc-hidden">Footer</h1> <div class="Footer__wrapper"><div class="Footer__sections"><ul class="Accordion"><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><!----> <div class="Accordion__title">Guidelines</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="/guidelines/author-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_authorGuidelines">Author guidelines</a></li><li><a href="/guidelines/editor-guidelines" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_editorGuidelines">Editor guidelines</a></li><li><a href="/guidelines/policies-and-publication-ethics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_policiesAndPublicationE">Policies and publication ethics</a></li><li><a href="/about/fee-policy" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_0-a_feePolicy">Fee policy</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><!----> <div class="Accordion__title">Explore</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="/articles" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_articles">Articles</a></li><li><a href="/research-topics" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_researchTopics">Research Topics </a></li><li><a href="/journals" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_journals">Journals</a></li><li><a href="/about/how-we-publish" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_1-a_howWePublish">How we publish</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><!----> <div class="Accordion__title">Outreach</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="https://forum.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForum">Frontiers Forum </a></li><li><a href="https://policylabs.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPolicyLabs">Frontiers Policy Labs </a></li><li><a href="https://kids.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersForYoungMinds">Frontiers for Young Minds</a></li><li><a href="https://www.frontiersplanetprize.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_2-a_frontiersPlanetPrize">Frontiers Planet Prize</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="Accordion__item"><button class="Accordion__headline"><!----> <div class="Accordion__title">Connect</div> <div class="Accordion__space"></div> <div class="Accordion__arrow"></div></button> <div class="Accordion__content Accordion__content--fadeOut" style="height:0"><ul><li><a href="https://helpcenter.frontiersin.org" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_helpCenter">Help center</a></li><li><a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/settings/email-preferences?a=publishers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_emailsAndAlerts">Emails and alerts </a></li><li><a href="/about/contact" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_contactUs">Contact us </a></li><li><a href="/submission/submit" target="_self" data-event="footer-block_3-a_submit">Submit</a></li><li><a href="https://careers.frontiersin.org/" target="_blank" data-event="footer-block_3-a_careerOpportunities">Career opportunities</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="Footer__socialLinks"><div class="Footer__socialLinks__title">Follow us</div> <span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/Frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-facebook-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--facebook Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/frontiersin" target="_blank" data-event="footer-twitter-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--twitter Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers LinkedIn" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/frontiers" target="_blank" data-event="footer-linkedIn-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--linkedin Link--right"><span></span></a></span><span class="Link__wrapper"><a aria-label="Frontiers Instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/frontiersin_" target="_blank" data-event="footer-instagram-a_" class="Link Link--linkType Link--grey Link--medium Link--icon Link--instagram Link--right"><span></span></a></span></div></div> <div class="Footer__copyright"><div><span>© 2024 Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reserved</span></div> <div><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/privacy-policy" target="_blank">Privacy policy</a> <span>|</span> <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions" target="_blank">Terms and conditions</a></div></div></div></footer></div> <div class="SnackbarWrapper"><ul class="SnackbarContainer"></ul></div></div></div></div><script defer src="/_nuxt/static/1732613240/state.js"></script><script src="/_nuxt/40d8906.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/55fcbdd.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/7e659e8.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/ef340e6.js" defer></script><script src="/_nuxt/b8c10cd.js" defer></script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10