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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repealing_the_1996_Defense_of_Marriage_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repealing_the_1996_Defense_of_Marriage_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Repealing the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repealing_the_1996_Defense_of_Marriage_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legislative progress subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legislative_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-111th_Congress_(2009–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#111th_Congress_(2009–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>111th Congress (2009–2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-111th_Congress_(2009–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-112th_Congress_(2011–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#112th_Congress_(2011–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>112th Congress (2011–2013)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-112th_Congress_(2011–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-113th_Congress_(2013–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#113th_Congress_(2013–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>113th Congress (2013–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-113th_Congress_(2013–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-114th_Congress_(2015–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#114th_Congress_(2015–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>114th Congress (2015–2017)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-114th_Congress_(2015–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-117th_Congress_(2021–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#117th_Congress_(2021–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>117th Congress (2021–2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-117th_Congress_(2021–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_House_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_House_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>First House vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_House_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_passage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_passage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Senate passage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_passage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_House_vote" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_House_vote"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Second House vote</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_House_vote-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signing_into_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signing_into_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Signing into law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signing_into_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legislative history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public opinion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Same-sex marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interracial_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interracial_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Interracial marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interracial_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians'_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians'_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Politicians' opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians'_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religious organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activist_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activist_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Activist opinions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activist_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2022 U.S. federal law</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.25em">Respect for Marriage Act</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/140px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/210px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg/280px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Long title</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">To repeal the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> and ensure respect for State regulation of marriage, and for other purposes.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(colloquial)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">RFMA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th United States Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">December 13, 2022</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Number of co-sponsors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">189</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Citations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Public law</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/228?link-type=html">117–228 (text)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/228?link-type=pdf&.pdf">(PDF)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large"><span class="wrap">Statutes at Large</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">136 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-136-2305">2305</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Codification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Acts repealed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Titles amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_1_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 1 of the United States Code">1 U.S.C. General Provisions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C. Judiciary and Judicial Procedure</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">U.S.C. sections amended</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Title_1_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 1 of the United States Code">1 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/1/7">§ 7</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1738C">§ 1738C</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><span class="nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404/actions">Legislative history</a></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul style="line-height:1.3em;text-align:left"><li><b>Introduced</b> in the House as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404">H.R. 8404</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>) on July 18, 2022</li><li><b>Committee consideration</b> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary</a></li><li><b>Passed the House</b> on July 19, 2022 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2022/roll373.xml">267–157</a>)</li><li><b>Passed the Senate</b> on November 29, 2022 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1172/vote_117_2_00362.htm">61–36</a>) with amendment</li><li><b>House agreed to Senate amendment</b> on December 8, 2022 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clerk.house.gov/evs/2022/roll513.xml">258–169–1</a>)</li><li><b>Signed into law</b> by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> on December 13, 2022</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Respect for Marriage Act</b> (<b>RFMA</b>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404">H.R. 8404</a>) is a landmark<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marriage_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal law">United States federal law</a> passed by the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th United States Congress</a> in 2022 and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>. It repeals the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> (DOMA), requires the U.S. federal government and all U.S. states and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a> (though not <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">tribes</a>) to recognize the validity of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">interracial</a> civil marriages in the United States, and protects <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious liberty</a>. Its first version in 2009 was supported by former <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Bob Barr</a>, the original sponsor of DOMA, and former President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, who signed DOMA in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iterations of the proposal were put forth in the <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a>, <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a>, <a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a>, <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> Congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-blade_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blade-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> requires all <a href="/wiki/U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">U.S. states</a> to recognize same-sex marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-Obergefell_v._Hodges_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obergefell_v._Hodges-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision rendered the last remaining provision of DOMA unenforceable and essentially made same-sex marriage <i>de facto</i> federal law. The future of same-sex marriage in the United States was put back into question in 2022, when a concurring opinion by Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> argued the Court "should reconsider" the <i>Obergefell</i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFMA officially repealed DOMA and requires the federal government to recognize same-sex and interracial marriages, codifying parts of <i>Obergefell,</i> the 2013 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i>, and the 1967 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Somin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it compels all U.S. states and territories to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages if performed in a jurisdiction where such marriages are legally performed; this extends the recognition of same-sex marriages to <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the remaining U.S. territory to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_American_Samoa" title="Same-sex marriage in American Samoa">refuse to perform or recognize same-sex marriages</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>In July 2022, RFMA was reintroduced to Congress, with revisions including protections for interracial marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act passed the House in a bipartisan vote on July 19, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> announced on November 14, 2022, that a bipartisan deal had been struck, and that they expected the legislation to reach 60 votes to break the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A motion of <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> passed 62–37 in the Senate on November 16.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, the Senate passed it by a 61–36 vote, with a large majority of Senate <i>nays</i> originating from Republican Senators in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-senate-vote_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-vote-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 8, the House agreed to the Senate amendment by a 258–169 vote, with one member voting <i>present</i> (<a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a>). 39 Republicans voted <i>yea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Biden signed the bill into law on December 13, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States">Public opinion polls of same-sex marriage in the United States</a> indicate a strong majority of Americans are in favor; <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> is supported almost universally.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final version of the bill divided American religious groups morally opposed to same-sex marriage;<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was supported by some as a suitable compromise between the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">rights of LGBTQ couples</a> and religious liberty,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position that was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was prominently opposed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops">U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> due to their views on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">sexual ethics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious groups that supported the bill include the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian-Universalist Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BJC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Joe_Biden_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1988" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Joe Biden</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="Early life and career of Joe Biden">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden" title="List of things named after Joe Biden">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Joe_Biden" title="Family of Joe Biden">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Joe_Biden" title="Public image of Joe Biden">Public image</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Joe_Biden" title="Age and health concerns about Joe Biden">Age and health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Joe_Biden" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden"><i>SNL</i> parodies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Joe_Biden" title="Bibliography of Joe Biden">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">U.S. Senator from Delaware</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="US Senate career of Joe Biden">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Judiciary Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Bork hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Thomas hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">1994 Crime Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Foreign Relations Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Joe_Biden" title="Electoral history of Joe Biden">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1972 United States Senate election in Delaware">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1978 United States Senate election in Delaware">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1984 United States Senate election in Delaware">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1990 United States Senate election in Delaware">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1996 United States Senate election in Delaware">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2002 United States Senate election in Delaware">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2008 United States Senate election in Delaware">2008</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">47th Vice President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama#Biden_Senate_transition" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">first inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">second inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration">Economic policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009#Oversight_and_administration" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">Great Recession response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Tax_Relief_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Tax Relief Act">2010 Tax Relief Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_Control_Act_of_2011#Legislative_history" title="Budget Control Act of 2011">2011 debt-ceiling crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Taxpayer_Relief_Act_of_2012#Legislative_history" title="American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012">fiscal cliff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li>Task forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Violence_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Violence Task Force">Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Vice presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">46th President of the United States<br /><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#71531C">Incumbent</span></b></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Joe_Biden" title="Efforts to impeach Joe Biden">Efforts to impeach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Joe_Biden" title="Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden">inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of executive actions by Joe Biden">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of proclamations by Joe Biden">proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden">Trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of international presidential trips made by Joe Biden">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2021)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021)">'21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2022)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2022)">'22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2023)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2023)">'23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2024%E2%80%9325)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2024–25)">'24–'25</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">Geneva summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_classified_documents_incident" title="Joe Biden classified documents incident">Classified documents incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_United_States_debt-ceiling_crisis" title="2023 United States debt-ceiling crisis">2023 debt-ceiling crisis</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 policy of the Joe Biden administration">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">WH Response Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">IIJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">IRA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_and_ethics_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Electoral and ethics policy of the Joe Biden administration">Electoral/ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact" title="American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact">Camp David Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_Economic_Framework" title="Indo-Pacific Economic Framework">IPEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">War in Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis#Biden_administration" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Social policy of the Joe Biden administration">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act" title="Bipartisan Safer Communities Act">guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Joe Biden administration">cannabis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">marriage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Appointments</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden" title="Cabinet of Joe Biden">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Executive_Office_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden">Executive Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Joe Biden">U.S. attorneys</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden presidential campaign">Presidential campaigns</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_sexual_assault_allegation" title="Joe Biden sexual assault allegation">sexual assault allegation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Ukraine conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates#June_27:_First_presidential_debate_(CNN,_Atlanta)" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden's signature"><img alt="Joe Biden's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg/150px-Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg/225px-Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg/300px-Joe_Biden_Presidential_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joe_Biden_series" title="Template:Joe Biden series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joe_Biden_series" title="Template talk:Joe Biden series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joe_Biden_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joe Biden series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prior to the Supreme Court's 1967 ruling in <i>Loving</i>, anti-miscegenation laws were still in force in 16 states, all prohibiting interracial marriage. Until 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> customarily recognized marriages conducted legally in any state for the purpose of federal legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-sue_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sue-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following an unsuccessful lawsuit aimed at legalizing <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> in Hawaii, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, one section of which forbids the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-sue_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sue-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ash_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ash-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court ruled this section unconstitutional in the 2013 case <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i>. </p><p>In June 2022, the Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> that the Constitution does not confer the right to an <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, overturning the 50-year-old precedent of <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>.</i> Writing for the majority, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> stated that fears that the same arguments that overturned <i>Roe</i> might also touch upon "matters such as intimate sexual relations, contraception, and marriage" were "unfounded".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in a concurring opinion, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> argued that the Court should go further in future cases, reconsidering other past Supreme Court decisions that granted rights based on <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (the right to contraception), <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (the right to same-sex marriage), and <i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (the right to engage in private sexual acts).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, in July 2022 the House passed bills aimed to protect rights that Thomas had mentioned, with the Respect for Marriage Act specifically ensuring that the right to same-sex and interracial marriages would remain part of federal statute law even if the Court ruled at some future date that they were not constitutionally guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repealing_the_1996_Defense_of_Marriage_Act">Repealing the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Repealing the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Respect for Marriage Act repealed the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DOMA barred the federal government from treating same-sex couples who were married under state law as married couples. Thus, DOMA prevented federal recognition of such marriages for purposes of Social Security benefits, tax benefits, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, DOMA stated that the Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution did not require states to respect the marriages of same-sex couples performed by other states.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court's decision in <i>United States v. Windsor</i> (2013) struck down this section of DOMA, but after <i>Dobbs</i>’ overturning of <i>Roe,</i> there was concern that <i>Windsor</i> could be overturned by the Supreme Court in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RFMA replaced this portion of DOMA with a statement that the Full Faith and Credit Clause requires interstate recognition of same-sex marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>H.R.8404, the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a>, as signed into law by President Joe Biden on December 13, 2022, is available in full at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Respect for Marriage Act">Wikisource</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to requiring all states to recognize interracial or same-sex marriages performed in another domestic or foreign jurisdiction, it also requires all territories and possessions of the United States to recognize marriages performed elsewhere. Prior to enactment of the Act, <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> was the only U.S. territory which <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_American_Samoa" title="Same-sex marriage in American Samoa">neither performed nor recognized same-sex marriages</a>, even if performed legally in another jurisdiction of the United States or elsewhere. It does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">federally-recognized Native American nations</a>, which are free to determine their own policy on performance and recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_of_law_problem">Choice of law problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Choice of law problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to repealing DOMA, the legislation would establish a method for the federal government to determine whether a marriage is valid for federal purposes, a legal dilemma known as <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice of laws">choice of laws</a>. Anticipating that federal courts and administrators would need to determine the validity <i>for federal purposes</i> of a marriage that is recognized in one state and not another, or in a foreign country and not by every U.S. state, it creates two tests. If celebrated in a state of the U.S. (with "state" interpreted to include territories and the District of Columbia), a marriage is valid for federal purposes if valid in that state. If celebrated elsewhere, a marriage is valid for federal purposes if it is valid in at least one U.S. state.<sup id="cite_ref-baude_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baude-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal scholars disputed whether the language of the Respect for Marriage Act was an appropriate solution to the problem. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Wardle" title="Lynn Wardle">Lynn Wardle</a> wrote that it "is substantively biased to circumvent state policies that do not allow or recognize same-sex marriage" and "a violation of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Baude" title="William Baude">William Baude</a> endorsed the language of the Respect for Marriage Act. He argued that the options are to give priority to the place a marriage is celebrated or to the domicile of the married couple, that one's domicile is more easily manipulated, and that basing the choice of law on the place of celebration "promotes predictability and stability".<sup id="cite_ref-baude_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baude-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Law scholar <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Ilya Somin</a> writes that the provision requiring states to recognize same-sex marriages contracted in other states is more likely to have constitutionality issues in the court system than the provisions that apply to the definition of marriage used in federal law; he also notes that the Act contains a severability provision in case one part of the Act is found unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-Somin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Somin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_progress">Legislative progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legislative progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act#Repeal_proposals" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act § Repeal proposals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="111th_Congress_(2009–2011)"><span id="111th_Congress_.282009.E2.80.932011.29"></span>111th Congress (2009–2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 111th Congress (2009–2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_(4193003137).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%284193003137%29.jpg/220px-Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%284193003137%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%284193003137%29.jpg/330px-Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%284193003137%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Press_Conference_to_Introduce_the_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%284193003137%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Rep. Jerry Nadler introducing the Respect for Marriage Act in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2009 bill was introduced by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> of New York on September 15, 2009, and garnered 120 cosponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-debuts_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debuts-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="112th_Congress_(2011–2013)"><span id="112th_Congress_.282011.E2.80.932013.29"></span>112th Congress (2011–2013)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 112th Congress (2011–2013)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2011 bill was introduced by U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> of New York on March 16, 2011, and a U.S. Senate version was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> of California on the same day. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> announced his support for the bill on July 19, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House">House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ileana Ros-Lehtinen</a> of Florida became the 125th cosponsor of the bill in the U.S. House of Representatives and the first Republican member of the U.S. Congress to announce support for the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2012, <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Hanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard L. Hanna">Richard Hanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bass" title="Charles Bass">Charles Bass</a> became the next Republicans to cosponsor the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate">Senate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_(5532358837).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg/220px-The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg/330px-The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg/440px-The_Respect_for_Marriage_Act_%285532358837%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> introducing the Respect for Marriage Act in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>On July 20, 2011, Sen. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> of Vermont chaired the first-ever congressional hearing on a proposal to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> (DOMA).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 25, 2011, Leahy announced that the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> would begin debate on November 3, 2011, with a committee vote likely to happen the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBCFirstRead_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBCFirstRead-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 3, 2011, the bill was debated in the Senate Judiciary Committee, where its passage was a foregone conclusion due to sufficient votes to pass being found in the 10 Democratic members of the committee, who are cosponsors of the bill; however, Republicans on the Committee requested the vote be delayed one week.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the debate Sen. Feinstein noted that DOMA denies same-sex couples more than 1,100 federal rights and benefits that are provided to all other members of that class, legally married couples, including rights to Social Security spousal benefits, protection from estate taxes when a spouse passes away, and the ability to file taxes jointly and claim certain deductions.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 10–8 in favor of advancing the bill to the Senate floor.<sup id="cite_ref-panel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="113th_Congress_(2013–2015)"><span id="113th_Congress_.282013.E2.80.932015.29"></span>113th Congress (2013–2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 113th Congress (2013–2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bill's sponsors decided not to reintroduce the Respect for Marriage Act in 2013 until the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> issued a decision in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reintroduced it on June 26, the same day the Court ruled in that case that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="114th_Congress_(2015–2017)"><span id="114th_Congress_.282015.E2.80.932017.29"></span>114th Congress (2015–2017)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 114th Congress (2015–2017)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aforementioned lawmakers Representative Jerrold Nadler of New York and Senator Dianne Feinstein of California reintroduced the legislation on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th Congress</a>. Nadler remarked, "We must finish the job begun by the Supreme Court". In terms of co-sponsors, the proposal soon accrued 77 co-sponsors in the House and 41 in the Senate. The news received a warm welcome from <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> groups such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Military_Partner_Association" title="American Military Partner Association">American Military Partner Association</a>, which stated that Congressional action had to take place in order to assist same-sex military couples seeking veterans benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-blade_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blade-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 2 of DOMA, the last substantive provision of that act remaining viable after <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i>, was rendered obsolete in <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> in June 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="117th_Congress_(2021–2023)"><span id="117th_Congress_.282021.E2.80.932023.29"></span>117th Congress (2021–2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 117th Congress (2021–2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> in June 2022 overturned <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i>. In his concurrence, Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> postulated that the court should revisit other past cases which granted rights based on <a href="/wiki/Substantive_due_process" title="Substantive due process">substantive due process</a>, including the right of same-sex marriages from <i>Obergefell</i>, leading to concerns from lawmakers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_House_vote">First House vote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First House vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2022, the House Judiciary Committee Chairman <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D-NY), Senator <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (D-CA), Congressional LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus Chairman <a href="/wiki/David_Cicilline" title="David Cicilline">David Cicilline</a> (D-RI), Senator <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a> (D-WI) and Senator <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> (R-ME) announced the re-introduction of the Respect for Marriage Act, which was revised to include protections for <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">interracial marriages</a> to codify <i>Loving v. Virginia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act passed the House (267–157) on July 19, 2022, with 47 Republicans joining all Democrats in voting in the affirmative.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_passage">Senate passage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Senate passage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg/300px-117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg/450px-117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg/600px-117th_Congress_2nd_session_Senate_roll_call_362.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><b>November 29 Senate vote by state</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5fd170ff; color:;"> </span> Two yeas</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff66ff; color:;"> </span> Yea and not voting</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd700ff; color:;"> </span> Yea and Nay</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff3333ff; color:;"> </span> Two Nays</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8080ff; color:;"> </span> Nay and not voting</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Senate initially planned to vote on the bill before the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">2022 midterm elections</a>. However, because it was unclear whether it would receive enough votes to end debate, the consideration of the bill was delayed by Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 14, 2022, a group of bipartisan senators, including <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (R-OH), <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a> (D-AZ), <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> (R-NC), <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a> (D-WI), and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> (R-ME) announced they had reached an amendment compromise to include language for religious protections and clarify that the bill did not legalize <a href="/wiki/Polygamous_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamous marriage">polygamous marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amendment_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amendment-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment specifies that nonprofit religious organizations will not be required to provide services for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> announced that he would bring the modified bill to the Senate floor.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 16, 2022, the Senate invoked <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> on the motion to proceed (62–37) to the amended bill.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 50 Democratic senators and 12 Republicans (<a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Roy Blunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burr" title="Richard Burr">Richard Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Cynthia Lummis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Dan Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Todd Young</a>) voted in favor of advancing the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 29, 2022, the Senate voted 61–36 to pass the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-senate-vote_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-vote-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voting in favor of the bill were 49 Democrats and the same 12 Republicans who had voted to advance it. Two Republicans (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Sasse" title="Ben Sasse">Ben Sasse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Patrick Toomey</a>) and one Democrat (<a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Raphael Warnock</a>, who co-sponsored the bill) did not vote.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_House_vote">Second House vote</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second House vote"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 8, 2022, the House passed (258–169–1) the Senate's version of the Act, with 39 Republicans joining all Democrats in voting in the affirmative.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signing_into_law">Signing into law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Signing into law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg/220px-President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg/330px-President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg/440px-President_Joe_Biden_signed_the_%22Respect_for_Marriage_Act%22_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>President Biden signing the bill into law at the White House on December 13, 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 13, 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act into law in a ceremony that was held on the White House lawn.<sup id="cite_ref-marriage_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelosi, Schumer, Harris, and Biden all spoke at the event, which also featured performances by the Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C., as well as musicians <a href="/wiki/Sam_Smith" title="Sam Smith">Sam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lauper" title="Cyndi Lauper">Cyndi Lauper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marriage_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gina Nortonsmith and Heidi Nortonsmith, the lesbian couple who was one of seven same-sex couples who sued the state of Massachusetts for same-sex marriage rights in the 2003 <i><a href="/wiki/Goodridge_v._Department_of_Public_Health" title="Goodridge v. Department of Public Health">Goodridge v. Department of Public Health</a></i> case, were among those who spoke at the event as well.<sup id="cite_ref-marriage_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legislative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of December 13, 2022: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Congress </th> <th>Short title </th> <th>Bill number(s) </th> <th>Date introduced </th> <th>Sponsor(s) </th> <th># of cosponsors </th> <th>Latest status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th Congress</a> </td> <td>Respect for Marriage Act of 2009 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/3567">H.R. 3567</a> </td> <td>September 15, 2009 </td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D–NY) </td> <td>120 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a><br /> <p>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution">House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Respect for Marriage Act of 2011 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/senate-bill/598">S. 598</a> </td> <td>March 16, 2011 </td> <td>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (D–CA) </td> <td>32 </td> <td>Approved by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a>; sent to Senate floor.<sup id="cite_ref-panel_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-panel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/1116">H.R. 1116</a> </td> <td>March 16, 2011 </td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D–NY) </td> <td>160 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th Congress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Respect for Marriage Act </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1236">S. 1236</a> </td> <td>June 26, 2013 </td> <td>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (D–CA) </td> <td>45 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2523">H.R. 2523</a> </td> <td>June 26, 2013 </td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D–NY) </td> <td>183 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th Congress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Respect for Marriage Act </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/29">S. 29</a> </td> <td>January 6, 2015 </td> <td>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (D–CA) </td> <td>44 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/197">H.R. 197</a> </td> <td>January 6, 2015 </td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D–NY) </td> <td>152 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th Congress</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Respect for Marriage Act </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404">H.R. 8404</a> </td> <td>July 18, 2022 </td> <td>Rep. <a href="/wiki/Jerrold_Nadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerrold Nadler">Jerrold Nadler</a> (D–NY) </td> <td>189 </td> <td>Passed the House of Representatives (267–157)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Passed the Senate with amendment (61–36)<sup id="cite_ref-senate-vote_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate-vote-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />House agreed to the Senate amendment (258–169–1)<br />Signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/4556">S. 4556</a> </td> <td>July 19, 2022 </td> <td>Sen. <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> (D–CA) </td> <td>43 </td> <td>Referred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg/440px-Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg/660px-Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg/880px-Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_USA_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><b>Degree of public support for same-sex marriage by state in 2023</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1B4F72; color:white;"> </span>  80–81%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2874A6; color:white;"> </span>  70–79%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3498DB; color:black;"> </span>  60–69%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#85C1E9; color:black;"> </span>  50–59%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AED6F1; color:black;"> </span>  49% (plurality support)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States">Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States</a></div> <p>A September 2022 <i>Grinnell College National Poll</i> found that 74% of Americans believe same-sex marriage should be a guaranteed right while 13% disagreed and 13% were uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> found that nationwide public support for marriage equality for same-sex couples reached 50% in May 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-news.gallup.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.gallup.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 60% in May 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-https_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 70% in May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found 40% in 2010, 50% in 2013, and 61% in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Staff_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staff-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016, 83% of Americans aged 18–29 supported same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 60% of Americans said they would not mind if their child married someone of the same gender.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Annual polling conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup</a> each May in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 has found support for same-sex marriage stable, with two-thirds of Americans indicating that same-sex marriage should be recognized as valid under law (a range of 63% to 67% was recorded).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallup_2019_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallup_2019-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, 67% of respondents stated that same-sex marriage should be legally recognized as valid under the law.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, there is majority support for same-sex marriage in 47 states, ranging from 50% in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> to 85% in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. There is plurality support in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, with 49% supporting and 47% opposing. Only <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> have majority opposition to same-sex marriage; in Mississippi, 55% oppose and 44% support, while in Arkansas, 52% oppose and 47% support same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interracial_marriage">Interracial marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interracial marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States#Public_opinion" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">Interracial marriage in the United States § Public opinion</a></div> <p>Gallup found that nationwide public support for interracial marriage rose from around 4% in 1958, more than 50% in 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 94% in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interracial marriage features prominently in the Respect for Marriage Act. Interracial marriage was first legalized through the landmark supreme court case <i>Loving v Virginia</i> in 1967, in which the Warren court established that the laws prohibiting interracial marriage were in violation of the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gallup polls of United States public opinion, approval for interracial marriage has increased from 4% in 1958 to 94% in 2021 and the highest approval rating of 98% is from Americans between the ages of 18 and 29.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of interracial marriage was not raised in the original Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) that would lead to the passage of the Respect for Marriage Act. The new language of the Respect of Marriage Act requires states to approve and acknowledge out-of-state marriage licenses issued to interracial couples. </p><p>Despite overwhelming public support for interracial marriage, the June 2022 overturn of <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> raised additional concerns that interracial marriage was being threatened by the Supreme Court. <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i>, and the recently overturned <i>Roe v. Wade</i> were decided under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and this is what many believe to be the cause to include interracial marriage as protected under the Respect for Marriage Act.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cause for concern was also that some politicians, like Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Mike Braun</a>, had seemingly started to call into question the <i>Loving v. Virginia</i> decision.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians'_opinions"><span id="Politicians.27_opinions"></span>Politicians' opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Politicians' opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Respect for Marriage Act passed with a vote of 258 Yeas–169 Nays (1 present and 4 not voting)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on December 8, 2022, and was signed into law by President Biden on December 13, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 39 Republicans joined all 219 Democrats in voting to pass the bill;<sup id="cite_ref-:42_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S Representative <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Adam Kinzinger</a> intended to vote yes but was absent from the final vote.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the bill is considered to have been a bipartisan vote – the most pro-LGBTQ vote in Congressional history.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main vocalized objection to Republican opposition to the bill is its possible implications of limits to religious freedom. Florida Republican <a href="/wiki/Mario_D%C3%ADaz-Balart" title="Mario Díaz-Balart">Mario Díaz-Balart</a> was quoted on his opinion of the bill: "My record shows that I am a long-standing advocate against discrimination of all types. I, however, cannot support any effort that undermines religious liberties by failing to provide legitimate safeguards for Faith-Based organizations that object based on their deeply-held religious beliefs." Representative Díaz-Balart voted in opposition of the bill. Florida Republican, Representative <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elvira_Salazar" title="María Elvira Salazar">María Elvira Salazar</a> joined Díaz-Balart in opposition. She stated: "I voted for the first version of the bill because I believe in human dignity and respect for all individuals. However, we cannot pass laws that advance one interest and bypass long-held legal protections for others."<sup id="cite_ref-:52_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order for the bill to have been successful as a bipartisan vote, the final bill included an amendment to ease some Republicans' concerns about impacts to religious liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wisconsin Republican <a href="/wiki/Mike_Gallagher_(American_politician)" title="Mike Gallagher (American politician)">Mike Gallagher</a> voted against the bill during the first House vote but supported the bill following the Senate's amendments, citing the religious liberty amendment and clarification that the bill would not authorize federal recognition of polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act into law on December 13, 2022, and he and Vice President Harris gave their opinion of the Act in a speech prior to signing the bill. The speeches from Vice President Harris and President Biden highlighted other parts of the history of same-sex marriage, such as the movement against <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_8" title="2008 California Proposition 8">Proposition 8</a>. The President also referenced <a href="/wiki/Mildred_and_Richard_Loving" title="Mildred and Richard Loving">Mildred and Richard Loving</a>, and told the story of <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">their Supreme Court case</a>, as well as the case of <a href="/wiki/Edie_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edie Windsor">Edie Windsor</a>. The President also mentioned specific members of the Senate, namely Senator Tammy Baldwin, Susan Collins, Chuck Schumer, Senator Portman, Senator Sinema, Senator Tillis, Senator Feinstein, and Senator Booker, and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, as well as Jerry Nadler.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_organizations">Religious organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religious organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final version of the bill divided American religious groups opposed to same-sex marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was supported by some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a suitable compromise between the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">rights of LGBT couples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a>, while it was prominently opposed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> due to their <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">views on sexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 15, 2022, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints released a statement regarding the RFMA, calling a bill that included "religious freedom protections while ... preserving the rights of ... LGBTQ [people] ... the way forward",<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while stating that church doctrine would remain unchanged in not recognizing same-sex marriages. The Church has supported some legislation in the past that supported LGBT rights, as long as they also included protections for religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 1, 2022, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops stated that "This bill fails to include clear, comprehensive, and affirmative conscience protections for religious organizations and individuals who uphold the sanctity of traditional marriage that are needed."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Joint_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Joint Committee">Baptist Joint Committee</a> leaders in support of the bill criticized opponents for stoking unreasonable fear that civil rights for others would mean less religious rights for themselves. They noted the bill deals with <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> and has no impact on the institution of religious rites of marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-BJC_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other denominations supported the measure. It was supported by over 40 other faith organizations, most of which allow for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex weddings">same-sex weddings</a> in their facilities and affirm LGBT parishioners, in a joint letter to the Senate,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindus_for_Human_Rights" title="Hindus for Human Rights">Hindus for Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_Alliance" title="Interfaith Alliance">Interfaith Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women_International" title="Jewish Women International">Jewish Women International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslims_for_Progressive_Values" title="Muslims for Progressive Values">Muslims for Progressive Values</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">National Council of Jewish Women</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_Association" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association">Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Action_Center_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism">Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Coalition" title="Sikh Coalition">Sikh Coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">Unitarian Universalist Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activist_opinions">Activist opinions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Activist opinions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LGBTQ rights activists praised the Respect for Marriage Act for codifying into law some of the protections of <i>Obergefell</i> but argue that the Act still falls short of everything that <i>Obergefell</i> protected.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activists and scholars highlight some important limitations of the bill, such as the Act not requiring nonprofit religious organizations "to provide services, accommodations, advantages, facilities, goods, or privileges for the solemnization or celebration of a marriage."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, activists acknowledge that the bipartisan support of the bill is noteworthy,<sup id="cite_ref-:32_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it shows a significant change in public opinion that is reflected in the actions of government representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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responsibilities of marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration#LGBT_rights" title="Social policy of the Joe Biden administration">Social policy of the Joe Biden administration § LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Marriage_Defense_Act" title="State Marriage Defense Act">State Marriage Defense Act</a> – proposed conservative law</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Respect_for_Marriage_Act" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Respect for Marriage Act">Respect for Marriage Act</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGambinoSmith2022" class="citation web cs1">Gambino, Lauren; Smith, David (December 13, 2022). <a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=clerk.house.gov&rft.atitle=Roll+Call+Vote&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fvote.asp%3Fyear%3D2022%26rollnumber%3D513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShear2022" class="citation news cs1">Shear, Michael D. (December 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/13/us/politics/biden-same-sex-marriage-bill.html">"Biden Signs Bill to Protect Same-Sex Marriage Rights"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Biden+Signs+Bill+to+Protect+Same-Sex+Marriage+Rights&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Shear&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fbiden-same-sex-marriage-bill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2021" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin (September 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/354638/approval-interracial-marriage-new-high.aspx">"U.S. Approval of Interracial Marriage at New High of 94%"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Approval+of+Interracial+Marriage+at+New+High+of+94%25&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F354638%2Fapproval-interracial-marriage-new-high.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2021" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin (June 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/350486/record-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx">"Record-High 70% in U.S. Support Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Record-High+70%25+in+U.S.+Support+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F350486%2Frecord-high-support-same-sex-marriage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrary2022" class="citation web cs1">Crary, David (November 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/religion-relationships-gay-rights-marriage-a6d9a92c4a5cda6e4b977f516a9a71a7">"Faith groups split over bill to protect same-sex marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Among U.S. faith leaders and denominations, there are sharp differences over the bill advancing in the Senate that would protect same-sex and interracial marriages in federal law ... On Tuesday, one of the most prominent conservative-leaning denominations – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – came out in favor of the legislation. But the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops and leaders of the Southern Baptist Convention remain opposed ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Faith+groups+split+over+bill+to+protect+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.aulast=Crary&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Freligion-relationships-gay-rights-marriage-a6d9a92c4a5cda6e4b977f516a9a71a7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsbeck2022" class="citation web cs1">Esbeck, Carl (November 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2022/november-web-only/same-sex-marriage-religious-liberty-respect-marriage-act.html">"Everything You Need to Know About the Respect for Marriage Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Rather than just say no to RMA, a small collective of faith groups moved quickly in the Senate to see if the act could be brought into balance. A few senators from both parties who were keen on doing just that helped. After adding in a measure of religious liberty protections, the Senate substitute of the House bill passed the higher chamber earlier this week, 62–37. Churches, Christian colleges, K-12 religious schools, and faith-based social service providers can take comfort in these boundary lines. All in all, RMA is a modest but good day's work. It shows that religious liberty champions and LGBTQ advocates can work together for the common good. It says to the original House bill, 'If a bill is about us, it has to be with us.' And it shows that Congress can still legislate, not just be a gaggle of egos who go to Washington to perform but never fix.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Respect+for+Marriage+Act&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.aulast=Esbeck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2022%2Fnovember-web-only%2Fsame-sex-marriage-religious-liberty-respect-marriage-act.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias2022" class="citation news cs1">Dias, Elizabeth (November 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/16/us/politics/mormon-church-same-sex-marriage.html">"Mormon Church Backs Bill Supporting Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mormon+Church+Backs+Bill+Supporting+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F16%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fmormon-church-same-sex-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BJC-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BJC_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BJC_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumley2022" class="citation news cs1">Brumley, Jeff (December 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baptistnews.com/?p=139694">"BJC leaders say religious liberty fears about Respect for Marriage Act are overdrawn"</a>. <i>Baptist News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baptist+News&rft.atitle=BJC+leaders+say+religious+liberty+fears+about+Respect+for+Marriage+Act+are+overdrawn&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft.aulast=Brumley&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaptistnews.com%2F%3Fp%3D139694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interfaithalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Multifaith-Statement-of-Support-RfMA-Bipartisan-Amend-11-28-22.docx.pdf">"Multifaith Statement of Support"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multifaith+Statement+of+Support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterfaithalliance.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F11%2FMultifaith-Statement-of-Support-RfMA-Bipartisan-Amend-11-28-22.docx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sue-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sue_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sue_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShishkin2009" class="citation news cs1">Shishkin, Philip (July 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124707345336512673">"Massachusetts Sues U.S. Over Definition of Marriage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311153231/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124707345336512673">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Mormon+church+comes+out+in+support+of+same-sex+marriage+law&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Freligion-relationships-gay-rights-utah-07847f4b7e3e96d81c10a298a199b860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usccb.org/news/2022/bishop-chairman-addresses-senate-vote-respect-marriage-act">"Bishop Chairman Addresses Senate Vote on the Respect for Marriage Act"</a>. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. December 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+Chairman+Addresses+Senate+Vote+on+the+Respect+for+Marriage+Act&rft.pub=United+States+Conference+of+Catholic+Bishops&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fbishop-chairman-addresses-senate-vote-respect-marriage-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMigdon2022" class="citation web cs1">Migdon, Brooke (September 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/3646665-dozens-of-faith-organizations-back-respect-for-marriage-act-as-senate-vote-stalls/">"Dozens of faith organizations back Respect for Marriage Act as Senate vote stalls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+faith+organizations+back+Respect+for+Marriage+Act+as+Senate+vote+stalls&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Migdon&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fchanging-america%2Frespect%2Fequality%2F3646665-dozens-of-faith-organizations-back-respect-for-marriage-act-as-senate-vote-stalls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2022" class="citation web cs1">Millard, Egan (September 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalnewsservice.org/2022/09/20/episcopalians-encouraged-support-federal-law-protecting-same-sex-marriage/">"Episcopalians encouraged to support federal law protecting same-sex marriage"</a>. <i>Episcopal News Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Episcopal+News+Service&rft.atitle=Episcopalians+encouraged+to+support+federal+law+protecting+same-sex+marriage&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Egan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalnewsservice.org%2F2022%2F09%2F20%2Fepiscopalians-encouraged-support-federal-law-protecting-same-sex-marriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/12/07/respect-marriage-act-is-progress-lgbtq-advocates-say-its-no-obergefell/">"Analysis | The Respect for Marriage Act is progress, but LGBTQ advocates say it's no Obergefell"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Analysis+%7C+The+Respect+for+Marriage+Act+is+progress%2C+but+LGBTQ+advocates+say+it%27s+no+Obergefell&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F12%2F07%2Frespect-marriage-act-is-progress-lgbtq-advocates-say-its-no-obergefell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404/text">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Text – H.R.8404 – 117th Congress (2021–2022): Respect for Marriage Act". Congress.gov. July 18, 2022"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Text+%E2%80%93+H.R.8404+%E2%80%93+117th+Congress+%282021%E2%80%932022%29%3A+Respect+for+Marriage+Act%22.+Congress.gov.+July+18%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F117th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F8404%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARespect+for+Marriage+Act" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Respect_for_Marriage_Act&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Respect_for_Marriage_Act" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Respect for Marriage Act"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Respect for Marriage Act</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/228?link-type=uslm">Respect for Marriage Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/228?link-type=pdf">PDF</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/link/plaw/117/public/228?link-type=details">details</a>) as enacted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">US Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/8404">H.R. 8404</a> of the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th Congress</a> (2021-2022) via <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2523">H.R. 2523</a> of the <a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th Congress</a> (2013-2015) via Congress.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/1116">H.R. 1116</a> of the <a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th Congress</a> (2011-2013) via Congress.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/3567">H.R. 3567</a> of the <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th Congress</a> (2009-2011) via Congress.gov</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ rights in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">LGBTQ rights in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">By entity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. federal government">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12968" title="Executive Order 12968">Executive Order 12968</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13087" title="Executive Order 13087">Executive Order 13087</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Shepard_and_James_Byrd_Jr._Hate_Crimes_Prevention_Act" title="Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act">Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010" title="Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010">Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13672" title="Executive Order 13672">Executive Order 13672</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pavan_v._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavan v. Smith">Pavan v. Smith</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bostock_v._Clayton_County" title="Bostock v. Clayton County">Bostock</a>/<a href="/wiki/R.G._%26_G.R._Harris_Funeral_Homes_Inc._v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Harris Funeral Homes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Altitude_Express,_Inc._v._Zarda" title="Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda">Altitude Express</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G.G._v._Gloucester_County_School_Board" title="G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board">G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13988" title="Executive Order 13988">Executive Order 13988</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respect for Marriage Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed or<br />overturned<br />federal laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10450" title="Executive Order 10450">Executive Order 10450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell" title="Don't ask, don't tell">DoD Directive 1304.26</a> ("Don't ask, don't tell")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Memorandum_on_Military_Service_by_Transgender_Individuals_(2017)" title="Presidential Memorandum on Military Service by Transgender Individuals (2017)">Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Alabama" title="LGBTQ rights in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Alaska" title="LGBTQ rights in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Arizona" title="LGBTQ rights in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Arkansas" title="LGBTQ rights in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_California" title="LGBTQ rights in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Colorado" title="LGBTQ rights in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Connecticut" title="LGBTQ rights in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Delaware" title="LGBTQ rights in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Florida" title="LGBTQ rights in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Hawaii" title="LGBTQ rights in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Idaho" title="LGBTQ rights in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Illinois" title="LGBTQ rights in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Indiana" title="LGBTQ rights in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Iowa" title="LGBTQ rights in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kansas" title="LGBTQ rights in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Kentucky" title="LGBTQ rights in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Louisiana" title="LGBTQ rights in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Maine" title="LGBTQ rights in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Maryland" title="LGBTQ rights in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Massachusetts" title="LGBTQ rights in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Michigan" title="LGBTQ rights in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Minnesota" title="LGBTQ rights in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mississippi" title="LGBTQ rights in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Missouri" title="LGBTQ rights in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Montana" title="LGBTQ rights in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Nebraska" title="LGBTQ rights in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Nevada" title="LGBTQ rights in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Hampshire" title="LGBTQ rights in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Jersey" title="LGBTQ rights in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_New_Mexico" title="LGBTQ rights in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_North_Carolina" title="LGBTQ rights in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_North_Dakota" title="LGBTQ rights in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Ohio" title="LGBTQ rights in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Oklahoma" title="LGBTQ rights in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Oregon" title="LGBTQ rights in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Pennsylvania" title="LGBTQ rights in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Rhode_Island" title="LGBTQ rights in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Carolina" title="LGBTQ rights in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_South_Dakota" title="LGBTQ rights in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Tennessee" title="LGBTQ rights in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Texas" title="LGBTQ rights in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Utah" title="LGBTQ rights in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Vermont" title="LGBTQ rights in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Virginia" title="LGBTQ rights in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Washington_(state)" title="LGBTQ rights in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">Tribal nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Navajo_Nation" title="LGBT rights in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">Indian Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territories of the United States">Unincorporated<br />territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_American_Samoa" title="LGBT rights in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guam" title="LGBT rights in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex adoption in the United States">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in the United States">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._jurisdictions_banning_conversion_therapy" title="List of U.S. jurisdictions banning conversion therapy">Conversion therapy bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Hate crime laws in the United States">Hate crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Housing discrimination in the United States">Housing discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_in_the_United_States_military" title="Intersex people in the United States military">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation in the United States military">Sexual orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_employment_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT employment discrimination in the United States">Employment discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_an_LGBT_non-discrimination_ordinance" title="List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBT non-discrimination ordinance">by municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_bans_on_local_anti-discrimination_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State bans on local anti-discrimination laws in the United States">State bans on local anti-discrimination laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_immigration_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Same-sex immigration policy of the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_curriculum_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Florida Parental Rights in Education Act">Florida Parental Rights in Education Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_accommodations_in_the_United_States" title="Public accommodations in the United States">Public accommodations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom_bill" title="Religious freedom bill">Religious exemptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Same-sex unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Civil unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic partnership in the United States">Domestic partnerships</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_a_domestic_partnership_registry" title="Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry">by municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">Transgender rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">Bathroom bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed or<br />overturned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions" title="U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions">U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">Sodomy laws in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ movements in the United States">LGBTQ movements in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Congressional Equality Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Scare" title="Lavender Scare">Lavender Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Children" title="Save Our Children">Save Our Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison" title="LGBTQ people in prison">LGBTQ people in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_and_LGBT_rights" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights">Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_protests_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT protests against Donald Trump">LGBT protests against Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_and_Florida%27s_Parental_Rights_in_Education_Act" title="Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act">Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Category:LGBTQ rights in the United States">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Joe_Biden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Joe_Biden" title="Template:Joe Biden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Joe_Biden" title="Template talk:Joe Biden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Joe_Biden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Joe Biden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Joe_Biden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">47th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">from Delaware</a> (1973–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="Early life and career of Joe Biden">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Senate_career_of_Joe_Biden" title="US Senate career of Joe Biden">U.S. Senate career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden#Vice_presidency_(2009–2017)" title="Joe Biden">Vice presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></li> <li>Task forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Violence_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun Violence Task Force">Gun Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Task_Force_to_Protect_Students_from_Sexual_Assault" title="White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault">Protect Students from Sexual Assault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">First Trump transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_Information_Procedures_Act" title="Classified Information Procedures Act">Classified Information Procedures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Counterterrorism_Act_of_1995" title="Omnibus Counterterrorism Act of 1995">Counterterrorism Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of political appointments by Joe Biden">Appointments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden" title="Cabinet of Joe Biden">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Agriculture_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Agriculture appointments by Joe Biden">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Commerce_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Commerce appointments by Joe Biden">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Defense_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Defense appointments by Joe Biden">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Education_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Education appointments by Joe Biden">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Energy_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Energy appointments by Joe Biden">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Executive_Office_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Executive Office appointments by Joe Biden">Executive Office appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Health and Human Services appointments by Joe Biden">HHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Homeland_Security_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Homeland Security appointments by Joe Biden">Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Housing and Urban Development appointments by Joe Biden">HUD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Interior_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of the Interior appointments by Joe Biden">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Justice_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Justice appointments by Joe Biden">Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_attorneys_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of United States attorneys appointed by Joe Biden">U.S. attorneys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Labor_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Labor appointments by Joe Biden">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_State_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of State appointments by Joe Biden">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of ambassadors appointed by Joe Biden">ambassadors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Transportation_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Transportation appointments by Joe Biden">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_the_Treasury_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of the Treasury appointments by Joe Biden">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_appointments_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of Department of Veterans Affairs appointments by Joe Biden">Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Emergency_Assistance_Act_of_2021" title="Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021">Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2022" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_Investment_and_Jobs_Act" title="Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act">Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2022" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022">National Defense Authorization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENACER_Act" title="RENACER Act">RENACER Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Forced_Labor_Prevention_Act" title="Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act">Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Safer_Communities_Act" title="Bipartisan Safer Communities Act">Bipartisan Safer Communities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act" title="CHIPS and Science Act">CHIPS and Science Act</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2023" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Reform_and_Presidential_Transition_Improvement_Act_of_2022" title="Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act of 2022">Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Filing_Fee_Modernization_Act_of_2021" title="Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act of 2021">Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_TikTok_on_Government_Devices_Act" title="No TikTok on Government Devices Act">No TikTok on Government Devices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnant_Workers_Fairness_Act" title="Pregnant Workers Fairness Act">Pregnant Workers Fairness Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Antitrust_Enforcement_Venue_Act_of_2021" title="State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act of 2021">State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_Antilynching_Act" title="Emmett Till Antilynching Act">Emmett Till Antilynching Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act" title="Inflation Reduction Act">Inflation Reduction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Marijuana_and_Cannabidiol_Research_Expansion_Act" title="Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act">Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honoring_our_PACT_Act_of_2022" title="Honoring our PACT Act of 2022">PACT Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2023" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023">National Defense Authorization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Service_Reform_Act_of_2022" title="Postal Service Reform Act of 2022">Postal Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Respect for Marriage Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Out_Act" title="Speak Out Act">Speak Out Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_Democracy_Defense_Lend-Lease_Act_of_2022" title="Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022">Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Origin_Act_of_2023" title="COVID-19 Origin Act of 2023">COVID-19 Origin Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023">Fiscal Responsibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2024" title="National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024">National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Defense_Cooperation_between_Finland_and_the_United_States_of_America" title="Agreement on Defense Cooperation between Finland and the United States of America">DCA agreement between Finland and the US</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADVANCE_Act" title="ADVANCE Act">ADVANCE Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Appropriations_Act,_2024" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024">Consolidated Appropriations Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_118-50" title="Public Law 118-50">National Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Americans_from_Foreign_Adversary_Controlled_Applications_Act" title="Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act">Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">Policies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Joe Biden administration">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 policy of the Joe Biden administration">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Economic policy of the Joe Biden administration">Economic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_Back_Better_Plan" title="Build Back Better Plan">Build Back Better Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_and_ethics_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Electoral and ethics policy of the Joe Biden administration">Electoral and ethical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_for_Democracy" title="Summit for Democracy">Summit for Democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Leaders_Summit_on_Climate" title="2021 Leaders Summit on Climate">2021 Leaders Summit on Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13990" title="Executive Order 13990">Executive Order 13990</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Joe Biden administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="2021 Russia–United States summit">2021 Russia–United States summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident" title="2023 Chinese balloon incident">2023 Chinese balloon incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact" title="American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact">Camp David Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_U.S._troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">Afghanistan withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri">killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">War in Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Volodymyr_Zelenskyy_to_the_United_States" title="2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States">2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_visit_by_Joe_Biden_to_Ukraine" title="2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine">2023 visit to Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Israel_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war">War in Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_complicity_in_Israeli_war_crimes_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war">accusation of genocide complicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Ankara_prisoner_exchange" title="2024 Ankara prisoner exchange">Russian prisoner exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Immigration policy of the Joe Biden administration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Social policy of the Joe Biden administration">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Joe Biden administration">Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Joe Biden presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li>2021 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2021_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2021 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2022_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2022 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2023_Q4)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2023 Q4)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q1)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q1)">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q2)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q2)">Q2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q3)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q3)">Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency_(2024_Q4%E2%80%93January_2025)" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency (2024 Q4–January 2025)">Q4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidential transition of Donald Trump">Second Trump transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_classified_documents_incident" title="Joe Biden classified documents incident">Classified documents incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Joe_Biden" title="Efforts to impeach Joe Biden">Efforts to impeach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Oversight_Committee_investigation_into_the_Biden_family" title="United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family">House Oversight Committee investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_into_Joe_Biden" title="Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden">inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of executive actions by Joe Biden">Executive actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proclamations_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of proclamations by Joe Biden">proclamations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">Opinion polling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2021 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2022 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2023 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_opinion_polling_on_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="2024 opinion polling on the Joe Biden administration">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden">Presidential trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2021)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2021)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2022)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2022)">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2023)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2023)">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden_(2024%E2%80%9325)" title="List of presidential trips made by Joe Biden (2024–25)">2024–2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of international presidential trips made by Joe Biden">international</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Joe_Biden" title="Electoral history of Joe Biden">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1972 United States Senate election in Delaware">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1978 United States Senate election in Delaware">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1984 United States Senate election in Delaware">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1990 United States Senate election in Delaware">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="1996 United States Senate election in Delaware">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2002 United States Senate election in Delaware">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Delaware" title="2008 United States Senate election in Delaware">2008</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_debates#October_2:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Washington_University_in_St._Louis)" title="2008 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama#Biden_Senate_transition" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign">2012 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_debates#October_11:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Centre_College)" title="2012 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign">2008 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">2020 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basement_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Basement campaign">basement campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations">organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_congressional_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign congressional endorsements">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements">state and territorial officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements">municipal officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">2024 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign">Democratic opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2024_presidential_campaign_primary_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign primary endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_protest_vote_movements" title="Israel–Hamas war protest vote movements">protest vote movements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2024 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Joe_Biden" title="Family of Joe Biden">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Francis_Blewitt" title="Edward Francis Blewitt">Edward Francis Blewitt</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neilia_Hunter_Biden" title="Neilia Hunter Biden">Neilia Hunter Biden</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Biden" title="James Biden">James Biden</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Biden_Owens" title="Valerie Biden Owens">Valerie Biden Owens</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden" title="Beau Biden">Beau Biden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden" title="Hunter Biden">Hunter Biden</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Biden" title="Ashley Biden">Ashley Biden</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Krein" title="Howard Krein">Howard Krein</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Olivere_Biden" title="Hallie Olivere Biden">Hallie Olivere Biden</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Buhle" title="Kathleen Buhle">Kathleen Buhle</a> (former daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Cohen_Biden" title="Melissa Cohen Biden">Melissa Cohen Biden</a> (daughter-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Naomi Biden">Naomi Biden</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li>Dogs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(dog)" title="Champ (dog)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Joe_Biden%27s_dog)" title="Major (Joe Biden's dog)">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander_(dog)" title="Commander (dog)">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willow_(cat)" title="Willow (cat)">Willow</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Joe_Biden" title="Bibliography of Joe Biden">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Promises_to_Keep_(memoir)" title="Promises to Keep (memoir)">Promises to Keep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Promise_Me,_Dad" title="Promise Me, Dad">Promise Me, Dad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_Will_Be_Different" title="Tomorrow Will Be Different"><i>Tomorrow Will Be Different</i> (foreword)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden#Inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Inaugural address</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Joe_Biden_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="2021 Joe Biden speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2022 State of the Union Address">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2023 State of the Union Address">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2024 State of the Union Address">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Joe_Biden_speech_in_Warsaw" title="2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw">Warsaw speech</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Soul_of_the_Nation_speech" title="Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech">Battle for the Soul of the Nation speech</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(film)" title="Confirmation (film)">Confirmation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Choice_2020" title="The Choice 2020">The Choice 2020</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Intro_to_Political_Science" title="Intro to Political Science">Intro to Political Science</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Son_Hunter" title="My Son Hunter">My Son Hunter</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Last_Ride" title="One Last Ride">One Last Ride</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_(The_Onion)" title="Joe Biden (The Onion)"><i>The Onion</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s "Diamond Joe"</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Cartoon_President" title="Our Cartoon President">Our Cartoon President</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_parodies_of_Joe_Biden" title="Saturday Night Live parodies of Joe Biden"><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">Spitting Image</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_and_health_concerns_about_Joe_Biden" title="Age and health concerns about Joe Biden">Age and health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Joe_Biden" title="List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Biden_Cancer_Moonshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot">Beau Biden Cancer Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden_Foundation" title="Biden Foundation">Biden Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_a_shotgun" title="Buy a shotgun">Buy a shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Joe_Biden" title="List of things named after Joe Biden">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Biden_laptop_controversy" title="Hunter Biden laptop controversy">Hunter Biden laptop controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Did_That!" title="I Did That!">I Did That!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joever" class="mw-redirect" title="Joever">Joever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Brandon" title="Let's Go Brandon">Let's Go Brandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Joe_Biden" title="Public image of Joe Biden">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_sexual_assault_allegation" title="Joe Biden sexual assault allegation">Sexual assault allegation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room_(photograph)" title="Situation Room (photograph)">Situation Room</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Joe_(nickname)" title="Sleepy Joe (nickname)">Sleepy Joe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">← Donald Trump</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">← Dick Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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