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class="col-sm-8"> <div class="pagewrapper"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row"> <div title="Definitions Frame"></div> <div id="extracted-content"> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</h1>  <h2 class="element-invisible">Primary tabs</h2> <div id="content1"> <article about="/rules/frcp" class="node-4940065 node node-frcp en view-mode-full clearfix" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document"> <header> <span class="rdf-meta element-hidden" content="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure" property="dc:title"></span> </header> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p class="usc-title-ital-spanner">These are the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, as amended to December 1, 2023 <span><a href="#Form_6_1_target" name="Form_6_1">1</a></span>. Click on any rule to read it. </p> <ol class="bullet"> <li>RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE FOR THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS</li> <li>TITLE I. SCOPE OF RULES; FORM OF ACTION <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_1">Rule 1</a>. Scope and Purpose</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_2">Rule 2</a>. One Form of Action</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE II. COMMENCING AN ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS, PLEADINGS, MOTIONS, AND ORDERS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_3">Rule 3</a>. Commencing an Action</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_4">Rule 4</a>. Summons</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_4-1">Rule 4.1</a>. Serving Other Process</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_5">Rule 5</a>. Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_5.1">Rule 5.1</a>. Constitutional Challenge to a Statute—Notice, Certification, and Intervention</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_5.2">Rule 5.2</a>. Privacy Protection For Filings Made with the Court</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_6">Rule 6</a>. Computing and Extending Time; Time for Motion Papers</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE III. PLEADINGS AND MOTIONS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_7">Rule 7</a>. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_7.1">Rule 7.1</a>. Disclosure Statement</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_8">Rule 8</a>. General Rules of Pleading</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_9">Rule 9</a>. Pleading Special Matters</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_10">Rule 10</a>. Form of Pleadings</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_11">Rule 11</a>. Signing Pleadings, Motions, and Other Papers; Representations to the Court; Sanctions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_12">Rule 12</a>. Defenses and Objections: When and How Presented; Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Consolidating Motions; Waiving Defenses; Pretrial Hearing</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_13">Rule 13</a>. Counterclaim and Crossclaim</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_14">Rule 14</a>. Third-Party Practice</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_15">Rule 15</a>. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_16">Rule 16</a>. Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE IV. PARTIES <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_17">Rule 17</a>. Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity; Public Officers</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_18">Rule 18</a>. Joinder of Claims</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_19">Rule 19</a>. Required Joinder of Parties</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_20">Rule 20</a>. Permissive Joinder of Parties</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_21">Rule 21</a>. Misjoinder and Nonjoinder of Parties</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_22">Rule 22</a>. Interpleader</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_23">Rule 23</a>. Class Actions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_23.1">Rule 23.1</a>. Derivative Actions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_23.2">Rule 23.2</a>. Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_24">Rule 24</a>. Intervention</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_25">Rule 25</a>. Substitution of Parties</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE V. DISCLOSURES AND DISCOVERY <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_26">Rule 26</a>. Duty to Disclose; General Provisions Governing Discovery</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_27">Rule 27</a>. Depositions to Perpetuate Testimony</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_28">Rule 28</a>. Persons Before Whom Depositions May Be Taken</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_29">Rule 29</a>. Stipulations About Discovery Procedure</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_30">Rule 30</a>. Depositions by Oral Examination</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_31">Rule 31</a>. Depositions by Written Questions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_32">Rule 32</a>. Using Depositions in Court Proceedings</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_33">Rule 33</a>. Interrogatories to Parties</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_34">Rule 34</a>. Producing Documents, Electronically Stored Information, and Tangible Things, or Entering onto Land, for Inspection and Other Purposes</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_35">Rule 35</a>. Physical and Mental Examinations</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_36">Rule 36</a>. Requests for Admission</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_37">Rule 37</a>. Failure to Make Disclosures or to Cooperate in Discovery; Sanctions</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE VI. TRIALS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_38">Rule 38</a>. Right to a Jury Trial; Demand</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_39">Rule 39</a>. Trial by Jury or by the Court</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_40">Rule 40</a>. Scheduling Cases for Trial</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_41">Rule 41</a>. Dismissal of Actions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_42">Rule 42</a>. Consolidation; Separate Trials</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_43">Rule 43</a>. Taking Testimony</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_44">Rule 44</a>. Proving an Official Record</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_44.1">Rule 44.1</a>. Determining Foreign Law</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_45">Rule 45</a>. Subpoena</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_46">Rule 46</a>. Objecting to a Ruling or Order</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_47">Rule 47</a>. Selecting Jurors</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_48">Rule 48</a>. Number of Jurors; Verdict; Polling</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_49">Rule 49</a>. Special Verdict; General Verdict and Questions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_50">Rule 50</a>. Judgment as a Matter of Law in a Jury Trial; Related Motion for a New Trial; Conditional Ruling</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_51">Rule 51</a>. Instructions to the Jury; Objections; Preserving a Claim of Error</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_52">Rule 52</a>. Findings and Conclusions by the Court; Judgment on Partial Findings</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_53">Rule 53</a>. Masters</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE VII. JUDGMENT <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_54">Rule 54</a>. Judgment; Costs</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_55">Rule 55</a>. Default; Default Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_56">Rule 56</a>. Summary Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_57">Rule 57</a>. Declaratory Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_58">Rule 58</a>. Entering Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_59">Rule 59</a>. New Trial; Altering or Amending a Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_60">Rule 60</a>. Relief from a Judgment or Order</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_61">Rule 61</a>. Harmless Error</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_62">Rule 62</a>. Stay of Proceedings to Enforce a Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_62.1">Rule 62.1</a>. Indicative Ruling on a Motion for Relief That is Barred by a Pending Appeal</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_63">Rule 63</a>. Judge's Inability to Proceed</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE VIII. PROVISIONAL AND FINAL REMEDIES <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_64">Rule 64</a>. Seizing a Person or Property</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_65">Rule 65</a>. Injunctions and Restraining Orders</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_65.1">Rule 65.1</a>. Proceedings Against a Security Provider</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_66">Rule 66</a>. Receivers</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_67">Rule 67</a>. Deposit into Court</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_68">Rule 68</a>. Offer of Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_69">Rule 69</a>. Execution</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_70">Rule 70</a>. Enforcing a Judgment for a Specific Act</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_71">Rule 71</a>. Enforcing Relief For or Against a Nonparty</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE IX. SPECIAL PROCEEDINGS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_71.1">Rule 71.1</a>. Condemning Real or Personal Property</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_72">Rule 72</a>. Magistrate Judges: Pretrial Order</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_73">Rule 73</a>. Magistrate Judges: Trial by Consent; Appeal</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_74">Rule 74</a>. [Abrogated (Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997).]</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_75">Rule 75</a>. [Abrogated (Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997).]</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_76">Rule 76</a>. [Abrogated (Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997).]</li> <li>[Rule 71A. Renumbered Rule 71.1]</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE X. DISTRICT COURTS AND CLERKS: CONDUCTING BUSINESS; ISSUING ORDERS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_77">Rule 77</a>. Conducting Business; Clerk's Authority; Notice of an Order or Judgment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_78">Rule 78</a>. Hearing Motions; Submission on Briefs</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_79">Rule 79</a>. Records Kept by the Clerk</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_80">Rule 80</a>. Stenographic Transcript as Evidence</li> </ol> </li> <li>TITLE XI. GENERAL PROVISIONS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_81">Rule 81</a>. Applicability of the Rules in General; Removed Actions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_82">Rule 82</a>. Jurisdiction and Venue Unaffected</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_83">Rule 83</a>. Rules by District Courts; Judge's Directives</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_84">Rule 84</a>. Abrogated, eff. Dec. 1, 2015</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_85">Rule 85</a>. Title</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_86">Rule 86</a>. Effective Dates</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_87">Rule 87</a> Civil Rules Emergency</li> </ol> </li> <li>XII. APPENDIX OF FORMS (U.S. Courts site)</li> <li>XIII. SUPPLEMENTAL RULES FOR ADMIRALTY OR MARITIME CLAIMS AND ASSET FORFEITURE ACTIONS <ol class="bullet"> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_A">Rule A</a>. Scope of Rules</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_B">Rule B</a>. In Personam Actions: Attachment and Garnishment</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_C">Rule C</a>. In Rem Actions: Special Provisions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_D">Rule D</a>. Possessory, Petitory, and Partition Actions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_E">Rule E</a>. Actions in Rem and Quasi in Rem: General Provisions</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_F">Rule F</a>. Limitation of Liability</li> <li><a href="/rules/frcp/rule_G">Rule G</a>. Forfeiture Actions in Rem</li> </ol> </li> <li>XIV SUPPLEMENTAL RULES FOR SOCIAL SECURITY ACTIONS UNDER 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) <ol> <li><a href="/node/6735414">Rules 1 - 7</a><br/> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> <p class="footnote"><a href="#Form_6_1" name="Form_6_1_target"><sup>1</sup> Title amended December 29, 1948, effective October 20, 1949.</a></p></div> </div> </div> <div class="field field-name-field-notes field-type-text-long field-label-hidden"> <div class="field-items"> <div class="field-item even"><p class="note-head">Historical Note</p> <p class="note-body">The original Rules of Civil Procedure for the District Courts were adopted by order of the Supreme Court on Dec. 20, 1937, transmitted to Congress by the Attorney General on Jan. 3, 1938, and became effective on Sept. 16, 1938.</p> <p class="note-body">The Rules have been amended Dec. 28, 1939, eff. Apr. 3, 1941; Dec. 27, 1946, eff. Mar. 19, 1948; Dec. 29, 1948, eff. Oct. 20, 1949; Apr. 30, 1951, eff. Aug. 1, 1951; Apr. 17, 1961, eff. July 19, 1961; Jan. 21, 1963, eff. July 1, 1963; Feb. 28, 1966, eff. July 1, 1966; Dec. 4, 1967, eff. July 1, 1968; Mar. 30, 1970, eff. July 1, 1970; Mar. 1, 1971, eff. July 1, 1971; Nov. 20, 1972, and Dec. 18, 1972, eff. July 1, 1975; Apr. 29, 1980, eff. Aug. 1, 1980; Oct. 21, 1980, Pub. L. 96–481, title II, §205(a), (b), 94 Stat. 2330; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–462, §§2–4, 96 Stat. 2527–2530, eff. Feb. 26, 1983; Apr. 28, 1983, eff. Aug. 1, 1983; Apr. 29, 1985, eff. Aug. 1, 1985; Mar. 2, 1987, eff. Aug. 1, 1987; Apr. 25, 1988, eff. Aug. 1, 1988; Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7047(b), 7049, 7050, 102 Stat. 4401; Apr. 30, 1991, eff. Dec. 1, 1991; Dec. 9, 1991, Pub. L. 102–198, §11, 105 Stat. 1626; Apr. 22, 1993, eff. Dec. 1, 1993; Apr. 27, 1995, eff. Dec. 1, 1995; Apr. 23, 1996, eff. Dec. 1, 1996; Apr. 11, 1997, eff. Dec. 1, 1997; Apr. 24, 1998, eff. Dec. 1, 1998; Apr. 26, 1999, eff. Dec. 1, 1999; Apr. 17, 2000, eff. Dec. 1, 2000; Apr. 23, 2001, eff. Dec. 1, 2001; Apr. 29, 2002, eff. Dec. 1, 2002; Mar. 27, 2003, eff. Dec. 1, 2003; Apr. 25, 2005, eff. Dec. 1, 2005; Apr. 12, 2006, eff. Dec. 1, 2006; Apr. 30, 2007, eff. Dec. 1, 2007; Apr. 23, 2008, eff. Dec. 1, 2008; Mar. 26, 2009, eff. Dec. 1, 2009; Apr. 28, 2010, eff. Dec. 1, 2010; Apr. 2013, eff. Dec. 1, 2013; Apr. 25, 2014, eff. Dec. 1, 2014; Apr. 29, 2015, eff. Dec. 1, 2015; Apr. 28, 2016, eff. Dec 1, 2016.</p> <p class="note-head">References to Equity Rules</p> <p class="note-body">The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure supplant the Equity Rules since in general they cover the field now covered by the Equity Rules and the Conformity Act (former section 724 of this title).</p> <p class="note-body" id="table1label">This table shows the Equity Rules to which references are made in the notes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.</p> <div class="table-responsive"> <table aria-labelledby="table1label" class="table usc2colnohead"> <tbody> <tr> <th id="row0col0" scope="col">Equity Rules</th> <th id="row0col1" scope="col">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</th> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">1</td> <td class="right">77</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">2</td> <td class="right">77</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">3</td> <td class="right">79</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">4</td> <td class="right">77</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">5</td> <td class="right">77</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">6</td> <td class="right">78</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">7</td> <td class="right">4, 70</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">8</td> <td class="right">6, 70</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">9</td> <td class="right">70</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">10</td> <td class="right">18, 54</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">11</td> <td class="right">71</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">12</td> <td class="right">3, 4, 5, 12, 55</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">13</td> <td class="right">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">14</td> <td class="right">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">15</td> <td class="right">4, 45</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">16</td> <td class="right">6, 55</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">17</td> <td class="right">55</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">18</td> <td class="right">7, 8</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">19</td> <td class="right">1, 15, 61</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">20</td> <td class="right">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">21</td> <td class="right">11, 12</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">22</td> <td class="right">1</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">23</td> <td class="right">1, 39</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">24</td> <td class="right">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">25</td> <td class="right">8, 9, 10, 19</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">26</td> <td class="right">18, 20, 82</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">27</td> <td class="right">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">28</td> <td class="right">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">29</td> <td class="right">7, 12, 42, 55</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">30</td> <td class="right">8, 13, 82</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">31</td> <td class="right">7, 8, 12, 55</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">32</td> <td class="right">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">33</td> <td class="right">7, 12</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">34</td> <td class="right">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">35</td> <td class="right">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">36</td> <td class="right">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">37</td> <td class="right">17, 19, 20, 24</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">38</td> <td class="right">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">39</td> <td class="right">19</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">40</td> <td class="right">20</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">41</td> <td class="right">17</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">42</td> <td class="right">19, 20</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">43</td> <td class="right">12, 21</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">44</td> <td class="right">12, 21</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">45</td> <td class="right">25</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">46</td> <td class="right">43, 61</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">47</td> <td class="right">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">48</td> <td class="right">43</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">49</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">50</td> <td class="right">30, 80</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">51</td> <td class="right">30, 53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">52</td> <td class="right">45, 53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">53</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">54</td> <td class="right">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">55</td> <td class="right">30</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">56</td> <td class="right">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">57</td> <td class="right">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">58</td> <td class="right">26, 33, 34, 36</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">59</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">60</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">61</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">611/2</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">62</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">63</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">64</td> <td class="right">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">65</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">66</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">67</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">68</td> <td class="right">53</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">69</td> <td class="right">59</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">70</td> <td class="right">17</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">701/2</td> <td class="right">52</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">71</td> <td class="right">54</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">72</td> <td class="right">60, 61</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">73</td> <td class="right">65</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">74</td> <td class="right">62</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">75</td> <td class="right">75</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">76</td> <td class="right">75</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">77</td> <td class="right">76</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">78</td> <td class="right">43</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">79</td> <td class="right">83</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">80</td> <td class="right">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="left">81</td> <td class="right">86</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="book-navigation" id="book-navigation-4940065"> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-collapsed first collapsed"><a aria-label="Title I. 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