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A companion to the English Style Guide], European Commission, May 2021, pages 58–59.</ref> ({{langx|de|Gemeinden}}, {{IPA|de|ɡəˌmaɪ̯ndn̩|pron|audio=De-Gemeinden.ogg}}; [[grammatical number|singular]] {{lang|de|Gemeinde}}) are the lowest level of official territorial division in [[Germany]]. This can be the second, third, fourth or fifth level of territorial division, depending on the status of the municipality and the ''[[States of Germany|Land]]'' (federal state) it is part of. The city-states Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are second-level divisions. A ''Gemeinde'' is one level lower in those [[States of Germany|states]] which also include {{Lang|de|[[Regierungsbezirk]]e}} (singular: {{Lang|de|Regierungsbezirk}}) as an intermediate territorial division (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia). The ''Gemeinde'' is one level higher if it is not part of a ''[[Gemeindeverband]]'' ("municipal association").<ref name=styleguide/> The highest degree of autonomy may be found in the ''Gemeinden'' which are not part of a {{Lang|de|[[Districts of Germany|Kreis]]}} ("district").<ref name=styleguide/> These ''Gemeinden'' are referred to as ''[[Kreisfreie_Stadt|Kreisfreie Städte]]'' or ''[[Stadtkreis|Stadtkreise]]'', often translated as "urban district". In some states they retained a higher measure of autonomy than the other municipalities of the {{Lang|de|Kreis}} (e.g. ''Große Kreisstadt''). Municipalities titled ''Stadt'' (town or city) are urban municipalities while those titled ''Gemeinde'' are classified as rural municipalities. With more than 3,600,000 inhabitants, the most populous municipality of Germany is the city of [[Berlin]]; and the least populous is [[Gröde]] in [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. {{clear}} ==Municipalities per federal state== ''Status as of January 2024.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- bgcolor="#e0e0e0" ! Federal state !! Municipalities<ref name=jahrbuch19>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Querschnitt/Jahrbuch/jb-bevoelkerung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile|title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019|page=29|publisher=[[Statistisches Bundesamt]]|access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> !! Municipalities with town status<ref name=jahrbuch19/> !! Municipalities that are urban districts<ref name=jahrbuch19/> !! Average no. of inhabitants<ref name=jahrbuch19/><ref>Populations as of December 31, 2017</ref> !! Average area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name=jahrbuch19/> !! Lists <small>([[:Category:Cities in Germany|Cities]], [[:Category:Towns in Germany|Towns]], <br> [[:Category:Municipalities of Germany|Municipalities]])</small> |- | [[Baden-Württemberg]] || align="right" | 1,101 || align="right" | 313 || align="right" | 9 || align="right" | 10,012 || align="right" | 32.5 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Baden-Württemberg|M]] |- | [[Bavaria]] || align="right" | 2,056 || align="right" | 317 || align="right" | 25 || align="right" | 6,321 || align="right" | 34.3 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Bavaria|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Bavaria|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Bavaria|M]] |- | [[Berlin]] || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 3,613,000 || align="right" | 891.0 || align="center" | [[Berlin]] |- | [[Brandenburg]] || align="right" | 413 || align="right" | 113 || align="right" | 4 || align="right" | 6,005 || align="right" | 71.1 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Brandenburg|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Brandenburg|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Brandenburg|M]] |- | [[Bremen (state)|Bremen]] || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 340,500 || align="right" | 209.5 || align="center" | [[Bremen]], [[Bremerhaven]] |- | [[Hamburg]] || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1 || align="right" | 1,831,000 || align="right" | 755.2 || align="center" | [[Hamburg]] |- | [[Hesse]] || align="right" | 422 || align="right" | 191 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 14,759 || align="right" | 49.9 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Hesse|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Hesse|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Hesse|M]] |- | [[Lower Saxony]] || align="right" | 939 || align="right" | 159 || align="right" | 8 || align="right" | 8,426 || align="right" | 50.5 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Lower Saxony|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Lower Saxony|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Lower Saxony|M]] |- | [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]] || align="right" | 725 || align="right" | 84 || align="right" | 2 || align="right" | 2,148 || align="right" | 31.1 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|M]] |- | [[North Rhine-Westphalia]] || align="right" | 396 || align="right" | 271 || align="right" | 22 || align="right" | 45,232 || align="right" | 86.1 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia|C]], [[:Category:Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia|M]] |- | [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] || align="right" | 2,301 || align="right" | 129 || align="right" | 12 || align="right" | 1,768 || align="right" | 8.6 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate|M]] |- | [[Saarland]] || align="right" | 52 || align="right" | 17 || align="right" | 0 || align="right" | 19,115 || align="right" | 49.4 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Saarland|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Saarland|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Saarland|M]] |- | [[Saxony]] || align="right" | 418 || align="right" | 169 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 9,694 || align="right" | 43.8 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Saxony|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Saxony|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Saxony|M]] |- | [[Saxony-Anhalt]] || align="right" | 218 || align="right" | 104 || align="right" | 3 || align="right" | 10,197 || align="right" | 93.8 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Saxony-Anhalt|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Saxony-Anhalt|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Saxony-Anhalt|M]] |- | [[Schleswig-Holstein]] || align="right" | 1,104 || align="right" | 63 || align="right" |4 || align="right" | 2,613 || align="right" | 14.3 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Schleswig-Holstein|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Schleswig-Holstein|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Schleswig-Holstein|M]] |- | [[Thuringia]] || align="right" | 605 || align="right" | 117 || align="right" | 5 || align="right" | 3,515 || align="right" | 26.7 || align="center" | [[:Category:Cities in Thuringia|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Thuringia|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities in Thuringia|M]] |- class="sortbottom" | '''[[Germany]]''' || align="right" | '''10,753''' || align="right" | '''2,056''' || align="right" | '''106''' || align="right" | '''7,517''' || align="right" | '''32.5''' || align="center" | '''[[:Category:Cities in Germany|C]], [[:Category:Towns in Germany|T]], [[:Category:Municipalities of Germany|M]]''' |} ==Municipal reforms== The number of municipalities of Germany has decreased strongly over the years: in 1968 there were 24,282 municipalities in [[West Germany]], and in 1980 there were 8,409.<ref name=guth>{{cite journal|url=http://www.vpl.tu-dortmund.de/cms/Medienpool/PDF_Dokomunte/Arbeitspapiere/AP20_von_Dennis_Guth_und_Julian_Scheer.pdf|title=Kommunale Gebietsreformem und Vergleichbarkeit von Gemeindestrukturdaten|author1=Guth, D.|author2=Scheer, J.|journal=Raum und Mobilität - Arbeitspapiere des Fachgebiets Verkehrswesen und Verkehrsplanung|volume=20|publisher=[[Technical University of Dortmund|TU Dortmund]]|date=November 2010}}</ref> The same trend occurred in the [[New states of Germany]] after the German reunification: from 7,612 municipalities in 1990<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.bbsr.bund.de/BBSR/DE/veroeffentlichungen/berichte-kompakt/2010/DL_6_2010.pdf|title=Gebietsreformen – politische Entscheidungen und Folgen für die Statistik|journal=BBSR-Berichte KOMPAKT|volume=6|publisher=Bundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung|date=July 2010}}</ref> to 2,380 as of 1 January 2024.<ref name=jahrbuch19/> While in some cases growing cities absorbed neighbouring municipalities, most of these mergers were driven by a need to increase the efficiency and reduce costs of administration.<ref name=guth/> At the same time, many districts and also urban districts were merged into larger districts. ==Types of municipalities== There are several types of municipalities in Germany, with different levels of autonomy. Each federal state has its own administrative laws, and its own local government structure. The main types of municipalities are: *city state ({{langx|de|Stadtstaat}}): Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg are both municipalities and federal states *urban district ({{lang|de|Kreisfreie Stadt}}, in Baden-Württemberg: {{lang|de|Stadtkreis}}): a municipality that is not part of a district, and hence fulfills the responsibilities of both a municipality and a district. As of 2018, there are 107 urban districts (including Berlin and Hamburg)<ref name=jahrbuch19/> *town ({{lang|de|Stadt}}): a municipality with the right to call itself "Stadt". The title "Stadt" does not imply any duties or rights anymore. Many towns received [[town privileges]] in the Middle Ages, others were elevated to town status more recently because they reached a certain size, e.g. more than 10,000 inhabitants *municipality forming part of a municipal association ({{lang|de|Amtsangehörige Gemeinde}}, {{lang|de|Verwaltungsgemeinschaftsangehörige Gemeinde}}, {{lang|de|Mitgliedsgemeinde}} or {{lang|de|Ortsgemeinde}} in Rhineland-Palatinate): a municipality with a mayor and a municipal council, but no other administrative institutions. Administrative duties are performed by the ''[[Gemeindeverband]]'' ("municipal association")<ref name=styleguide/> *municipality not forming part of a municipal association ({{lang|de|Amtsfreie Gemeinde}}, {{lang|de|Einheitsgemeinde}} or {{lang|de|Verbandsfreie Gemeinde}} in Rhineland-Palatinate): a municipality that fulfills all responsibilities of a municipality ==Local elections== In all municipalities, the [[mayor]] and the members of the [[municipal council]] are appointed by [[local election]]s that take place on a regular basis. Elections for the municipal councils ({{lang|de|Kommunalwahlen}}) take place every 4 years in Bremen, every 6 years in Bavaria and every 5 years in all other states.<ref>[https://www.wahlrecht.de/kommunal/index.htm Übersicht über die Wahlsysteme bei Kommunalwahlen], accessed 12 July 2021.</ref> The office of mayor is full-time ({{lang|de|hauptamtlich}}) in larger municipalities, and voluntary ({{lang|de|ehrenamtlich}}) in smaller municipalities, for instance those that are part of a municipal association. Mayors are elected for a specific term, which is different in every state. Since mayoral elections also have to be held when a mayor resigns from office, these do not take place at the same time for all municipalities in a state. The terms for mayors are:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kost, A.|author2=Wehling, H.-G.|editor1-first=Andreas|editor1-last=Kost|editor2-first=Hans-Georg|editor2-last=Wehling|title=Kommunalpolitik in den deutschen Ländern: Eine Einführung|url={{Google Books|id=cX8uBAAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}|year=2010|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|language=de|doi=10.1007/978-3-531-92034-4|isbn=978-3-531-17007-7}}</ref> *Baden-Württemberg: 8 years *Bavaria, Hesse, Thuringia: 6 years *Berlin, Hamburg: 5 years, indirect elections *Brandenburg, Rhineland-Palatinate: 8 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors *Bremen: 4-6 years, indirect elections *Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia: 5 years *Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: 7-9 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors *Saarland: 10 years *Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt: 7 years *Schleswig-Holstein: 6-8 years for full-time mayors, 5 years for voluntary mayors ==See also== *[[List of municipalities in Germany]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{Articles on third-level administrative divisions of countries}} [[Category:Municipalities of Germany| ]] [[Category:Administrative divisions in Europe|Germany 4]] [[Category:Third-level administrative divisions by country|Germany]] [[Category:Fourth-level administrative divisions by country|Germany]] [[Category:Fifth-level administrative divisions by country|Germany]] [[Category:LAU statistical regions of the European Union|Germany]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Germany">Template:Administrative divisions of Germany</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Germany&action=edit" 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