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id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periods_of_ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods_of_ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periods of ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periods_of_ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunification_under_the_Eleventh_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunification_under_the_Eleventh_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reunification under the Eleventh Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunification_under_the_Eleventh_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelfth_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelfth_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Twelfth Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelfth_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Twelfth_Dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Twelfth_Dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Early Twelfth Dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Twelfth_Dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_the_Middle_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_the_Middle_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Height of the Middle Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Height_of_the_Middle_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_into_the_Second_Intermediate_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_into_the_Second_Intermediate_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline into the Second Intermediate Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_into_the_Second_Intermediate_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provincial_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Provincial government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agriculture and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Statuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelryk_van_Egipte" title="Middelryk van Egipte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Middelryk van Egipte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittleres_Reich_(%C3%84gypten)" title="Mittleres Reich (Ägypten) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mittleres Reich (Ägypten)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="المملكة المصرية الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المصرية الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Mediu_d%27Exiptu" title="Imperiu Mediu d'Exiptu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Mediu d'Exiptu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_pad%C5%9Fahl%C4%B1q_(Misir)" title="Orta padşahlıq (Misir) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orta padşahlıq (Misir)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="মিশরের মধ্য রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিশরের মধ্য রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-ki%CC%8Dp_Tiong_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Ai-ki̍p Tiong Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ai-ki̍p Tiong Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%95%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Сярэдняе царства (Егіпет) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сярэдняе царства (Егіпет)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Средно царство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Средно царство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_egipatsko_carstvo" title="Srednje egipatsko carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Srednje egipatsko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_krenn_Henegipt" title="Rouantelezh krenn Henegipt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh krenn Henegipt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_Mitj%C3%A0_d%27Egipte" title="Regne Mitjà d'Egipte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne Mitjà d'Egipte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%91%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85" title="Вӑта патшалӑх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вӑта патшалӑх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99edn%C3%AD_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Střední říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Střední říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittleres_Reich" title="Mittleres Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittleres Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskmine_riik" title="Keskmine riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keskmine riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BF_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Μέσο βασίλειο (αρχαία Αίγυπτος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μέσο βασίλειο (αρχαία Αίγυπτος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Medio_de_Egipto" title="Imperio Medio de Egipto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio Medio de Egipto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meza_Imperio_de_Egiptio" title="Meza Imperio de Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meza Imperio de Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_Inperio_Ertaina" title="Egiptoko Inperio Ertaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko Inperio Ertaina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="پادشاهی میانه مصر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی میانه مصر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyen_Empire" title="Moyen Empire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyen Empire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Medio_de_Exipto" title="Imperio Medio de Exipto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Medio de Exipto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8_%EC%A4%91%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="이집트 중왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트 중왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_egipatsko_kraljevstvo" title="Srednje egipatsko kraljevstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Srednje egipatsko kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pertengahan_Mesir" title="Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%B0r%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Miðríkið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Miðríkið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medio_Regno_(Egitto)" title="Medio Regno (Egitto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medio Regno (Egitto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_(%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="הממלכה התיכונה (מצרים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הממלכה התיכונה (מצרים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Medium_Aegypti" title="Regnum Medium Aegypti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Medium Aegypti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidurinioji_Egipto_karalyst%C4%97" title="Vidurinioji Egipto karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vidurinioji Egipto karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptomi_K%C3%B6z%C3%A9pbirodalom" title="Egyiptomi Középbirodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptomi Középbirodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empira_Antenatenany_tany_Ejipta" title="Empira Antenatenany tany Ejipta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Empira Antenatenany tany Ejipta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المملكه الوسطانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المملكه الوسطانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Pertengahan_Mesir" title="Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middenrijk_(Egypte)" title="Middenrijk (Egypte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Middenrijk (Egypte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="エジプト中王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト中王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellomriket_i_Egypt" title="Mellomriket i Egypt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mellomriket i Egypt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mejan_egipcian" title="Empèri Mejan egipcian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Mejan egipcian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Arednie_Pa%C5%84stwo" title="Średnie Państwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Średnie Państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_M%C3%A9dio" title="Império Médio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Médio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Mijlociu_Egiptean" title="Regatul Mijlociu Egiptean – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Mijlociu Egiptean" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Среднее царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Среднее царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stredn%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Stredná ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stredná ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_egip%C4%8Dansko_kraljestvo" title="Srednje egipčansko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Srednje egipčansko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Средње краљевство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Средње краљевство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srednje_kraljevstvo" title="Srednje kraljevstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Srednje kraljevstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keskivaltakunta" title="Keskivaltakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keskivaltakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellersta_riket" title="Mellersta riket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mellersta riket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitnang_Kaharian_ng_Ehipto" title="Gitnang Kaharian ng Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gitnang Kaharian ng Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="எகிப்தின் மத்தியகால இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எகிப்தின் மத்தியகால இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชอาณาจักรกลางแห่งอียิปต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรกลางแห่งอียิปต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_Krall%C4%B1k" title="Orta Krallık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta Krallık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%94_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%84%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Середнє царство (Стародавній Єгипет) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середнє царство (Стародавній Єгипет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Ai_C%E1%BA%ADp" title="Trung Vương quốc Ai Cập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung Vương quốc Ai Cập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabutngaay_nga_Ginhadian_han_Ehipto" title="Kabutngaay nga Ginhadian han Ehipto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabutngaay nga Ginhadian han Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="埃及中王國時期 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃及中王國時期" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="中王國時期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中王國時期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reunified ancient Egypt (c. 2000-1700 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2055 BC</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650 BC</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg/250px-Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg/375px-Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg/500px-Ancient_Egyptian_old_and_middle_kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itjtawy" title="Itjtawy">Itjtawy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Divine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">Pharaoh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2061</span> – 2010 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650 BC</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a> or last king of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Began </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2055 BC</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Ended </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650 BC</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period of Egypt</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; background:#fff2e2"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Egypt" title="Category:History of Egypt">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of <span class="fn org label">Egypt</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/140px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/210px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic_to_Proto-Dynastic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">6000–3000 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E6FFF2"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">3150–2686 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2686–2181 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2181–2055 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2055–1650 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1650–1550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1550–1069 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1069–664 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">664–332 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Greco-Roman Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2FFE6"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">332–310 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">310–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman and Byzantine Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">30 BC–641 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">619–629</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Medieval Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2E6FF"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">641–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">750–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">868–905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">935–969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">969–1171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1171–1250</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1250–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a> Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #FFFACD"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1517–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1798–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1805–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1867–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Late Modern Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E2EBEB"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1882–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1922–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1953–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">dynasties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">All years are <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Pre-dynastic period</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> I</td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3150–2890</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty</a></td><td style="width:1.3em;text-align:center;"> II</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2890–2686</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> III</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2686–2613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2613–2498</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> V</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2498–2345</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2345–2181</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> spurious</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> VIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2181–2160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> IX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2160–2130</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> X</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2130–2040</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Early <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2134–2061</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> Late <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2061–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1991–1803</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1803–1649</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1705–1690</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1674–1535</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1650–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1580–1549</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1549–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1292–1189</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1189–1077</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1069–945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 945–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 837–728</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–720</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Nubian</a>)</td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 732–653</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 672–525</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty<br />(1st Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 525–404</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXVIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 404–398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXIX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 398–380</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXX</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 380–343</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty<br />(2nd Persian Period)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXI</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 343–332</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Thirty-second Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 332–305</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thirty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-third Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIII</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 305–30</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fourth Dynasty<br />(Roman Pharaohs)</a></div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXIV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 30 BC – 313 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:58%;text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh#History" title="Roman pharaoh">Thirty-fifth Dynasty</a><br />(<i>speculated</i>)</div></td><td style="text-align:center;"> XXXV</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 379 AD – 641 AD</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:none;padding-top:0;font-weight:normal;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs">List of pharaohs by period and dynasty</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">Periodization of ancient Egypt</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Egypt_dynasties_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Egypt dynasties sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Middle Kingdom of Egypt</b> (also known as <b>The Period of Reunification</b>) is the period in the history of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> following a period of political division known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a>. The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty</a> to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>. The kings of the Eleventh Dynasty ruled from <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and the kings of the Twelfth Dynasty ruled from <a href="/wiki/Lisht" title="Lisht">el-Lisht</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Periodization of ancient Egypt">concept of the Middle Kingdom as one of three golden ages</a> was coined in 1845 by German Egyptologist <a href="/wiki/Christian_Charles_Josias_von_Bunsen" title="Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen">Baron von Bunsen</a>, and its definition evolved significantly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars also include the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> wholly into this period, in which case the Middle Kingdom would end around 1650 BC, while others only include it until <a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a> around 1700 BC, last king of this dynasty to be attested in both Upper and Lower Egypt. During the Middle Kingdom period, <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> became the most important deity in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion#Popular_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">popular religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle Kingdom was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>, another period of division that involved foreign rule of Lower Egypt by the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> of West Asia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_history">Political history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periods_of_ancient_Egypt">Periods of ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Periods of ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_remua5kx8cnr4cn4a9uvlogwifr3o3y"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" coords="790,94,901,118" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt" alt="Late Period of ancient Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" coords="695,81,900,105" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt" alt="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" coords="577,67,689,91" title="New Kingdom of Egypt" alt="New Kingdom of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" coords="442,54,654,78" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt" alt="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" coords="392,40,524,64" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt" alt="Middle Kingdom of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" coords="302,27,507,51" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt" alt="First Intermediate Period of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" coords="262,14,373,38" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt" alt="Old Kingdom of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" coords="118,0,296,24" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)" alt="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_remua5kx8cnr4cn4a9uvlogwifr3o3y" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/remua5kx8cnr4cn4a9uvlogwifr3o3y.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification_under_the_Eleventh_Dynasty">Reunification under the Eleventh Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reunification under the Eleventh Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MentuhotepII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MentuhotepII.jpg/400px-MentuhotepII.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MentuhotepII.jpg/600px-MentuhotepII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MentuhotepII.jpg/800px-MentuhotepII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>A painted relief depicting pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a>, from his mortuary temple at <a href="/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari" title="Deir el-Bahari">Deir el-Bahari</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg/150px-Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg/225px-Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg/300px-Mentuhotep_Seated_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiride</a> statue of the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom, Mentuhotep II</figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>, Egypt entered a period of weak pharaonic power and decentralization called the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_156_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_156-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of this period, two rival dynasties, known in Egyptology as the Tenth and Eleventh, fought for control of the entire country. The Theban Eleventh Dynasty only ruled southern Egypt from the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">First Cataract</a> to the Tenth Nome of Upper Egypt. To the north, Lower Egypt was ruled by the rival <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty</a> from <a href="/wiki/Heracleopolis_Magna" title="Heracleopolis Magna">Herakleopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_155_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The struggle was to be concluded by <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a>, who ascended the Theban throne in 2055 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_149_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_149-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Mentuhotep II's fourteenth regnal year, he took advantage of a revolt in the Thinite Nome to launch an attack on Herakleopolis, which met little resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_155_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_155-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After toppling the last rulers of the Tenth Dynasty, Mentuhotep began consolidating his power over all of Egypt, a process that he finished by his 39th regnal year.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_156_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_156-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, Mentuhotep II is regarded as the founder of the Middle Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Habachi_16-52_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habachi_16-52-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentuhotep II commanded petty campaigns as far south as the Second Cataract in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, which had gained its independence during the <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Intermediate Period">First Intermediate Period</a>. He also restored Egyptian hegemony over the Sinai region, which had been lost to Egypt since the end of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_157-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To consolidate his authority, he restored the cult of the ruler, depicting himself as a god in his own lifetime, wearing the headdresses of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Min_(god)" title="Min (god)">Min</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_151_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_151-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died after a reign of 51 years and passed the throne to his son, <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_157-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentuhotep III reigned for only twelve years, during which he continued consolidating Theban rule over the whole of Egypt, building a series of forts in the eastern Delta region to secure Egypt against threats from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_157-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also sent the first expedition to Punt during the Middle Kingdom, using ships constructed at the end of Wadi Hammamat, on the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_156_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_156-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mentuhotep III was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a>, whose name, significantly, is omitted from all ancient Egyptian king lists.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_71_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_71-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turin_King_List" title="Turin King List">Turin King List</a> claims that after Mentuhotep III came "seven kingless years".<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this absence, his reign is attested from a few inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hammamat" title="Wadi Hammamat">Wadi Hammamat</a> that record expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast and to quarry stone for the royal monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_71_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_71-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of this expedition was his vizier Amenemhat, who is widely assumed to be the future pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet I">Amenemhet I</a>, the first king of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_72_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_72-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentuhotep IV's absence from the king lists has prompted the theory that Amenemhet I usurped his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are no contemporary accounts of this struggle, certain circumstantial evidence may point to the existence of a civil war at the end of the 11th Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_71_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_71-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions left by one Nehry, the <a href="/wiki/Haty-a" title="Haty-a">Haty-a</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hermopolis" title="Hermopolis">Hermopolis</a>, suggest that he was attacked at a place called Shedyet-sha by the forces of the reigning king, but his forces prevailed. <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_I" title="Khnumhotep I">Khnumhotep I</a>, an official under Amenemhet I, claims to have participated in a flotilla of twenty ships sent to pacify Upper Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Redford" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Redford">Donald Redford</a> has suggested these events should be interpreted as evidence of open war between two dynastic claimants.<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_74_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is certain is that, however he came to power, Amenemhet I was not of royal birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelfth_Dynasty">Twelfth Dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twelfth Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Twelfth_Dynasty">Early Twelfth Dynasty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Twelfth Dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg/150px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg/225px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg/300px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Leipzig_104.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The head of a statue of Senusret I.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/220px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/330px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg/440px-GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Senwosret_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Senwosret II">Senwosret II</a>. It functioned as a divine guardian for the <a href="/wiki/Imiut_fetish" title="Imiut fetish">imiut</a>, and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>From the Twelfth Dynasty onwards, pharaohs often kept well-trained standing armies, which included <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian</a> contingents. These formed the basis of larger forces that were raised for defense against invasion, or expeditions up the Nile or across the Sinai. However, the Middle Kingdom was basically defensive in its military strategy, with fortifications built at the <a href="/wiki/First_Cataract" class="mw-redirect" title="First Cataract">First Cataract</a> of the Nile, in the Delta and across the Sinai Isthmus.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in his reign, Amenemhet I was compelled to campaign in the Delta region, which had not received as much attention as Upper Egypt during the 11th Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, he strengthened defenses between Egypt and Asia, building the Walls of the Ruler in the East Delta region.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_148_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_148-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps in response to this perpetual unrest, Amenemhat I built a new capital for Egypt in the north, known as <a href="/wiki/Itjtawy" title="Itjtawy">Amenemhet It Tawy</a>, or <i>Amenemhet, Seizer of the Two Lands</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_14_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_14-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of this capital is unknown, but is presumably near the city's necropolis, the present-day <a href="/wiki/El-Lisht" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lisht">el-Lisht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_158_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_158-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Mentuhotep II, Amenemhet bolstered his claim to authority with propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_159_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_159-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Neferty" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophecy of Neferty">Prophecy of Neferty</a> dates to about this time, which purports to be an oracle of an Old Kingdom priest, who predicts a king, Amenemhet I, arising from the far south of Egypt to restore the kingdom after centuries of chaos.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_158_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_158-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propaganda notwithstanding, Amenemhet never held the absolute power commanded in theory by the Old Kingdom pharaohs. During the First Intermediate Period, the governors of the <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">nomes</a> of Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">nomarchs</a>, gained considerable power. Their posts had become hereditary, and some nomarchs entered into marriage alliances with the nomarchs of neighboring nomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_128_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_128-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To strengthen his position, Amenemhet required registration of land, modified nome borders, and appointed nomarchs directly when offices became vacant, but acquiesced to the nomarch system, probably to placate the nomarchs who supported his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_160_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_160-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the Middle Kingdom a more feudal organization than Egypt had before or would have afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_129_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his twentieth regnal year, Amenemhat established his son <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> as his coregent,<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_129_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_129-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning a practice which would be used repeatedly throughout the rest of the Middle Kingdom and again during the New Kingdom. In Amenemhet's thirtieth regnal year, he was presumably murdered in a palace conspiracy. Senusret, campaigning against Libyan invaders, rushed home to Itjtawy to prevent a takeover of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_160_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, Senusret continued the practice of directly appointing nomarchs,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and undercut the autonomy of local priesthoods by building at cult centers throughout Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_162_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_162-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his rule, Egyptian armies pushed south into Nubia as far as the Second Cataract, building a border fort at <a href="/wiki/Buhen" title="Buhen">Buhen</a> and incorporating all of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Nubia" title="Lower Nubia">Lower Nubia</a> as an Egyptian colony.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_161_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_161-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senusret I also exercised control over the land of Kush, from the Second to the Third Cataract, including the island of Sai. The southernmost inscription containing Sesostris I's name has been found on the island of Argo, north of modern Dongola.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the west, he consolidated his power over the Oases, and extended commercial contacts into Syria-Canaan as far as <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_165_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_165-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 43rd regnal year, Senusret appointed <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet II">Amenemhet II</a> as junior coregent, before dying in his 46th.<sup id="cite_ref-Murnane_5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murnane_5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:66px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_the_Aamu,_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/438px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/657px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg/876px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5440" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:440px;max-width:440px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:63px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/438px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="438" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/657px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg/876px-Drawing_of_the_procession_of_the_Aamu_group_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_at_Beni_Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A group of West Asiatic peoples (possibly <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> and precursors of the future <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>) depicted entering Egypt <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900 BC</span>. From the tomb of a 12th dynasty official <a href="/wiki/Khnumhotep_II" title="Khnumhotep II">Khnumhotep II</a> under pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hasan" title="Beni Hasan">Beni Hasan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> has been often characterized as largely peaceful,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_165_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_165-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but records of his <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">genut</i></span>, or daybooks, have cast doubt on that assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_163_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these records, preserved on temple walls at Tod and Memphis, are descriptions of peace treaties with certain Syrio-Canaanian cities, and military conflict with others.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_163_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south, Amenemhet sent a campaign through lower Nubia to inspect <a href="/wiki/Historical_names_of_Nubia#Egyptians" title="Historical names of Nubia">Wawat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_165_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_165-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not appear that Amenemhet continued his predecessors' policy of appointing nomarchs, but let it become hereditary again.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another expedition to Punt dates to his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_163_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_163-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 33rd regnal year, he appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> coregent.<sup id="cite_ref-Murnane_7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murnane_7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence for military activity of any kind during the reign of Senusret II is non-existent. Senusret instead appears to have focused on domestic issues, particularly the irrigation of the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum</a>. This multi-generational project aimed to convert the Faiyum oasis into a productive swath of farmland.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_164_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_164-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senusret eventually placed his pyramid at the site of <a href="/wiki/El-Lahun" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lahun">el-Lahun</a>, near the junction of the Nile and the Fayuum's major irrigation canal, the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_138_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_138-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reigned only fifteen years,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_166_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_166-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which explains the incomplete nature of many of his constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_164_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_164-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> succeeded him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Height_of_the_Middle_Kingdom">Height of the Middle Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Height of the Middle Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senwosret_III,_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/150px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/225px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg/300px-Senwosret_III%2C_ca._1836-1818_B.C.E._Granite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>One of the few intact statues of Senusret III</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> was a warrior-king, often taking to the field himself. In his sixth year, he re-dredged an Old Kingdom canal around the First Cataract to facilitate travel to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Nubia" title="Upper Nubia">Upper Nubia</a>. He used this to launch a series of brutal campaigns in Nubia in his sixth, eighth, tenth, and sixteenth years. After his victories, Senusret built a series of massive forts throughout the country to establish the formal boundary between Egyptian conquests and unconquered Nubia at <a href="/wiki/Semna" class="mw-redirect" title="Semna">Semna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_166_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The personnel of these forts were charged to send frequent reports to the capital on the movements and activities of the local <a href="/wiki/Medjay" title="Medjay">Medjay</a> natives, some of which survive, revealing how tightly the Egyptians intended to control the southern border.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_136_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_136-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medjay were not allowed north of the border by ship, nor could they enter by land with their flocks, but they were permitted to travel to local forts to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardiner_135_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_135-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Senusret sent one more campaign in his 19th year but turned back due to abnormally low Nile levels, which endangered his ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_166_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the north, One of Senusret's soldiers records a campaign into Canaan, perhaps against <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>, the only reference to a military campaign against a certain location in Cannan from Middle Kingdom literature,<sup id="cite_ref-Redford_76_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redford_76-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are other references to action against Asiatics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not known whether Egypt wished to control Canaan like Northern Nubia, but numerous administrative seals of the period have been found there, as well as other indications of increased activity Northward in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the old kingdom, the contact was particularly strong with <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>, known for its valuable wood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London,_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg/220px-Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg/330px-Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg/440px-Indus_carnelian_bead_UC30334_Egypt_Middle_Kingdom_London%2C_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>A rare <a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_bead" class="mw-redirect" title="Etched carnelian bead">etched carnelian bead</a> excavated in Egypt, and thought to have been imported from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, in an example of <a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> tomb 197, Late Middle Kingdom. Now in <a href="/wiki/Petrie_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrie Museum">Petrie Museum</a> ref. UC30334, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Domestically, Senusret has been given credit for an administrative reform that put more power in the hands of appointees of the central government, instead of regional authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_166_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt was divided into three <i>water</i>, or administrative divisions: North, South, and Head of the South (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>, and the nomes of the original Theban kingdom during the war with <a href="/wiki/Heracleopolis_Magna" title="Heracleopolis Magna">Herakleopolis</a>, respectively). Each region was administered by a <a href="/wiki/Reporter_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Reporter (Ancient Egypt)">Reporter</a>, Second Reporter<i>,</i> some kind of council (the <i>Djadjat</i>), and staff of minor officials and scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes_32_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_32-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power of the nomarchs seems to drop off permanently during his reign, which has been taken to indicate that the central government had finally suppressed them, though there is no record that Senusret ever took direct action against them.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_166_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_166-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senusret III left a lasting legacy as a warrior pharaoh. His name was Hellenized by later Greek historians as Sesostris, a name which was then given to a conflation of Senusret and several New Kingdom warrior pharaohs.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_260_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_260-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nubia, Senusret was worshiped as a patron God by Egyptian settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldred_129_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldred_129-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of his reign remains something of an open question. His son <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet III">Amenemhet III</a> began reigning after Senusret's 19th regnal year, which has been widely considered Senusret's highest attested date.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegner_250_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegner_250-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a reference to a year 39 on a fragment found in the construction debris of Senusret's mortuary temple has suggested the possibility of a long coregency with his son.<sup id="cite_ref-Wegner_260_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wegner_260-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%84gypten_1999_(237)_Luxor-Museum_(28186790096).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg/150px-%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg/225px-%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg/300px-%C3%84gypten_1999_%28237%29_Luxor-Museum_%2828186790096%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4148" data-file-height="6476" /></a><figcaption>One of the few intact statues of Amenemhat III</figcaption></figure> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> was the height of the Middle Kingdom's economic prosperity. His reign is remarkable for the degree to which Egypt exploited its resources. Mining camps in the Sinai, which had previously been used only by intermittent expeditions, were operated on a semi-permanent basis, as evidenced by the construction of houses, walls, and even local cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 25 separate references to mining expeditions in the Sinai, and four to expeditions in Wadi Hammamat, one of which had over two thousand workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_60_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_60-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amenemhet reinforced his father's defenses in Nubia<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_168_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_168-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued the Faiyum land reclamation project.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_169_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_169-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a reign of 45 years, Amenemhet III was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet IV">Amenemhet IV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_170_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose nine-year reign is poorly attested.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_170_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_170-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearly by this time, dynastic power had begun to weaken, for which several explanations have been proposed. Contemporary records of the Nile flood levels indicate that the end of the reign of Amenemhet III was dry, and crop failures may have helped to destabilize the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_169_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_169-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Amenemhet III had an inordinately long reign, which tends to create succession problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_171_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_171-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter argument perhaps explains why Amenemhet IV was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a>, the first historically attested female pharaoh of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_171_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_171-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sobekneferu ruled no more than four years,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as she apparently had no heirs, when she died the Twelfth Dynasty came to a sudden end as did the Golden Age of the Middle Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_into_the_Second_Intermediate_Period">Decline into the Second Intermediate Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Decline into the Second Intermediate Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png/150px-KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png/225px-KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png/300px-KneelingStatueOfSobekhotepV-AltesMuseum-Berlin.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kneeling" title="Kneeling">kneeling</a> statue of Sobekhotep V, one of the pharaohs from the declining years of the Middle Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Sobeknefru, the throne may have passed to <a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though in older studies <a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a>, who had previously been the Great Overseer of Troops,<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_66_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_66-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was thought to have reigned next.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_183_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_183-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with this reign, Egypt was ruled by a series of ephemeral kings for about ten to fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_64-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Egyptian sources regard these as the first kings of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty</a>, though the term dynasty is misleading, as most kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty were not related.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_65_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_65-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names of these short-lived kings are attested on a few monuments and <a href="/wiki/Graffito_(archaeology)" title="Graffito (archaeology)">graffiti</a>, and their succession order is only known from the <a href="/wiki/Turin_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turin Canon">Turin Canon</a>, although even this is not fully trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_64-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the initial dynastic chaos, a series of longer-reigning, better-attested kings ruled for about fifty to eighty years.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_64-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest king of this period, <a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a>, ruled for eleven years and maintained effective control of Upper Egypt, Nubia, and the Delta,<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_71_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_71-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the possible exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Xois" class="mw-redirect" title="Xois">Xois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_172-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neferhotep I was even recognized as the suzerain of the ruler of Byblos, indicating that the Thirteenth Dynasty was able to retain much of the power of the Twelfth Dynasty, at least up to his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_172-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some point during the 13th Dynasty, Xois, and Avaris began governing themselves,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_172-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rulers of Xois being the Fourteenth Dynasty, and the Asiatic rulers of Avaris being the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> of the Fifteenth Dynasty. According to <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, this latter revolt occurred during the reign of Neferhotep's successor, <a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a>, though there is no archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_72_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_72-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sobekhotep IV was succeeded by the short reign of <a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep V">Sobekhotep V</a>, who was followed by <a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ai" class="mw-redirect" title="Merneferre Ai">Merneferre Ai</a>. Wahibre Ibiau ruled ten years, and Merneferre Ai ruled for twenty-three years, the longest of any Thirteenth Dynasty king, but neither of these two kings left as many attestations as either Neferhotep of Sobekhotep IV. Despite this, they both seem to have held at least parts of Lower Egypt. After Merneferre Ai, however, no king left his name on any object found outside the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_74_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_74-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This begins the final portion of the Thirteenth Dynasty when southern kings continue to reign over Upper Egypt. But when the unity of Egypt fully disintegrated, the Middle Kingdom gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki_75_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki_75-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG/220px-GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG/330px-GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG/440px-GD-EG-Louxor-116.JPG 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Head of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Eleventh Dynasty reunified Egypt it had to create a centralized administration such as had not existed in Egypt since the downfall of the Old Kingdom government. To do this, it appointed people to positions that had fallen out of use in the decentralized First Intermediate Period. The highest among these was the vizier.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vizier was the chief minister for the king, handling all the day-to-day business of government in the king's place.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a monumental task, therefore it would often be split into two positions, a vizier of the north, and a vizier of the south. It is uncertain how often this occurred during the Middle Kingdom, but Senusret I clearly had two simultaneously functioning viziers.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other positions were inherited from the provincial form of government at Thebes used by the Eleventh Dynasty before the reunification of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki21-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Overseer of Sealed Goods</i> became the country's treasurer, and the <i>Overseer of the Estate</i> became the King's chief steward.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki21-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three positions and the <i>Scribe of the Royal Document,</i> probably the king's personal scribe, appear to be the most important posts of the central government, judging by the monument count of those in these positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki21-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides this, many Old Kingdom posts which had lost their original meaning and become mere honorifics were brought back into the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only high-ranking officials could claim the title <i>Member of the Elite</i>, which had been applied liberally during the First Intermediate Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grajetzki21-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This basic form of administration continued throughout the Middle Kingdom, though there is some evidence of a major reform of the central government under Senusret III. Records from his reign indicate that Upper and Lower Egypt were divided into separate <i>waret</i> and governed by separate administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrative documents and private stelae indicate a proliferation of new bureaucratic titles around this time, which have been taken as evidence of a larger central government.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governance of the royal residence was moved into a separate division of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military was placed under the control of a chief general.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible that these titles and positions were much older, and simply were not recorded on funerary stelae due to religious conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_7_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards_7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_government">Provincial government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Provincial government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_MK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/House_MK.jpg/220px-House_MK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/House_MK.jpg/330px-House_MK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/House_MK.jpg/440px-House_MK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Clay model of a Middle Kingdom house. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Decentralization during the First Intermediate Period left the individual Egyptian provinces, or <a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Nomes</a>, under the control of powerful families who held the hereditary title of <i>Great Chief of the Nome</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Nomarch" title="Nomarch">Nomarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_108-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position developed during the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, when the various powers of Old Kingdom provincial officials began to be exercised by a single individual.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_108-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At roughly this time, the provincial aristocracy began building elaborate tombs for themselves, which have been taken as evidence of the wealth and power that these rulers had acquired as nomarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_108-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the First Intermediate Period, some nomarchs ruled their nomes as minor potentates, such as the nomarch Nehry of Hermopolis, who dated inscriptions by his own regnal year.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesehtisoldiers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mesehtisoldiers.JPG/220px-Mesehtisoldiers.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mesehtisoldiers.JPG/330px-Mesehtisoldiers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Mesehtisoldiers.JPG/440px-Mesehtisoldiers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Wooden figures found in the tomb of 11th dynasty provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Mesehti" title="Mesehti">Mesehti</a>: Egyptian army of the <a href="/wiki/11th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Dynasty">11th Dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the Eleventh Dynasty came to power, it was necessary to subdue the power of the nomarchs if Egypt were to be reunified under a central government. The first major steps towards that end took place under Amenemhet I. Amenemhet made the city, not the nome, the center of administration, and only the <i><a href="/wiki/Haty-a" title="Haty-a">haty-a</a></i>, or mayor, of the larger cities, would be permitted to carry the title of nomarch.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title of nomarch continued to be used until the reign of Senusret III,<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the elaborate tombs indicative of their power, after which they suddenly disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_112-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been interpreted several ways. Traditionally, it has been believed that Senusret III took some action to suppress the nomarch families during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_167_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal_167-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, other interpretations have been proposed. Detlef Franke has argued that Senusret II adopted a policy of educating the sons of nomarchs in the capital and appointing them to government posts. In this way, many provincial families may have been bled dry of scions.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_175_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_175-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, while the title of <i>Great Overlord of the Nome</i> disappeared, other distinctive titles of the nomarchs remained. During the First Intermediate Period, individuals holding the title of <i>Great Overlord</i> also often held the title of <i>Overseer of Priests.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_109_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_109-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Middle Kingdom, there existed families holding the titles of mayor and overseer of priests as hereditary possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_112-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it has been argued that the great nomarch families were never subdued, but were simply absorbed into the pharaonic administration of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_112-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is true that the large tombs indicative of nomarchs disappeared at the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, grand royal tombs also ceased being built soon thereafter due to general instability surrounding the decline of the Middle Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trigger_112-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_and_climate">Agriculture and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agriculture and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><i>It was I who brought forth grain, the grain god loved me,</i><br /> <i>the Nile adored me from his every source;</i><br /> <i>One did not hunger during my years, did not thirst;</i><br /> <i>they sat content with all my deeds, remembering me fondly;</i><br /> <i>and I set each thing firmly in its place.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_88_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_88-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">extract from the <a href="/wiki/Instructions_of_Amenemhat" title="Instructions of Amenemhat">Instructions of Amenemhat</a></cite></p> </div> <p>Throughout the history of ancient Egypt, the annual inundation of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> was relied upon to fertilize the land surrounding it. This was essential for agriculture and food production. There is evidence that the collapse of the previous <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a> may have been due in part to low flood levels, resulting in famine.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_227_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_227-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend appears to have been reversed during the early years of the Middle Kingdom, with relatively high water levels recorded for much of this era, with an average inundation of 19 meters above its non-flood levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_230_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_230-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years of repeated high inundation levels correspond to the most prosperous period of the Middle Kingdom, which occurred during the reign of Amenemhat III.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_263_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell_263-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seems to be confirmed in some of the literature of the period, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Instructions_of_Amenemhat" title="Instructions of Amenemhat">Instructions of Amenemhat</a>, where the king tells his son how agriculture prospered under his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster_88_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_88-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="518" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Seated Statue of Amenemhat III, around 19th century BC. <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">The State Hermitage Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the reunification of Egypt in the Middle Kingdom, the kings of the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties were able to turn their focus back to art. In the Eleventh Dynasty, the kings had their monuments made in a style influenced by the Memphite models of the Fifth and early Sixth Dynasties. During this time, the pre-unification Theban relief style all but disappeared. These changes had an ideological purpose, as the Eleventh Dynasty kings were establishing a centralized state after the First Intermediate Period, and returning to the political ideals of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Twelfth Dynasty, the artwork had a uniformity of style due to the influence of the royal workshops. It was at this point that the quality of artistic production for the elite members of society reached a high point that was never surpassed, although it was equaled in other periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008109_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008109-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt prospered in the late Twelfth Dynasty, and this was reflected in the quality of the materials used for royal and private monuments. </p><p>The kings of the Twelfth Dynasty were buried in <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramid</a> complexes based on those of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins200896_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins200896-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a>, these were made of stone bricks, but the Middle Kingdom kings chose to have theirs made of mud bricks and finished with a casing of Tura limestone.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private tombs, such as those found in Thebes, usually consisted of a long passage cut into rock, with a small chamber at the end. These tended to have little or no decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone box <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> with both flat and vaulted lids were manufactured in the Middle Kingdom, as a continuation of the Old Kingdom tradition. The motifs on these were more varied and of higher artistic quality than that of any sarcophagi produced before and after the Middle Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, funerary <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stelae</a> developed in regard to images and iconography. They continued to show the deceased seated in front of a table of offerings, and began to include the deceased's wife and other family members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008102_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008102-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of the Middle Kingdom, there was a change to the art pieces placed in non-royal tombs. The amount of <a href="/wiki/Wooden_tomb_model" title="Wooden tomb model">wooden tomb models</a> decreased drastically, and they were replaced by small faience models of food. Magic wands and rods, models of protective animals, and fertility figures began to be buried with the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008114_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008114-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the number of statues and funerary stelae increased, but their quality decreased. In the late Twelfth Dynasty, coffins with interior decorations became rare, and the decorations on the outside became more elaborate. The <a href="/wiki/Rishi_coffin" title="Rishi coffin"><i>rishi</i>-coffin</a> made its first appearance during this time. Made of wood or <a href="/wiki/Cartonnage" title="Cartonnage">cartonnage</a>, the coffin was in the shape of a body wrapped in linen, wearing a beaded collar and a funerary mask.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008115_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008115-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were also changes to the art form of stelae in the Middle Kingdom. During this time, round-topped stelae developed out of the rectangular form of previous periods. Many examples of both of these types come from this period;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> excavation at Abydos yielded over 2000 private stelae, ranging from excellent works to crude objects, although very few belonged to the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, classic royal commemorative stelae were first found in this period. These took the form of round-topped stelae, and they were used to mark boundaries. For example, Senusret III used them to mark the boundary between Egypt and Nubia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the prosperity of this period, the lower elite were able to commission statues and stelae for themselves, although these were of poorer artistic quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008110_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008110-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who commissioned non-royal stelae had the ultimate goal of eternal existence. This goal was communicated with the specific placement of information on the stone slabs similar to royal stelae (the owner's image, offering formula, inscriptions of names, lineage and titles).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statuary">Statuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Statuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman,_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg/170px-Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg/255px-Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg/340px-Head_and_Torso_of_a_Noblewoman%2C_ca._1844-1837_B.C.E._59.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Head and Torso of a Noblewoman, around 1844–1837 BC. 59.1. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first half of the Twelfth Dynasty, proportions of the human figure returned to the traditional Memphite style of the Fifth and early Sixth Dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male figures had broad shoulders, a low small of the back, and thick muscular limbs. Females had slender figures, a higher small of the back and no musculature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, sketches for the production of statues and reliefs were laid out on a squared grid, a new guide system. Since this system contained a greater number of lines, it allowed more body parts to be marked. Standing figures were composed of eighteen squares from the feet to the hairline. Seated figures were made of fourteen squares between their feet and hairline, accounting for the horizontal thigh and knee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008107,_108_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008107,_108-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black granite seated statue of the king <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> to the right, above is a perfect example of male proportions and the squared grid system of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most royal statues, such as this one, would serve as representations of the king's power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008112,_113_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008112,_113-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of Egyptian statuary reached its peak in the Middle Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal statues combined both elegance and strength in a manner that was seldom seen after this period.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A popular form of statuary during this time was that of the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a>. During this period, sphinxes appeared in pairs, and were recumbent, with human faces, and a lion's mane and ears. An example would be the diorite sphinx of <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the innovations in <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> that occurred during the Middle Kingdom was the <a href="/wiki/Block_statue_(Egyptian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block statue (Egyptian)">block statue</a>, which would continue to be popular through to the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> almost 2,000 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeter_27_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeter_27-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block statues consist of a man <a href="/wiki/Squatting_position" title="Squatting position">squatting</a> with his knees drawn up to his chest and his arms folded on top of his knees. Often, these men are wearing a "wide cloak" that reduces the body of the figure to a simple block-like shape.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface of the garment or "wide cloak" allowed space for inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008109_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008109-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the detail is reserved for the head of the individual being depicted. In some instances, the modeling of the limbs has been retained by the sculptor.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two basic types of block statues: ones with the feet completely covered by the cloak and ones with the feet uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This statue to the right represents a woman from the top echelon of society and demonstrates characteristics of Middle Kingdom art. The heavy tripartite wig frames the broad face and passes behind the ears, thus giving the impression of forcing them forward. They are large in keeping with the ancient Egyptian ideal of beauty; the same ideal required small breasts, and also in this respect the sculpture is no exception. Whereas the natural curve of the eyebrows dips towards the root of the nose, the artificial eyebrows in low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> are absolutely straight above the inner corners of the eyes, a feature which places the bust early in the Twelfth Dynasty. Around 1900 BC these artificial eyebrows began to follow the natural curve and dip toward the nose.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later Twelfth Dynasty, the proportions of the human figure changed. These changes survived through the Thirteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties. Male figures had smaller heads in proportion to the rest of the body, narrow shoulders and waists, a high small of the back, and no muscled limbs. Female figures had these proportions more to an extreme with narrower shoulders and waists, slender limbs, and a higher small of the back in order to keep a distinction between male and female measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008118_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008118-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian literature</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Middle Kingdom of Egypt is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x03" style="position:absolute; 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left:115px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDUS<br />VALLEY<br />CIVILIZATION</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_01x100" style="position:absolute; left:01px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>EGYPT<br />MIDDLE<br />KINGDOM</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_06x125" style="position:absolute; left:06px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kerma<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_233x84" style="position:absolute; left:233px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Longshan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x80" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:80px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Qijia</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_188x70" style="position:absolute; left:188px; top:70px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Xichengyi_culture" title="Xichengyi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Xichengyi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x62" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:62px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tianshanbeilu_culture" title="Tianshanbeilu culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Linya</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x65" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhukaigou_culture" title="Zhukaigou culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Zhukaigou</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x73" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shimao" title="Shimao"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shimao</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_213x97" style="position:absolute; left:213px; top:97px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Baodun</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x100" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:100px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shijiahe</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x20" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Abashevo<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x40" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Catacomb<br />Culture</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Middle Kingdom of Egypt and contemporary cultures <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Parkinson" title="Richard B. Parkinson">Richard B. Parkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_D._Morenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig D. Morenz">Ludwig D. Morenz</a> write that ancient Egyptian literature—narrowly defined as <i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">belles-lettres</a></i> ("beautiful writing")—were not recorded in written form until the early Twelfth Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old Kingdom texts served mainly to maintain the divine cults, preserve souls in the afterlife, and document accounts for practical uses in daily life. It was not until the Middle Kingdom that texts were written for the purpose of entertainment and intellectual curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-morenz_2003_102_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morenz_2003_102-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parkinson and Morenz also speculate that written works of the Middle Kingdom were transcriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a> of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that some oral poetry was preserved in later writing; for example, litter-bearers' songs were preserved as written verses in tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-morenz_2003_102_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morenz_2003_102-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also thought that the growth of the middle class and growth in the number of scribes needed for the expanded bureaucracy under Senusret II helped spur the development of Middle Kingdom literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later ancient Egyptians considered the literature from this time as "classic".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories such as the <a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Shipwrecked_Sailor" title="Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor">Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Story_of_Sinuhe" title="Story of Sinuhe">Story of Sinuhe</a> were composed during this period, and were popular enough to be widely copied afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many philosophical works were also created at this time, including the <a href="/wiki/Dispute_between_a_man_and_his_Ba" title="Dispute between a man and his Ba">Dispute between a man and his Ba</a> where an unhappy man converses with his soul, <a href="/wiki/The_Satire_of_the_Trades" title="The Satire of the Trades">The Satire of the Trades</a> in which the role of the scribe is praised above all other jobs, and the magic tales supposedly told to the Old Kingdom pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Westcar_Papyrus" title="Westcar Papyrus">Westcar Papyrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pharaohs of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth</a> through <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a> are credited with preserving some of the most interesting of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyri</a>: </p> <ul><li>1950 BC: <a href="/wiki/Akhmim_Wooden_Tablet" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmim Wooden Tablet">Akhmim Wooden Tablet</a></li> <li>1950 BC: <a href="/wiki/Heqanakht_papyri" class="mw-redirect" title="Heqanakht papyri">Heqanakht papyri</a></li> <li>1800 BC: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_papyrus_6619" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin papyrus 6619">Berlin papyrus 6619</a></li> <li>1800 BC: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Papyrus">Moscow Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li>1650 BC: <a href="/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus">Rhind Mathematical Papyrus</a></li> <li>1600 BC: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Smith_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Smith papyrus">Edwin Smith papyrus</a></li> <li>1550 BC: <a href="/wiki/Ebers_papyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebers papyrus">Ebers papyrus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schneider_(Egyptologist)" title="Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)">Schneider, Thomas</a> (27 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTMAu2LRbVUC&pg=PA182">"Periodizing Egyptian History: Manetho, Convention, and Beyond"</a>. In Klaus-Peter Adam (ed.). <i>Historiographie in der Antike</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 181–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020672-2"><bdi>978-3-11-020672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Periodizing+Egyptian+History%3A+Manetho%2C+Convention%2C+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=Historiographie+in+der+Antike&rft.pages=181-197&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020672-2&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTMAu2LRbVUC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Rosalie (2002). <i>Religion and Magic in Ancient Egypt</i>. Penguin Books. p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_156-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_156_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_156_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. (1988)</a> p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_155-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_155_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_155_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. (1988)</a> p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_149-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_149_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habachi_16-52-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habachi_16-52_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Habachi1963">Habachi. (1963)</a> pp. 16–52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_157-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_157_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. (1988)</a> p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_151-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_151_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_156-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_156_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford_71-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redford_71_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redford_71_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redford_71_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Redford1992">Redford. (1992)</a> p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner_124-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_124_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gardiner1964">Gardiner. (1964)</a> p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford_72-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redford_72_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Redford1992">Redford. (1992)</a> p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardiner_125-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardiner_125_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gardiner1964">Gardiner. (1964)</a> p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redford_74-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redford_74_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Redford1992">Redford. (1992)</a> p.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864">"Guardian Figure"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Guardian+Figure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F543864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p5. 'The Collins Encyclopedia of Military History', (4th edition, 1993), Dupuy & Dupuy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_20-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_20_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arnold1991">Arnold. (1991)</a> p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_148-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_148_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_14-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_14_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Arnold1991">Arnold. (1991)</a> p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_158-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_158_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_158_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_159-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_159_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. 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(2000)</a> p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_169-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_169_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_169_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_170-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_170_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_171-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_171_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_171_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. (1988)</a> p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_171-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_171_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Ryholt" title="Kim Ryholt">K.S.B. Ryholt</a>: <i>The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC</i>, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darrell D. Baker: <i>The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC</i>, Stacey International, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905299-37-9">978-1-905299-37-9</a>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_66-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_66_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal_183-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_183_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grimal1988">Grimal. (1988)</a> p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_64-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_64_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_65-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_65_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_71-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_71_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_172-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_172_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_72-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_72_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_74-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_74_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki_75-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki_75_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_174-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_174_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Shaw2000">Shaw. (2000)</a> p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grajetzki21-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grajetzki21_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Grajetzki2006">Grajetzki. (2006)</a> p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards_7-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_7_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Richards2005">Richards. (2005)</a> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigger_108-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_108_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trigger1983">Trigger, Kemp, O'Connor, and Lloyd. (1983)</a> p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trigger_112-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trigger_112_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trigger1983">Trigger, Kemp, O'Connor, and Lloyd. 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(1975)</a> p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_230-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_230_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bell1975">Bell. (1975)</a> p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell_263-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_263_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bell1975">Bell. (1975)</a> p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2008" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Gay (2008). <i>The Art of Ancient Egypt</i> (Rev. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674030657" title="Special:BookSources/9780674030657"><bdi>9780674030657</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191732570">191732570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191732570&rft.isbn=9780674030657&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Gay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008109-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008109_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008109_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins200896-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins200896_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonGendropStillman2003" class="citation web cs1">Watson, Philip J.; Gendrop, Paul; Stillman, Damie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000070190">"Pyramid | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t070190">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t070190</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyramid+%7C+Grove+Art&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t070190&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft.au=Gendrop%2C+Paul&rft.au=Stillman%2C+Damie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000070190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000084413">"Thebes (i) | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t084413">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t084413</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thebes+%28i%29+%7C+Grove+Art&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t084413&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000084413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000075996">"Sarcophagus | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t075996">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t075996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000081249">"Stele | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t081249">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t081249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stele+%7C+Grove+Art&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t081249&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Collon&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Strudwick%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Lyttleton%2C+Margaret&rft.au=Wiedehage%2C+Peter&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila+S.&rft.au=Benson%2C+Elizabeth+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000081249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000000298">"Abydos | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t000298">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t000298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abydos+%7C+Grove+Art&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t000298&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000000298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008110-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008110_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimArnoldArnoldYamamoto2015" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheim, Adela; Arnold, Dorothea; Arnold, Dieter; Yamamoto, Kei (2015). <i>Ancient Egypt transformed: the Middle Kingdom</i>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588395641" title="Special:BookSources/9781588395641"><bdi>9781588395641</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909251373">909251373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt+transformed%3A+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909251373&rft.isbn=9781588395641&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Adela&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Dorothea&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+Kei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008106,_107_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, pp. 106, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008107,_108-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008107,_108_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, pp. 107, 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/06.+Sculpture/83612/?lng">"Statue of Amenemhat III"</a>. <i>hermitagemuseum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hermitagemuseum&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Amenemhat+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fhermitage%2Fdigital-collection%2F06.%2BSculpture%2F83612%2F%3Flng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008112,_113-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008112,_113_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, pp. 112, 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoddens-Hosangd'Albiac2003" class="citation web cs1">Boddens-Hosang, F. J. E.; d'Albiac, Carole (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000080560">"Sphinx | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t080560">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t080560</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sphinx+%7C+Grove+Art&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t080560&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Boddens-Hosang&rft.aufirst=F.+J.+E.&rft.au=d%27Albiac%2C+Carole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000080560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussmann2003" class="citation web cs1">Russmann, Edna R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000083009">"Taharqa | Grove Art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t083009">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t083009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taharqa+%7C+Grove+Art&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.t083009&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Russmann&rft.aufirst=Edna+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000083009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teeter_27-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teeter_27_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Teeter1994">Teeter. (1994)</a> p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bothmer, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, "Block Statue".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Late Period</i>, 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothmer1974" class="citation book cs1">Bothmer, Bernard (1974). <i>Brief Guide to the Department of Egyptian and Classical Art</i>. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+Guide+to+the+Department+of+Egyptian+and+Classical+Art&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bothmer&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins2008118-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobins2008118_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobins2008">Robins (2008)</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson2002">Parkinson 2002</a>, pp. 45–46, 49–50, 55–56; <a href="#CITEREFMorenz2003">Morenz 2003</a>, p. 102; see also <a href="#CITEREFSimpson1972">Simpson 1972</a>, pp. 3–6 and <a href="#CITEREFErman2005">Erman 2005</a>, pp. xxiv–xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morenz_2003_102-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morenz_2003_102_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morenz_2003_102_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenz2003">Morenz 2003</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkinson2002">Parkinson 2002</a>, pp. 45–46, 49–50, 55–56; <a href="#CITEREFMorenz2003">Morenz 2003</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aldred1987" class="citation book cs1">Aldred, Cyril (1987). <i>The Egyptians</i>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Egyptians&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Arnold1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Arnold" title="Dorothea Arnold">Arnold, Dorothea</a> (1991). "Amenemhet I and the Early Twelfth Dynasty at Thebes". <i>Metropolitan Museum Journal</i>. <b>26</b>: 5–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1512902">10.2307/1512902</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1512902">1512902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191398579">191398579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Museum+Journal&rft.atitle=Amenemhet+I+and+the+Early+Twelfth+Dynasty+at+Thebes&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=5-48&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191398579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1512902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1512902&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bell1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Barbara (1975). "Climate and the History of Egypt: The Middle Kingdom". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>79</b> (3). Archaeological Institute of America: 223–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F503481">10.2307/503481</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/503481">503481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192999731">192999731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Climate+and+the+History+of+Egypt%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=223-269&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192999731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F503481%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F503481&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErman2005" class="citation book cs1">Erman, Adolf (2005). <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Collection of Poems, Narratives and Manuals of Instructions from the Third and Second Millennia BC</i>. Translated by Aylward M. Blackman. New York: Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0964-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0964-3"><bdi>0-7103-0964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%3A+A+Collection+of+Poems%2C+Narratives+and+Manuals+of+Instructions+from+the+Third+and+Second+Millennia+BC&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7103-0964-3&rft.aulast=Erman&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Foster2001" class="citation book cs1">Foster, John L. (2001). <i>Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-72527-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-72527-2"><bdi>0-292-72527-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Literature%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-292-72527-2&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gardiner1964" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Alan (1964). <i>Egypt of the Pharaohs</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+of+the+Pharaohs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Grajetzki2006" class="citation book cs1">Grajetzki, Wolfram (2006). <i>The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt</i>. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3435-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3435-6"><bdi>0-7156-3435-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Kingdom+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7156-3435-6&rft.aulast=Grajetzki&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Grimal1988" class="citation book cs1">Grimal, Nicolas (1988). <i>A History of Ancient Egypt</i>. Librairie Arthème Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me+Fayard&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Habachi1963" class="citation journal cs1">Habachi, Labib (1963). "King Nebhepetre Menthuhotep: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representations in form of gods". <i>Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte</i>. <b>19</b>: 16–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+du+Service+des+Antiquit%C3%A9s+de+l%27%C3%89gypte&rft.atitle=King+Nebhepetre+Menthuhotep%3A+his+monuments%2C+place+in+history%2C+deification+and+unusual+representations+in+form+of+gods&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=16-52&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Habachi&rft.aufirst=Labib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hayes1953" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, William (1953). "Notes on the Government of Egypt in the Late Middle Kingdom". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>12</b>: 31–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371108">10.1086/371108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162220262">162220262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+Government+of+Egypt+in+the+Late+Middle+Kingdom&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162220262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorenz2003" class="citation cs2">Morenz, Ludwid D. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neverhadlikeoccu0000unse/page/101">"Literature as a Construction of the Past in the Middle Kingdom"</a>, in Tait, John W. (ed.), <i><span></span>'Never Had the Like Occurred': Egypt's View of Its Past</i>, translated by Martin Worthington, London: University College London, Institute of Archaeology, an imprint of Cavendish Publishing Limited, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neverhadlikeoccu0000unse/page/101">101–118</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84472-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84472-007-1"><bdi>1-84472-007-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literature+as+a+Construction+of+the+Past+in+the+Middle+Kingdom&rft.btitle=%27Never+Had+the+Like+Occurred%27%3A+Egypt%27s+View+of+Its+Past&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101-118&rft.pub=University+College+London%2C+Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+an+imprint+of+Cavendish+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84472-007-1&rft.aulast=Morenz&rft.aufirst=Ludwid+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneverhadlikeoccu0000unse%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Murnane1977" class="citation book cs1">Murnane, William J. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/saoc/saoc-40-ancient-egyptian-coregencies"><i>Ancient Egyptian Coregencies</i></a>. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. Vol. 40. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-03-6"><bdi>0-918986-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Coregencies&rft.series=Studies+in+Ancient+Oriental+Civilization&rft.pub=The+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-918986-03-6&rft.aulast=Murnane&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fsaoc%2Fsaoc-40-ancient-egyptian-coregencies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2002" class="citation book cs1">Parkinson, R. B. (2002). <i>Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5637-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5637-5"><bdi>0-8264-5637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Culture+in+Middle+Kingdom+Egypt%3A+A+Dark+Side+to+Perfection&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8264-5637-5&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Redford1992" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Donald (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf"><i>Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00086-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00086-7"><bdi>0-691-00086-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan%2C+and+Israel+in+Ancient+Times&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-00086-7&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptcanaanisrae00redf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Richards2005" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Janet (2005). <i>Society and Death in Ancient Egypt</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84033-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84033-3"><bdi>0-521-84033-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Death+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84033-3&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shaw1995" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). <i>The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt</i>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofa00shaw"><i>The Oxford history of ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280458-8"><bdi>0-19-280458-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-280458-8&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryofa00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1972" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, William Kelly (1972). <i>The Literature of Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Stories, Instructions, and Poetry</i>. translations by R.O. Faulkner, Edward F. Wente, Jr., and William Kelly Simpson. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01482-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01482-1"><bdi>0-300-01482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+Ancient+Egypt%3A+An+Anthology+of+Stories%2C+Instructions%2C+and+Poetry&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-300-01482-1&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=William+Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Teeter1994" class="citation journal cs1">Teeter, Emily (1994). "Egyptian Art". <i>Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1). The Art Institute of Chicago: 14–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4112949">10.2307/4112949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4112949">4112949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+Institute+of+Chicago+Museum+Studies&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Art&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-31&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4112949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4112949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trigger1983" class="citation book cs1">Trigger, B.; Kemp, Barry; O'Connor, David; Lloyd, Alan (1983). <i>Ancient Egypt: A Social History</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egypt%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Trigger&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Barry&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+David&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wegner1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wegner, Josef (1996). "The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations Based on New Evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 249–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373863">10.1086/373863</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161869330">161869330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Nature+and+Chronology+of+the+Senwosret+III%E2%80%93Amenemhat+III+Regnal+Succession%3A+Some+Considerations+Based+on+New+Evidence+from+the+Mortuary+Temple+of+Senwosret+III+at+Abydos&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=249-279&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F373863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161869330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+Kingdom+of+Egypt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, James P. <i>Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015.</li> <li>Bourriau, Janine. <i>Pharaohs and Mortals: Egyptian Art in the Middle Kingdom</i>. Cambridge, UK: Fitzwilliam Museum, 1988.</li> <li>Grajetzki, Wolfgang. <i>The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society</i>. Bristol, UK: Golden House, 2006.</li> <li>Kemp, Barry J. <i>Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization</i>. 2d ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</li> <li>Oppenheim, Adela, Dieter Arnold, and Kei Yamamoto. <i>Ancient Egypt Transformed: The Middle Kingdom</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2015.</li> <li>Parkinson, Richard B. <i>Voices From Ancient Egypt: An Anthology of Middle Kingdom Writings</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.</li> <li>--. <i>Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection</i>. London: Continuum, 2002.</li> <li>Szpakowska, Kasia. <i>Daily Life in Ancient Egypt</i>. Oxford: Blackwell, 2008.</li> <li>Wendrich, Willeke, ed. <i>Egyptian Archaeology</i>. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aegyptologie.online-resourcen.de">Scientific tool for converting calendar dates mentioned in Greek and Demotic Papyri from Egypt into Julian dates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/keywords/egyptian-art-in-the-middle-kingdom">Egyptian art in the middle kingdom.</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Time Periods of Egypt </b><br />2055–1650 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191324#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7509667-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Egypt--History--Middle Kingdom, ca. 2180-ca. 1551 B.C."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010012743">United States</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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