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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-話語流變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#話語流變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>話語流變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-話語流變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">反革命</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。35种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konterrevolution" title="Konterrevolution – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konterrevolution" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="ثورة مضادة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة مضادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрареволюция – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Контрареволюция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevoluce" title="Kontrarevoluce – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontrarevoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolution" title="Kontrarevolution – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontrarevolution" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konterrevolution" title="Konterrevolution – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konterrevolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-revolution" title="Counter-revolution – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Counter-revolution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra%C5%ADrevolucio" title="Kontraŭrevolucio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontraŭrevolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarrevoluci%C3%B3n" title="Contrarrevolución – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contrarrevolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrrevolutsioon" title="Kontrrevolutsioon – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kontrrevolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ضد انقلاب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضد انقلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-r%C3%A9volution" title="Contre-révolution – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Contre-révolution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolucija" title="Kontrarevolucija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kontrarevolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellenforradalom" title="Ellenforradalom – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ellenforradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հակահեղափոխություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակահեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontra_revolusi" title="Kontra revolusi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontra revolusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controrivoluzione" title="Controrivoluzione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controrivoluzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="反革命 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрреволюция – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Контрреволюция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="반혁명 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрреволюция – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Контрреволюция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9igerevolutioun" title="Géigerevolutioun – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Géigerevolutioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrrevol%C5%ABcija" title="Kontrrevolūcija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontrrevolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolusjon" title="Kontrarevolusjon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kontrarevolusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrrewolucja" title="Kontrrewolucja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kontrrewolucja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarrevolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Contrarrevolução – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contrarrevolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Контрреволюция – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Контрреволюция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolucija" title="Kontrarevolucija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kontrarevolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevol%C3%BAcia" title="Kontrarevolúcia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kontrarevolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolucija" title="Kontrarevolucija – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kontrarevolucija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrarevolution" title="Kontrarevolution – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kontrarevolution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1_devrim" title="Karşı devrim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karşı devrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Контрреволюція – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Контрреволюція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_c%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Phản cách mạng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phản cách mạng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A1n-kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Hoán-kek-bēng – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoán-kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q755138#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&oldid=78285071" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&id=78285071&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%258D%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%258F%258D%25E9%259D%25A9%25E5%2591%25BD"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q755138" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambox_globe_content.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globe icon"><img alt="Globe icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/40px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/60px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/80px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>論述以中华人民共和国為主</b>，未必有<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">普世通用</a>的觀點。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit">協助補充內容</a></span>以<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">避免偏頗</a>，或<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="Talk:反革命">討論</a>本文的問題。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darruder.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Darruder.jpeg/250px-Darruder.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Darruder.jpeg/375px-Darruder.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Darruder.jpeg/500px-Darruder.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1243" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="旺代戰爭">旺代戰爭</a>是一次保王党起义，其随后于1796年被共和派军队镇压</figcaption></figure> <p><b>反革命</b>是指一切反对<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>，与革命政权对立，进行破坏活动，试图推翻革命政权的人或行为。该词最早出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="法國大革命">法國大革命</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E8%B3%93%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雅各賓派">雅各賓派</a>認為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E4%BB%A3%E7%9C%81" title="旺代省">旺代省</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%9A%87%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="保皇黨">保皇黨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>皇家部隊、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">大不列顛王国</a>援軍等為反革命，帶貶义意。 </p><p>原本「反革命」与「革命」一样同属于中性词，但在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="共產國家">共產國家</a>革命發展的過程中，反革命被視為嚴重的負面行為，成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8A%AF" title="政治犯">政治犯</a>的罪名。 </p><p>「反革命」通常被用来对政敌的攻击。1924年前後，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="中國國民黨">中國國民黨</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E4%BF%84%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="聯俄容共">聯俄容共</a>時期<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%A3%E5%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="政治宣傳">政治宣傳</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E8%AC%9B" title="演講">演講</a>中，這個詞彙本身已經轉向一種帶有嫌惡意涵的負面評述，在國共分途後，雙方互執過去齊心打造的「反革命」互相攻訐；最明顯的如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="国共内战">国共内战</a>期间，国共双方互指对方为“反革命”。1950年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>發起「<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="镇压反革命运动">镇压反革命运动</a>」，處決「反革命分子」，雖然在時空背景與政治條件殊異狀況之下，比對1930年代對反革命分子的審理，有某方面巧妙的相似。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="文化大革命">文化大革命</a>期间，也有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5" title="红卫兵">红卫兵</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E7%B3%BB" title="派系">派系</a>宣称自己拥护毛主席而指责敌对派系为「反革命」。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B9%9D%E5%B1%8A%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="中共九届二中全会">中共九届二中全会</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA" title="林彪">林彪</a>因是否<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E5%AD%98%E5%BA%9F%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="中华人民共和国主席存废之争">重设国家主席问题</a>上爆发冲突，毛泽东强调自己不当国家主席，将“设国家主席”定性为“反革命纲领”。1989年，北京市发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="六四事件">六四事件</a>，官方称北京市发生严重的「反革命暴乱」，国务院总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B9%8F" title="李鹏">李鹏</a>发布<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E6%88%92%E4%B8%A5" title="六四戒严">戒严令</a>。戒严部队以武力开进<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA" title="天安门广场">天安门广场</a>进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%BA" title="六四清场">清场</a>。 </p><p>「反革命事件」的說法並非<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>獨有，前<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>及其他國家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="共產黨">共產黨</a>也使用：如<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="1917年俄國革命">1917年俄國革命</a>後，一批批的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="帝俄">帝俄</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>，多以反革命名目，執行死刑。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="話語流變"><span id=".E8.A9.B1.E8.AA.9E.E6.B5.81.E8.AE.8A"></span>話語流變</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：話語流變"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png/240px-195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png/360px-195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png/480px-195104_1951%E5%B9%B43%E6%9C%8824%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82%E5%8F%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E6%83%A9%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>1951年3月24日<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="北京市人民政府">北京市人民政府</a>于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%A0%82" title="中山公园音乐堂">中山公园音乐堂</a>召开会议讨论惩治反革命犯罪问题</figcaption></figure> <p>中國最早出現「反革命」字彙，不晚於1917年，這年在中國的報刊上對於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-disambig" title="俄國革命">俄國革命</a>報導中有記者使用「反革命」稱呼帝俄時期留下的殘存<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%A3%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="武裝">武裝</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>等反對勢力；發生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="广州国民政府">廣州國民政府</a>統治下1924年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E%E5%95%86%E5%9C%98%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="廣州商團事件">廣州商團事件</a>中，《廣州民國日報》與《嚮導》對事件的報導與評論內，有意識地運用相關話語進行政治宣傳，同時，在黃埔軍校內或一般南方民間開始廣泛運用「反革命」一語，以至於當時人在北方的<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%89%E5%A3%AC" title="唐有壬">唐有壬</a>大加撻伐，稱：「有一種流行名詞『反革命』，專用以加於政敵或異己者。只這三個字便可以完全取消異己者之人格，否認異己者之舉動。……被加這種名詞的人，頓覺得五內惶惑，四肢無主，好像宣布了死刑似的」。這組詞彙在北伐一開始就帶有負面意義，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="國民革命軍北伐">國民革命軍北伐</a>前與行進過程中，眾多軍事電文、各地民眾響應呈文、官方宣傳或南方的機關報內，「反革命」一語幾乎等同正在討伐的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E8%BB%8D%E9%96%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="北洋軍閥">北洋軍閥</a>；然而隨著軍事行進推演到長江中下游一帶，唐有壬「死刑似的」一語成讖，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="武汉国民政府">武漢國民政府</a>在有留俄背景司法部長徐謙主導下，真將〈反革命罪条例〉成為一紙刑事法規，而首次審判的，是前隸<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E4%BD%A9%E5%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="吳佩孚">吳佩孚</a>部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%98%89%E8%AC%A8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="陳嘉謨">陳嘉謨</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E7%8E%89%E6%98%A5" title="刘玉春">劉玉春</a>，審判日期僅在法規公布隔日，<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據報載，當日圍觀者眾，群情激亢，然身為軍事將領的<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蔣介石">蔣介石</a>聽聞此事卻不甚愉快。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1928年3月9日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="南京国民政府">南京国民政府</a>公布《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%BD%AA" title="反革命罪">暂行反革命治罪法</a>》。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE" title="改革开放">改革开放</a>前的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="中华人民共和国政治">中华人民共和国政治</a>中，反革命分为<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="现行反革命">现行反革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="历史反革命">历史反革命</a>两类。，1950年3月，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="中国共产党中央委员会">中國共產黨中央委員會</a>發布《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:关于镇压反革命活动的指示">镇压反革命活动的指示</a>》，10月中共中央又发出《关于纠正镇压反革命活动的右倾偏向的指示》。从1950年冬开始，在全国范围开展了镇压反革命运动。运动打击的重点是土匪、特务、恶霸、反动会道头子和反动党团骨干分子。为了加强对运动的领导，1951年2月12日，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C_(1949%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1954%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="中华人民共和国中央人民政府 (1949年－1954年)">中央人民政府</a>颁布了《<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%87%B2%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B">中华人民共和国惩治反革命条例</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20211118093746/https://zh.wikisource.org/zh/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%87%B2%E6%B2%BB%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）》，明确“凡以推翻人民民主政权，破坏人民民主事业为目的的各种反革命行为都构成反革命罪”。反革命分子被分为十一类<sup id="cite_ref-gaotao_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaotao-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>特务间谍；</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A%E5%9B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反动党团（页面不存在）">反动党团</a>骨干分子；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A%E9%81%93%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="反动会道门">反动会道门</a>头子；</li> <li>恶霸；</li> <li>土匪；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%A3%8E%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="胡风反革命集团">胡风反革命集团</a>分子；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="托派">托匪分子</a>；</li> <li>汉奸；</li> <li>蒋匪军、政、警、宪、特人员中的反革命分子；</li> <li>敌对阶级中的反革命分子；</li> <li>其他现行反革命破坏分子。</li></ol> <p>现行反革命分子则指<sup id="cite_ref-gaotao_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaotao-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>勾结帝国主义背叛祖国；</li> <li>策动、勾引、收买公职人员、武装部队或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5" title="民兵">民兵</a>进行叛变、持械聚众叛乱的主谋者、指挥者及其他罪恶重大者；</li> <li>间谍或资敌行为者；</li> <li>参加反革命特务或间谍组织；</li> <li>利用封建会门，进行反革命活动者；</li> <li>以反革命为目的，策谋或执行破环、杀害行为；</li> <li>以反革命为目的，有挑拨、煽惑行为；</li> <li>以反革命为目的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B7%E8%B6%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%A2%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偷越国境（页面不存在）">偷越国境</a>者；</li> <li>聚众劫狱或暴动越狱，其组织者、主谋者、积极参加者；</li> <li>窝藏、包庇反革命罪犯者。</li></ul> <p>20世纪70年代末至90年代初<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="尼加拉瓜">尼加拉瓜</a>亲美反共反政府的右翼反叛团体，自称为“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" title="康特拉">反革命组织</a>”（西班牙语：Contra，为la contrarrevolución的缩写）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">臺灣方面學界慣稱「聯俄容共」，或大陸學界稱「第一次國共合作時期」、「聯俄聯共」，指1923年至1927年這段時期共產党人在中國國民黨內部共同推動國民革命的這階段。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王慧婷，〈在刃之端：1927 年的〈反革命罪條例〉與司法審判〉，2013年「全國研究生歷史學論文發表會」（臺南：長榮大學，2013年5月31日），會議論文，無出版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">王奇生，〈「北伐」與「南征」與「反革命罪」的緣起〉，《革命與反革命：社會文化視野下的民國政治》（北京：社會科學文獻出版社，2010年）［初版，簡體］。王奇生，《革命與反革命——社會文化視野下的民國政治》（香港：香港中和出版有限公司，2011年9月）〔海外增訂本〕。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaotao-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaotao_4-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaotao_4-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">高涛：“黑五类”，《档案天地》，2012年10期，第12-16页)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-week.com/html/1034.htm">郭罗基：何谓"煽动颠覆国家政权"？</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091007022334/http://www.china-week.com/html/1034.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="法国大革命">法国大革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="镇压反革命运动">镇压反革命运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%85%E6%B8%85%E6%9A%97%E8%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="肅清暗藏的反革命分子運動">肅清暗藏的反革命分子運動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%97" title="大清洗">大清洗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B" title="大镇压">大鎮壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E5%9C%8B" title="叛國">叛國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%95%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="通敵">通敵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A5%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢奸">漢奸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%A3%8E%E5%8F%8D%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E6%A1%88" title="胡风反革命集团案">胡風反革命集團案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E9%80%89%E9%9B%86%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%B7" title="毛泽东选集第五卷">毛澤東選集第五卷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="八月宗派事件">八月宗派事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89" title="康特拉">康特拉</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 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