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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>古中國</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-漢朝的考證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢朝的考證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>漢朝的考證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢朝的考證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨輪車的發明記載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車的發明記載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.2</span> <span>獨輪車的發明記載</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨輪車的發明記載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中國獨輪車的特點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國獨輪車的特點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>中國獨輪車的特點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國獨輪車的特點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古希臘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希臘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>古希臘</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希臘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歐洲中世紀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲中世紀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>歐洲中世紀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲中世紀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨輪車的技術傳播及發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車的技術傳播及發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>獨輪車的技術傳播及發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨輪車的技術傳播及發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國的風帆獨輪車" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國的風帆獨輪車"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>中國的風帆獨輪車</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國的風帆獨輪車-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-緩慢傳播的現象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#緩慢傳播的現象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>緩慢傳播的現象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-緩慢傳播的現象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-本地人對獨輪車的忽視" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#本地人對獨輪車的忽視"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>本地人對獨輪車的忽視</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-本地人對獨輪車的忽視-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化的障礙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化的障礙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>文化的障礙</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文化的障礙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨輪車用途在現代的發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車用途在現代的發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>獨輪車用途在現代的發展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨輪車用途在現代的發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨輪車的技術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車的技術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>獨輪車的技術</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-獨輪車的技術-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关獨輪車的技術子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-獨輪車的技術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-功能分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#功能分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>功能分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-功能分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-組成部分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#組成部分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>組成部分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-組成部分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各種變化的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各種變化的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>各種變化的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-各種變化的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-不同車輪數目的變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不同車輪數目的變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>不同車輪數目的變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不同車輪數目的變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-車軸與負載的相對位置的變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#車軸與負載的相對位置的變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>車軸與負載的相對位置的變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-車軸與負載的相對位置的變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-負載出入口位置的變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#負載出入口位置的變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.3</span> <span>負載出入口位置的變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-負載出入口位置的變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-負載出入口形態的變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#負載出入口形態的變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.4</span> <span>負載出入口形態的變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-負載出入口形態的變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腳部位置的變化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳部位置的變化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.5</span> <span>腳部位置的變化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳部位置的變化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-力學分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#力學分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>力學分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-力學分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-車輪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#車輪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>車輪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-車輪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-縱向位置分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#縱向位置分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>縱向位置分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-縱向位置分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外加的作用力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外加的作用力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.1</span> <span>外加的作用力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外加的作用力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-操縱者需要負擔的力量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#操縱者需要負擔的力量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.2</span> <span>操縱者需要負擔的力量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-操縱者需要負擔的力量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-斜坡的平衡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#斜坡的平衡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.3</span> <span>斜坡的平衡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-斜坡的平衡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上坡情況" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上坡情況"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.4</span> <span>上坡情況</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上坡情況-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-下坡情況" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#下坡情況"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2.5</span> <span>下坡情況</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-下坡情況-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-橫向位置分析" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#橫向位置分析"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>橫向位置分析</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-橫向位置分析-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-作用力方向實際上的不平行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#作用力方向實際上的不平行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.1</span> <span>作用力方向實際上的不平行</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-作用力方向實際上的不平行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-假定翻側發生的情況" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#假定翻側發生的情況"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3.2</span> <span>假定翻側發生的情況</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-假定翻側發生的情況-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>結論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對獨輪車的觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對獨輪車的觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>對獨輪車的觀點</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-對獨輪車的觀點-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关對獨輪車的觀點子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-對獨輪車的觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-技術發展史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技術發展史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>技術發展史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-技術發展史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>經濟學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-經濟學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有關獨輪車的其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有關獨輪車的其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>有關獨輪車的其他</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有關獨輪車的其他-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关有關獨輪車的其他子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有關獨輪車的其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-獨輪車作為象徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨輪車作為象徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>獨輪車作為象徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨輪車作為象徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兒童的遊戲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兒童的遊戲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>兒童的遊戲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兒童的遊戲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-裝飾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#裝飾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>裝飾</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-裝飾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腳注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>腳注</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">轆轤車</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruiwa" title="Kruiwa – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kruiwa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretillo" title="Carretillo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carretillo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="عجلة يد – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عجلة يد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheibdrucha" title="Scheibdrucha – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Scheibdrucha" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ръчна количка – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръчна количка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karrigell" title="Karrigell – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karrigell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carret%C3%B3_manual" title="Carretó manual – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carretó manual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kole%C4%8Dko" title="Kolečko – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolečko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara" title="Kara – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kara" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berfa" title="Berfa – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilleb%C3%B8r" title="Trillebør – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trillebør" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubkarre" title="Schubkarre – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schubkarre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Καρότσι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρότσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wheelbarrow" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88arumo" title="Ĉarumo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉarumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretilla" title="Carretilla – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carretilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ru" title="Käru – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskorga" title="Eskorga – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskorga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فرغون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرغون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottik%C3%A4rry" title="Kottikärry – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kottikärry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouette" title="Brouette – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brouette" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroade" title="Kroade – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kroade" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra" title="Barra – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Barra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretilla" title="Carretilla – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carretilla" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="داشکا – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="داشکا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27yru%27i" title="Mba'yru'i – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'yru'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baro" title="Baro – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94" title="מריצה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מריצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dke" title="Tačke – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tačke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talicska" title="Talicska – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Talicska" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerobak_tangan" title="Gerobak tangan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerobak tangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brueto" title="Brueto – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brueto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B3lb%C3%B6rur" title="Hjólbörur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjólbörur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriola" title="Carriola – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carriola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8A%BC%E3%81%97%E8%BB%8A" title="手押し車 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="手押し車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ურიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ურიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%90%EC%88%98%EB%A0%88" title="손수레 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="손수레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destgere" title="Destgere – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Destgere" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabo" title="Pabo – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pabo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubbkar" title="Schubbkar – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schubbkar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rsker" title="Sjörsker – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjörsker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6erra" title="Ķerra – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķerra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuuvkoor" title="Schuuvkoor – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schuuvkoor" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koare" title="Koare – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koare" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruiwagen" title="Kruiwagen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kruiwagen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilleb%C3%A5r" title="Trillebår – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trillebår" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilleb%C3%A5r" title="Trillebår – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trillebår" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taczka" title="Taczka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrinho_de_m%C3%A3o" title="Carrinho de mão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carrinho de mão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roab%C4%83" title="Roabă – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тачка – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тачка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%8Dke" title="Tačke – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tačke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wheelbarrow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BArik" title="Fúrik – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fúrik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samokolnica" title="Samokolnica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samokolnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhara" title="Bhara – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Тачке – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skottk%C3%A4rra" title="Skottkärra – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skottkärra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara" title="Kara – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kara" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒற்றைச் சில்லு வண்டி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒற்றைச் சில்லு வண்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_arabas%C4%B1" title="El arabası – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El arabası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тачка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тачка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carjol" title="Carjol – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carjol" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_r%C3%B9a" title="Xe rùa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe rùa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortwoagn" title="Kortwoagn – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kortwoagn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wheelbarrow" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BD%A6" title="手推车 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="手推车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="טאטשקע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאטשקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A" title="獨輪車 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="獨輪車" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%BD%86%E6%89%8B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BB%8A" title="單轆手推車 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="單轆手推車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175334#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是搬運貨物的推車。关于單輪的自行車，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="單輪車">單輪車</a></b>」。关于控制工程中的理想車輛，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A_(%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6)" title="獨輪車 (控制)">獨輪車 (控制)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-d6465688" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:注塑;zh-hk:注塑;zh-tw:射出;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A" title="Talk:轆轤車">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wheelbarrow.jpg/220px-Wheelbarrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wheelbarrow.jpg/330px-Wheelbarrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wheelbarrow.jpg/440px-Wheelbarrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>單輪手推車。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japaner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japaner.jpg/220px-Japaner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japaner.jpg/330px-Japaner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Japaner.jpg/440px-Japaner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>雙輪手推車。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>手推車</b>，又稱<b>鹿車</b>、<b>轆車</b>、<b>轆轤車</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是一個以人力推动的小型運載<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="工具">工具</a>，最早為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>人或中國<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">汉朝</a>人发明。它符合<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%95%88%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="工效学">工效學</a>，能夠抵受在崎嶇路面行進，但是不能在太過傾斜的地面作物資或工具運輸。 </p><p>獨輪車利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%93%E6%A1%BF%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="槓桿原理">槓桿原理</a>而把負載的抗力點的靠近支點（即<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="車輪">車輪</a>）而令本身運作有效率，亦把負載分擔在獨輪車及操縱者之上。因為獨輪車令笨重或大量的負載移動變得輕鬆，所以它在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B7%A5%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="建築工地">建築工地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="農地">農地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="花園">花園</a>中都是不可或缺的。 </p><p>雖然兩輪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="手推车">手推車</a>在平地較為穩定，但獨輪車則在易失平衡的地方如細小、鋪板或翹起的路面有較高的可操作性，而且在卸載時亦較易控制。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古中國"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B"></span>古中國</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古中國"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="漢朝的考證"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E6.9C.9D.E7.9A.84.E8.80.83.E8.AD.89"></span>漢朝的考證</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：漢朝的考證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然有輪的運貨車在5000年前已經出現，但獨輪車的發明通常會追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>，儘管此說有眾多爭議。关于中國獨輪車的最早描述在2世紀<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="墓地">墓地</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB" title="壁畫">壁畫</a>及磚墓<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E9%9B%95" title="浮雕">浮雕</a>中發現<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="成都">成都</a>一個年代為118年的墓中壁畫，發現繪有推著獨輪車的人<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在四川沈府君闕發現年代約為150年的石浮雕，亦刻有推著獨輪車的人<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%9D" title="二十四孝">二十四孝</a>中便有孝子<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E6%B0%B8" title="董永">董永</a>利用名為“鹿車”的獨輪車載著父親到處移動的故事，並描述在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="山東">山東</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%A2%81%E7%A5%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="武梁祠">武梁祠</a>年代為147年的壁畫上<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但有比以上更早期的證據可以追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D1%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="公元前1世纪">公元前1世紀</a>及1世紀。在5世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="後漢書">後漢書</a>中提及了發生在前30年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%BD%E9%B9%BF%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共挽鹿車（页面不存在）">共挽鹿車</a>的成語故事，故事中<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%91%E5%AE%A3" title="鮑宣">鮑宣</a>的妻子與鮑宣一同推著鹿車回鄉成親<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。期後發生在20年，反對篡位者<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD" title="王莽">王莽</a>(前45年–23年)的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%9C%89" class="mw-redirect" title="赤眉">赤眉</a>起義中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E6%86%99" title="趙憙">趙憙</a>為自己喬裝和把其妻子放在他的鹿車上，並聲稱其妻子十分不適而成功通過暴徒的詢問，從而避過危險<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="獨輪車的發明記載"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E7.99.BC.E6.98.8E.E8.A8.98.E8.BC.89"></span>獨輪車的發明記載</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：獨輪車的發明記載"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/260px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/390px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg/520px-Qingming_Festival_Detail_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B" title="北宋">北宋</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AB%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="畫家">畫家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%93%87%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="張擇端">張擇端</a>(1085年–1145年)畫作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%8A%E6%B2%B3%E5%9C%96" title="清明上河圖">清明上河圖</a>中描繪的單輪手推車。</figcaption></figure> <p>此外，在古代史家<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陳壽">陳壽</a>(233年–297年)所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97" title="三國志">三國志</a>》中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陳壽">陳壽</a>指出<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="蜀漢">蜀漢</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9E%E7%9B%B8" title="丞相">丞相</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="諸葛亮">諸葛亮</a>在197年–234年間为獨輪車的發明作出貢獻<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。文中指出諸葛亮在231年發明了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%89%9B%E6%B5%81%E9%A9%AC" title="木牛流马">木牛流馬</a>，並在對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a>的作戰中用作軍事供應物品的運輸<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_260-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B4%E6%9D%BE%E4%B9%8B" title="裴松之">裴松之</a>在430年所作的註解中詳細描述了木牛流馬的設計，它有一個單獨大型的中心車輪，在代表牛的木製支架周圍有一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8" title="軸">軸</a><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_260-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在11世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>(960年–1279年)學者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%89%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高承（页面不存在）">高承</a>在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B4%80%E5%8E%9F" title="事物紀原">事物紀原</a>》指出他當時的軸向前傾斜的小車（便於拉動），為諸葛亮木牛的直接後代<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_262-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此外，高承亦指出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="三世紀">三世紀</a>的"流馬"獨輪車為軸向後傾斜的小車（便於推動）<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_262-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="中國獨輪車的特點"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E9.BB.9E"></span>中國獨輪車的特點</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中國獨輪車的特點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg/160px-Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg/240px-Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg/320px-Shanghai_-_two_Chinese_men_being_carried_in_wheelbarrow_LCCN2004707919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>承载着两个人的独轮车。1895年，上海。</figcaption></figure> <p>與其後在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中世紀">中世紀</a>發明不同（車軸在前方用作運送較輕的負載），車軸在中間的中式獨輪車令它們負擔起重很多的重量<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_258-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。中國的獨輪車通常能夠一次負擔起六個人的重量，而且它並不是把大量的重量施加在拉動的人或動物上，而是把重量平均分佈在拉動者與車輪本身<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由從17世紀歐洲到達中國的來訪者中對此十分讚賞，並受到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭東印度公司">荷蘭東印度公司</a>的一位成員<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AF%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%80%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="範巴瀾（页面不存在）">範巴瀾</a>（<span lang="nl">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</span>）在1797年的著作中（精確描述了其設計及負重大的能力）表達對此的極度關注<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="古希臘"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B8.8C.E8.87.98"></span>古希臘</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：古希臘"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車可能最早由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>發明<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。兩張分別在前408年至前407年及前407年至前406年在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%8A%E5%A4%AB%E5%B8%8C%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊萊夫希納（页面不存在）">伊萊夫希納</a>（Eleusis）的建築物資清單列出了“一個單輪車”（<span lang="el"><i>ὑπερτηρία μονοκύκλου</i></span>，<span lang="el-Latn" title="希腊语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none"><i>hyperteria monokyklou</i></span>）：由於<span lang="el"><i>δίκυκλος</i></span>（<i>dikyklos</i>）及<span lang="el"><i>τετράκυκλος</i></span>（<i>tetrakyklos</i>）意義為“雙輪車”及“四輪車”，而<i>monokyklou</i>在清單上位於“四輪車”及“四輪車的四輪”之間，解釋以上為單輪車像是一個最佳的解釋。但實際上並沒有古希臘使用獨輪車的證據。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="希臘化時代">希臘化時代</a>亦沒有與此相關的證據<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brouette_Matthew_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Brouette_Matthew_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>馬修·帕里斯著作《聖亞班傳》（Life of St Alban）中的獨輪車</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="歐洲中世紀"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80"></span>歐洲中世紀</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：歐洲中世紀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車在歐洲出現的時間為1170年至1250年之間。中世紀的獨輪車普遍特色為其車輪位於或接近車的前方（與此相對的中式獨輪車，車輪通常位於正中間）<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有關獨輪車的早期歷史研究因為明顯缺乏一個共同的專門用語而變得困難。英國科學歷史學家路易斯（<span lang="en">M.J.T. Lewis</span>）確定了英文與法文的原始資料中在1172年至1222年間有四處有關獨輪車的提及，其中三處為不同的稱呼<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據中世紀藝術歷史學家安德里亞·瑪提耶絲（<span lang="en">Andrea Matthies</span>），在1222年对中世紀歐洲有關獨輪車的最早參考檔案，其內容為購買幾架獨輪車作為英國國王在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="多佛">多佛</a>的工程之用<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬修·帕里斯（页面不存在）">馬修·帕里斯</a>（<span lang="en">Matthew Paris</span>）在1250年完成的《<span lang="la">Vitae Offarum</span>》中出現了最早描述獨輪車的英文手稿。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在13世紀，獨輪車被證明在建築、採礦工程及農業都有其作用。但是現存有關獨輪車的文獻及描述直到15世紀仍然相對較少<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此外文獻亦只限於英國、法國及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="低地國家">低地國家</a>中找到<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="獨輪車的技術傳播及發展"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD.E5.8F.8A.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>獨輪車的技術傳播及發展</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：獨輪車的技術傳播及發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中國的風帆獨輪車"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E7.9A.84.E9.A2.A8.E5.B8.86.E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A"></span>中國的風帆獨輪車</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：中國的風帆獨輪車"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/230px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/345px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg/460px-Sail_assisted_wheelbarrows_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>由浸信會傳教士約翰·雪德絲在1905年鄰近<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a>拍攝的獨輪車。</figcaption></figure> <p>由於缺乏中國文獻的關係，中國最早在大型獨輪車上架設了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桅（页面不存在）">桅</a>（mast）與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%86" title="帆">帆</a>（sail）的時間不明，但是16世紀後來到中国的很多歐洲旅客提及此物。在1585年（中國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%86%88%E8%90%A8%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E5%A4%9A%E8%90%A8" title="胡安·冈萨雷斯·德·门多萨">胡安·岡薩雷斯·德·門多薩</a>（<span lang="es">Juan González de Mendoza</span>）在著作中指出中國有很多載客及載貨的馬車上安裝了帆，而部分<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2" class="mw-disambig" title="絲">絲</a>製的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%A2%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="長袍">長袍</a>（robe）或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%99%A8" title="土器">土器</a>（earthenware）器皿上更描繪了有關有帆馬車的插圖<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_276_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_276-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1584年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地圖學</a>家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞伯拉罕·奧特里斯（页面不存在）">亞伯拉罕·奧特里斯</a>（<span lang="es">Abraham Ortelius</span>）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E9%9B%86" title="地圖集">地圖集</a>（atlas）《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B0%E5%AE%87%E6%A6%82%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寰宇概觀（页面不存在）">寰宇概觀</a>》（<span lang="es">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</span>）中繪有中國大型有帆及桅的獨輪車<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。類似同樣的中國有帆獨輪車亦在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="吉哈德斯·墨卡托">吉哈德斯·墨卡托</a>（<span lang="en">Gerardus Mercator</span>）(1512年–1594年)的地圖集、與1626年由<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·斯皮德">約翰·斯皮德</a>的著作《世界知名地區全覽》中的《中華王國圖》（Kingdom of China）被描繪<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="詩人">詩人</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%A5%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="约翰·弥尔顿">約翰·彌爾頓</a>(1608年–1674年)在1665年寫出的一首詩令中國有帆獨輪車在歐洲揚名<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。歐洲人對中國有帆獨輪車的興趣亦可以由範巴瀾在1797年的著作中看到，如下： </p> <blockquote><p>在山東的南部邊界有人發現了一種比我所描述大得多的獨輪車，並由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="馬">馬</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="騾">騾</a>拉動。但令我驚奇的是今天我看到了和一整個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E8%88%B9" title="漁船">漁船</a>同樣大小的獨輪車。我鄭重重申那是一隻船，每一隻都有一個帆，並綁在位於獨輪車前端托座上的小桅上。帆以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%93%86%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蓆子（页面不存在）">蓆子</a>（matting）或更常以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83" title="布">布</a>製造，有五至六尺高、三至四尺闊，有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%83%E7%B9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="繃繩（页面不存在）">繃繩</a>（Guy-wire）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%86%E7%B9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帆繩（页面不存在）">帆繩</a>（sheets）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8A%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吊索（页面不存在）">吊索</a>（halyard），就如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="中國帆船">中國帆船</a>上一樣。帆繩與獨輪車的軸連結，所以可以由負責的人所操縱<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E7.9A.84.E7.B7.A9.E6.85.A2.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD"></span>獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：獨輪車技術的緩慢傳播"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="緩慢傳播的現象"><span id=".E7.B7.A9.E6.85.A2.E5.82.B3.E6.92.AD.E7.9A.84.E7.8F.BE.E8.B1.A1"></span>緩慢傳播的現象</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：緩慢傳播的現象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然獨輪車在作戰及建築方面都有明顯功用，但是獨輪車的技術傳播顯得比較緩慢及有限制，這現象可以由後期仍然有<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%94%E6%9E%B6" title="擔架">擔架</a>（Stretcher）與獨輪車共存的情況得到證明。由足夠數量的文獻提及作為準則，獨輪車技術有可能在15世紀前未受到廣泛傳播<sup id="cite_ref-pqgb83_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pqgb83-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="文藝復興">文藝復興</a>時期的"工程師"們的筆記上並未找到有關獨輪車的提及。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="本地人對獨輪車的忽視"><span id=".E6.9C.AC.E5.9C.B0.E4.BA.BA.E5.B0.8D.E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E5.BF.BD.E8.A6.96"></span>本地人對獨輪車的忽視</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：本地人對獨輪車的忽視"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在1798年，由<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙">拿破崙</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="開羅">開羅</a>的探索中，<span lang="fr">Abd Al Rahmân Al Jabart</span>在他的報紙中顯示出他對此工具的忽視<sup id="cite_ref-montel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><i>他們（那些法國人）利用簡單的工具去處理及減少問題，令他們的工作快速完成。因此，他們不使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%83" title="籃">籃</a>（Basket）或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B9%E5%99%A8" title="容器">容器</a>（Container），而從後方使用有兩個加長了的手柄的小車；一個人用泥土、黏土或岩石把小車填滿 [..] 另一個人用手捉住手柄往前推，小車的車輪便以最少的阻力在工場轉動；一人最後把小車翹起便可以不累地把小車清空。</i></dd></dl> <p>在1821年，法國<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="農學">農學</a>家對獨輪車不被部分法國地區所認識而感到惋惜。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="文化的障礙"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E9.9A.9C.E7.A4.99"></span>文化的障礙</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：文化的障礙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車緩慢傳播的另一證據可以由<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%AB%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇伊士運河">蘇伊士運河</a>在1859年至1869年間的工作地盤中發現。公司代理在工程期間發現在歐洲的農業工作或民間工匠中使用已經是十分平凡的獨輪車在埃及仍然不為人知。更令人驚訝的是數次嘗試把獨輪車推薦給埃及農民使用均告失敗。所以此項技術的結晶並沒有發揮製造時預期的功用。她本身未能夠預期到文化障礙與技術轉移或科技進步所發生的衝擊。 </p><p>期後經濟學家們加入獨輪車緩慢傳播的討論中，因為獨輪車技術的本身已經是十分簡單而令其緩慢傳播的原因變得很矛盾。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E6%A3%AE" title="安格斯·麦迪森">安格斯·麥迪森</a>（<span lang="en">Angus Maddison</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 對獨輪車傳播的不同發展提出了模仿過程的重要性。根據他的講法，中國把獨輪車傳入西方，而幾世紀後，雖然印度與西方已經有特別深入的接觸，但印度工人仍然把負載放在頭上，如同非洲的情況一樣。 </p><p>開羅的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法國東方考古學協會（页面不存在）">法國東方考古學協會</a>（<span lang="fr">Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale</span>）的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="考古学家">考古學家</a>們在利用獨輪車在他們的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="挖掘">挖掘</a>（Excavation）場所上遇到與他們的先驅者相同的問題<sup id="cite_ref-montel_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="獨輪車用途在現代的發展"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.94.A8.E9.80.94.E5.9C.A8.E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>獨輪車用途在現代的發展</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：獨輪車用途在現代的發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車用途的頂點在1971年二月發生，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%A5%9E14%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽神14號">太陽神14號</a>的太空人利用月球獨輪車去運送月球石。獨輪車在其原理不變下不斷改良，例如經過摩托化、可摺疊的獨輪車和把車輪改成充氣的。在1974年，英國<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="發明家">發明家</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E2%80%A7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯‧戴森（页面不存在）">詹姆斯‧戴森</a>（James Dyson）製作出他的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%83%E5%9E%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="球型獨輪車（页面不存在）">球型獨輪車</a>(Ballbarrow)，一個有球狀車輪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E5%A1%91" class="mw-redirect" title="注塑">注塑</a>膠製獨輪車。由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%B0%E6%8A%80%E7%A0%94%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A" title="本田技研工业">本田技研工業</a>製作的HPE60，一個電力輔助的一輪運搬機在1998年完成<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="納米科技">納米科技</a>的發展顯示獨輪車的模式繼續啟發技師的靈感，從而出現了現今世上最小的機械裝置──納米手推車<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="獨輪車的技術"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93"></span>獨輪車的技術</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：獨輪車的技術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="功能分析"><span id=".E5.8A.9F.E8.83.BD.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>功能分析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：功能分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brouette_vectoriel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brouette_vectoriel.svg/250px-Brouette_vectoriel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brouette_vectoriel.svg/375px-Brouette_vectoriel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brouette_vectoriel.svg/500px-Brouette_vectoriel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>獨輪車的組成部分</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="組成部分"><span id=".E7.B5.84.E6.88.90.E9.83.A8.E5.88.86"></span>組成部分</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：組成部分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車主要由五部分組成： </p> <ol><li>底架：兩個連結的支架，用作支撐獨輪車整體。</li> <li>手柄：用作抓握、提供及傳送能量，亦是使用者介面。</li> <li>負載及其出入口：一個有內壁的托盤及一個可以上載及卸載的設備，是發揮主要功用的位置。</li> <li>滾動系統：容許以滾筒移動（最低摩擦力），亦負擔了部分負載。</li> <li>腳部（以一對或一塊的形式）：與車輛形成一個多邊形的穩定支撐，在靜態期間使用，例如上載期間。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="各種變化的分類"><span id=".E5.90.84.E7.A8.AE.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>各種變化的分類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：各種變化的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不同種類的獨輪車可以依照不同用途作出的組成部分的排列改變。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="不同車輪數目的變化"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.90.8C.E8.BB.8A.E8.BC.AA.E6.95.B8.E7.9B.AE.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>不同車輪數目的變化</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：不同車輪數目的變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>獨輪車在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="语义">語義</a>上指的是一個車輪的車，但有些情況她亦有可能有兩個車輪。即使在有兩個車輪的情況下，她們仍然是同軸的。當她有兩個車輪時，其優點是能夠提供較大的容量、更穩定及能夠以單手推動；但其在測試下所暴露的缺點是在不平坦的地面下移動會十分困難，甚至令人十分勞累，而單輪的情況下則克服了這情況。另外，可以使用兩輪的地方亦受到車軸闊度的限制。</li> <li>過去經出現過有三個車輪的獨輪車（以<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E8%99%9F" title="星號">星號</a>形狀排列，用於在樓梯往下移動）或是四輪［在腳部裝上<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B3%E8%BC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腳輪（页面不存在）">腳輪</a>（Caster）］</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg/250px-Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg/375px-Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg/500px-Vietnam_Wheelbarrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>東京的獨輪車用作運輸豬隻。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="車軸與負載的相對位置的變化"><span id=".E8.BB.8A.E8.BB.B8.E8.88.87.E8.B2.A0.E8.BC.89.E7.9A.84.E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>車軸與負載的相對位置的變化</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：車軸與負載的相對位置的變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>車軸在負載的前方（最常見）。</li> <li>車軸在負載的下方（見圖“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC_(%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97)" class="mw-redirect" title="東京 (越南)">東京</a>的獨輪車”）。</li> <li>車軸在中央，兩輪的情況下由負載兩側的懸臂連接，單輪的情況則是外殼中間有一塊<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E6%B5%81%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整流片（页面不存在）">整流片</a>（fairing）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="負載出入口位置的變化"><span id=".E8.B2.A0.E8.BC.89.E5.87.BA.E5.85.A5.E5.8F.A3.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>負載出入口位置的變化</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：負載出入口位置的變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>負載及出入口在支架上：此為當代標準獨輪車的形態。此配置能夠把負載的重量轉移至往車軸，而此配置在對古代獨輪車的研究中長期未被發現。以上的變化是歐洲及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="地中海盆地">地中海盆地</a>（Mediterranean Basin）的西方國家的特色。</li> <li>負載及出入口在支架下（全部或部分）：此配置不能夠把負載的重量轉移至往車軸，但相對的能夠提供較大的穩定性。以上的變化是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="中歐">中歐</a>，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>的特色。其描述可以從在1556年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="巴塞爾">巴塞爾</a>出版<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89" title="格奧爾格·阿格里科拉">格奧爾格·阿格里科拉</a>的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E7%A4%A6%E5%86%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="論礦冶">論礦冶</a>》（<span lang="de">De re metallica</span>）看到。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="負載出入口形態的變化"><span id=".E8.B2.A0.E8.BC.89.E5.87.BA.E5.85.A5.E5.8F.A3.E5.BD.A2.E6.85.8B.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>負載出入口形態的變化</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：負載出入口形態的變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>簡單的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A4%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="盤子">盤子</a>，或是一個枕木加上支架，把物件擺上她們後作運送，例子如上圖運輸豬隻的獨輪車。</li> <li>有椅背的盤子，即<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A7%93%E6%A1%BF%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="槓桿式手推車（页面不存在）">槓桿式手推車</a>（Hand Truck），以前在<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="火車站">火車站</a>用作運送貨物。</li> <li>有椅背及欄杆（固定或可以移除）的盤子，傳統的木製軍事獨輪車。</li> <li>薄容器，容許運送粒狀物及液體。</li> <li>專門化的負載及出入口，槽狀、桶狀、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%87%9D%E5%9C%9F%E6%94%AA%E6%8B%8C%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="混凝土攪拌器">混凝土攪拌器</a>狀等。她們通常是兩輪的。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="腳部位置的變化"><span id=".E8.85.B3.E9.83.A8.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.8A.E5.8C.96"></span>腳部位置的變化</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：腳部位置的變化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>腳部在手柄與車輪之間，為常見配置。</li> <li>腳部在車輪之前，屬於槓桿式手推車（Hand Truck）的家族，如有車輪的小型旅行箱,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有腳輪的袋等。</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruet40.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bruet40.jpg/800px-Bruet40.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bruet40.jpg/1200px-Bruet40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bruet40.jpg/1600px-Bruet40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>圖解利用有薄容器在支架上的獨輪車運送液體期間的負載移動，支架在前方卸載時亦都作為了一個穩定的支撐。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="力學分析"><span id=".E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>力學分析</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：力學分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="車輪"><span id=".E8.BB.8A.E8.BC.AA"></span>車輪</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：車輪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roue_asperites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roue_asperites.jpg/150px-Roue_asperites.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roue_asperites.jpg/225px-Roue_asperites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Roue_asperites.jpg/300px-Roue_asperites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>車輪的敏感度依據地面崎嶇程度而改變。</figcaption></figure> <p>車輪的大小直接影響了獨輪車的表現。車輛必須夠大才能在崎嶇的路面上不被卡住。這樣亦令車輪更有效率。雖然改變車輪的<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E8%87%82" title="悬臂">懸臂</a>（Cantilever）位置可以增大車輪的大小，但是研究指出車輪增大的程度有其極限。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="縱向位置分析"><span id=".E7.B8.B1.E5.90.91.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>縱向位置分析</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：縱向位置分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雖然依靠車輪去減少前進的阻力，但是使用了單一車輪（或是單一軸心）不能避免操縱者需要支撐部分負載的事實。對獨輪車的其中一樣主要關注的地方正是其<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E6%85%8B%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="靜態力學">靜態力學</a>的研究。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="外加的作用力"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E5.8A.A0.E7.9A.84.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.8A.9B"></span>外加的作用力</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：外加的作用力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>考慮獨輪車在平地平衡的狀態下，提出了三個在外施加的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="作用力">作用力</a>。 </p> <ul><li><sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dc3665a19057feb537cb00bd0e48a4cbfa6e5ed1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.165ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}\,}"></span></sup> 代表獨輪車本身及其負載的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F" title="重量">重量</a>的力，施加在重心 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span> 上。</li> <li><sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef97c9ae1b04e4534125a4176fda0284690d2e18" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.151ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}\,}"></span></sup> 代表車輪對獨輪車底盤的作用力，施加在車輪連結中心 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> 上。之前對車輪的個別研究證實如果車輪和獨輪車底盤間的支點是完美的話（即沒有摩擦力），此作用力與地面為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4" title="垂直">垂直</a>的。</li> <li><sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/96f8f1e10179b83ceb95288ad89aba8197173e36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.158ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}\,}"></span></sup> 代表操縱者在手柄施加在一點 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"></span> 的作用力，由以下研究得出。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG/300px-Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG/450px-Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG/600px-Wheelbarrow_in_equilibrium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>獨輪車在三種力間達至的平衡。</figcaption></figure> <p>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓運動定律">牛頓運動定律</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="慣性定律">慣性定律</a>可以得出兩個有關以上三種力的關係： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>的總和為0：<br />(1) : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}+{\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}+{\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dceb69884753d23d6b9edea9e6eb415f68d2b51" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.254ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}+{\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}}=0}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E7%9F%A9" title="力矩">力矩</a>的總和為0：而假定車輪中心為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>，可以得出以下關係：<br />(2) : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(R)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>R</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>F</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(R)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e379029c7899a2427c0cfc66a64e24e05ac201e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.39ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(R)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="操縱者需要負擔的力量"><span id=".E6.93.8D.E7.B8.B1.E8.80.85.E9.9C.80.E8.A6.81.E8.B2.A0.E6.93.94.E7.9A.84.E5.8A.9B.E9.87.8F"></span>操縱者需要負擔的力量</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：操縱者需要負擔的力量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>首先，由於負載的重量及地面的作用力均是垂直的，如果要滿足條件(1)的話，則操縱者本身所施加的力也必須要垂直。以車輪本身為固定點的話，則操縱者本身要施加向上垂直的力才可以和負載的向下的力取得平衡。依照操縱者和車輪本身需要共同分擔負載的事實而改變的方程式如下： </p> <dl><dd>(1) : <sup><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=-({\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}})\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=-({\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}})\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce2bc6797281c119f4a2e260e6d40f90971c9cec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.256ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}=-({\vec {R}}+{\vec {F}})\,}"></span></sup>，其強度為：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P=R+F}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>F</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P=R+F}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d36b1f2c480db51c9ff425f153af4521c116f61a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.189ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P=R+F}"></span></dd></dl> <p>而把固定點放在車輪 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> 後， <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>R</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f361eec9da18669c0e7e869c57bae6c657f53522" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {R}}}"></span> 被消去而得出負載 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/765f1dd50e122eb3e565c9bfee85de8f74d47f27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.778ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {P}}}"></span> 與操縱者的作用力 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef40edff397a115ecdce7d3518001dfcc7f37d9e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}"></span> 的力矩 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(x)_{C}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(x)_{C}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c7e57da94a94395c5314f87853bc18763a5c460" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.062ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(x)_{C}}"></span> 的直接關係： </p> <dl><dd>(2) : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>F</mi> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7de4770171510c1727fed419829c0b42f4ba77fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.053ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(P)_{C}+M(F)_{C}=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>而透過擴展力矩的方程式，可以得出：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\times P-b\times F=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\times P-b\times F=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d30625f11d496da51f8fe80002e939dd619b5984" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.496ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\times P-b\times F=0}"></span>，或是 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=P\times a/b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=P\times a/b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a50d420eae0be4a6e21823c0c89d4fcc95bca540" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.815ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=P\times a/b}"></span> 以上闡述了發生在車輪上的槓桿原理的關係。而為了節省操縱者負擔負載所需的力量，有以下三種不同方法： </p> <ul><li>減少負載，從而減少 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span>，則會有違當初使用獨輪車的目的。</li> <li>減少 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a/b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a/b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4a1b6c014398323cb45578581a536033fce1b28c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.39ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a/b}"></span> ，可以用以下方式： <ul><li>增加 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f11423fbb2e967f986e36804a8ae4271734917c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.998ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b}"></span> ，即增加連結支架的長度，但當長度增加至某極限便會令獨輪車難於操縱。</li> <li>減少 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> ，把此原理發揮至極限便會把負載放在車輪上。達至操縱者不需要任何力量便可以支撐負載，經典例子如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人力車">人力車</a>。以上原理亦應用在手推車上，從而能夠移動較重的貨物。而手推車為了增加可以負擔的負載，減少了車輪的大小從而減少本身重量，但是因此便犧牲了在崎嶇路面的穩定性。而為了解決穩定性的問題而由單輪改變為兩輪車。除此之外，因為歷史的演進，手推車底架變得撓起亦有助重心接近車輪，達到減少 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}"></span> 的效果。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>而把支撐負載由車輪承擔後，如果要移動獨輪車，便只要施加與地面平衡的作用力，其強度等於其加速度及質量的積。而此加速與獨輪車的結構並無關係。而此情況在兩輪或是四輪的運貨馬車都是一樣的。而移動的順暢度則視乎地面情況，在堅實的路面行走會比高草或泥濘的路面行走容易得多。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="斜坡的平衡"><span id=".E6.96.9C.E5.9D.A1.E7.9A.84.E5.B9.B3.E8.A1.A1"></span>斜坡的平衡</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：斜坡的平衡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當獨輪車在斜坡上時，地面的作用力方向便不再與獨輪車的重量<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C" title="平行">平行</a>，因此而需要操縱者的加入才能平衡。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG/200px-Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG/300px-Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG/400px-Wheelbarrow_going_upslope.JPG 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>上坡中的獨輪車。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="上坡情況"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.9D.A1.E6.83.85.E6.B3.81"></span>上坡情況</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：上坡情況"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在向上推的情況，三種力的交會點在地面上，而操縱者必須向上施力才能平衡獨輪車。如果操縱者不方便地把獨輪車的平面支撐著的話，則操縱者附出的作用力仍然合理。獨輪車在上斜及落斜是的外表相同，操縱者本身均需要抵消摩擦力。而與在平地行走相比，推上斜坡需要大得多的力量。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG/200px-Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG/300px-Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG/400px-Wheelbarrow_going_downslope.JPG 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>下坡中的獨輪車。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="下坡情況"><span id=".E4.B8.8B.E5.9D.A1.E6.83.85.E6.B3.81"></span>下坡情況</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：下坡情況"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>而向下移動時，情況便相反，三種力的交會點在地面下。研究及事實指出操縱者本身需要比平地時施加差不多的力。負載的內容則會加重了問題，特別如果負載是液體的情況。如果在上斜的情況操縱者可以提高獨輪車的平面，但落斜的情況便不可能因為獨輪車的支撐腳會撞到地面。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="橫向位置分析"><span id=".E6.A9.AB.E5.90.91.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE.E5.88.86.E6.9E.90"></span>橫向位置分析</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：橫向位置分析"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在正前方觀察獨輪車便會考慮到獨輪車有搖晃翻倒的危機。因為在中央有車輪的關係，令情況像一個倒槓桿，而操縱者本身便要維持獨輪車的左右平衡。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="作用力方向實際上的不平行"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8.E5.8A.9B.E6.96.B9.E5.90.91.E5.AF.A6.E9.9A.9B.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E4.B8.8D.E5.B9.B3.E8.A1.8C"></span>作用力方向實際上的不平行</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：作用力方向實際上的不平行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>當獨輪車在載入穩定的負載下直立，操縱者以相等的力量提升手柄。問題在於載入的負載不穩定或是獨輪車並不是完美地垂直。在此情況下獨輪車重量的作用力便不再與車輪對地面的作用力在同一個垂直平面上。此差距產生一個引致翻側的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%81%B6" title="力偶">力偶</a>，令操縱者必須在相反的手柄施加作用力才能抵消。 </p><p>研究指出地面與車輪間有摩擦力，而其作用力的方向可以傾側。實際上即使在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="摩擦系数">摩擦係數</a>近乎零的冰面上，獨輪車仍然可以沒有問題地轉動。此必須的摩擦力並沒有為獨輪車的前進帶來阻礙，而來自側面的摩擦力則像是以路軌指導車輪行走。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="假定翻側發生的情況"><span id=".E5.81.87.E5.AE.9A.E7.BF.BB.E5.81.B4.E7.99.BC.E7.94.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.83.85.E6.B3.81"></span>假定翻側發生的情況</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：假定翻側發生的情況"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現今的定量研究的注意力放在獨輪車維持翻側階段的粗略分析。其假設令獨輪車翻側的作用力只放在其中一個手柄上，而力矩間的平衡的描述提供了獨輪車重量與操縱者發出的作用力的關係。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brouette_basculement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brouette_basculement.jpg/400px-Brouette_basculement.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brouette_basculement.jpg/600px-Brouette_basculement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Brouette_basculement.jpg/800px-Brouette_basculement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>在前方視點的獨輪車，包括平衡及翻側狀態。</figcaption></figure> <p>車輪與地面在接觸瞬間的作用力： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P.e=F.m\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P.e=F.m\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e8b97b6bf2fb68e8aa1d9e3f2bd601cacfd276c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.164ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P.e=F.m\,}"></span>, 所以<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P.h\sin \alpha =F.{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P.h\sin \alpha =F.{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/77c32e77b8b35cb34d7ad0e81a1faf38e0775059" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.842ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P.h\sin \alpha =F.{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}\,}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>而以操縱者發出的作用力為視點的話： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=P.{\frac {h\sin \alpha }{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>h</mi> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <msqrt> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mi>ℓ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=P.{\frac {h\sin \alpha }{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e5d160a20d4cfb63c9df4762fd3891dc5572a71" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:19.188ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=P.{\frac {h\sin \alpha }{\sqrt {H^{2}+\ell ^{2}}}}\,}"></span>.</dd></dl> <p>注意因為選擇了最佳的研究角度，所以以上數值只是最小的力量。 </p><p>為了減少操縱者需要發出的作用力，可以： </p> <ul><li>減少負載 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span> ，但與使用目的相反。</li> <li>降低重心 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b26be3e694314bc90c3215047e4a2010c6ee184a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h}"></span> ，但需要減少車輪的大小或像上一點一樣要減少負載。</li> <li>提高手柄 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span> 及加長 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \ell }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ℓ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \ell }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f066e981e530bacc07efc6a10fa82deee985929e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.97ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \ell }"></span> 。</li> <li>最後方法就是不要翻側獨輪車，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="三角函數">三角函數</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/071763dba322940a74766aaf79f4569c5954dcf6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.73ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \alpha }"></span> 顯示一個微弱的傾側（幾度）不會構成問題，但傾側角度繼續增加會令情況急速變壞。如果負載是液體的話，由於傾側令其形態改變，會導致重心同時往易於傾側的方向轉移而令情況惡化。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="結論"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E8.AB.96"></span>結論</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：結論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>車輪的大小必須足夠大去適應地面情況，但亦要足夠小去降低重心。其框架必須令外殼十分接近車輪令車輪轉動期間穩定。而與此相反，高的外殼位置有助在最後卸下貨物，但亦在運送途中較易發生意外。手柄必須向上從而令操縱者的手肘提高到肩膀的位置，而兩邊亦要夠闊令操縱者有效地取得平衝。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="對獨輪車的觀點"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>對獨輪車的觀點</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：對獨輪車的觀點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="技術發展史"><span id=".E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E5.8F.B2"></span>技術發展史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：技術發展史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車組成一個特別的研究目標，亦是一個對技術史的批評思考的好論題。此物件可能擔當一個比表面上更為重要的角色，令鐵路、水路航道及田地的工作更為容易。從16世紀以來，城市的建造者對因為在季節性影響下的農村勞動力定期失業感興趣，從而令他們在家工作並發展成紡織工業的一部分。獨輪車亦參與在其中，用作羊毛梳理工、紡紗工人、織布工運送貨物，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%BD" title="图尔宽">圖爾寬</a>（Tourcoing）的居民便會用獨輪車（Broutteux）作為該城市的綽號。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經濟學"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E5.AD.B8"></span>經濟學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：經濟學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車的發明被普遍視為一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="生产函数">生產函數</a>的轉變<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·希克斯">約翰·希克斯</a>，對於獨輪車的出現究竟是資本經濟還是勞動力經濟經過長期的討論。一個支持後者的論點為人類有傾向去發展技術方法去避免麻煩，以上理論為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%82%E8%BF%B4%E6%95%88%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迂迴效果（页面不存在）">迂迴效果</a>（Roundaboutness）<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。對獨輪車的哲學分析則相反，雖然純粹為推測但亦無任何錯誤。但亦給與資本經濟及團體進步的一個中肯的評價。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有關獨輪車的其他"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E9.97.9C.E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E7.9A.84.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>有關獨輪車的其他</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：有關獨輪車的其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006-11_Frankfurt_(Oder)_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/200px-2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/300px-2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg/400px-2006-11_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29_11_Mutter_und_Kind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>推車賽跑</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="獨輪車作為象徵"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.BC.AA.E8.BB.8A.E4.BD.9C.E7.82.BA.E8.B1.A1.E5.BE.B5"></span>獨輪車作為象徵</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：獨輪車作為象徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%87%B1%E6%81%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="皮特凱恩群島">皮特凱恩群島</a>的國徽及國旗有獨輪車的圖案。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兒童的遊戲"><span id=".E5.85.92.E7.AB.A5.E7.9A.84.E9.81.8A.E6.88.B2"></span>兒童的遊戲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：兒童的遊戲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%BB%8A%E8%B3%BD%E8%B7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推車賽跑（页面不存在）">推車賽跑</a>（<span lang="en">Wheelbarrow race</span>），由兩人分別扮演操縱者及獨輪車的角色，扮演操縱者的握著扮演獨輪車的足踝，而扮演獨輪車的則用雙手行走。</li> <li>獨輪車競賽，由一個人推著真正的獨輪車，而獨輪車上載有人或其他負載，並推行一段路程。部分地方會舉行此競賽，例如有獨輪車之都之稱的法國<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E4%BB%A3%E7%9C%81" title="旺代省">旺代省</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩里尼（页面不存在）">薩里尼</a>（<span lang="fr">Saligny, Vendée</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>獨輪車亦會被製成年少兒童的玩具。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="裝飾"><span id=".E8.A3.9D.E9.A3.BE"></span>裝飾</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：裝飾"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>獨輪車被普遍使用在園林裝飾中，最常見是盆栽。她們由普通的獨輪車開始，在失去功能時便循環再用成為此用途。但因為其成功，引發了一個專門為裝飾或奇異的獨輪車便應運而生，有精細手工的<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、有<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4" title="藤">藤</a>製<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 的及加工鐵製等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="腳注"><span id=".E8.85.B3.E6.B3.A8"></span>腳注</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：腳注"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201125014/https://www.books.com.tw/web/sys_serialtext/?item=0010549170">再見，森林之屋>內容連載</a>. 博客來. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books.com.tw/web/sys_serialtext/?item=0010549170">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.atitle=%E5%86%8D%E8%A6%8B%EF%BC%8C%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E4%B9%8B%E5%B1%8B%3E%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%80%A3%E8%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2%E4%BE%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.books.com.tw%2Fweb%2Fsys_serialtext%2F%3Fitem%3D0010549170&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_267_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 263-267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_265-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_265_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_264-265_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 264-265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.51743.cn/area_intro.jsp?id=1400">最爱四川旅游网</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-05</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%80%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E7%BD%91&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.51743.cn%2Farea_intro.jsp%3Fid%3D1400&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2020年1月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_263-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_263_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~museum/tw/exhibition.php">歷史文物陳列館:特展:樸古與精妙─漢代武氏祠畫象拓片特展</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217063006/http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~museum/tw/exhibition.php">存档</a>于2008-02-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E9%99%B3%E5%88%97%E9%A4%A8%3A%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%95%3A%E6%A8%B8%E5%8F%A4%E8%88%87%E7%B2%BE%E5%A6%99%E2%94%80%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E6%AD%A6%E6%B0%8F%E7%A5%A0%E7%95%AB%E8%B1%A1%E6%8B%93%E7%89%87%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2F~museum%2Ftw%2Fexhibition.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.epochtimes.com/b5/8/1/24/n1988957.htm">成語故事：共挽鹿車</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517164847/http://news.epochtimes.com/b5/8/1/24/n1988957.htm">存档</a>于2008-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E6%88%90%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%BD%E9%B9%BF%E8%BB%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.epochtimes.com%2Fb5%2F8%2F1%2F24%2Fn1988957.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="后汉书">后汉书</a>·<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784" class="extiw" title="s:後漢書/卷84">卷八十四·列女傳第七十四</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="后汉书">后汉书</a>·<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B726" class="extiw" title="s:後漢書/卷26">卷二十六·伏侯宋蔡馮趙牟韋列傳第十六</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_260_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 259-260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_260-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_260_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_262-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_262_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_258-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_258_259_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 258-259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_259-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_259_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. T. Lewis, p.470ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Classical World</i>, by Robin Lane Fox, Penguin (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. T. Lewis, pp.453-55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. T. Lewis, p.463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea L. Matthies, p.357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea L. Ma The often held view that a wheelbarrow shows up in a stained-glass window at Chartres soon after 1200 is according to Lewis "a myth. There is none. The nearest approach is a handbarrow." (M.J.T. Lewis, p.463)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. J. T. Lewis, p.456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea L. Matthies, p.358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_276-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_276_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 274-276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-2"><sup><b>26.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unlimitedtainan.blogspot.com/2007/07/498-1626.html">無限台南: 498.台灣古地圖－ 1626年</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012050637/http://unlimitedtainan.blogspot.com/2007/07/498-1626.html">存档</a>于2013-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E5%8F%B0%E5%8D%97%3A+498.%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96+%EF%BC%8D+1626%E5%B9%B4&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funlimitedtainan.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F07%2F498-1626.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_274-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_274_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pqgb83-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pqgb83_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Petites questions et grands problèmes : la brouette</i>, p.83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-montel-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-montel_30-0"><sup><b>30.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-montel_30-1"><sup><b>30.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathalie Montel, <i>Faire l’histoire des usages des objets techniques : formules, projets et pratiques. L’exemple de brouettes sur le chantier du canal de Suez (1859-1869)</i>, p.5. Séminaire « Objets, » LATTS (Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Société)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angus Maddison, <i> When and Why did the West get Richer than the Rest ?</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.honda.com/news/1998/p980427a.html">Honda Worldwide | News Release | April 27, 1998</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006170524/http://world.honda.com/news/1998/p980427a.html">存档</a>于2015-10-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=Honda+Worldwide+%7C+News+Release+%7C+April+27%2C+1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.honda.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2Fp980427a.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.honda.com/HDTV/MotionGallery/nekomaru/">HPE60 video demonstration</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228050318/http://world.honda.com/HDTV/MotionGallery/nekomaru/">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-12-28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span 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href="http://www.webstore.fr/objet-publicitaire/photos/vignettes/LAG143.0297.JPG">有車輪的小型旅行箱</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071021101831/http://www.webstore.fr/objet-publicitaire/photos/vignettes/LAG143.0297.JPG">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-10-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire des techniques.</i>, p.1051.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histoire des techniques.</i>, p.1053.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="http://bonbons.chez-alice.fr/Brouette%20002.jpg">一架精細加工的獨輪車</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004159/http://bonbons.chez-alice.fr/Brouette%20002.jpg">存档</a>于2013-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%80%E6%9E%B6%E7%B2%BE%E7%B4%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%9A%84%E7%8D%A8%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbonbons.chez-alice.fr%2FBrouette%2520002.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030220903/http://www.vannerie.com/photo_gd/022.jpg">一架藤製的獨輪車</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-10</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vannerie.com/photo_gd/022.jpg">原始内容</a>存档于2007-10-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%80%E6%9E%B6%E8%97%A4%E8%A3%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%8D%A8%E8%BC%AA%E8%BB%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vannerie.com%2Fphoto_gd%2F022.jpg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>M. J. T. Lewis, "The Origins of the Wheelbarrow," <i>Technology and Culture</i>, Vol. 35, No. 3. (Jul., 1994), pp. 453–475</li> <li>Andrea L. Matthies, "The Medieval Wheelbarrow," <i>Technology and Culture</i>, Vol. 32, No. 2, Part 1. (Apr., 1991), pp. 356–364</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li>Bertrand Gille, « <i>Petites questions et grands problèmes : la brouette</i>, » <i>La Recherche en histoire des sciences</i>, 1983, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2020065959" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-02-006595-9</a>.</small></li> <li>Sous la direction de Bertrand Gille, « <i>Histoire des techniques</i>, » La Pléiade, 1978.<small><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9782070108817" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-07-010881-7</a></small></li> <li>M. J. T. Lewis, “<i>The Origins of the Wheelbarrow</i>”, <i>Technology and Culture</i>, Vol.35, No.3. (Jul. 1994), pp. 453–475.</li> <li>« <i>Le Génie de la Chine</i>, » Éditions Philippe Picquier, <small><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/2877305112" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-87730-511-2</a>.</small></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%86%E8%BD%A4%E8%BB%8A&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Viollet-le-Duc, article « <i>Brouette</i>, » <i>Dictionnaire du mobilier</i>, Paris, 1872, t.I.</li> <li>Marquis de Camarasa, « <i>Causeries brouettiques</i>. » <i>Notes, croquis, schémas, dessins pour un traité historique, bibliographique, étymologique, philologique, théorique, comparatif, technique, philosophique, politique, artistique, critique, sportif, touristique et pittoresque de la brouette</i>, Madrid, 1925.</li> <li>J.M. Massa, « <i>La Brouette</i>, » <i>Techniques et Civilisations</i>, 1952, t.II, pp. 93–95.</li> <li>Frieda Van Tyghem, <i>Op en Om, de Middeleeuwse Bouwerf</i>, Bruxelles, 1966, 2 vol., dont un de planches.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wheelbarrows" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wheelbarrows"><span style="font-weight:bold;">獨輪車</span></a></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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