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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Projection cartographique</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> technique géodésique pour représenter la surface de la Terre sur une carte plane </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Projection+cartographique&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>La <b>projection cartographique</b> est un ensemble de techniques <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géodésie">géodésiques</a> permettant de représenter une surface non plane (surface de la Terre, d'un autre corps céleste, du ciel, ...) dans son ensemble ou en partie sur la surface plane d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_g%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte géographique">carte</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bonne_projection_of_world_with_grid.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="275"></a> <figcaption> Le globe terrestre vu en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Bonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Bonne">projection de Bonne</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>L'impossibilité de projeter le globe terrestre sur une surface plane sans distorsion (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theorema_egregium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theorema egregium">Theorema egregium</a>) explique que diverses projections aient été inventées, chacune ayant ses avantages. Le choix d'une projection et le passage d'une projection à une autre comptent parmi les difficultés mathématiques que les cartographes ont dû affronter. L'informatique a apporté des outils de calcul puissants pour traiter ces problèmes.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terminologie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminologie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Description"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_la_Terre_%C3%A0_la_carte"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">De la Terre à la carte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Les_types_de_projections"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Les types de projections</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification_par_les_conservations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Classification par les conservations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Classification_par_le_canevas"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classification par le canevas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Projection_cylindrique"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Projection cylindrique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Projection_conique"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Projection conique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Projection_azimutale"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Projection azimutale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Projections_uniques"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Projections uniques</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Voir aussi</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Terminologie">Terminologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Terminologie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Le terme de projection ne doit pas être compris dans le sens de projection géométrique (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection centrale">projection centrale</a> ou perspective, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_orthogonale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection orthogonale">projection orthogonale</a>) mais comme une transformation mathématique faisant correspondre des points du globe et des points du plan. Il est probable que le terme de projection ait été utilisé en référence aux premières représentations planes (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection stéréographique">stéréographique</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_gnomonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection gnomonique">gnomonique</a>) qui sont effectivement des projections centrales.</p> <p>Cette référence à une transformation géométrique est souvent source d'erreur. C'est pourquoi, le terme, trompeur, de «projection cartographique» est parfois remplacé par celui de «<b>transformation plane</b>»<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou «<b>représentation plane</b>»<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199810_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199810-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>D'un point de vue mathématique, une projection permet d'établir entre la surface de la Terre et le plan (ou la surface développable) une correspondance telle que :</p> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=f_{1}(\varphi ,\lambda )}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> x </mi> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> φ </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> λ </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle x=f_{1}(\varphi ,\lambda )} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/519692e6022bd3377e83fd6bd6f0be4a17f65f42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.34ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=f_{1}(\varphi ,\lambda )}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.34ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/519692e6022bd3377e83fd6bd6f0be4a17f65f42" data-alt="{\displaystyle x=f_{1}(\varphi ,\lambda )}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=f_{2}(\varphi ,\lambda )}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> y </mi> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false"> ( </mo> <mi> φ </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> λ </mi> <mo stretchy="false"> ) </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle y=f_{2}(\varphi ,\lambda )} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4812bb1285d7f08b4678cd5a61fdcfdca5b2e06a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.166ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=f_{2}(\varphi ,\lambda )}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.166ex;height: 2.843ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4812bb1285d7f08b4678cd5a61fdcfdca5b2e06a" data-alt="{\displaystyle y=f_{2}(\varphi ,\lambda )}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span></p> <p>où <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x,y}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> x </mi> <mo> , </mo> <mi> y </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle x,y} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ea0abffd33a692ded22accc104515a032851dff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.519ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x,y}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.519ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ea0abffd33a692ded22accc104515a032851dff" data-alt="{\displaystyle x,y}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> désignent des coordonnées planes, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> φ </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \varphi } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.52ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.52ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.838ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33ee699558d09cf9d653f6351f9fda0b2f4aaa3e" data-alt="{\displaystyle \varphi }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> la latitude, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi> λ </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \lambda } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.355ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" data-alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> la longitude et <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> , </mo> <msub> <mi> f </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72559892d77d249622d3c79330e8a11a2b0cb99" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.421ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.421ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f72559892d77d249622d3c79330e8a11a2b0cb99" data-alt="{\displaystyle f_{1},f_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Application_(math%C3%A9matiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Application (mathématiques)">fonctions</a> qui sont continues partout sur l'ensemble de départ sauf sur un petit nombre de lignes et de points (tels que les pôles). Il existe donc une infinité de solutions. Les mathématiciens ne se sont pas privés d'en trouver, et on en connaît plus de 200<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="De_la_Terre_à_la_carte"><span id="De_la_Terre_.C3.A0_la_carte"></span>De la Terre à la carte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : De la Terre à la carte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>La Terre a une forme irrégulière. Une projection s'appuie sur une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sph%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphère">sphère</a> ou un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellipso%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellipsoïde">ellipsoïde</a> de révolution qui sont des modèles plus ou moins proches de la forme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patato%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patatoïde">patatoïde</a> réelle. On commence par choisir, à partir de son <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9o%C3%AFde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géoïde">géoïde</a> global</i>, un ellipsoïde de révolution représentatif. Il existe plusieurs ellipsoïdes en usage, dont les plus courants sont :</p> <ul> <li>Clarke 1866</li> <li>Clarke 1880 anglais</li> <li>Clarke 1880 IGN</li> <li>Bessel</li> <li>Airy</li> <li>Hayford 1909</li> <li>International 1924</li> <li>WGS 66</li> <li>International 1967</li> <li>WGS 72</li> <li>IAG-GRS80</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WGS_84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WGS 84">WGS 84</a></li> </ul> <p>Les ellipsoïdes IAG-GRS80 et WGS84 sont pour la plupart des applications à considérer comme étant identiques. Plus rigoureusement, l'écart en termes de demi-petit axe entre les ellipsoïdes WGS84 et IAG-GRS80 est de 0,1 <abbr class="abbr" title="millimètre">mm</abbr>. <i>IAG-GRS80</i> est l'ellipsoïde mis en place en 1980 par l'<i>International Association of Geodesy</i> comme <i>Geodetic Reference System</i>.</p> <p><i>WGS84</i> signifie <i>World Geodetic System</i>, créé en 1984.</p> <p>L'ellipsoïde seul ne suffit pas : il est nécessaire de le positionner par rapport à la surface réelle de la Terre. La donnée de l'ellipsoïde et des paramètres de positionnement constitue ce qu'on appelle un <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système géodésique">datum géodésique</a></i> à partir duquel pourra être appliquée une projection.</p> <p>Un datum géodésique est donc défini par :</p> <ul> <li>la donnée de l'ellipsoïde ;</li> <li>la position du centre de l'ellipsoïde par rapport au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centre_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre de masse">centre de masse</a> de la Terre (de quelques centimètres à plus d'une centaine de mètres) ;</li> <li>l'orientation des axes de l'ellipsoïde ;</li> </ul> <p>ou, plus concrètement pour un datum local :</p> <ul> <li>l'ellipsoïde ;</li> <li>le <i>point fondamental</i>, où l'ellipsoïde tangente le géoïde,</li> <li>l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Azimut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Azimut">azimut</a> initial (direction du nord en ce point),</li> <li>le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9ridien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méridien">méridien</a> origine (du point de référence),</li> </ul> <p>à quoi il convient d'ajouter la projection courante.</p> <p>Il existe de nombreux datums, chacun adapté à un usage particulier, depuis des représentations globales du globe (ce sont les plus précises, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DORIS_(exp%C3%A9rience)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="DORIS (expérience)">DORIS</a> qui permet de mesurer la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9rive_des_continents?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dérive des continents">dérive des continents</a> ou le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rebond_post-glaciaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rebond post-glaciaire">rebond post-glaciaire</a>) jusqu'à des bases cadastrales (moins précises mais s'ajustant au plus près du géoïde). Voici quelques datums géodésiques en usage :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle_triangulation_de_la_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle triangulation de la France">Nouvelle triangulation de la France</a> (NTF) : France (jusqu'en <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-12" data-sort-value="2000-12">décembre 2000</time> ; la plupart des cartes de l'IGN sont toujours dans ce système), basé sur l'ellipsoïde Clarke 1880 IGN. Le point fondamental est au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_de_Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon de Paris">Panthéon</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>. La projection courante est <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Projection de Lambert">Lambert</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sique_fran%C3%A7ais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réseau géodésique français">Réseau géodésique français</a> (RGF) 1993 : France, basé sur l'ellipsoïde IAG-GRS80, la projection associée est la projection Lambert93 (projection conique conforme). En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-11" data-sort-value="2006-11">novembre 2006</time>, une série de 9 projections coniques conformes a été aussi proposée comme projections associées au RGF93. La nomenclature de ces projections est : CC42, CC43, CC44, CC45, CC46, CC47, CC48, CC49 et CC50. Chaque zone est centrée sur un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parall%C3%A8le_(g%C3%A9ographie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parallèle (géographie)">parallèle</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latitude">latitude</a> ronde, allant du <abbr class="abbr" title="Quarante-deuxième">42<sup>e</sup></abbr> au <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquantième">50<sup>e</sup></abbr> degré de latitude nord avec une emprise de un degré de latitude de part et d'autre de ce parallèle.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=European_Datum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="European Datum (page inexistante)">European Datum</a> (ED) 50 : système européen unifié, basé sur l'ellipsoïde Hayford 1909. Le point fondamental est à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allemagne">Allemagne</a>. La projection courante est UTM.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WGS84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">World Geodetic System</a> (WGS84) : système mondial (pas de point fondamental), mis au point par le département de la Défense des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> et utilisé par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Positioning_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, basé sur l'ellipsoïde WGS84. La projection courante est UTM.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Les_types_de_projections">Les types de projections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Les types de projections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/220px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2984"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/220px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/330px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg/440px-Tissot_indicatrix_world_map_Mercator_proj.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> L'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicatrice_de_Tissot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicatrice de Tissot">indicatrice de Tissot</a> permet d'apprécier les déformations des formes et des aires imposées par un système de projection cartographique ; la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Mercator">projection de Mercator</a> ci-dessus préserve les formes mais pas les aires : c'est une projection conforme. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Une fois un ellipsoïde fixé, on peut choisir le type de projection à appliquer pour obtenir une carte. Cette fois encore, ce choix est conduit par l'usage qui sera fait de la carte mais aussi de la position de la région à cartographier sur le globe.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Classification_par_les_conservations">Classification par les conservations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Classification par les conservations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Les projections peuvent avoir diverses propriétés :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transformation_%C3%A9quiar%C3%A9ale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transformation équiaréale">projection <b>équivalente</b></a> : conserve les aires. Cette représentation est préférée dans les atlas<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199814-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> pour respecter les surfaces relatives des différents pays;</li> <li>projection <b>conforme</b> : conserve localement les angles, donc les formes. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_topographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte topographique">topographie</a> et la géodésie utilisent exclusivement ce type de représentation<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199814-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. C'est les cas, par exemple, des cartes <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27information_g%C3%A9ographique_et_foresti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière">IGN</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_marine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte marine">cartes marines</a>;</li> <li>projection <b>aphylactique</b> : elle n'est ni conforme ni équivalente, mais peut être <b>équidistante</b>, c'est-à-dire conserver les distances sur les méridiens. Elle est utilisée, par exemple, comme compromis entre les représentations conformes et équivalentes pour minimiser les déformations induites par celles-ci<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les cartes anciennes (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cylindrique_%C3%A9quidistante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cylindrique équidistante">projection cylindrique équidistante</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Cassini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Cassini">projection de Cassini</a>,...) utilisaient souvent la propriété d'équidistance.</li> </ul> <p>Une projection ne peut pas être à la fois conforme et équivalente.</p> <p>L'utilisation de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicatrice_de_Tissot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicatrice de Tissot">indicatrice de Tissot</a> permet d'apprécier le degré de conservation ou de déformation des formes ou des aires.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Classification_par_le_canevas">Classification par le canevas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Classification par le canevas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Un point du globe étant repéré par sa longitude et sa latitude, une représentation cartographique est caractérisée par l'image des méridiens et des parallèles, c'est-à-dire le canevas de la carte. Les projections cartographiques sont donc également classifiées selon la forme de leur canevas<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199814-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Certains de ces canevas ont des formes voisines de celles obtenues par projection géométrique sur des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface_d%C3%A9veloppable?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surface développable">surfaces développables</a> (surfaces qui peuvent être étalées sans déformation sur un plan). Les trois surfaces développables les plus courantes, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plan_(math%C3%A9matiques)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plan (mathématiques)">plan</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cylindre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cylindre">cylindre</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B4ne_(g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cône (géométrie)">cône</a>), donnent lieu aux trois types principaux de projections :</p> <ul> <li>la projection cylindrique ;</li> <li>la projection conique ;</li> <li>la projection azimutale.</li> </ul> <p>Une projection qui ne peut être classée dans un de ces types est appelée <i>individuelle</i> ou <i>unique</i>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Projection_cylindrique">Projection cylindrique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Projection cylindrique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Projection_cylindrique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg/220px-Projection_cylindrique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg/220px-Projection_cylindrique.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Projection_cylindrique.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Projection cartographique cylindrique directe tangente </figcaption> </figure> <p>Dans la projection cylindrique directe ou normale, le canevas ressemble à celui qui serait obtenu par projection géométrique sur un cylindre d'axe Nord-Sud.</p> <ul> <li>Les méridiens sont représentés par des droites parallèles équidistantes;</li> <li>les parallèles sont représentés par des droites perpendiculaires aux images des méridiens mais à distances variables.</li> </ul> <p>C'est la trame des parallèles qui va différencier les différentes projections cylindriques. La trame associée à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection centrale">projection centrale</a> n'offre pas d'intérêt cartographique et n'a pas donné lieu à des cartes utilisables.</p> <p>On distingue, parmi ces projections cylindriques celles dans lesquelles les déformations sont minimales à l'équateur, comme si on projetait sur un cylindre tangent à l'équateur (projection cylindrique tangente) et celles pour lesquelles les déformations sont minimales autour de deux parallèles (projection cylindrique sécante).</p> <p>Il est parfois intéressant de construire un autre système de repérage sur le globe, constitué de pseudo-méridiens et de pseudo-parallèles, en choisissant sur le globe un autre axe principal que l'axe Nord-Sud<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199815-16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199815-16-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La représentation plane de ces pseudo-méridiens et pseudo-parallèles définit un autre canevas. Quand ce canevas est constitué de pseudo méridiens parallèles et équidistants et de pseudo-parallèles perpendiculaires aux pseudo-méridiens, on parle de projection cylindrique</p> <ul> <li>transverse, si l'axe passe par deux points de l'équateur, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Cassini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Cassini">projection de Cassini</a> en est un exemple;</li> <li>oblique si l'axe ne passe ni par les pôles, ni par deux points de l'équateur.</li> </ul> <p>Dans ces deux cas, le canevas des méridiens et des parallèles n'est plus un quadrillage de droites orthogonales. Par exemple, dans la projection cylindrique transverse, seuls l'équateur et un méridien sont transformés en deux droites perpendiculaires.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg/220px-Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="251"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg/220px-Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg/330px-Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg/440px-Equirectangular_projection_with_grid_only.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Exemple de projection cylindrique : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cylindrique_%C3%A9quidistante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cylindrique équidistante">Projection cylindrique équidistante</a>, dite carrée, car le canevas est carré </figcaption> </figure> <p>Exemples de projection cylindrique :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Mercator">Projection de Mercator</a> (conforme)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Peters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Peters">Projection de Peters</a> (équivalente)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Robinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Robinson">Projection de Robinson</a> (pseudo-cylindrique, aphylactique)</li> <li>Projection <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transverse_universelle_de_Mercator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transverse universelle de Mercator">transverse universelle de Mercator</a> (conforme) (aussi nommée <i>UTM</i> ou <i>Projection de Gauss-Kruger</i>)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Grid_Reference_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Grid Reference System">Projection MGRS</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cylindrique_%C3%A9quidistante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection cylindrique équidistante">Projection cylindrique équidistante</a></li> <li>Projection de Mercator oblique (utilisée en Suisse par exemple)</li> <li>Projection cylindrique de suivi des satellites, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Space-oblique_Mercator_projection&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Space-oblique Mercator projection (page inexistante)">Space-oblique Mercator projection</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-oblique_Mercator_projection" class="extiw" title="en:Space-oblique Mercator projection"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Space-oblique Mercator projection »">(en)</span></a></i>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Parr_Snyder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Parr Snyder">John Parr Snyder</a> en 1987, où les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trace_au_sol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trace au sol">traces au sol</a> sont des droites<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Mollweide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Mollweide">Projection de Mollweide</a> (pseudo-cylindrique)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Projection_conique">Projection conique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Projection conique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Projection_conique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg/220px-Projection_conique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg/220px-Projection_conique.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Projection_conique.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Projection conique tangente </figcaption> </figure> <p>Le canevas ressemble à celui qui serait obtenu par projection géométrique sur un cône de sommet situé sur l'axe Nord-Sud.</p> <ul> <li>Les méridiens sont représentés par des demi-droites concourantes formant entre elles un angle constant;</li> <li>Les parallèles sont représentés par des arcs de cercles concentriques.</li> </ul> <p>C'est la trame des parallèles qui va distinguer les divers types de projections coniques.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Lambert_conformal_conic.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lambert_conformal_conic.svg/220px-Lambert_conformal_conic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="429"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 94px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lambert_conformal_conic.svg/220px-Lambert_conformal_conic.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="94" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lambert_conformal_conic.svg/330px-Lambert_conformal_conic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Lambert_conformal_conic.svg/440px-Lambert_conformal_conic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Exemple de projection conique : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_conique_conforme_de_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection conique conforme de Lambert">Projection conique conforme de Lambert</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Comme pour les projections cylindriques, on distingue les projections coniques tangentes, où la déformation est minimale sur un parallèle et les projections coniques sécantes quand les déformations sont minimales autour de deux parallèles<sup id="cite_ref-Duquenne199817_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duquenne199817-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Exemples de projection conique :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_conique_conforme_de_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection conique conforme de Lambert">Projection conique conforme de Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_d%27Albers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection d'Albers">Projection d'Albers</a></li> </ul> <div class="clear" style="clear:both;"></div> <hr> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Projection_azimutale">Projection azimutale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Projection azimutale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/220px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="232"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/220px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg/330px-Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Projection_azimutale_stereographique.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection stéréographique">Projection stéréographique</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>C'est dans cette classe que l'on va rencontrer des projections vraies (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection centrale">centrales</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_orthogonale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection orthogonale">orthogonales</a>) ou apparentées. On projette l'ellipsoïde sur un plan tangent en un point ou sécant en un cercle.</p> <p>Il existe quatre types principaux de projections azimutales, qui se différencient par la position du centre utilisé pour la projection :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection stéréographique">projection stéréographique</a>: le point de perspective est placé sur le sphéroïde ou l'ellipsoïde, sur le diamètre perpendiculaire au plan de projection ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_gnomonique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection gnomonique">projection gnomonique</a>: le point de perspective est au centre du sphéroïde. La projection gnomonique conserve les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orthodromie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orthodromie">orthodromies</a>, puisque tout arc de grand cercle est projeté en un segment de droite ;</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_orthographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection orthographique">projection orthographique</a> : Le point de perspective est à une distance <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infini">infinie</a>. On perçoit un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A9misph%C3%A8re_(g%C3%A9ographie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hémisphère (géographie)">hémisphère</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Globe_plan%C3%A9taire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Globe planétaire">globe</a> comme si on était situé dans l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espace_(cosmologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espace (cosmologie)">espace</a>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Surface">surfaces</a> et formes sont <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distorsion_(optique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distorsion (optique)">déformées</a>, mais les distances sont préservées sur des lignes parallèles ;</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG/260px-Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="167"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG/260px-Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG" data-width="260" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG/390px-Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Usgs_map_gnomic.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Différentes projections gnomoniques </figcaption> </figure> <p>Par ailleurs, selon la position du plan tangent, la projection azimutale est dite <i>polaire</i> (plan tangent à un pôle), <i>équatoriale</i> (plan tangent en un point de l'équateur), ou <i>oblique</i> (plan tangent en un autre point). La projection azimutale polaire sert pour les cartes représentant les lignes aériennes qui passent par les régions polaires afin de réduire la distance de parcours.</p> <p>Exemples de projection azimutales</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_azimutale_%C3%A9quivalente_de_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection azimutale équivalente de Lambert">projection azimutale équivalente de Lambert</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Fuller?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Fuller">Projection de Fuller</a> (aussi appelée <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dymaxion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Dymaxion">Dymaxion</a> map</i>) : projection gnomonique sur un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poly%C3%A8dre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polyèdre">polyèdre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cubocta%C3%A8dre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuboctaèdre">cuboctaèdre</a> (14 faces, 8 triangles équilatéraux et 6 carrés) ou plus souvent <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Icosa%C3%A8dre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Icosaèdre">icosaèdre</a> (20 triangles équilatéraux)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Projections_uniques">Projections uniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Projections uniques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Il existe de nombreuses cartes qui ne résultent pas d'une projection sur un cône, un cylindre ou un plan :</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Bonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Bonne">Projection de Bonne</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_sinuso%C3%AFdale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection sinusoïdale">Projection sinusoïdale</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Sanson-Flamsteed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Sanson-Flamsteed">Projection de Sanson-Flamsteed</a> : une projection sinusoïdale découpée et redressée</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Goode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Goode">Projection de Goode</a> : projection interrompue</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_de_Winkel-Tripel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection de Winkel-Tripel">Projection de Winkel-Tripel</a> : mélange entre deux projections</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_Equal_Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Projection Equal Earth">Projection Equal Earth</a> : projection pseudo-cylindrique équivalente</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li>Cuenin, R., 1972, <i>Cartographie générale</i>, 2 tomes, Eyrolles, Paris.</li> <li>Driencourt L. et Laborde J., 1932, <i>Traité des projections géographiques</i> ; 4 fascicules, éd. Hermann, Paris.</li> <li>Dufour, J.-P., 2001, <i>Introduction à la géodésie</i>, Hermès, 334p.</li> <li>Gambier, G., 1984, <i>Notions sur les représentations planes de la Terre</i>, 114 p.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Hooijberg, M., 1997, <i>Practical geodesy using computers</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Springer_Verlag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Verlag">Springer Verlag</a>, 308p.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Iliffe, J. C., 2002, <i>Datum and map projections for remote sensing, GIS and surveying</i>, Whittles Publishing, UK, 150 pp.</li> <li>Joly, F., 1985, <i>La cartographie</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Que_sais-je_%3F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Que sais-je ?">Que sais-je ?</a> », PUF, No 937, 127p.</li> <li>Levallois, J.-J., 1970, <i>Géodésie générale - Tome 2 : Géodésie classique bidimensionnelle</i>, éd. Eyrolles, 408p.</li> <li>Le Fur, A., 2004, <i>Pratiques de la cartographie</i>, éd. Armand Colin, 96p.</li> <li>Radix, J.-C., 1991, <i>Répertoire géodésique en vue de la navigation</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_C%C3%A9padu%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Cépaduès">Éditions Cépaduès</a>, Toulouse, 756p.</li> <li>Reignier, F., 1957, <i>Les systèmes de projection et leurs applications</i>, édition IGN, Saint-Mandé.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Parr_Snyder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Parr Snyder">Snyder, J. P.</a>, 1987, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://onlinepubs.er.usgs.gov/djvu/PP/PP_1395.pdf"><i>Map projections - a working manual</i></a>, USGS Paper 1935, Washington. 383p.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Snyder, J. P., 1997, <i>Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections.</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 384p. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-2267-6747-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-2267-6747-5"><span class="nowrap">978-0-2267-6747-5</span></a>)</small></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Yang, Q., J. P. Snyder et W. R. Tolber, 2000, <i>Map projection transformation, principles and applications</i>, Taylor et Francis Editor, 367p.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="DuquenneDuquenne1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Françoise_DuquenneHenri_Duquenne1998">Françoise Duquenne et Henri Duquenne, <cite class="italique">Cours de géodésie, géodésie géométrique</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_g%C3%A9om%C3%A8tres_et_topographes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="École supérieure des géomètres et topographes">École supérieure des géomètres et topographes</a>, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.aftopo.org/download-ouvrage.php?id_ouvrage%3D20">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, chapitre3, «Géodésie géométrique»<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cours+de+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie%2C+g%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie+g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+sup%C3%A9rieure+des+g%C3%A9om%C3%A8tres+et+topographes&rft.aulast=Duquenne&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Henri+Duquenne&rft.date=1998&rft.pages=chapitre3%2C+%C2%ABG%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie+g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%C2%BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProjection+cartographique"></span></span></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Patrick Sillard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cours-fad-public.ensg.eu/pluginfile.php/1327/mod_resource/content/2/projections.pdf">Les projections et référentiels cartographiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_des_sciences_g%C3%A9ographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="École nationale des sciences géographiques">École nationale des sciences géographiques</a>, sept. 2000, p. 15</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duquenne199810-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199810_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duquenne1998">Duquenne 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 10. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Joly, 1985, page 39</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duquenne199814-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199814_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duquenne1998">Duquenne 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 14. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2005">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Les projections, de Mercator au GPS</cite> », <i>IGN magazine</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 5,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005" data-sort-value="2005">mai-juin 2005</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">4-5</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ignfab.ign.fr/publications-de-l-ign/Institut/Publications/IGN_Magazine/5/IGNmag5.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Les+projections%2C+de+Mercator+au+GPS&rft.jtitle=IGN+magazine&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2005&rft.pages=4-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AProjection+cartographique"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir quelques exemples dans <span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.radicalcartography.net/?projectionref"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Radical cartography</cite></a> »</span>, WALL MAPS OF THE WORLD </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duquenne199815-16-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199815-16_7-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duquenne1998">Duquenne 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 15-16. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.csiss.org/map-projections/Cylindrical/CylSat.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Cylindrical Satellite-tracking projection</cite></a> »</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="ouvrage" id="Hsu,_Philip_M._Voxland"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mei-Ling_Hsu,_Philip_M._Voxland">Mei-Ling Hsu, Philip M. Voxland, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/projection/chapter8.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Showing Routes for Globe Circlers</cite></a> »</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Duquenne199817-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duquenne199817_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projection_cartographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Duquenne1998">Duquenne 1998</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 17. </span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9od%C3%A9sie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géodésie">Géodésie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carte_invers%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carte inversée">Carte inversée</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie_projective?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géométrie projective">Géométrie projective</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monde_(univers)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monde (univers)">Monde (univers)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_coordonn%C3%A9es_(cartographie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système de coordonnées (cartographie)">Système de coordonnées (cartographie)</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicatrice_de_Tissot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicatrice de Tissot">Indicatrice de Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_de_projections_cartographiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste de projections cartographiques">Liste de projections cartographiques</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cartography?uselang%3Dfr">Projection cartographique</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li>Dana, P., 1999, Cours en anglais avec de nombreuses figures: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj_f.html">sur les projections cartographiques</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://fad.ensg.eu/moodle/file.php/11/Geodesie/projections.pdf">Sillard, P., 2000, Les projections et référentiels cartographiques, 61 pp.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://fad.ensg.eu/moodle/file.php/9/carto_vol1.pdf">Weger, G., 1999, Sémiologie graphique et conception cartographique, volume 1, 141 pp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://seig.ensg.ign.fr/">Serveur éducatif consacré à l'information géographique</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://thierry.hatt.gps.free.fr/projections/projections-cartes.htm">Extrait d'un travail académique (Lycée Fustel, Coulanges, Académie de Strasbourg) sur les projections cartographiques</a></li> <li>F. de Labachelerie, C. Geoffroy, M. Magnenet, A. Parmentelat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201165047/www-irem.univ-fcomte.fr/bulletins/069/bull069ch3.html">De la shère au plan</a>, Bulletin de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IREM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IREM">IREM</a> de Besançon N° 69 (nov. 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nautischool.ch/pdf/AC_FS_projection_carto.pdf">Étude des projections usuelles</a> par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ENMM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ENMM">ENMM</a> du Havre</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Weisstein"><span class="ouvrage" id="Eric_W._Weisstein"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric W. Weisstein">Eric W. Weisstein</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/topics/MapProjections.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Map Projections</span></cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MathWorld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MathWorld">MathWorld</a></span></span></span></li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224230524/http://www.mentorsoftwareinc.com/cc/gistips/TIPSarch.HTM">The Casual Cartographer : une série d'articles sur les projections et des programmes de conversion</a></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="2015">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2015/10/20/pourquoi-les-cartes-geographiques-sont-mensongeres_4793301_4355770.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Pourquoi les cartes géographiques sont mensongères</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.lemonde.fr</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-10-20" data-sort-value="2015-10-20">20 octobre 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-10-20" data-sort-value="2015-10-20">20 octobre 2015</time>)</small></span>.</li> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr> <span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://geodesie.ign.fr/contenu/fichiers/Modeles_ellipsoides_France.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Quels sont les différents modèles d’ellipsoïdes utilisés en France?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27information_g%C3%A9ographique_et_foresti%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière">ign</a>.fr, service de géodésie.</span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.radicalcartography.net/?projectionref"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Radical cartography</cite></a> »</span> (Tableau d'exemples et propriétés de presque toutes les projections communes)</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la géométrie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg/24px-Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg/24px-Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg/36px-Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg/48px-Circle-icons-rulertriangle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Géométrie">Portail de la géométrie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Cartographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la cartographie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circle-icons-map.svg/24px-Circle-icons-map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DProjection_cartographique%26oldid%3D210458244">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&oldid=210458244</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Projection_cartographique&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Jack Demol" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1702319490"> <span>Dernière modification le 11 décembre 2023, à 19:31</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeici%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyeición cartográfica – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Proyeición cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографик проекциялар – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картографик проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Картаграфічная праекцыя – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфічная праекцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографска проекция – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картографска проекция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25A8" title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नक्शा प्रोजेक्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%259A%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%2585%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AA" title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্র অভিক্ষেপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projecci%25C3%25B3_cartogr%25C3%25A0fica" title="Projecció cartogràfica – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Projecció cartogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapov%25C3%25A9_zobrazen%25C3%25AD" title="Mapové zobrazení – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mapové zobrazení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortprojektion" title="Kortprojektion – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kortprojektion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennetzentwurf" title="Kartennetzentwurf – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartennetzentwurf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B1%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2586%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE_%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B2%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25AE" title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφική προβολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proyección cartográfica – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaardiprojektsioon" title="Kaardiprojektsioon – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaardiprojektsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiekzio_kartografiko" title="Proiekzio kartografiko – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Proiekzio kartografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2586%25D9%2582%25D8%25B4%25D9%2587" title="سیستم تصویر نقشه – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیستم تصویر نقشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karttaprojektio" title="Karttaprojektio – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karttaprojektio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilgean_l%25C3%25A9arsc%25C3%25A1ile" title="Teilgean léarscáile – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilgean léarscáile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecci%25C3%25B3n_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Proxección cartográfica – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxección cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%259C_(%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A6%25D7%2595%25D7%2592_%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599)" title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי) – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היטל (ייצוג גרפי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0_%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AA" title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्र प्रक्षेप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwojeksyon_konik" title="Pwojeksyon konik – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pwojeksyon konik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vet%25C3%25BClettan" title="Vetülettan – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vetülettan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyeksi_peta" title="Proyeksi peta – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyeksi peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortav%25C3%25B6rpun" title="Kortavörpun – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortavörpun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiezione_cartografica" title="Proiezione cartografica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Proiezione cartografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E6%25B3%2595_(%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25B3)" title="投影法 (地図) – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投影法 (地図)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографиялық проекция – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картографиялық проекция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%25A7%2580%25EB%258F%2584_%25ED%2588%25AC%25EC%2598%2581%25EB%25B2%2595" title="지도 투영법 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도 투영법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Картографиялык проекциялар – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картографиялык проекциялар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projektiounsmodell" title="Projektiounsmodell – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Projektiounsmodell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografin%25C4%2597_projekcija" title="Kartografinė projekcija – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografinė projekcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска проекција – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографска проекција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjuran_peta" title="Unjuran peta – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Unjuran peta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaartprojectie" title="Kaartprojectie – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaartprojectie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojeksjon" title="Kartprojeksjon – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartprojeksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeccion_cartografica" title="Projeccion cartografica – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Projeccion cartografica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odwzorowanie_kartograficzne" title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odwzorowanie kartograficzne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proje%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_cartogr%25C3%25A1fica" title="Projeção cartográfica – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Projeção cartográfica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proiec%25C8%259Bie_cartografic%25C4%2583" title="Proiecție cartografică – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Proiecție cartografică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Картографическая проекция – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картографическая проекция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Map projection" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografska_projekcija" title="Kartografska projekcija – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografska projekcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Картографска пројекција – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографска пројекција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartprojektion" title="Kartprojektion – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartprojektion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%259C%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2588" title="เส้นโครงแผนที่ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นโครงแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harita_projeksiyonu" title="Harita projeksiyonu – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harita projeksiyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2594%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Картографічна проєкція – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографічна проєкція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafik_proyeksiyalar" title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafik proyeksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259B%25BE%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地图投影 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图投影" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%259C%25B0%25E5%259C%2596%25E6%258A%2595%25E5%25BD%25B1" title="地圖投影 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖投影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" 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