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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Online+and+offline" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offline_e-mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_e-mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Offline e-mail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_e-mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_media_playing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_media_playing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Offline media playing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_media_playing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_browsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_browsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Offline browsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_browsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Offline storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offline_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offline_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Offline messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offline_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>File systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generalisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Generalisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Online and offline</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9" title="متصل بالشبكة وغير متصل بالشبكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متصل بالشبكة وغير متصل بالشبكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlayn_v%C9%99_oflayn" title="Onlayn və oflayn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onlayn və oflayn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-t%C3%A9ng_kap_s%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-%C4%93" title="Sòaⁿ-téng kap sòaⁿ-ē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sòaⁿ-téng kap sòaⁿ-ē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_l%C3%ADnia_i_fora_de_l%C3%ADnia" title="En línia i fora de línia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="En línia i fora de línia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-line_a_off-line" title="On-line a off-line – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="On-line a off-line" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_ja_offline" title="Online ja offline – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Online ja offline" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_linea_y_fuera_de_linea" title="En linea y fuera de linea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="En linea y fuera de linea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A2%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آنلاین و آفلاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنلاین و آفلاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_ligne_et_hors_ligne" title="En ligne et hors ligne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="En ligne et hors ligne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%BC_%EC%98%A4%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="온라인과 오프라인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온라인과 오프라인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D6%87_%D6%85%D6%86%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Օնլայն և օֆլայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օնլայն և օֆլայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daring_dan_luring" title="Daring dan luring – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daring dan luring" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_e_offline" title="Online e offline – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Online e offline" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אונליין ואופליין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונליין ואופליין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalam_talian_dan_luar_talian" title="Dalam talian dan luar talian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dalam talian dan luar talian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_og_offline" title="Online og offline – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Online og offline" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onlayn_va_oflayn" title="Onlayn va oflayn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Onlayn va oflayn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_e_offline" title="Online e offline – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Online e offline" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_%C8%99i_offline" title="Online și offline – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Online și offline" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Онлайн и офлайн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Онлайн и офлайн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_and_offline" title="Online and offline – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Online and offline" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5_%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5" title="سەرھێڵ و دەرھێڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرھێڵ و دەرھێڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிகழ்நிலையும் நிகழாநிலையும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்நிலையும் நிகழாநிலையும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ออนไลน์และออฟไลน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออนไลน์และออฟไลน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Бархат ва бурунхат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бархат ва бурунхат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87evrimi%C3%A7i_ve_%C3%A7evrimd%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Çevrimiçi ve çevrimdışı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çevrimiçi ve çevrimdışı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Онлайн та офлайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Онлайн та офлайн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%B1c_tuy%E1%BA%BFn_v%C3%A0_ngo%E1%BA%A1i_tuy%E1%BA%BFn" title="Trực tuyến và ngoại tuyến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trực tuyến và ngoại tuyến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%B6%B2" title="上網 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上網" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E5%92%8C%E7%A6%BB%E7%BA%BF" title="在线和离线 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="在线和离线" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10928179#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Online_and_offline" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Online">Online</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Connected or disconnected state for equipment and services</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Online" and "Offline" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Online_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Online (disambiguation)">Online (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offline_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Offline (disambiguation)">Offline (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In computer technology and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <b>online</b> indicates a state of connectivity, and <b>offline</b> indicates a disconnected state. In modern terminology, this usually refers to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet connection">Internet connection</a>, but (especially when expressed as "on line" or "on the line") could refer to any piece of equipment or functional unit that is connected to a larger system. Being online means that the equipment or subsystem is connected, or that it is ready for use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Online" has come to describe activities performed on and data available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ox_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ox-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example: "<a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">online identity</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Online_predator" title="Online predator">online predator</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">online gambling</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online game</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">online shopping</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">online banking</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">online learning</a>". A Similar meaning is also given by the prefixes "<a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyber</a>" and "e", as in words "<a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">cybercrime</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Ecommerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecommerce">e-commerce</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-thesau_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, "offline" can refer to either computing activities performed while disconnected from the Internet, or alternatives to Internet activities (such as shopping in <a href="/wiki/Brick-and-mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Brick-and-mortar">brick-and-mortar</a> stores). The term "offline" is sometimes used interchangeably with the acronym "IRL", meaning "in real life".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, the term <i>on line</i> was commonly used in both the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph</a> industries. For railroads, a <a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">signal box</a> would send messages down the line (track), via a telegraph line (cable), indicating the track's status: <i>Train on line</i> or <i>Line clear</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lineworker" title="Lineworker">Telegraph linemen</a> would refer to sending current through a line as <i>direct on line</i> or <i>battery on line</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they may refer to a problem with the circuit as being <i>on line</i>, as opposed to the power source or end-point equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since at least 1950, in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>, the terms <i>on-line</i> and <i>off-line</i> have been used to refer to whether machines, including <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral devices</a>, are connected or not.<sup id="cite_ref-stiffler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiffler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here is an excerpt from the 1950 book <i>High-Speed Computing Devices</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-stiffler_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stiffler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>The use of automatic computing equipment for large-scale reduction of data will be strikingly successful only if means are provided for the automatic transcription of these data to a form suitable for automatic entry into the machine. For some applications, of which the most prominent are those in which the reduced data are used to control the process being measured, the input must be developed for <i>on-line</i> operation. In on-line operation the input is communicated directly and without delay to the data-reduction device. For other applications, <i>off-line</i> operation, involving automatic transcription of data in a form suitable for later introduction to the machine, may be tolerated. These requirements may be compared with <a href="/wiki/Teletype" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletype">teleprinter</a> operating requirements. For example, some teletype machines operate on line. Their operators are in instantaneous communication. Other teletype machines are operated off line, through the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched paper tape</a>. The message is preserved by means of holes punched in the tape and is transmitted later by feeding the tape to another machine.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_e-mail">Offline e-mail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Offline e-mail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One example of a common use of these concepts with <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agent</a> (MUA) that can be instructed to be in either online or offline states. One such MUA is <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>. When online it will attempt to connect to mail servers (to check for new mail at regular intervals, for example), and when offline it will not attempt to make any such connection. The online or offline state of the MUA does not necessarily reflect the connection status between the computer on which it is running and the Internet i.e. the computer itself may be online—connected to the Internet via a cable modem or other means—while Outlook is kept offline by the user, so that it makes no attempt to send or to receive messages. Similarly, a computer may be configured to employ a <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">dial-up connection</a> on demand (as when an application such as Outlook attempts to make a connection to a server), but the user may not wish for Outlook to trigger that call whenever it is configured to check for mail.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_media_playing">Offline media playing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Offline media playing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another example of the use of these concepts is <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> technology. A <a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">tape recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">digital audio editor</a>, or other device that is online is one whose clock is under the control of the clock of a synchronization master device. When the sync master commences playback, the online device automatically synchronizes itself to the master and commences playing from the same point in the recording. A device that is offline uses no external clock reference and relies upon its own internal clock. When many devices are connected to a sync master it is often convenient, if one wants to hear just the output of one single device, to take it offline because, if the device is played back online, all synchronized devices have to locate the playback point and wait for each other device to be in synchronization.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (For related discussion, see <a href="/wiki/MIDI_timecode" title="MIDI timecode">MIDI timecode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_clock" title="Word clock">Word clock</a>, and recording system synchronization.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_browsing">Offline browsing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offline browsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Offline_browsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline browsing">Offline browsing</a></div> <p>A third example of a common use of these concepts is a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> that can be instructed to be in either online or offline states. The browser attempts to fetch pages from servers while only in the online state. In the offline state, or "offline mode", users can perform <b>offline browsing</b>, where pages can be browsed using local copies of those pages that have previously been downloaded while in the online state. This can be useful when the computer is offline and connection to the Internet is impossible or undesirable. The pages are downloaded either implicitly into the web browser's own <a href="/wiki/Browser_cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Browser cache">cache</a> as a result of prior online browsing by the user or explicitly by a browser configured to keep local copies of certain web pages, which are updated when the browser is in the online state, either by checking that the local copies are up-to-date at regular intervals or by checking that the local copies are up-to-date whenever the browser is switched to the online. One such web browser is <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>. When pages are added to the Favourites list, they can be marked to be "available for offline browsing". Internet Explorer will download local copies of both the marked page and, optionally, all of the pages that it links to. In Internet Explorer version 6, the level of direct and indirect links, the maximum amount of local disc space allowed to be consumed, and the schedule on which local copies are checked to see whether they are up-to-date, are configurable for each individual Favourites entry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For communities that lack adequate Internet connectivity—such as developing countries, rural areas, and prisons—offline information stores such as WiderNet's <a href="/wiki/EGranary" class="mw-redirect" title="EGranary">eGranary</a> Digital Library (a collection of approximately thirty million educational resources from more than two thousand web sites and hundreds of CD-ROMs) provide offline access to information.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> announced an offline server project intended to provide access to material on inexpensive servers that can be updated using USB sticks and SD cards.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_storage">Offline storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Offline storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Offline_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Offline storage">offline storage</a> is <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a> that has no connection to the other systems until a connection is deliberately made. Additionally, an otherwise online system that is powered down may be considered offline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offline_messages">Offline messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Offline messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the growing communication tools and media, the words offline and online are used very frequently. If a person is active over a messaging tool and is able to accept the messages it is termed as online message and if the person is not available and the message is left to view when the person is back, it is termed as offline message. In the same context, the person's availability is termed as online and non-availability is termed as offline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_systems">File systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: File systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of file systems, "online" and "offline" are synonymous with "mounted" and "not mounted". For example, in <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems#Resize_capabilities" title="Comparison of file systems">file systems' resizing capabilities</a>, "online grow" and "online shrink" respectively mean the ability to increase or decrease the space allocated to that file system without needing to unmount it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalisations">Generalisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Generalisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Online and offline distinctions have been generalised from computing and telecommunication into the field of human interpersonal relationships. The distinction between what is considered online and what is considered offline has become a subject of study in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slater_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distinction between online and offline is conventionally seen as the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Face-to-face_(philosophy)" title="Face-to-face (philosophy)">face-to-face</a> communication (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Face_time" title="Face time">face time</a>), respectively. Online is virtuality or <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a>, and offline is reality (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Real_life_(reality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Real life (reality)">real life or "meatspace"</a>). Slater states that this distinction is "obviously far too simple".<sup id="cite_ref-Slater_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support his argument that the distinctions in relationships are more complex than a simple dichotomy of online versus offline, he observes that some people draw no distinction between an online relationship, such as indulging in <a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">cybersex</a>, and an offline relationship, such as being <a href="/wiki/Pen_pal" title="Pen pal">pen pals</a>. He argues that even the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> can be regarded as an online experience in some circumstances, and that the blurring of the distinctions between the uses of various technologies (such as <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> versus mobile phone, <a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">internet television</a> versus internet, and telephone versus <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet Protocol">Voice over Internet Protocol</a>) has made it "impossible to use the term <i>online</i> meaningfully in the sense that was employed by the first generation of Internet research".<sup id="cite_ref-Slater_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slater asserts that there are legal and regulatory pressures to reduce the distinction between online and offline, with a "general tendency to assimilate online to offline and erase the distinction," stressing, however, that this does not mean that online relationships are being reduced to <i>pre-existing</i> offline relationships. He conjectures that greater legal status may be assigned to online relationships (pointing out that contractual relationships, such as business transactions, online are already seen as just as "real" as their offline counterparts), although he states it to be hard to imagine courts awarding palimony to people who have had a purely online sexual relationship. He also conjectures that an online/offline distinction may be seen by people as "rather quaint and not quite comprehensible" within 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Slater_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slater-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This distinction between <i>online</i> and <i>offline</i> is sometimes inverted, with online concepts being used to define and to explain offline activities, rather than (as per the conventions of the <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> with its desktops, trash cans, folders, and so forth) the other way around. Several cartoons appearing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> have satirized this. One includes <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> asking for a username and a password before admitting a man into Heaven. Another illustrates "the offline store" where "All items are actual size!", shoppers may "Take it home as soon as you pay for it!", and "Merchandise may be handled prior to purchase!"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/offline" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:offline">offline</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/online" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:online">online</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/come_online" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:come online">come online</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a> – Network that allows computers to share resources and communicate with each other<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremely_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Extremely Online">Extremely Online</a> – Phenomenon of over-engaging with Internet culture<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a> – 1960s computer collaboration system, or the "oN-Line System"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offline_reader" title="Offline reader">Offline reader</a> – Computer software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_fly#Computer_usage" title="On the fly">On the fly § Computer usage</a> – Change to a system while the process it affects is ongoing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_algorithm" title="Online algorithm">Online algorithm</a> – Algorithm that begins on possibly incomplete inputs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_algorithm" title="Online algorithm">Online and offline algorithms</a> – Algorithm that begins on possibly incomplete inputs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Online editing">Online editing</a> – Software for several users to edit a file<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> and <a href="/wiki/Offline_editing" title="Offline editing">offline editing</a> – Post production film process – the online/outline distinction in <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> – Editing live television and video production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_(magazine)" title="Online (magazine)"><i>Online</i> (magazine)</a> – Journal<span style="display:none" class="category-spaceless-annotation">Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_volunteering" class="mw-redirect" title="Online volunteering">Online volunteering</a> – Online volunteering<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span><span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-matches-name">Pages displaying short descriptions matching their page name</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">Open access (publishing)</a> – Research publications distributed freely online<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentity" title="Presentity">Presentity</a> – Refers to an entity that has presence information associated with it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">Reputation</a> – Social opinion about an entity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_mirroring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Website mirroring software">Website mirroring software</a> – Computer software<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_and_offline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C" title="Federal Standard 1037C">Federal Standard 1037C</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ox-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ox_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711233543/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/online">"online"</a>. <i>Dictionary of British and World English</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/online">the original</a> on 11 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+British+and+World+English&rft.atitle=online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fonline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesau-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thesau_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082900/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english-thesaurus/online">"Synonyms of online in English"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Synonyms+of+online+in+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english-thesaurus%2Fonline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/go/52766">"19 things we miss about the early days of the web"</a>. <i>Den of Geek</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Den+of+Geek&rft.atitle=19+things+we+miss+about+the+early+days+of+the+web&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denofgeek.com%2Fuk%2Fgo%2F52766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Board_of_Trade1874" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Board of Trade (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatbritainrai00tradgoog"><i>Great Britain Railways: Accidents. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>train on line.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+Railways%3A+Accidents.+Court+of+Inquiry+Reports&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Great+Britain+Board+of+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatbritainrai00tradgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety_of_Telegraph_Engineers1879" class="citation book cs1">Society of Telegraph Engineers (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4A3AQAAMAAJ&q=%22on+line%22+telegraph&pg=PA172"><i>Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers: Including Original Communications on Telegraphy and Electrical Science, Volume 8</i></a>. p. 172<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High-Speed+Computing+Devices&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill+Book+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1950&rft.au=The+staff+of+Engineering+Research+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbitsavers_eraHighSpe950_30096406%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Mann2003" class="citation book cs1">Bill Mann (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00mann/page/76"><i>How to Do Everything with Microsoft Office Outlook 2003</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00mann/page/76">76–77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-223070-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-223070-3"><bdi>0-07-223070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Do+Everything+with+Microsoft+Office+Outlook+2003&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-223070-3&rft.au=Bill+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhowtodoeverythin00mann%2Fpage%2F76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Gibson1998" class="citation book cs1">Bill Gibson (1998). <i>Audiopro Home Recording Course: A Comprehensive Multimedia Audio Recording Text</i>. Hal Leonard. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87288-715-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87288-715-4"><bdi>0-87288-715-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Audiopro+Home+Recording+Course%3A+A+Comprehensive+Multimedia+Audio+Recording+Text&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-87288-715-4&rft.au=Bill+Gibson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabella_Dymoke2004" class="citation book cs1">Arabella Dymoke (2004). "an a to z of internet terms". <i>Good Web Guide</i>. The Good Web Guide Ltd. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903282-46-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-903282-46-2"><bdi>1-903282-46-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=an+a+to+z+of+internet+terms&rft.btitle=Good+Web+Guide&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=The+Good+Web+Guide+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-903282-46-2&rft.au=Arabella+Dymoke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Heltzel2002" class="citation book cs1">Paul Heltzel (2002). "Wireless Road Tricks". <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Wireless Computing and Networking</i>. Alpha Books. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-864287-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-864287-2"><bdi>0-02-864287-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wireless+Road+Tricks&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Wireless+Computing+and+Networking&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-02-864287-2&rft.au=Paul+Heltzel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen_WallerVanessa_Waller2000" class="citation book cs1">Glen Waller & Vanessa Waller (2000). <i>The Internet Companion: The Easy Australian Guide</i>. UNSW Press. pp. 110–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86840-499-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86840-499-3"><bdi>0-86840-499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Companion%3A+The+Easy+Australian+Guide&rft.pages=110-112&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-86840-499-3&rft.au=Glen+Waller&rft.au=Vanessa+Waller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Barber2001" class="citation book cs1">Brian Barber (2001). "Configuring Internet Technologies". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781928994800/page/285"><i>Configuring and Troubleshooting Windows XP Professional</i></a>. Syngress Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781928994800/page/285">285–389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928994-80-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-928994-80-6"><bdi>1-928994-80-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Configuring+Internet+Technologies&rft.btitle=Configuring+and+Troubleshooting+Windows+XP+Professional&rft.pages=285-389&rft.pub=Syngress+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-928994-80-6&rft.au=Brian+Barber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781928994800%2Fpage%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://er.educause.edu/articles/2012/10/the-egranary-digital-library">"The eGranary Digital Library"</a>. <i>er.educause.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=er.educause.edu&rft.atitle=The+eGranary+Digital+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fer.educause.edu%2Farticles%2F2012%2F10%2Fthe-egranary-digital-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/about/offline-archive/">"Internet Archive: Offline Archive"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Internet+Archive%3A+Offline+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fabout%2Foffline-archive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slater_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Slater2002" class="citation book cs1">Don Slater (2002). "Social Relationships and Identity On-line and Off-line". In Leah; Sonia; Lievrouw; Livingstone (eds.). <i>Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs</i>. Sage Publications Inc. pp. 533–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-6510-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-6510-6"><bdi>0-7619-6510-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Relationships+and+Identity+On-line+and+Off-line&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Media%3A+Social+Shaping+and+Consequences+of+ICTs&rft.pages=533-543&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7619-6510-6&rft.au=Don+Slater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosabeth_Moss_Kanter2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosabeth Moss Kanter (2001). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolvesucceeding00kant"><i>Evolve: Succeeding in the digital culture of tomorrow</i></a>. Harvard Business School. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57851-439-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57851-439-8"><bdi>1-57851-439-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Evolve%3A+Succeeding+in+the+digital+culture+of+tomorrow&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57851-439-8&rft.au=Rosabeth+Moss+Kanter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolvesucceeding00kant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410015927/http://executiveeducation.wharton.upenn.edu/ebuzz/0508/images/cartoon2.jpg">"The "off-line store" cartoon from <i>The New Yorker</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://executiveeducation.wharton.upenn.edu/ebuzz/0508/images/cartoon2.jpg">the original</a> on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22off-line+store%22+cartoon+from+The+New+Yorker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexecutiveeducation.wharton.upenn.edu%2Febuzz%2F0508%2Fimages%2Fcartoon2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOnline+and+offline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation FS1037C MS188"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122224547/https://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm"><i>Federal Standard 1037C</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a>. 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