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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Particella+%28fisica%29" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Particella+%28fisica%29" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu 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mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Particelle_elementari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particelle_elementari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Particelle elementari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particelle_elementari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particelle_non-elementari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particelle_non-elementari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Particelle non-elementari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particelle_non-elementari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorie_supersimmetriche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorie_supersimmetriche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Teorie supersimmetriche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorie_supersimmetriche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Particella (fisica)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 60 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeltjie" title="Deeltjie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deeltjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3" title="कण - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85" title="جسيم - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="فرتيتة - arabo marocchino" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرتيتة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabo marocchino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99rr%C9%99cik" title="Zərrəcik - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zərrəcik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitzal" title="Aitzal - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Aitzal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Часціца - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Часціца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Частица - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Частица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" title="Čestica - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čestica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula" title="Partícula - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partícula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95" title="تەنۆکە - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەنۆکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1stice" title="Částice - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Částice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D1%87%C4%95_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82)" title="Пĕрчĕ (физикăлла объект) - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пĕрчĕ (физикăлла объект)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikel_(fysik)" title="Partikel (fysik) - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Partikel (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilchen" title="Teilchen - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teilchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle" title="Particle - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Particle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiklo" title="Partiklo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partiklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Partícula (física) - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partícula (física)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osake" title="Osake - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osake" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikula_(fisika)" title="Partikula (fisika) - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Partikula (fisika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ذره - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin" title="Putin - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Putin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particule_mat%C3%A9rielle" title="Particule matérielle - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Particule matérielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ithn%C3%ADn" title="Cáithnín - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cáithnín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A7" title="חלקיק - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלקיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3" title="कण - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikel" title="Partikel - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partikel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikulo_(fiziko)" title="Partikulo (fiziko) - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Partikulo (fiziko)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96gn" title="Ögn - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="粒子 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="粒子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gba%CC%B1ram" title="Gba̱ram - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Gba̱ram" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕಣ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90" title="입자 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="입자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particula" title="Particula - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Particula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisela" title="Partisela - lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partisela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81" title="ອະນຸພາກ - lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອະນຸພາກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အမှုန် - birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမှုန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeltje" title="Deeltje - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deeltje" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikkel" title="Partikkel - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Partikkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suudoo" title="Suudoo - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Suudoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A3" title="ਕਣ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%85stka" title="Cząstka - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cząstka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula" title="Partícula - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partícula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particul%C4%83" title="Particulă - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Particulă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Частица - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Частица" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Частиця - ruteno" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Частиця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruteno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" title="Čestica - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čestica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle" title="Particle - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Particle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Castica_(fyzika)" title="Častica (fyzika) - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Častica (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mheu" title="Mheu - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mheu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimca" title="Grimca - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grimca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cestice" title="Čestice - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Čestice" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="துகள் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partikula" title="Partikula - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partikula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A7ac%C4%B1k" title="Parçacık - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parçacık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Частинка - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Частинка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarra" title="Zarra - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zarra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_(v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD)" title="Hạt (vật lý) - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt (vật lý)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Particle_overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Particle_overview.svg/550px-Particle_overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Particle_overview.svg/825px-Particle_overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Particle_overview.svg/1100px-Particle_overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Schema generale dell'organizzazione delle particelle, delle interazioni e della materia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisica</a> una <b>particella</b> è un costituente microscopico della <a href="/wiki/Materia_(fisica)" title="Materia (fisica)">materia</a>. Le particelle si suddividono in <a href="/wiki/Particelle_elementari" class="mw-redirect" title="Particelle elementari">elementari</a> e non-elementari: le prime, descritte dal <a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">modello standard</a>, sono considerate indivisibili, le seconde sono aggregati delle prime. </p><p>Un'altra classificazione avviene a partire dallo <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a>, che permette di distinguere due classi di particelle: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a>, con spin <a href="/wiki/Numero_intero" title="Numero intero">intero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a>, con spin <a href="/wiki/Semi-intero" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-intero">semi-intero</a></li></ul> <p>I fermioni obbediscono al <a href="/wiki/Principio_di_esclusione_di_Pauli" title="Principio di esclusione di Pauli">principio di esclusione di Pauli</a> (due fermioni identici non possono occupare simultaneamente lo stesso <a href="/wiki/Stato_quantico" title="Stato quantico">stato quantico</a>) e seguono la <a href="/wiki/Statistica_di_Fermi-Dirac" title="Statistica di Fermi-Dirac">statistica di Fermi-Dirac</a>. I bosoni invece sono liberi di affollare lo stesso stato quantico e seguono la <a href="/wiki/Statistica_di_Bose-Einstein" title="Statistica di Bose-Einstein">statistica di Bose-Einstein</a>. </p><p>Anche quando dotate di <a href="/wiki/Massa_(fisica)" title="Massa (fisica)">massa</a>, le particelle elementari sono spesso studiate e <a href="/wiki/Modello_fisico" class="mw-redirect" title="Modello fisico">modellizzate</a> come oggetti <a href="/wiki/Punto_(geometria)" title="Punto (geometria)">puntiformi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particelle_elementari">Particelle elementari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Particelle elementari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Particelle elementari"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Particella elementare</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/350px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/525px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/700px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">Modello standard</a> delle <a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">particelle elementari</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b>, divisi in due classi più le rispettive antiparticelle.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></b>, soggetti all'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">interazione debole</a> ed elettromagnetica (se la carica è diversa da 0), suddivisi in tre famiglie, ad ognuna delle quali è associato un particolare <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>:</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome </th> <th>Carica elettrica </th> <th>Massa (<a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV/c<sup>2</sup></a>) </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a> (e<sup>−</sup>, β<sup>−</sup>) </td> <td>–1 </td> <td>0,000511 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a> (ν<sub>e</sub>) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6990220000000000000♠"></span>2,2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a> (μ) </td> <td>–1 </td> <td>0,1056 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a> (ν<sub>μ</sub>) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996170000000000000♠"></span>1,7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−4</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a> (τ) </td> <td>–1 </td> <td>1,777 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a> (ν<sub>τ</sub>) </td> <td>0 </td> <td>< 0,0155 </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></b>, soggetti all'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a> e all'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettrodebole" title="Interazione elettrodebole">interazione elettrodebole</a>:</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome </th> <th>Carica </th> <th>Massa stimata (<a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">MeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Quark up</a> (u)</td> <td align="right">+2/3 </td> <td align="right">da 1,7 a 3,3 <sup id="cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Quark down</a> (d)</td> <td align="right">-1/3 </td> <td align="right">da 4,1 a 5,8 <sup id="cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Quark strange</a> / Sideways (s)</td> <td align="right">-1/3 </td> <td align="right">da 80 a 130 <sup id="cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Quark charm</a> / Centre (c)</td> <td align="right">+2/3 </td> <td align="right">da 1.160 a 1.340 <sup id="cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDGQuarks-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Quark bottom</a> / Beauty (b)</td> <td align="right">-1/3 </td> <td align="right">da 4.150 a 4.220 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schema_di_sottrazione_minima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schema di sottrazione minima (la pagina non esiste)">schema <span style="text-decoration:overline;">MS</span></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PDG2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDG2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>da 4.620 a 4.680 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Schema_1S&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schema 1S (la pagina non esiste)">schema 1S</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PDG2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDG2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Quark top</a> / Truth (t)</td> <td align="right">+2/3 </td> <td align="right">171.770 ± 380 <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Antileptone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antileptone">Antileptoni</a></b> (Stessa suddivisione dei leptoni)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">Antiquark</a></b> (Stessa suddivisione dei quark)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b>, mediatori delle <a href="/wiki/Interazioni_fondamentali" title="Interazioni fondamentali">interazioni fondamentali</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="align: center; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nome</th> <th>Simbolo</th> <th>Antiparticella</th> <th>Carica</th> <th>Spin</th> <th>Massa (<a href="/wiki/Elettronvolt" title="Elettronvolt">GeV</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_della_luce" title="Velocità della luce">c</a></i><sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Interazioni</th> <th>Forza mediata </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a></td> <td>γ</td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_debole" title="Interazione debole">nucleare debole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">forza elettromagnetica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosone W</a></td> <td>W<sup>+</sup> / W<sup>-</sup></td> <td>W<sup>-</sup> / W<sup>+</sup></td> <td>±1</td> <td>1</td> <td>80,4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">nucleare debole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica">elettromagnetica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">forza nucleare debole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosone Z</a></td> <td>Z<sup>0</sup></td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>91,2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">nucleare debole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">forza nucleare debole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a></td> <td>g</td> <td>se stesso</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>0</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare forte">nucleare forte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare forte">forza nucleare forte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td> <td>H<sup>0</sup></td> <td>se stesso?</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>~125,5<sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-13Dec2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-13Dec2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interazione_nucleare_debole" class="mw-redirect" title="Interazione nucleare debole">elettrodebole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interazione_gravitazionale" title="Interazione gravitazionale">gravitazionale</a></td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Particella ipotetica <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a></td> <td>G</td> <td>se stesso?</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>gravitazionale</td> <td>forza gravitazionale </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Particelle_non-elementari">Particelle non-elementari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Particelle non-elementari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Particelle non-elementari"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le particelle non elementari che compongono tutta la materia nota in natura sono: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b>, particelle soggette all'<a href="/wiki/Interazione_forte" title="Interazione forte">interazione forte</a> che si ritiene siano composte di <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>, antiquark e <a href="/wiki/Gluoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluoni">gluoni</a>. Ne esistono di due tipi:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>,</b> sono fermioni (spin semi-intero). Appartengono a questa categoria: <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleoni</a></b>, barioni costituenti la materia ordinaria, composti da tre <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a>, appartenenti alla prima generazione: <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protone</a></b>, composto da due <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a></b>, composto da due <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">quark down</a> e un <a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">quark up</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">Iperoni</a></b>, tutte le altre combinazioni di tre quark o tre <a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">antiquark</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></b>, numero barionico ±1 ma composti da più di tre quark/antiquark. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></b>, composti da cinque quark.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a></b>, bosoni (spin intero) composti da un <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> e da un <a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">antiquark</a> avente carica di colore opposta. Appartengono a questa categoria: <ul><li><b>Mesoni pseudoscalari</b>, caratterizzati da <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 0 e <a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A0_(fisica)" title="Parità (fisica)">parità</a> - (<i>J<sup>P</sup></i>=0<sup>−</sup>).</li> <li><b>Mesoni vettori</b>, caratterizzati da <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> 1 e <a href="/wiki/Parit%C3%A0_(fisica)" title="Parità (fisica)">parità</a> - (<i>J<sup>P</sup></i>=1<sup>−</sup>).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a></b>, mesoni esotici composti da quattro quark.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a></b>, composti da <a href="/wiki/Protoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoni">protoni</a> e <a href="/wiki/Neutroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutroni">neutroni</a> formanti il <a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">nucleo</a> ed <a href="/wiki/Elettroni" class="mw-redirect" title="Elettroni">elettroni</a> legati a esso dalla <a href="/wiki/Forza_elettromagnetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Forza elettromagnetica">forza elettromagnetica</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a></b>, composte da <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teorie_supersimmetriche">Teorie supersimmetriche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Teorie supersimmetriche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Teorie supersimmetriche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondo alcune teorie, dette <a href="/wiki/Supersimmetria" title="Supersimmetria">supersimmetriche</a>, per ogni particella elementare elencata sopra esiste un partner supersimmetrico. In particolare per un fermione il partner supersimmetrico è un bosone e viceversa. Esempi di queste particelle sono il <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">fotino</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">neutralino</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">gravitino</a>, oppure il <a href="/wiki/Selettrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Selettrone">selettrone</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Smuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuone">smuone</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Sneutrino" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneutrino">sneutrino</a> e via dicendo. Tuttavia tali particelle sono solo speculazioni teoriche ed attualmente per esse non esistono riscontri sperimentali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PDGQuarks-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-PDGQuarks_1-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> K. Nakamura <i>et al.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2010/tables/rpp2010-sum-quarks.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Review of Particle Physics: Quarks</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Physics_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Physics G">Journal of Physics G</a></span>, vol. 37, 2010, p. 075021, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0954-3899%2F37%2F7A%2F075021">10.1088/0954-3899/37/7A/075021</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDG2018-2"><a href="#cite_ref-PDG2018_2-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=Q005M"><span style="font-style:italic;">Review of Particle Physics</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Physical Review D</span>, vol. 98, n. 3, 2018, pp. 030001, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhRvD..98c0001T">2018PhRvD..98c0001T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.98.030001">10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PDG2012-3"><a href="#cite_ref-PDG2012_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> J. Beringer (<a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512010447/http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/tables/rpp2012-sum-quarks.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'<span></span></span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_Data_Group" title="Particle Data Group">Particle Data Group</a>, 2012. <small>URL consultato il 18 dicembre 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2012/tables/rpp2012-sum-quarks.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 12 maggio 2013)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dday.it/redazione/42448/misurata-con-la-piu-alta-precisione-di-sempre-la-massa-del-top-quark-dalla-quale-dipende-la-stabilita-delluniverso"><span style="font-style:italic;">Misurata con la più alta precisione di sempre la massa del Top Quark, dalla quale dipende la stabilità dell'Universo</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">dday.it</span>, 19 aprile 2022. <small>URL consultato il 19 aprile 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATLAS-13Dec2011-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ATLAS-13Dec2011_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106070159/http://www.atlas.ch/news/2011/status-report-dec-2011.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">ATLAS experiment presents latest Higgs search status</span></a>, CERN, 13 dicembre 2011. <small>URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2011</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.atlas.ch/news/2011/status-report-dec-2011.html">url originale</abbr> il 6 gennaio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.web.cern.ch/news/cms-search-standard-model-higgs-boson-lhc-data-2010-and-2011"><span style="font-style:italic;">CMS search for the Standard Model Higgs Boson in LHC data from 2010 and 2011</span></a>, CERN, 13 dicembre 2011. <small>URL consultato il 13 dicembre 2011</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Nell'elenco che segue vengono indicati solo i <a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">quark</a> di valenza, che nella teoria del <a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">modello standard</a> caratterizzano lo stato fondamentale di un <a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">barione</a>. Ad esempio, in base alla energia totale posseduta da un barione, questa si può manifestare con la presenza, nella sua struttura interne, di coppie di quark-antiquark della stessa famiglia e anche di <a href="/wiki/Gluoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluoni">gluoni</a>. Tutto questo però non altera le caratteristiche del barione quale ad esempio carica elettrica o numero barionico o <a href="/wiki/Carica_di_colore" title="Carica di colore">carica di colore</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) G. t'Hooft. <i>In Search of the Ultimate Building Blocks.</i> Cambridge University Press, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780521578837" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0521578837</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) W. Noel Cottingham e Derek A. Greenwood. <i>An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics.</i> Londra, Cambridge University Press, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780521588324" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0521588324</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) F. Mandl e G. Shaw. <i>Quantum Field Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0471941867" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0471941867</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Y. Hayato <i>et al.</i>. <i>Search for Proton Decay through p → νK<sup>+</sup> in a Large Water Cherenkov Detector</i>. Physical Review Letters 83, 1529 (1999).</li> <li>R. Oerter. <i>La teoria del quasi tutto. Il Modello Standard, il trionfo non celebrato della fisica moderna.</i> 2006</li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) C. Amsler, <i>et al.</i>. <i>Review of Particle Physics</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisica_delle_particelle" title="Fisica delle particelle">Fisica delle particelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Particella elementare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanti_di_accoppiamento" title="Costanti di accoppiamento">Costanti di accoppiamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modello_standard" title="Modello standard">Modello standard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/particella" class="extiw" title="wikt:particella">Wikizionario</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/particella" class="extiw" title="wikt:particella">particella</a></b>»</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Particella_(fisica)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/particella"><span style="font-style:italic;">Particèlla</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Treccani.it – Enciclopedie on line</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P3365" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFDizionario_delle_scienze_fisiche" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/particella_(Dizionario-delle-Scienze-Fisiche)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Particella</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Dizionario delle scienze fisiche</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 1996.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P10017" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFVocabolario_Treccani" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/particella"><span style="font-style:italic;">Particèlla</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Vocabolario_Treccani" title="Vocabolario Treccani">Vocabolario Treccani</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P5844" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/particèlla.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">particèlla</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/particle-matter"><span style="font-style:italic;">particle</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Library" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/particles"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere riguardanti Particles</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1621273#P3847" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/pdg.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tutti i dati dettagliati delle particelle</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it"><span style="font-style:italic;">ScienzaPerTutti: dove la fisica può essere semplice e divertente!</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130413072246/http://scienzapertutti.lnf.infn.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=339:1-il-modello-standard&catid=13&Itemid=275"><span style="font-style:italic;">Il Modello Standard: dove tutto è "particelle elementari"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">infn.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 4 luglio 2023</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.infn.it/scienzapertutti/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=339:1-il-modello-standard&catid=13&Itemid=275">url originale</abbr> il 13 aprile 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/2009/html/computer_read.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Particle Data Group</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pdg.lbl.gov</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list 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.navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Particelle"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Particelle" title="Template:Particelle"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Particelle" title="Discussioni template:Particelle"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Particelle&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">Particelle in fisica</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Particella_elementare" title="Particella elementare">Elementari</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Fermione" title="Fermione">Fermioni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Quark_(particella)" title="Quark (particella)">Quark</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Quark_up" title="Quark up">Up</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_down" title="Quark down">Down</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_charm" title="Quark charm">Charm</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_strange" title="Quark strange">Strange</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_top" title="Quark top">Top</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Quark_bottom" title="Quark bottom">Bottom</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Leptone" title="Leptone">Leptoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">Elettrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">Positrone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muone" title="Muone">Muone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antimuone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuone">Antimuone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauone" title="Tauone">Tauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitauone" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitauone">Antitauone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_elettronico" title="Neutrino elettronico">Neutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_elettronico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino elettronico">Antineutrino elettronico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_muonico" title="Neutrino muonico">Neutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_muonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino muonico">Antineutrino muonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_tauonico" title="Neutrino tauonico">Neutrino tauonico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_tauonico" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino tauonico">Antineutrino tauonico</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Bosone_(fisica)" title="Bosone (fisica)">Bosoni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_gauge" title="Bosone di gauge">Gauge</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">Fotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone">Gluone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W_e_Z" title="Bosoni W e Z">Bosoni W e Z</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_scalare" title="Bosone scalare">Scalari</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Bosone_di_Higgs" title="Bosone di Higgs">Bosone di Higgs</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Lista_delle_particelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista delle particelle">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Sparticella" title="Sparticella">Sparticelle</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gaugini</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluino">Gluino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotino">Fotino</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:8%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sfermione" title="Sfermione">Sfermione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosino_(particella)" title="Bosino (particella)">Bosino</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal;width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assione" title="Assione">Assione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dilatone" title="Dilatone">Dilatone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Gravitone" title="Gravitone">Gravitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magnetico" title="Monopolo magnetico">Monopolo magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Majorone" title="Majorone">Majorone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tachione" title="Tachione">Tachione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_X_e_Y" title="Bosoni X e Y">Bosoni X e Y</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bosoni_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bosoni W' e Z'">bosoni W' e Z'</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_sterile" title="Neutrino sterile">Neutrino sterile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Preone_(fisica)" title="Preone (fisica)">Preone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fermione_di_Majorana" title="Fermione di Majorana">Fermione di Majorana</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_di_Faddeev-Popov" title="Ghost di Faddeev-Popov">Ghost di Faddeev-Popov</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/400px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/600px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg/800px-Modello_Standard_delle_Particelle_Elementari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Stato_legato" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato legato">Composte</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even" style="background:transparent"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b><a href="/wiki/Adrone" title="Adrone">Adroni</a></b></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione" title="Barione">Barioni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Iperone_(fisica)" title="Iperone (fisica)">iperoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleone" title="Nucleone">Nucleone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protone" title="Protone">Protone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Neutrone" title="Neutrone">Neutrone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_delta" title="Barione delta">Barione delta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_lambda" title="Barione lambda">Barione lambda</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_sigma" title="Barione sigma">Barione sigma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_Xi" title="Barione Xi">Barione Xi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barione_omega" title="Barione omega">Barione omega</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone" title="Mesone">Mesoni</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Quarkonio" title="Quarkonio">quarkoni</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Pione" title="Pione">Pione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_rho" title="Mesone rho">Mesone rho</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_eta" title="Mesone eta">Mesoni eta e eta primo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_phi" title="Mesone phi">Mesone phi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_omega" title="Mesone omega">Mesone omega</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_J/Psi" title="Mesone J/Psi">Mesone J/Psi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_upsilon" title="Mesone upsilon">Mesone upsilon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Kaone" title="Kaone">Kaone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_B" title="Mesone B">Mesone B</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_D" title="Mesone D">Mesone D</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Adrone_esotico" title="Adrone esotico">Adroni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Particelle_composte_ipotetiche" title="Categoria:Particelle composte ipotetiche">Ipotetiche</a></th><td colspan="1"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Barione_esotico" title="Barione esotico">Barioni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Esaquark" title="Esaquark">Esaquark</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Mesone_esotico" title="Mesone esotico">Mesoni esotici</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odderone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odderone (la pagina non esiste)">Odderone</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_theta" title="Mesone theta">Mesone theta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mesone_T" title="Mesone T">Mesone T</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="font-weight:normal; width:12%;background:#e6e6ff">Altre</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Molecola_mesonica" title="Molecola mesonica">Molecola mesonica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pomerone" title="Pomerone">Pomerone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:9%;background:#e6e6ff"><b>Altre</b></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Nucleo_atomico" title="Nucleo atomico">Nuclei atomici</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">Atomi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomo_esotico" title="Atomo esotico">Atomi esotici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positronio" title="Positronio">Positronio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Muonio_(fisica)" title="Muonio (fisica)">Muonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tauonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonio">Tauonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pionio" title="Pionio">Pionio</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Atomolecola" title="Atomolecola">Atomolecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola">Molecole</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Superatomo" title="Superatomo">Superatomo</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="width:5em;font-weight:normal; width:10%"><b><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticella" title="Quasiparticella">Quasiparticelle</a></b></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd" style="background:transparent"><a href="/wiki/Droplettone" title="Droplettone">Droplettone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eccitone" title="Eccitone">Eccitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fasone" title="Fasone">Fasone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frattone_(particella)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frattone (particella) (la pagina non esiste)">Frattone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fonone" title="Fonone">Fonone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(fisica)" title="Lacuna (fisica)">Lacuna</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Levitone" title="Levitone">Levitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Magnone_(fisica)" title="Magnone (fisica)">Magnone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plasmarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plasmarone (la pagina non esiste)">Plasmarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Plasmone" title="Plasmone">Plasmone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polaritone" title="Polaritone">Polaritone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Polarone" title="Polarone">Polarone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Qualunquone" title="Qualunquone">Qualunquone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rotone" title="Rotone">Rotone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione" title="Skyrmione">Skyrmione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Skyrmione_magnetico" title="Skyrmione magnetico">Skyrmione magnetico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone" title="Solitone">Solitone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Solitone_di_Davydov" title="Solitone di Davydov">Solitone di Davydov</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Spinone_(fisica)" title="Spinone (fisica)">Spinone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Topolaritone" title="Topolaritone">Topolaritone</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_scoperta_delle_particelle" title="Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle">Cronologia della scoperta delle particelle</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85098370">sh85098370</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4059317-4">4059317-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565495005171">987007565495005171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; 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