CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Chola dynasty - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7626f964-9965-4f76-83a3-21db7fcdcf74","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Chola_dynasty","wgTitle":"Chola dynasty","wgCurRevisionId":1252877717,"wgRevisionId":1252877717,"wgArticleId":3118873,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Use dmy dates from December 2015","Use Indian English from June 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Pages with Tamil IPA","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from April 2015","Commons category link from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Chola dynasty","Chola Empire","1279 disestablishments in Asia","1st-millennium BC establishments in India","Coromandel Coast","History of Thanjavur","States and territories disestablished in 1279","States and territories established in the 4th century BC","Tamil monarchs","Solar dynasty"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Chola_dynasty","wgRelevantArticleId":3118873,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q151148","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready" ,"user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1808"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1205"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="964"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Chola dynasty - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Chola_dynasty rootpage-Chola_dynasty skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chola+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chola+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Chola+dynasty" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Chola+dynasty" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Cholas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Cholas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early Cholas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Cholas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interregnum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_Cholas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Cholas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Imperial Cholas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Cholas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_conquests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_conquests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Overseas conquests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_conquests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Cholas_(1070–1279)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Cholas_(1070–1279)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Later Cholas (1070–1279)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Cholas_(1070–1279)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration and society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration and society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chola_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chola_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chola territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chola_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chola dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%BE%E1%88%8B_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የቾላ ሥርወ መንግሥት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቾላ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चोल वंश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चोल वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة تشولا الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تشولا الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="চোল ৰাজবংশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চোল ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Chola" title="Dinastía Chola – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Chola" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="চোল সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চোল সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_%C3%B4ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Chola ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chola ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82)" title="Чола (дәүләт) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чола (дәүләт)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дзяржава Чола – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзяржава Чола" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txola" title="Txola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%B3lov%C3%A9_(dynastie)" title="Čólové (dynastie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čólové (dynastie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choladynastiet" title="Choladynastiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Choladynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Chola" title="Dinastía Chola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Chola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ola_dinastio" title="Ĉola dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉola dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txola" title="Txola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="دودمان چولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان چولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Chola" title="Dynastie Chola – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Chola" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ચોલ સામ્રાજ્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચોલ સામ્રાજ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%90%EB%9D%BC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="촐라 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="촐라 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चोल राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चोल राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_%C4%8Cola" title="Dinastija Čola – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Čola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Chola" title="Kerajaan Chola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Chola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola-veldi%C3%B0" title="Chola-veldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chola-veldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="שושלת צ'ולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת צ'ולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಚೋಳ ವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೋಳ ವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Colas_dinastija" title="Čolas dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čolas dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Colos_imperija" title="Čolos imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čolos imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csola-dinasztia" title="Csola-dinasztia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csola-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चोल राजवंश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चोल राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ചോഴസാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചോഴസാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="चोळ साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चोळ साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Chola" title="Wangsa Chola – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wangsa Chola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola%27s" title="Chola's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chola's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="चोल वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चोल वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E6%9C%9D" title="チョーラ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チョーラ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola-dynastiet" title="Chola-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chola-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjola" title="Tsjola – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjola" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਚੋਲ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੋਲ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA" title="چولا بادشاہت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چولا بادشاہت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%85%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6" title="រាជវង្សចោឡា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សចោឡា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86olowie" title="Ćolowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ćolowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Chola" title="Império Chola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Chola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чола – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чола" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="चोळवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चोळवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_%C3%87ola" title="Dinastia Çola – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Çola" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%85_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="චෝළ රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෝළ රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chola dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Чола царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чола царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cola_Carstvo" title="Čola Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čola Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Chola" title="Dinasti Chola – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Chola" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சோழர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோழர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Чола (дәүләте) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чола (дәүләте)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="చోళ సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చోళ సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์โจฬะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์โจฬะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ola_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Çola Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çola Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Чола – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="چولا شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چولا شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朱罗王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朱罗王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%85%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朱羅王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱羅王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="朱罗王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朱罗王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola" title="Chola – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Chola" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151148#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Chola_dynasty" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Chola_dynasty" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Chola_dynasty" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&oldid=1252877717" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Chola_dynasty&id=1252877717&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChola_dynasty"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FChola_dynasty"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Chola_dynasty&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151148" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tamil dynasty of South India </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Chola Dynasty. For the medieval empire, see <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>.</div> <p> <span class="anchor" id="Chola_kings"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Chola Dynasty</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Imperial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Royal</a>, dynasty</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_(AV)._Chola,_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil,_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg/250px-Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg/375px-Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg/500px-Chola_Kings._Rajaraja_I._985-1014_CE_Uncertain_Tamilnadu_mint_%28AV%29._Chola%2C_conqueror_of_the_Gangas_in_Tamil%2C_seated_tiger_with_two_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="474" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Imperial coin of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> (985–1014). Uncertain Tamilnadu mint. Legend "Chola, conqueror of the Gangas" in Tamil, seated tiger with two fish.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Chola Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Chodaganga Dynasty </a> <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya#Aftermath" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Kadaram</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Kingdom of Velanati</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nellore_Chodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellore Chodas">Kingdom of Nellore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Kingdom of Pottapi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Kingdom of Nannuru </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Kingdom of Konidena </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nidugal_Cholas" title="Nidugal Cholas">Kingdom of Niduga</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Rajahanate of Sanmalan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Other smaller historical states </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Chola Nadu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilamchetchenni" title="Ilamchetchenni">Ilamchetchenni</a> (first documented)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_III" title="Rajendra III">Rajendra III</a> (main branch)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">1279</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Andhra Choda Dynasties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Chodas of Velanati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellore_Chodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellore Chodas">Chodas of Nellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas#Renati_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Chodas of Renati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas#Pottapi_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Chodas of Pottapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas#Konidena_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Chodas of Konidena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas#Pottapi_Nannuru" title="Telugu Chodas">Chodas of Nannuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidugal_Cholas" title="Nidugal Cholas">Cholas of Nidugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodaganga" title="Chodaganga">Chodaganga Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Rajanate of Cebu</a> (Semi-Legendary)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#dacaa5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chola</a> kings and emperors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">205 BCE– <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 161 BCE</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kulakkottan" title="Kulakkottan">Kulakkottan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilamchetchenni" title="Ilamchetchenni">Ilamchetchenni</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karikala" title="Karikala">Karikala</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nedunkilli" title="Nedunkilli">Nedunkilli</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nalankilli" title="Nalankilli">Nalankilli</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Killivalavan" title="Killivalavan">Killivalavan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kopperuncholan" title="Kopperuncholan">Kopperuncholan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kochchenganan" title="Kochchenganan">Kochchenganan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perunarkilli" title="Perunarkilli">Perunarkilli</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; background:#DCDCDC; border:#fefefe 1px solid;"> <i>Interregnum (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 848 CE</span>)</i></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 848–871?</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 871–907</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parantaka_I" title="Parantaka I">Parantaka I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 907–955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajaditya_Chola" title="Rajaditya Chola">Rajaditya Chola</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 935–949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandaraditya" title="Gandaraditya">Gandaraditya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 949–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arinjaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Arinjaya">Arinjaya</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 955–956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parantaka_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Parantaka Chola II">Parantaka II (Sundara)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 950–980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aditya_Karikalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aditya Karikalan">Aditya II (Karikala)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 966–971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uttama_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttama Chola">Uttama</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 971–987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 985–1014</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1012–1044</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1018–1054</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola II">Rajendra II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1051–1063</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajamahendra_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajamahendra Chola (page does not exist)">Rajamahendra</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1060–1063</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Virarajendra Chola">Virarajendra</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1063–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirajendra Chola">Athirajendra</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1067–1070</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola I">Kulothunga I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1070–1120</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Chola" title="Vikrama Chola">Vikrama</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1118–1135</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola II">Kulothunga II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1133–1150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_II" title="Rajaraja II">Rajaraja II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1146–1173</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola II">Rajadhiraja II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1166–1178</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1178–1218</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_III" title="Rajaraja III">Rajaraja III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1216–1256</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola III">Rajendra III</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1246–1279</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; background:#cccc99; border:#fefefe 1px solid;"> <b>Related</b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Telugu Chodas</a> of Andhra</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Chodagangas</a> of Kalinga</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nidugal_Cholas" title="Nidugal Cholas">Nidugal Cholas</a> of Karnataka</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Rajahnate of Sanmalan</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Chola society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Expedition_of_the_Ganges" title="Chola Expedition of the Ganges">Ganges Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_government" title="Chola government">Chola government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_military" title="Chola military">Chola military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Navy" title="Chola Navy">Chola Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_art_and_architecture" title="Chola art and architecture">Chola art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola literature">Chola literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chola" title="Flag of Chola">Flag of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solesvara_temples" title="List of Solesvara temples">Solesvara Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poompuhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Poompuhar">Poompuhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melakadambur" title="Melakadambur">Melakadambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_early_Chola_kings" title="Legendary early Chola kings">Legendary early Chola kings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:#e7dcc3 1px solid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chola_history" title="Template:Chola history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chola_history" title="Template talk:Chola history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chola_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chola history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:History of Tamil Nadu">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background:#fff0a8 ; font-size:135%"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/135px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/203px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/270px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Main</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tami%E1%B8%BBakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamiḻakam">Tamiḻakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Tamil_history" title="Chronology of Tamil history">Chronology of Tamil history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">List of Tamil monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Maritime contacts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_ancient_Tamil_history" title="Sources of ancient Tamil history">Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Education in ancient Tamil country">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of ancient Tamil country">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_government" title="Early Pandyan government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Tamil_country" title="Economy of ancient Tamil country">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_society" title="Early Pandyan society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Tamil religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cheras">Early Cheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Velirs">Velirs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava Empire">Pallava Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Kingdom">Chera Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Madurai Nayaks">Madurai Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore Nayaks">Tanjore Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kalahasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayaks of Kalahasti">Kalahasti Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingee_Nayaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingee Nayaks">Gingee Nayaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thondaiman" class="mw-redirect" title="Thondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%; background-color: #fff0a8;color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Ancient Tamil Nadu">Ancient Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_architecture" title="Category:Tamil architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_history_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Economic history of Tamil Nadu">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_monuments_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_inscriptions" title="Category:Tamil inscriptions">Inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Forts in Tamil Nadu">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu">Ancient sites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TNhistory" title="Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TNhistory" title="Template talk:TNhistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TNhistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Chola dynasty</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tamil:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ta-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">[t͡ʃoːɻɐr]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_dynasties" title="Tamil dynasties">Tamil dynasty</a> originating from <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a>. At its height, it ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a>, an expansive <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">maritime</a> empire. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century <small>BCE</small> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>. The Chola empire was at its peak and achieved imperialism under the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a> in the mid-9th century <small>CE</small>. As one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a>, the dynasty continued to govern over varying territories until the 13th century <small>CE</small>. </p><p>The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the <a href="/wiki/Kaveri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveri River">Kaveri River</a>. They ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the latter half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. They unified peninsular India south of the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a> and held the territory as one state for three centuries between 907 and 1215 <small>CE</small>.<sup id="cite_ref-sastri5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sastri5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola I">Rajaraja I</a> and his successors <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola">Rajadhiraja I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola II">Rajendra II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virarajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Virarajendra Chola">Virarajendra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola I">Kulothunga Chola I</a>, the empire became a military, economic and cultural powerhouse in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay2011215_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay2011215-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <p>There is very little written evidence for the Cholas before the 7th century CE. The main sources of information about the early Cholas are <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">ancient Tamil literature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oral traditions, religious texts, temple and <a href="/wiki/Copper-plate_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-plate grant">copperplate inscriptions</a>. Later <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">medieval Cholas</a> also claimed a long and ancient lineage. The Cholas are mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Edicts_in_Delhi" title="Ashokan Edicts in Delhi">Ashokan Edicts</a> (inscribed 273 BCE–232 BCE) as one of the Mauryan empire's neighbours to the South (<a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Major_Rock_Edict_No.13" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashoka Major Rock Edict No.13">Ashoka Major Rock Edict No.13</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, thought not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also brief references to the Chola country and its towns, ports and commerce in the <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> (<i>Periplus Maris Erythraei</i>), and in the slightly later work of the geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> text written down during the 5th century CE, recounts several conflicts between the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and Cholas in the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commonly held view is that <i>Chola</i> is, like <i><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a></i>, the name of the ruling family or clan of immemorial antiquity. The annotator <a href="/wiki/Parimelazhagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Parimelazhagar">Parimelazhagar</a> said: "The charity of people with ancient lineage (such as the Cholas, the Pandyas and the Cheras) are forever generous despite their reduced means". Other names in common use for the Cholas are <i>Choda</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988120_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Killi</i> (கிள்ளி), <i>Valavan</i> (வளவன்), <i>Sembiyan</i> (செம்பியன்) and <i>Cenni</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Killi</i> perhaps comes from the Tamil <i>kil</i> (கிள்) meaning dig or cleave and conveys the idea of a digger or a worker of the land. This word often forms an integral part of early Chola names like <a href="/wiki/Nedunkilli" title="Nedunkilli">Nedunkilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalankilli" title="Nalankilli">Nalankilli</a> and so on, but almost drops out of use in later times. <i>Valavan</i> is most probably connected with "<i>valam</i>" (வளம்) – fertility and means owner or ruler of a fertile country. <i>Sembiyan</i> is generally taken to mean a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Shibi_(king)" title="Shibi (king)">Shibi</a> – a legendary hero whose self-sacrifice in saving a dove from the pursuit of a falcon figures among the early Chola legends and forms the subject matter of the <a href="/wiki/Sibi_Jataka" title="Sibi Jataka">Sibi Jataka</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jataka</a> stories of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198419–20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198419–20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tamil lexicon <i>Chola</i> means <i>Soazhi</i> or <i>Saei</i> denoting a newly formed kingdom, in the lines of <i>Pandya</i> or the old country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cenni</i> in Tamil means <i>Head</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The history of the Cholas falls into four periods: the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam</a> literature, the interregnum between the fall of the Sangam Cholas and the rise of the Imperial medieval Cholas under <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya</a> (c. 848), the dynasty of Vijayalaya, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Later_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Chola">Later Chola</a> dynasty of Kulothunga Chola I from the third quarter of the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Cholas">Early Cholas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legendary_early_Chola_kings" title="Legendary early Chola kings">Legendary early Chola kings</a></div> <p>The earliest Chola kings for whom there is tangible evidence are mentioned in the Sangam literature. Scholars generally agree that this literature belongs to the late centuries before the common era and the early centuries of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internal chronology of this literature is still far from settled, and at present a connected account of the history of the period cannot be derived. It records the names of the kings and the princes, and of the poets who extolled them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri200219–20,_104–106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200219–20,_104–106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sangam literature also records legends about mythical Chola kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These myths speak of the Chola king Kantaman, a supposed contemporary of the sage <a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a>, whose devotion brought the river Kaveri into existence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two names are prominent among those Chola kings who feature in Sangam literature: <a href="/wiki/Karikala_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Karikala Chola">Karikala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kocengannan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kocengannan">Kocengannan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987137_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987137-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002116_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002116-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no sure means of settling the order of succession, of fixing their relations with one another and with many other princelings of around the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002105–106_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002105–106-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Urayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Urayur">Urayur</a> (now a part of <a href="/wiki/Thiruchirapalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruchirapalli">Thiruchirapalli</a>) was their oldest capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kaveripattinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaveripattinam">Kaveripattinam</a> also served as an early Chola capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002113_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002113-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> mentions that a Chola prince known as <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Ellalan</a>, invaded the Rajarata kingdom of Sri Lanka and conquered it in 235 BCE with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interregnum">Interregnum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_in_BC_300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/South_India_in_BC_300.jpg/220px-South_India_in_BC_300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/South_India_in_BC_300.jpg/330px-South_India_in_BC_300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/South_India_in_BC_300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>South India in BC 300, showing the Chera, Pandya and Chola countries</figcaption></figure> <p>There is not much information about the transition period of around three centuries from the end of the Sangam age (c. 300) to that in which the Pandyas and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> dominated the Tamil country. An obscure dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhras" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalabhras">Kalabhras</a> invaded Tamil country, displaced the existing kingdoms and ruled during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002130,_135,_137_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002130,_135,_137-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987139_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987139-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1995268_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1995268-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were displaced by the Pallava dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known of the fate of the Cholas in Tamil land during the succeeding three centuries. The Cholas disappeared from the Tamil land almost completely in this debacle, though a branch of them can be traced towards the close of the fifth century CE in Rayalaseema—the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Telugu-Cholas</a>, whose kingdom is mentioned by Yuan Chwang in the seventh-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Kalabhra invasion and the growing power of Pallavas, <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> migrated from their native land <a href="/wiki/Uraiyur" title="Uraiyur">Uraiyur</a> to Telugu country and ruled from there as chieftains of Pallavas at least since 540 CE. Several <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Telugu Chola</a> families like Renati Cholas, Pottapi Cholas, <a href="/wiki/Nellore_Chodas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nellore Chodas">Nellore Cholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velanati_Chodas" title="Velanati Chodas">Velanati Cholas</a>, Nannuru Cholas, Kondidela Cholas existed and claimed descent from ancient Tamil king <a href="/wiki/Karikala_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Karikala Chola">Karikala Chola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cholas had to wait for another three centuries until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya Chola</a> belonging to Pottapi Chola family in the second quarter of the ninth century to re-establish their dynasty as independent rulers by overthrowing Pallavas and Pandyas.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per inscriptions found in and around Thanjavur, Thanjavur kingdom was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Mutharaiyar_dynasty" title="Mutharaiyar dynasty">Mutharaiyars</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muthuraja" title="Muthuraja">Muthurajas</a> for three centuries. Their reign was ended by Vijayalaya Chola who captured Thanjavur from <a href="/wiki/Ilango_Mutharaiyar" title="Ilango Mutharaiyar">Ilango Mutharaiyar</a> between 848 and 851 CE. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">Epigraphy</a> and literature provide a few glimpses of the transformations that came over this line of kings during this long interval. It is certain that when the power of the Cholas fell to its lowest ebb and that of the Pandyas and Pallavas rose to the north and south of them,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984102_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this dynasty was compelled to seek refuge and patronage under their more successful rivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001115_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001115-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their reduced powers, the Pandyas and Pallavas accepted Chola princesses in marriage, possibly out of regard for their reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Pallava inscriptions of this period mention their having fought rulers of the Chola country.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_(south_India).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg/220px-Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg/330px-Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg/440px-Chola_coin_with_legend_%22Uttama%22_%28south_India%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>An early silver coin of <a href="/wiki/Uththama_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Uththama Chola">Uttama Chola</a> found in Sri Lanka showing the tiger emblem of the Chola and in Nagari script.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200331_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200331-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Cholas">Imperial Cholas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chola_Temples_in_Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chola Temples in Bangalore">List of Chola Temples in Bangalore</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> was founded in 848 CE by <a href="/wiki/Vijayalaya_Chola" title="Vijayalaya Chola">Vijayalaya</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999477–478_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999477–478-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raraja_detail.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Raraja_detail.png/220px-Raraja_detail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Raraja_detail.png/330px-Raraja_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Raraja_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola">Rajaraja I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple" title="Brihadisvara Temple">Brihadisvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early Chola kings expanded their territory and influence. During the early 10th century, the second Chola King, <a href="/wiki/Aditya_I" title="Aditya I">Aditya I</a>, defeated the Pallava dynasty and Pandyan dynasty capturing <a href="/wiki/Tondaimandalam" title="Tondaimandalam">Tondaimandalam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a>. Later Aditya's son <a href="/wiki/Parantaka_I" title="Parantaka I">Parantaka I</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a> in the battle of Vallala and also defeated the Pandyas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999373_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999373-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_I" title="Rajendra I">Rajendra I</a> would expand the dynasty to its imperial state in the 11th century, creating an influential empire in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadeeswarar Temple">Brihadeeswarar Temple</a> was also built in this era.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chola dynasty was at the peak of its influence and power during the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002157_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002157-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rajendra I conquered <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pala_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala empire">Pala dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and reached the Ganges river in north India.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajendra Chola I built a new capital called <a href="/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a> to celebrate his victories in northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajendra Chola I successfully invaded the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> kingdom in Southeast Asia which led to the decline of the empire there.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also completed the conquest of a kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> within Sri Lanka and sent three diplomatic missions to China in 1016, 1033, and 1077.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehejia1990xiv_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehejia1990xiv-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987407_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/220px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/330px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG/440px-Gopuram_Corner_View_of_Thanjavur_Brihadeeswara_Temple..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gopuram Corner View of Thanjavur <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/220px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/330px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg/440px-Top_of_Brihadisvara_Temple%2C_Thanjavur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4735" data-file-height="3785" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sikhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhara">sikhara</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadisvara Temple</a>, a cupolic dome (25 tons), is octagonal and rests on a single block of granite, weighing 80 tons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airavateswara_Temple,_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg/220px-Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg/330px-Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg/440px-Airavateswara_Temple%2C_Darasuram_in_Thanjavur_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Airavateswara_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Airavateswara temple">Airavateswara temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darasuram" title="Darasuram">Darasuram</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur District">Thanjavur District</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Satyashraya" title="Satyashraya">Satyashraya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_I" title="Someshvara I">Someshvara I</a> tried regularly to loose itself from Chola domination, primarily due to the Chola influence in the <a href="/wiki/Vengi" title="Vengi">Vengi</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002158_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002158-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Chalukyas mounted several unsuccessful attempts to engage the Chola emperors in war, and except for a brief occupation of the Vengi territories between 1118 and 1126, allied with Prince <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cholas usually managed to dominate over the Chalukyas in the western <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> by defeating them in war and levying tribute on them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the occupation of Dharwar in North Central Karnataka by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a>, where he based himself with his son Narasimha I in charge of the Hoysala capital Dwarasamudra around 1149, and with the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris</a> occupying the Chalukyan capital for over 35 years from around 1150–1151, the Chalukya kingdom had already started to dissolve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002184_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002184-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cholas under <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga Chola III</a> collaborated to herald the dissolution of the Chalukyas by aiding the Hoysalas under <a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a>, the son-in-law of the Chola monarch, and defeated the Western Chalukyas in a series of wars with <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_IV" title="Someshvara IV">Someshvara IV</a> between 1185 and 1190. The last Chalukya king's territories did not even include the erstwhile Chalukyan capitals Badami, Manyakheta or Kalyani. That was the final dissolution of Chalukyan power though the Chalukyas existed only in name for the period 1135–1140. But the Cholas remained stable until 1215, and were then absorbed by the Pandyan empire and ceased to exist by 1279.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, from 1150 CE to 1280 CE, the Pandya dynasty became the staunchest opponents of the Cholas and tried to win independence for their traditional territories. Thus, this period saw constant warfare between the Cholas and the Pandyas. Besides, the Cholas regularly fought with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Gangas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinga</a>. Moreover, under Chola's protection, Vengi remained largely independent. Cholas also dominated the entire eastern coast with their feudatories, the Telugu Cholas of Velanati and Nellore among others. These feudatories always aided the Cholas in their successful campaigns against the Chalukyas and levied tribute on the Kannada kingdoms. Furthermore, the Cholas fought constantly with the Sinhala kings from the Rohana kingdom of Sri Lanka, who repeatedly attempted to overthrow the Chola occupation of Rajarata and unify the island. But until the later Chola king Kulottunga I, the Cholas had firm control over the area. In one such instance, the Chola king, <a href="/wiki/Rajadhiraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajadhiraja Chola II">Rajadhiraja Chola II</a>, was able to defeat the Sinhalese, aided by their traditional ally, a confederation of five Pandya princes, and kept the control of Rajarata under Chola rule. His successor, the last great Chola monarch <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulottunga Chola III">Kulottunga Chola III</a> reinforced the hold of the Chola territories by quelling further rebellions and disturbances in the Rajarata area of Sri Lanka and Madurai. He also defeated Hoysala generals who fought under Veera Ballala II at Karuvur. Furthermore, he also continued holding on to traditional territories in Tamil country, Eastern Gangavadi, Draksharama, Vengi, and Kalinga. However, after defeating Veera Ballala II, Kulottunga Chola III entered into a marital alliance with him through Ballala's marriage to a Chola princess, which improved Kulottunga Chola III's relationship with the Hoysalas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_conquests">Overseas conquests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola invasion of Srivijaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chola_rule_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola rule in Sri Lanka">Chola rule in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chola_Empire_Map_(1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/420px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/630px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg/840px-Chola_Empire_Map_%281%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> at its greatest extent under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra I</a>. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the Chola armies invaded Sri Lanka, the Maldives and parts of Southeast Asia like Malaysia, Indonesia and Southern Thailand<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Srivijaya Empire in the 11th century. Rajaraja Chola I launched several naval campaigns that resulted in the capture of Sri Lanka, Maldives and the Malabar Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1025, Rajendra Chola launched naval raids on the ports of Srivijaya and against the Burmese kingdom of Pegu.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chola inscription states that he captured or plundered 14 places, which have been identified with Palembang, <a href="/wiki/Tambralinga" title="Tambralinga">Tambralinga</a> and Kedah among others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaine2014281_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2014281-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second invasion was led by Virarajendra Chola, who conquered <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> in Malaysia of Srivijaya in the late 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chola invasion ultimately failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya, since the invasion was short and only meant to plunder the wealth of Srivijaya. However, this invasion gravely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms. Although the invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation and the region was unchanged geographically, there were huge consequences in trade. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm traditionally controlled by Malay traders and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and the north coast of Sumatra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Cholas_(1070–1279)"><span id="Later_Cholas_.281070.E2.80.931279.29"></span>Later Cholas (1070–1279)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kulothunga_territories_a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Kulothunga_territories_a.png/220px-Kulothunga_territories_a.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Kulothunga_territories_a.png/330px-Kulothunga_territories_a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Kulothunga_territories_a.png/440px-Kulothunga_territories_a.png 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>Later Chola Kingdom under Kulothunga Chola I (1070–1120 C.E)</figcaption></figure> <p>Marital and political alliances between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a> began during the reign of Rajaraja following his invasion of Vengi. Rajaraja Chola's daughter married Chalukya prince Vimaladitya<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987405_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987405-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rajendra Chola's daughter Ammanga Devi was married to the Eastern Chalukya prince <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Narendra" title="Rajaraja Narendra">Rajaraja Narendra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003120_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003120-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virarajendra Chola's son, <a href="/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirajendra Chola">Athirajendra Chola</a>, was assassinated in a civil disturbance in 1070, and Kulothunga Chola I, the son of Ammanga Devi and Rajaraja Narendra, ascended the Chola throne. Thus began the Later Chola dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987408_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987408-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Later Chola dynasty was led by capable rulers such as Kulothunga Chola I, his son <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Chola" title="Vikrama Chola">Vikrama Chola</a>, other successors like Rajaraja Chola II, Rajadhiraja Chola II, and Kulothunga Chola III, who conquered Kalinga, <a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Ilam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kataha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kataha">Kataha</a>. However, the rule of the later Cholas between 1218, starting with <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola II">Rajaraja Chola II</a>, to the last emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola III">Rajendra Chola III</a> was not as strong as those of the emperors between 850 and 1215. Around 1118, they lost control of Vengi to the Western Chalukya and Gangavadi (southern <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> districts) to the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a>. However, these were only temporary setbacks, because immediately following the accession of King Vikrama Chola, the son and successor of Kulothunga Chola I, the Cholas lost no time in recovering the province of Vengi by defeating Chalukya Someshvara III and also recovering Gangavadi from the Hoysalas. The Chola empire, though not as strong as between 850 and 1150, was still largely territorially intact under Rajaraja Chola II (1146–1175) a fact attested by the construction and completion of the third grand Chola architectural marvel, the chariot-shaped <a href="/wiki/Airavatesvara_Temple" title="Airavatesvara Temple">Airavatesvara Temple</a> at Dharasuram on the outskirts of modern Kumbakonam. Chola administration and territorial integrity until the rule of Kulothunga Chola III was stable and very prosperous up to 1215, but during his rule itself, the decline of the Chola power started following his defeat by Maravarman Sundara Pandiyan II in 1215–16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967471_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967471-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Cholas also lost control of the island of Lanka and were driven out by the revival of Sinhala power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In continuation of the decline, also marked by the resurgence of the Pandyan dynasty as the most powerful rulers in South India, a lack of a controlling central administration in its erstwhile Pandyan territories prompted several claimants to the Pandya throne to cause a civil war in which the Sinhalas and the Cholas were involved by proxy. Details of the Pandyan civil war and the role played by the Cholas and Sinhalas, are present in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> as well as the Pallavarayanpettai Inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003128–129_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003128–129-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <p>The setbacks suffered during the final years of Kulothunga I left a somewhat diminished empire. Kulothunga's successors <a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Chola" title="Vikrama Chola">Vikrama Chola</a> (1118–1135 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola II">Kulothunga Chola II</a> (1133–1150 CE) were capable and compassionate leaders who took care not to involve their subjects in unnecessary and unwinnable wars.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajaraja II (1146–1173 CE), Rajadhiraja II (1166–1178 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga Chola III</a> (1178–1218 CE) took active roles in the politics of the emerging revival of the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002195–196_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002195–196-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Chola succession was getting murkier and murkier with disputes and intrigues during the periods of Rajadhiraja II and Kulothunga III.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967472_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967472-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cholas under <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga Chola III</a> collaborated to herald the dissolution of the Chalukyas by aiding Hoysalas under <a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a>, the son-in-law of the Chola monarch and defeated the Western Chalukyas in a series of wars with <a href="/wiki/Someshvara_IV" title="Someshvara IV">Someshvara IV</a> between 1185 and 1190. The last Chalukya king's territories did not even include the erstwhile Chalukyan capitals Badami, Manyakheta or Kalyani. That was the final dissolution of Chalukyan power though the Chalukyas existed only in name since 1135–1140. But the Cholas remained stable until 1215, were absorbed by the Pandyan empire and ceased to exist by 1279.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His successor, the last great Chola monarch <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulottunga Chola III">Kulottunga Chola III</a> reinforced the hold of the Chola territories by quelling further rebellions and disturbances in the Rajarata area of Sri Lanka and Madurai. He also defeated Hoysala generals who fought under Veera Ballala II at Karuvur. Eastern Gangavadi, Draksharama, Vengi, and Kalinga. However, after defeating Veera Ballala II, Kulottunga Chola III entered into a marital alliance with him through Ballala's marriage to a Chola princess, which improved the Kulottunga Chola III's relationship with Hoysalas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_society">Administration and society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chola_territory">Chola territory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Chola Nadu</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chola dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Chola dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/1100_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1100 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">1100</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID<br />KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x25" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KIEVAN<br />RUS'</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x40" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Cumans</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_7x47" style="position:absolute; left:7px; top:47px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Pechenegs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_2x104" style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:104px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FATIMID<br />CALIPHATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_46x68" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:68px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GEORGIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x70" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XI XIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x65" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Jurchen</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x35" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kimeks</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x50" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHITAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x65" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x95" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x145" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x130" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_193x135" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAGAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x120" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DALI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KHMER</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x164" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:164px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAYU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x111" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:111px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_67x86" style="position:absolute; left:67px; top:86px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SELJUK<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x95" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SONG<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_6x73" style="position:absolute; left:6px; top:73px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SULTANATE<br />OF RUM</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GO-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Main polities in continental Asia <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span>.</div></div></div> <p>According to Tamil tradition, the Chola country comprised the region that includes the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirapalli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruchirapalli District">Tiruchirapalli District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur District">Tiruvarur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagapattinam District">Nagapattinam District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariyalur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariyalur District">Ariyalur District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perambalur_district" title="Perambalur district">Perambalur district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai_district" title="Pudukkottai district">Pudukkottai district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanjavur District">Thanjavur District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karaikal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaikal District">Karaikal District</a>. The river Kaveri and its tributaries dominate this landscape of generally flat country that gradually slopes towards the sea, unbroken by major hills or valleys. The river, which is also known as the <i>Ponni</i> (<i>Golden</i>) river, had a special place in the culture of Cholas. The annual floods in the Kaveri marked an occasion for celebration, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Adiperukku" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiperukku">Adiperukku</a></i>, in which the whole nation took part.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kaveripoompattinam on the coast near the Kaveri delta was a major port town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy knew of this, which he called Khaberis, and the other port town of <a href="/wiki/Nagappattinam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagappattinam">Nagappattinam</a> as the most important centres of Cholas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two towns became hubs of trade and commerce and attracted many religious faiths, including Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman ships found their way into these ports. Roman coins dating from the early centuries of the common era have been found near the Kaveri delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagasamy1981_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagasamy1981-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002107_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002107-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other major towns were Thanjavur, Uraiyur and Kudanthai, now known as <a href="/wiki/Kumbakonam" title="Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rajendra Chola moved his capital to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Thanjavur lost its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003106_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003106-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_contributions">Cultural contributions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thanjavur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/220px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg/330px-Thanjavur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Thanjavur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the main vimanam (tower) of the Thanjavur Temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Cholas, the Tamil country reached new heights of excellence in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter20012_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter20012-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun at an earlier age under the Pallavas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002418_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002418-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monumental architecture in the form of majestic <a href="/wiki/Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples">temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> in stone and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> reached a finesse never before achieved in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1995403_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1995403-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chola conquest of Kadaram (Kedah) and Srivijaya, and their continued commercial contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Imperial China">Chinese Empire</a>, enabled them to influence the local cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindu cultural influence</a> found today throughout Southeast Asia owe much to the legacy of the Cholas. For example, the great temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in Indonesia exhibits several similarities with South Indian architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984789_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984789-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159–160_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159–160-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Malay chronicle <i>Sejarah Melayu</i>, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca sultanate">Malacca sultanate</a> claimed to be descendants of the kings of the Chola empire.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chola rule is remembered in Malaysia today as many princes there have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, one such being <a href="/wiki/Raja_Chulan" title="Raja Chulan">Raja Chulan</a>, the Raja of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2015)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chola_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola literature">Chola literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholacrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cholacrop.jpg/220px-Cholacrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cholacrop.jpg/330px-Cholacrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cholacrop.jpg/440px-Cholacrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Chola bronze from the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Imperial Chola era was the golden age of Tamil culture, marked by the importance of literature. Chola records cite many works, including the <i>Rajarajesvara Natakam</i>, <i>Viranukkaviyam</i> and <i>Kannivana Puranam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984663–664_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984663–664-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revival of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> from its nadir during the <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras</a> spurred the construction of numerous temples and these in turn generated Shaiva and Vaishnava devotional literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002333_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002333-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jain and Buddhist authors flourished as well, although in fewer numbers than in previous centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002339_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002339-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jivaka-chintamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaka-chintamani">Jivaka-chintamani</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tirutakkatevar" title="Tirutakkatevar">Tirutakkatevar</a> and <i>Sulamani</i> by Tolamoli are among notable works by non-Hindu authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003188_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003188-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002339–340_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002339–340-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail19881195_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail19881195-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grammarian <a href="/wiki/Buddhamitra" title="Buddhamitra">Buddhamitra</a> wrote a text on Tamil grammar called <i>Virasoliyam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentaries were written on the great text <i>Tolkāppiyam</i> which deals with grammar but which also mentions ethics of warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200827_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200827-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Periapuranam</i> was another remarkable literary piece of this period. This work is in a sense a national epic of the Tamil people because it treats the lives of the saints who lived in all parts of Tamil Nadu and belonged to all classes of society, men and women, high and low, educated and uneducated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulwant_Rai_Gupta_p.288_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulwant_Rai_Gupta_p.288-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kamban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamban">Kamban</a> flourished during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola III">Kulothunga III</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jayamkondar" title="Jayamkondar">Jayamkondar's</a> <i>Kalingattuparani</i>, draws a clear boundary between history and fictitious conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003116_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003116-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri200220,_340–341_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200220,_340–341-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tamil poet <a href="/wiki/Ottakoothar" title="Ottakoothar">Ottakuttan</a> was a contemporary of <a href="/wiki/Kulottunga_I" title="Kulottunga I">Kulothunga I</a> and served at the courts of three of Kulothunga's successors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002184,_340_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002184,_340-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200320_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200320-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nannul</i> is a Chola era work on Tamil grammar. It discusses all five branches of grammar and, according to Berthold Spuler, is still relevant today and is one of the most distinguished normative grammars of literary Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler1975194_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1975194-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Chodas" title="Telugu Chodas">Telugu Choda</a> period was in particular significant for the development of Telugu literature under the patronage of the rulers. It was the age in which the great Telugu poets <a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulaghatika_Ketana" title="Mulaghatika Ketana">Ketana</a>, Marana and Somana enriched the literature with their contributions. Tikkana Somayaji wrote Nirvachanottara Ramayanamu and Andhra Mahabharatamu. Abhinava Dandi Ketana wrote Dasakumaracharitramu, Vijnaneswaramu and Andhra Bhashabhushanamu. Marana wrote Markandeya Purana in Telugu. Somana wrote Basava Purana. Tikkana is one of the kavitrayam who translated Mahabharata into Telugu language.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the devotional literature, the arrangement of the Shaivite canon into eleven books was the work of Nambi Andar Nambi, who lived close to the end of the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002342–343_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002342–343-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003115_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003115-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, relatively few Vaishnavite works were composed during the Later Chola period, possibly because of the rulers' apparent animosity towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984681_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984681-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatarajaMET.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/220px-NatarajaMET.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/330px-NatarajaMET.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/440px-NatarajaMET.JPG 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> Statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York City</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, Cholas were followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. They were not swayed by the rise of Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> as were the kings of the Pallava and Pandya dynasties. Kocengannan, an Early Chola, was celebrated in both Sangam literature and in the <a href="/wiki/Saivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saivism">Shaivite</a> canon as a Hindu saint.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002116_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002116-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Tamil film and entertainment industry, there is a rising trend of terming the Cholas as non-Hindus. Noted Tamil film director, producer and screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Vetrimaaran" title="Vetrimaaran">Vetrimaaran</a> asserted at a function in 2022 that the Cholas were not Hindus. At the same event, another leading Tamil actor, film director, film producer, screenwriter, choreographer, playback singer, lyricist, television presenter, social activist and politician <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Haasan" title="Kamal Haasan">Kamal Haasan</a>, while supporting Vetrimaaran asserted Hindu religion did not exist during the Chola period. <sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/170px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/255px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/340px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Standing <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a>, Chola Dynasty, 11th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chola dynasty has inspired many Tamil authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995108_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995108-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important work of this genre is the popular <i><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">Ponniyin Selvan</a></i> (The son of <i>Ponni</i>), a historical novel in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy" title="Kalki Krishnamurthy">Kalki Krishnamurthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Written in five volumes, this narrates the story of Rajaraja Chola, dealing with the events leading up to the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Uttama_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttama Chola">Uttama Chola</a> to the Chola throne. Kalki had used the confusion in the succession to the Chola throne after the demise of Parantaka Chola II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995108–109_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995108–109-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was serialised in the Tamil periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Kalki_(Tamil_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalki (Tamil magazine)">Kalki</a></i> during the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serialisation lasted for nearly five years and every week its publication was awaited with great interest.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kalki's earlier historical romance, <i><a href="/wiki/Parthiban_Kanavu" title="Parthiban Kanavu">Parthiban Kanavu</a></i>, deals with the fortunes of the imaginary Chola prince Vikraman, who was supposed to have lived as a feudatory of the Pallava king <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_I" title="Narasimhavarman I">Narasimhavarman I</a> during the 7th century. The period of the story lies within the interregnum during which the Cholas were in decline before Vijayalaya Chola revived their fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995109_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995109-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Parthiban Kanavu</i> was also serialised in the <i>Kalki</i> weekly during the early 1950s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sandilyan" title="Sandilyan">Sandilyan</a>, another popular Tamil novelist, wrote <i>Kadal Pura</i> in the 1960s. It was serialised in the Tamil weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Kumudam" title="Kumudam">Kumudam</a></i>. <i>Kadal Pura</i> is set during the period when Kulothunga Chola I was in exile from the Vengi kingdom after he was denied the throne. It speculates the whereabouts of Kulothunga during this period. Sandilyan's earlier work, <i><a href="/wiki/Yavana_Rani" title="Yavana Rani">Yavana Rani</a></i>, written in the early 1960s, is based on the life of Karikala Chola.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Balakumaran" title="Balakumaran">Balakumaran</a> wrote the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Udayar_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayar (novel)">Udaiyar</a></i>, which is based on the circumstances surrounding Rajaraja Chola's construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were stage productions based on the life of Rajaraja Chola during the 1950s and in 1973 <a href="/wiki/Sivaji_Ganesan" title="Sivaji Ganesan">Sivaji Ganesan</a> acted in a screen adaptation of a play titled <i><a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Cholan" title="Rajaraja Cholan">Rajaraja Cholan</a></i>. The Cholas are featured in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_(board_game)" title="History of the World (board game)">History of the World</a> board game, produced by <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill" title="Avalon Hill">Avalon Hill</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Cholas were the subject of the 2010 Tamil-language film <i><a href="/wiki/Aayirathil_Oruvan_(2010_film)" title="Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)">Aayirathil Oruvan</a></i>, the 2022 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan:_I" title="Ponniyin Selvan: I">Ponniyin Selvan: I</a></i> and the 2023 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan:_II" title="Ponniyin Selvan: II">Ponniyin Selvan: II</a>. The 2022 and 2023 movies were based on the <a href="/wiki/Ponniyin_Selvan" title="Ponniyin Selvan">novel of the same name</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Cholas">Telugu Cholas</a> of Andhra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Chodagangas</a> of Kalinga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidugal_Cholas" title="Nidugal Cholas">Nidugal Cholas</a> of Karnataka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Cebu">Rajahnate of Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmalan" title="Sanmalan">Rajahnate of Sanmalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">History of Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karungalakudi" title="Karungalakudi">Karungalakudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs" title="List of Tamil monarchs">List of Tamil monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_inscriptions_in_the_Malay_world" title="Tamil inscriptions in the Malay world">Tamil inscriptions in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutharaiyar_dynasty" title="Mutharaiyar dynasty">Mutharaiyar dynasty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <b>Cola dynasty</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The age of Sangam is established through the correlation between the evidence on foreign trade found in the poems and the writings by ancient Greek and Romans such as <i>Periplus</i>. <a href="/wiki/K.A._Nilakanta_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="K.A. Nilakanta Sastri">K.A. Nilakanta Sastri</a>, <i>A History of Cyril and Lulu Charles</i>, p 106. It is likely to extend not longer than five or six generations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri19843_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri19843-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ashokan inscriptions speak of the Cholas in the plural, implying that, in his time, there were more than one Chola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198420_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198420-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The direct line of Cholas of the Vijayalaya dynasty came to an end with the death of Virarajendra Chola and the assassination of his son <a href="/wiki/Athirajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Athirajendra Chola">Athirajendra Chola</a>. Kulothunga Chola I, ascended the throne in 1070.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002170–172_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002170–172-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only evidence for the approximate period of these early kings is the Sangam literature and synchronisms with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">history of Sri Lanka</a> as given in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gajabahu_I" title="Gajabahu I">Gajabahu I</a> who is said to be the contemporary of the Chera <a href="/wiki/Senguttuvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senguttuvan">Senguttuvan</a>, belonged to the 2nd century and this means the poems mentioning Senguttuvan and his contemporaries date to that period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pandya <a href="/wiki/Kadungon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadungon">Kadungon</a> and Pallava <a href="/wiki/Simhavishnu" title="Simhavishnu">Simhavishnu</a> overthrew the Kalabhras. Acchchutakalaba is likely the last Kalabhra king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984102_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Periyapuranam" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyapuranam">Periyapuranam</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> religious work of the 12th century tells us of the Pandya king Nindrasirnedumaran, who had for his queen a Chola princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200395_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200395-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copperplate grants of the Pallava Buddhavarman (late 4th century) mention that the king as the "underwater fire that destroyed the ocean of the Chola army".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984104–105_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984104–105-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simhavishnu (575–600) is also stated to have seized the Chola country. Mahendravarman I was called the "crown of the Chola country" in his inscriptions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"After the second Pandya War, Kulottunga undertook a campaign to check the growth of Hoysala power in that quarter. He re-established Chola suzerainty over the Adigaimans of Tagadur, defeated a Chera ruler in battle and performed a <i>vijayabhisheka</i> in Karuvur (1193). His relations with the Hoysala Ballala II seems to have become friendly afterwards, for Ballala married a Chola princess".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002178_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002178-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Buddhist work <i>Milinda Panha</i> dated to the early Christian era, mentions Kolapttna among the best-known seaports on the Chola coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198423_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198423-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjwuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-571-7"><bdi>978-0-85229-571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Microp%C3%A6dia&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-571-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjwuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sastri5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sastri5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a>, <i>A History of South India</i>, p 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay2011215-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay2011215_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeay2011">Keay 2011</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri19843-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri19843_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html">"KING ASHOKA: His Edicts and His Times"</a>. <i>www.cs.colostate.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cs.colostate.edu&rft.atitle=KING+ASHOKA%3A+His+Edicts+and+His+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.colostate.edu%2F~malaiya%2Fashoka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa._Ile_Taṅkappā,_Ā._Irā_Vēṅkaṭācalapati" class="citation book cs1">Ma. Ile Taṅkappā, Ā. Irā Vēṅkaṭācalapati. <i>Red Lilies and Frightened Birds</i>. Penguin Books India, 2011. p. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Lilies+and+Frightened+Birds&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India%2C+2011&rft.au=Ma.+Ile+Ta%E1%B9%85kapp%C4%81%2C+%C4%80.+Ir%C4%81+V%C4%93%E1%B9%85ka%E1%B9%AD%C4%81calapati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198420-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198420_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Bowman,<i>Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</i>, p.401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988120-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad1988120_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad1988">Prasad (1988)</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalidos" class="citation book cs1">Kalidos, Raju. <i>History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule</i>. Vijay Publications, 1976. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Tamils%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+President%27s+Rule&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Vijay+Publications%2C+1976&rft.aulast=Kalidos&rft.aufirst=Raju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198419–20-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198419–20_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archaeological News A. L. Frothingham, Jr. <i>The American Journal of Archaeology and the History of the Fine Arts</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Mar., 1998), pp. 69–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002170–172-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002170–172_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 170–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1973" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ&q=info:3mNeiVqlnhoJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9"><i>The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03591-1"><bdi>978-90-04-03591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smile+of+Murugan%3A+On+Tamil+Literature+of+South+India&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03591-1&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdegUAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dinfo%3A3mNeiVqlnhoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200219–20,_104–106-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri200219–20,_104–106_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 19–20, 104–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967457_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1967">Tripathi (1967)</a>, p. 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987137-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987137_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1987">Majumdar (1987)</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001104_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001">Kulke & Rothermund (2001)</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967458_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1967">Tripathi (1967)</a>, p. 458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002116-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002116_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002116_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002105–106-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002105–106_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 105–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002113-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002113_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR1942" class="citation book cs1">R, Narasimhacharya (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C"><i>History of the Kannada Language</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0559-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0559-6"><bdi>978-81-206-0559-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Kannada+Language&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0559-6&rft.aulast=R&rft.aufirst=Narasimhacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyhXRDSgBuL0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002130,_135,_137-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002130,_135,_137_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 130, 135, 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987139-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987139_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1987">Majumdar (1987)</a>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1995268-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1995268_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar1995">Thapar (1995)</a>, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002135-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002135_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.A.1955" class="citation book cs1">K.A., Nilakanta Sastri (1955). <i>A History of South India from Prehistoric to the Fall of Vijayanagar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. Page=139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India+from+Prehistoric+to+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pages=Page%3D139-140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=K.A.&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+Sastri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzsch1911–1912" class="citation journal cs1">Hultzsch, Eugene (1911–1912). "Epigraphia Indica". <i>Epigraphia Indica</i>. <b>11</b>: 339 – via Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.atitle=Epigraphia+Indica&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=339&rft.date=1911%2F1912&rft.aulast=Hultzsch&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.A.1955" class="citation book cs1">K.A., Nilakanta Sastri (1955). <i>A History of South India from Prehistoric to the Fall of Vijayanagar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. Page=139–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India+from+Prehistoric+to+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pages=Page%3D139-140&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=K.A.&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+Sastri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984102-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984102_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984102_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001115-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001115_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001">Kulke & Rothermund (2001)</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200395-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200395_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984104–105-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984104–105_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200331-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200331_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999477–478-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999477–478_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen (1999)</a>, pp. 477–478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999373-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999373_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen (1999)</a>, pp. 373</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt_endowments.asp">"Endowments to the Temple"</a>. Archaeological Survey of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endowments+to+the+Temple&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_monu_whs_cholabt_endowments.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002157-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002157_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India</i> by Balaji Sadasivan p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India</i>, by Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium</i> by Ronald Findlay, Kevin H. O'Rourke p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800</i> by Geoffrey C. Gunn p.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200991-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200991_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen2009">Sen (2009)</a>, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations</i> by Tansen Sen p.226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehejia1990xiv-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehejia1990xiv_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDehejia1990">Dehejia (1990)</a>, p. xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987407-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987407_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1987">Majumdar (1987)</a>, p. 407</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002158-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002158_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India</i> by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar p.233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ndia: The Most Dangerous Decades by Selig S. Harrison p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002184-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002184_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukund2012xlii_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukund2012">Mukund (2012)</a>, p. xlii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003107–109_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, pp. 107–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002178-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002178_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 2 Oceans (2nd Edn): A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971 by Malcolm H. Murfett, <a href="/wiki/John_Miksic" class="mw-redirect" title="John Miksic">John Miksic</a>, Brian Farell, Chiang Ming Shun p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>South India</i> by Stuart Butler, Jealous p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asia: A Concise History</i> by Arthur Cotterell p.190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaine2014281-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaine2014281_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaine2014">Paine (2014)</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Asia</i> by B.V. Rao p.211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987405-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987405_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1987">Majumdar (1987)</a>, p. 405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003120-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003120_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987408-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajumdar1987408_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajumdar1987">Majumdar (1987)</a>, p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967471-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967471_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1967">Tripathi (1967)</a>, p. 471</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>South Indian Inscriptions</i>, Vol. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003128–129-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003128–129_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajeshwari_Ghose1996" class="citation book cs1">Rajeshwari Ghose (1996). <i>The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 323–324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tyagaraja+Cult+in+Tamilnadu%3A+A+Study+in+Conflict+and+Accommodation&rft.pages=323-324&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Rajeshwari+Ghose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002195–196-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002195–196_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 195–196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETripathi1967472-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETripathi1967472_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTripathi1967">Tripathi (1967)</a>, p. 472</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Proceedings, American Philosophical Society</i> (1978), vol. 122, No. 6, p 414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri198423-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri198423_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENagasamy1981-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENagasamy1981_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNagasamy1981">Nagasamy (1981)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002107-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002107_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003106-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003106_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitter20012-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitter20012_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitter2001">Mitter (2001)</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002418-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002418_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 418</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar1995403-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar1995403_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar1995">Thapar (1995)</a>, p. 403Quote: "It was, however, in bronze sculptures that the Chola craftsmen excelled, producing images rivalling the best anywhere."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001">Kulke & Rothermund (2001)</a>, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984789-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984789_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 789</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159–160-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKulkeRothermund2001159–160_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001">Kulke & Rothermund (2001)</a>, pp. 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development by Kenneth R. Hall</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans, by A. Kalyanaraman p.158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">India and Malaya Through the Ages: by S. Durai Raja Singam</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984663–664-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984663–664_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, pp. 663–664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002333-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002333_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002339-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002339_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003188-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003188_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002339–340-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002339–340_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 339–340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsmail19881195-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsmail19881195_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsmail1988">Ismail (1988)</a>, p. 1195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of southern India</i> by Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics</i> by Roland Greene, Stephen Cushman, Clare Cavanagh, Jahan Ramazani, Paul F. Rouzer, Harris Feinsod, David Marno, Alexandra Slessarev p.1410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200827-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200827_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh (2008)</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Portraits of a Nation: History of Ancient India</i>, by Kamlesh Kapur p.617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulwant_Rai_Gupta_p.288-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulwant_Rai_Gupta_p.288_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concise Encyclopaedia Of India</i> by Kulwant Rai Gupta, Amita Gupta p.288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003116-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003116_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri200220,_340–341-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri200220,_340–341_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 20, 340–341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002184,_340-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002184,_340_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 184, 340</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200320-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian200320_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpuler1975194-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpuler1975194_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpuler1975">Spuler (1975)</a>, p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2018" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (23 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/south-asia/book/the-history-of-andhra-country/d/doc220044.html">"The Telugu Cholas of Konidena (A.D. 1050-1300) [Part 1]"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=The+Telugu+Cholas+of+Konidena+%28A.D.+1050-1300%29+%5BPart+1%5D&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fsouth-asia%2Fbook%2Fthe-history-of-andhra-country%2Fd%2Fdoc220044.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2002342–343-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2002342–343_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2002">Sastri (2002)</a>, pp. 342–343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003115-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003115_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003)</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri1984681-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri1984681_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri1984">Sastri (1984)</a>, p. 681</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kamal-haasans-remark-sparks-row-no-hindu-religion-during-chola-period-3409830">"कमल हासन के "चोल काल में कोई हिंदू धर्म नहीं था" वाले बयान पर विवाद"</a>. <i>ndtv.com</i>. NDTV<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ndtv.com&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%22%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%22+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fkamal-haasans-remark-sparks-row-no-hindu-religion-during-chola-period-3409830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995108-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995108_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDas1995">Das (1995)</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223230606/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/20/stories/13200178.htm">"Versatile writer and patriot"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/03/20/stories/13200178.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Versatile+writer+and+patriot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2001%2F03%2F20%2Fstories%2F13200178.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995108–109-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995108–109_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDas1995">Das (1995)</a>, pp. 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224000702/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500100100.htm">"English translation of Ponniyin Selvan"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/01/05/stories/2003010500100100.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=English+translation+of+Ponniyin+Selvan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Flr%2F2003%2F01%2F05%2Fstories%2F2003010500100100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223191223/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/23/stories/13230766.htm">"Lines that Speak"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/23/stories/13230766.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Lines+that+Speak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2F2001%2F07%2F23%2Fstories%2F13230766.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas1995109-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas1995109_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDas1995">Das (1995)</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, vol. 1</i>, pp 631–632</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201013535/http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/02/22/stories/2005022200101501.htm">"Book review of Udaiyar"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India. 22 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/br/2005/02/22/stories/2005022200101501.htm">the original</a> on 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Book+review+of+Udaiyar&rft.date=2005-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fbr%2F2005%2F02%2F22%2Fstories%2F2005022200101501.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarua2005" class="citation cs2">Barua, Pradeep (2005), <i>The State at War in South Asia</i>, University of Nebraska Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80321-344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80321-344-9"><bdi>978-0-80321-344-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+at+War+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-80321-344-9&rft.aulast=Barua&rft.aufirst=Pradeep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003" class="citation cs2">Chopra, P. N.; Ravindran, T. K.; Subrahmanian, N. (2003), <i>History of South India: Ancient, Medieval and Modern</i>, S. Chand & Company Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0153-6"><bdi>978-81-219-0153-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+India%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Modern&rft.pub=S.+Chand+%26+Company+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0153-6&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Ravindran%2C+T.+K.&rft.au=Subrahmanian%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1995" class="citation cs2">Das, Sisir Kumar (1995), <i>History of Indian Literature (1911–1956): Struggle for Freedom – Triumph and Tragedy</i>, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-798-9"><bdi>978-81-7201-798-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature+%281911%E2%80%931956%29%3A+Struggle+for+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Triumph+and+Tragedy&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-798-9&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehejia1990" class="citation cs2">Dehejia, Vidya (1990), <i>The Art of the Imperial Cholas</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+the+Imperial+Cholas&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Dehejia&rft.aufirst=Vidya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevare2009" class="citation cs2">Devare, Hema (2009), "Cultural Implications of the Chola Maritime Fabric Trade with Southeast Asia", in <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.), <i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2"><bdi>978-9-81230-937-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+Implications+of+the+Chola+Maritime+Fabric+Trade+with+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-81230-937-2&rft.aulast=Devare&rft.aufirst=Hema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2011" class="citation cs2">Eraly, Abraham (2011), <i>The First Spring: The Golden Age of India</i>, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67008-478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67008-478-4"><bdi>978-0-67008-478-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Spring%3A+The+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-67008-478-4&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Gough" title="Kathleen Gough">Gough, Kathleen</a> (2008), <i>Rural Society in Southeast India</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52104-019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52104-019-8"><bdi>978-0-52104-019-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Society+in+Southeast+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-52104-019-8&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation cs2">Harle, J. C. (1994), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl"><i>The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a></span>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartarchitectureo00harl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmann-Rajanayagam2004" class="citation cs2">Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (2004), "From Differences to Ethnic Solidarity Among the Tamils", in Hasbullah, S. H.; Morrison, Barrie M. (eds.), <i>Sri Lankan Society in an Era of Globalization: Struggling To Create A New Social Order</i>, SAGE, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13210-320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-13210-320-2"><bdi>978-8-13210-320-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Differences+to+Ethnic+Solidarity+Among+the+Tamils&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Society+in+an+Era+of+Globalization%3A+Struggling+To+Create+A+New+Social+Order&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-13210-320-2&rft.aulast=Hellmann-Rajanayagam&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail1988" class="citation cs2">Ismail, M. M. (1988), "Epic - Tamil", <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian literature</i>, vol. 2, Sahitya Akademi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1194-7"><bdi>81-260-1194-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epic+-+Tamil&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-260-1194-7&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJermsawatdi1979" class="citation cs2">Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979), <i>Thai Art with Indian Influences</i>, Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17017-090-7"><bdi>978-8-17017-090-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thai+Art+with+Indian+Influences&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-8-17017-090-7&rft.aulast=Jermsawatdi&rft.aufirst=Promsak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001" class="citation cs2">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2001), <i>A History of India</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2011" class="citation cs2">Keay, John (12 April 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC"><i>India: A History</i></a>, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-9550-0"><bdi>978-0-8021-9550-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Open+Road+%2B+Grove%2FAtlantic&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IquM4BrJ4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucassenLucassen2014" class="citation cs2">Lucassen, Jan; Lucassen, Leo (2014), <i>Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00427-136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00427-136-4"><bdi>978-9-00427-136-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalising+Migration+History%3A+The+Eurasian+Experience&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-00427-136-4&rft.aulast=Lucassen&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Lucassen%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1987" class="citation cs2">Majumdar, R. C. (1987) [1952], <i>Ancient India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic2013" class="citation book cs1">Miksic, John N. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8NJ3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800</i></a>. NUS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-558-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-558-3"><bdi>978-9971-69-558-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+and+the+Silk+Road+of+the+Sea%2C+1300_1800&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-558-3&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8NJ3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitter2001" class="citation cs2">Mitter, Partha (2001), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianart0000mitt"><i>Indian art</i></a></span>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284221-3"><bdi>978-0-19-284221-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284221-3&rft.aulast=Mitter&rft.aufirst=Partha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianart0000mitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2011" class="citation cs2">Mukherjee, Rila (2011), <i>Pelagic Passageways: The Northern Bay of Bengal Before Colonialism</i>, Primus Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-720-7"><bdi>978-9-38060-720-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pelagic+Passageways%3A+The+Northern+Bay+of+Bengal+Before+Colonialism&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-720-7&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukund1999" class="citation cs2">Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999), <i>The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel</i>, Orient Blackswan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12501-661-8"><bdi>978-8-12501-661-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+World+of+the+Tamil+Merchant%3A+Evolution+of+Merchant+Capitalism+in+the+Coromandel&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-12501-661-8&rft.aulast=Mukund&rft.aufirst=Kanakalatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukund2012" class="citation cs2">Mukund, Kanakalatha (2012), <i>Merchants of Tamilakam: Pioneers of International Trade</i>, Penguin Books India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67008-521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67008-521-7"><bdi>978-0-67008-521-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+of+Tamilakam%3A+Pioneers+of+International+Trade&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-67008-521-7&rft.aulast=Mukund&rft.aufirst=Kanakalatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagasamy1970" class="citation cs2">Nagasamy, R. (1970), <i>Gangaikondacholapuram</i>, State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gangaikondacholapuram&rft.pub=State+Department+of+Archaeology%2C+Government+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Nagasamy&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagasamy1981" class="citation cs2">Nagasamy, R. (1981), <i>Tamil Coins – A study</i>, Institute of Epigraphy, Tamil Nadu State Dept. of Archaeology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Coins+%E2%80%93+A+study&rft.pub=Institute+of+Epigraphy%2C+Tamil+Nadu+State+Dept.+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Nagasamy&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2014" class="citation cs2">Paine, Lincoln (2014), <i>The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World</i>, Atlantic Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-357-3"><bdi>978-1-78239-357-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+and+Civilization%3A+A+Maritime+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78239-357-3&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1988" class="citation cs2">Prasad, G. Durga (1988), <i>History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D.</i>, P. G. Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Andhras+up+to+1565+A.+D.&rft.pub=P.+G.+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=G.+Durga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajasuriar1998" class="citation cs2">Rajasuriar, G. K. (1998), <i>The history of the Tamils and the Sinhalese of Sri Lanka</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Tamils+and+the+Sinhalese+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rajasuriar&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamy2007" class="citation cs2">Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2007), <i>Historical Dictionary of the Tamils</i>, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81086-445-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81086-445-0"><bdi>978-0-81086-445-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Tamils&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-81086-445-0&rft.aulast=Ramaswamy&rft.aufirst=Vijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothermund1993" class="citation cs2">Rothermund, Dietmar (1993), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economichistoryo00roth"><i>An Economic History of India: From Pre-colonial Times to 1991</i></a></span> (Reprinted ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41508-871-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41508-871-8"><bdi>978-0-41508-871-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+India%3A+From+Pre-colonial+Times+to+1991&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-41508-871-8&rft.aulast=Rothermund&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomichistoryo00roth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadarangani2004" class="citation cs2">Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004), <i>Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact</i>, Sarup & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17625-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17625-436-6"><bdi>978-8-17625-436-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Poetry+in+Medieval+India%3A+Its+Inception%2C+Cultural+Encounter+and+Impact&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-17625-436-6&rft.aulast=Sadarangani&rft.aufirst=Neeti+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakhujaSakhuja2009" class="citation cs2">Sakhuja, Vijay; Sakhuja, Sangeeta (2009), "Rajendra Chola I's Naval Expedition to South-East Asia: A Nautical Perspective", in <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.), <i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2"><bdi>978-9-81230-937-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rajendra+Chola+I%27s+Naval+Expedition+to+South-East+Asia%3A+A+Nautical+Perspective&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-81230-937-2&rft.aulast=Sakhuja&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft.au=Sakhuja%2C+Sangeeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, K. A. N.</a> (1984) [1935], <i>The CōĻas</i>, University of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+C%C5%8D%C4%BBas&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Sastri, K. A. N.</a> (2002) [1955], <i>A History of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India%3A+From+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfe2002" class="citation cs2">Scharfe, Hartmut (2002), <i>Education in Ancient India</i>, Brill Academic Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12556-8"><bdi>978-90-04-12556-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12556-8&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1995" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Karl J. (1995), <i>An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History</i>, M.E. Sharpe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-76563-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-76563-757-4"><bdi>978-0-76563-757-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+and+Survey+of+South+Asian+History&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-76563-757-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation cs2">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999), <i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i>, New Age International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-12241-198-0"><bdi>978-8-12241-198-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-12241-198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2009" class="citation cs2">Sen, Tansen (2009), "The Military Campaigns of Rajendra Chola and the Chola-Srivija-China Triangle", in <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.), <i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2"><bdi>978-9-81230-937-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Military+Campaigns+of+Rajendra+Chola+and+the+Chola-Srivija-China+Triangle&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-81230-937-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation cs2">Singh, Upinder (2008), <i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>, Pearson Education India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-13171-120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-13171-120-0"><bdi>978-8-13171-120-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8-13171-120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/">"South Indian Inscriptions"</a>, <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>, What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=South+Indian+Inscriptions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatisindia.com%2Finscriptions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpuler1975" class="citation cs2">Spuler, Bertold (1975), <i>Handbook of Oriental Studies, Part 2</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00404-190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00404-190-5"><bdi>978-9-00404-190-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9-00404-190-5&rft.aulast=Spuler&rft.aufirst=Bertold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (1980), <i>Peasant state and society in medieval South India</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+state+and+society+in+medieval+South+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (1998), <i>A history of India</i>, Blackwell Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20546-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20546-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20546-3&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubbarayalu2009" class="citation cs2">Subbarayalu, Y. (2009), "A Note on the Navy of the Chola State", in <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, Hermann</a>; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.), <i>Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia</i>, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-81230-937-2"><bdi>978-9-81230-937-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Navy+of+the+Chola+State&rft.btitle=Nagapattinam+to+Suvarnadwipa%3A+Reflections+on+the+Chola+Naval+Expeditions+to+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-81230-937-2&rft.aulast=Subbarayalu&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (1995), <i>Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History</i>, South Asia Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-556-8"><bdi>978-81-7154-556-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Perspectives+of+Early+Indian+History&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-556-8&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi1967" class="citation cs2">Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967), <i>History of Ancient India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0018-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0018-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0018-2&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=Rama+Sankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2001" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001), <i>Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19803-123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19803-123-9"><bdi>978-0-19803-123-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-colonial+India+in+Practice%3A+Society%2C+Region%2C+and+Identity+in+Medieval+Andhra&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19803-123-9&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Austin+Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasudevan2003" class="citation cs2">Vasudevan, Geeta (2003), <i>Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power</i>, Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-383-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-383-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Temple+of+Rajaraja%3A+An+Instrument+of+Imperial+Cola+Power&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-383-0&rft.aulast=Vasudevan&rft.aufirst=Geeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley A</a> (1999), <i>India</i>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22172-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22172-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22172-7&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chola_dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=250">UNESCO World Heritage sites – Chola temples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034325/http://www.indianartcircle.com/arteducation/page_14_artofCholas.shtml">Art of Cholas</a> (archived 24 September 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievalindian/rajaraja_chola.html">Chola coins of Sri Lanka</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052031/http://lakdiva.org/coins/medievalindian/rajaraja_chola.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chola_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chola_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Chola dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chola_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Chola dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chola_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chola dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chola_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chola dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Origins">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venni" title="Battle of Venni">Battle of Venni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sri_Purambiyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sri Purambiyam">Battle of Sri Purambiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Takkolam" title="Battle of Takkolam">Battle of Takkolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asia_campaign_of_Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I">South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya" title="Chola invasion of Srivijaya">Chola invasion of Srivijaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya%E2%80%93Chola_wars" title="Chalukya–Chola wars">Chalukya–Chola wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_rule_in_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola rule in Anuradhapura">Chola rule in Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donur" title="Battle of Donur">Battle of Donur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_expedition_to_North_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola expedition to North India">Chola expedition to North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kandalur_Salai" title="Battle of Kandalur Salai">Battle of Kandalur Salai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Koppam" title="Battle of Koppam">Battle of Koppam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kudal-Sangamam" title="Battle of Kudal-Sangamam">Battle of Kudal-Sangamam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Cholas">Later Cholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijayawada" title="Battle of Vijayawada">Battle of Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Kadaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola invasion of Kadaram">Chola invasion of Kadaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Kalinga_(1097)" title="Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097)">Chola invasion of Kalinga (1097)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_invasion_of_Kalinga_(1110)" title="Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110)">Chola invasion of Kalinga (1110)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nettur" title="Battle of Nettur">Battle of Nettur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu Cholas">Telugu Cholas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chola_government" title="Chola government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_monarchs#Chola_Empire_(c._300_BCE_–_1279_CE)" title="List of Tamil monarchs">Chola Empire (c. 300 BCE – 1279 CE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_early_Chola_kings" title="Legendary early Chola kings">Legendary early Chola kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalam" title="Mandalam">Mandalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_military" title="Chola military">Chola military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Navy" title="Chola Navy">Chola Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chola" title="Flag of Chola">Flag of Chola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Cultural_contributions">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_copper-plate_inscriptions" title="Tamil copper-plate inscriptions">Tamil copper-plate inscriptions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_popular_culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Foreign_trade">Foreign trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Cholas_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese">Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chola_architecture" title="Category:Chola architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chola_temples_in_Bangalore" title="List of Chola temples in Bangalore">Chola temples in Bangalore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Living_Chola_Temples" title="Great Living Chola Temples">Great Living Chola Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solesvara_temples" title="List of Solesvara temples">Solesvara temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallanai_Dam" title="Kallanai Dam">Kallanai Dam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:orange;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Template talk:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_and_kingdoms_of_the_Mahabharata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tribes_and_kingdoms_mentioned_in_the_Mahabharata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra kingdom">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarta_kingdom" title="Anarta kingdom">Anarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anga kingdom">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupa_kingdom" title="Anupa kingdom">Anupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmaka_kingdom" title="Asmaka kingdom">Asmaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanti_kingdom_(Mahabharata)" title="Avanti kingdom (Mahabharata)">Avanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_dynasty" title="Ay dynasty">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlikas" title="Bahlikas">Bahlika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatas_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatas (tribe)">Bhārata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedi_kingdom" title="Chedi kingdom">Chedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola kingdom">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakshinatya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakshinatya kingdom (page does not exist)">Dakshinatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_kingdom" title="Danda kingdom">Danda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarna_kingdom" title="Dasarna kingdom">Dasarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasharna" title="Dasharna">Dasharna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dasherka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dasherka kingdom (page does not exist)">Dasherka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dv%C4%81rak%C4%81" title="Dvārakā">Dwaraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garga_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garga kingdom (page does not exist)">Garga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomanta_kingdom" title="Gomanta kingdom">Gomanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopa_Rashtra" title="Gopa Rashtra">Gopa Rashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Huna_kingdom" title="Hara Huna kingdom">Hara Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haihaya_kingdom" title="Haihaya kingdom">Haihaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huna_kingdom" title="Huna kingdom">Huna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchi_kingdom" title="Kanchi kingdom">Kanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasmira_kingdom" title="Kasmira kingdom">Kasmira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalakuta_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalakuta kingdom (page does not exist)">Kalakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(Mahabharata)" title="Kalinga (Mahabharata)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnata_kingdom" title="Karnata kingdom">Karnata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karusha_kingdom" title="Karusha kingdom">Karusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashi kingdom">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekeya_kingdom" title="Kekeya kingdom">Kekeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_kingdom" title="Kerala kingdom">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikata_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikata kingdom">Kikata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurusha_kingdom" title="Kimpurusha kingdom">Kimpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara_kingdom" title="Kinnara kingdom">Kinnara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata" title="Kirata">Kirata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkana_kingdom" title="Konkana kingdom">Konkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosala_kingdom" title="Kosala kingdom">Kosala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_kingdom" title="Kuninda kingdom">Kuninda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunti_kingdom" title="Kunti kingdom">Kunti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madra_kingdom" title="Madra kingdom">Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madraka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Madraka kingdom">Madraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maha_Chinas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maha Chinas kingdom (page does not exist)">Maha Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisha_kingdom" title="Mahisha kingdom">Mahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_kingdom" title="Malla kingdom">Malla </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malava_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava kingdom">Malava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur (Mahabharata)">Manipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_kingdom" title="Matsya kingdom">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekhalas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekhalas kingdom (page does not exist)">Mekhalas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mleccha" title="Mleccha">Mleccha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudgala kingdom">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushika_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushika kingdom">Mushika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasikya_kingdom" title="Nasikya kingdom">Nasikya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niharas_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niharas kingdom (page does not exist)">Niharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishadas" title="Nishadas">Nishadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odra_kingdom" title="Odra kingdom">Odra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchala_Kingdom_(Mahabharata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)">Panchala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parada_kingdom" title="Parada kingdom">Parada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parama_Kamboja_kingdom" title="Parama Kamboja kingdom">Parama Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasika_kingdom" title="Parasika kingdom">Parasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvartaka_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvartaka kingdom (page does not exist)">Parvartaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishacha_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pishacha kingdom">Pishacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_kingdom" title="Pragjyotisha kingdom">Pragjyotisha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyagratha_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyagratha kingdom (page does not exist)">Pratyagratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasthala" title="Prasthala">Prasthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakas_in_the_Mahabharata" title="Sakas in the Mahabharata">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salva_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Salva kingdom">Salva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salveya_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salveya kingdom (page does not exist)">Salveya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_kingdom" title="Salwa kingdom">Salwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswata_kingdom" title="Saraswata kingdom">Saraswata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_kingdom" title="Saurashtra kingdom">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvira_kingdom" title="Sauvira kingdom">Sauvira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivi_kingdom" title="Sivi kingdom">Sivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonita_kingdom" title="Sonita kingdom">Sonita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudra_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudra kingdom">Sudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surparaka_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Surparaka kingdom">Surparaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surasena" title="Surasena">Surasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangana kingdom (page does not exist)">Tangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigarta_kingdom" title="Trigarta kingdom">Trigarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulu kingdom">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushara" title="Tushara">Tushara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ursa_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ursa kingdom (page does not exist)">Ursa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kuru_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kuru kingdom">Uttara Kuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Madra_kingdom" title="Uttara Madra kingdom">Uttara Madra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkala_kingdom" title="Utkala kingdom">Utkala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatadhana_kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatadhana kingdom (page does not exist)">Vatadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videha" title="Videha">Videha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha_kingdom" title="Vidarbha kingdom">Vidarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavana_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana kingdom">Yavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheya kingdom">Yaudheya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChola+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151148#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5346153596644851900003">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/380558/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96007973">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282225905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&oldid=1252877717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&oldid=1252877717</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chola_dynasty" title="Category:Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chola_Empire" title="Category:Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1279_disestablishments_in_Asia" title="Category:1279 disestablishments in Asia">1279 disestablishments in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-millennium_BC_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1st-millennium BC establishments in India">1st-millennium BC establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coromandel_Coast" title="Category:Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Thanjavur" title="Category:History of Thanjavur">History of Thanjavur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_disestablished_in_1279" title="Category:States and territories disestablished in 1279">States and territories disestablished in 1279</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_4th_century_BC" title="Category:States and territories established in the 4th century BC">States and territories established in the 4th century BC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tamil_monarchs" title="Category:Tamil monarchs">Tamil monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solar_dynasty" title="Category:Solar dynasty">Solar dynasty</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_December_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from December 2015">Use dmy dates from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_June_2016" title="Category:Use Indian English from June 2016">Use Indian English from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Tamil_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Tamil IPA">Pages with Tamil IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2015" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_April_2015" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from April 2015">Articles with incomplete citations from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 09:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chola_dynasty&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-l5h6t","wgBackendResponseTime":179,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.587","walltime":"1.841","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14921,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":333566,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27425,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":295629,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1475.699 1 -total"," 13.32% 196.565 49 Template:Citation"," 12.75% 188.198 79 Template:Sfnp"," 11.90% 175.678 3 Template:Reflist"," 9.12% 134.526 1 Template:IPA-ta"," 8.99% 132.721 1 Template:IPA"," 8.71% 128.558 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.18% 120.701 1 Template:Chola_history"," 6.94% 102.487 9 Template:Cite_book"," 5.05% 74.475 12 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.935","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24548410,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarua2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopraRavindranSubrahmanian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehejia1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevare2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGough2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellmann-Rajanayagam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHultzsch1911–1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJermsawatdi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK.A.1955\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKalidos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucassenLucassen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa._Ile_Taṅkappā,_Ā._Irā_Vēṅkaṭācalapati\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiksic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukund1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukund2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagasamy1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagasamy1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajasuriar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajeshwari_Ghose1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamaswamy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothermund1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadarangani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakhujaSakhuja2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpuler1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubbarayalu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTripathi1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasudevan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvelebil1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Chola_kings\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chola dynasty topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Chola history\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 45,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 1100 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Empires\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ta\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox family\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Middle kingdoms of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 79,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TNhistory\"] = 1,\n [\"Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-8n4qm","timestamp":"20241130105946","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Chola dynasty","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chola_dynasty","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q151148","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q151148","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-07T11:36:01Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T09:24:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Thanjavur_temple.jpg","headline":"a dynasty of southern India"}</script> </body> </html>