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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Birth and life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_reincarnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_reincarnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Death and reincarnation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_reincarnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varna_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varna_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Varna system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varna_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processions_and_colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processions_and_colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Processions and colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processions_and_colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dietary law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Bali_and_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Bali_and_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Outside Bali and Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Bali_and_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="বালিদ্বীপীয় হিন্দুধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বালিদ্বীপীয় হিন্দুধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balijsk%C3%BD_hinduismus" title="Balijský hinduismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balijský hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinesischer_Hinduismus" title="Balinesischer Hinduismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balinesischer Hinduismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduismo_balin%C3%A9s" title="Hinduismo balinés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hinduismo balinés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बाली द्वीप में हिन्दू धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाली द्वीप में हिन्दू धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduisme_Bali" title="Hinduisme Bali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hinduisme Bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induismo_balinese" title="Induismo balinese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Induismo balinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ബാലിയിലെ ഹിന്ദുമതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാലിയിലെ ഹിന്ദുമതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बालीमधील हिंदू धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बालीमधील हिंदू धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu_di_Bali" title="Agama Hindu di Bali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama Hindu di Bali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC" title="バリ・ヒンドゥー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バリ・ヒンドゥー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بالینی ہندو مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالینی ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduizm_balijski" title="Hinduizm balijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hinduizm balijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Балийский индуизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балийский индуизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Balinese Hinduism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Dharma" title="Agama Hindu Dharma – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Agama Hindu Dharma" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Hindu_Dharma" title="Agama Hindu Dharma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Agama Hindu Dharma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாலி இந்து சமயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலி இந்து சமயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D2%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Бали һинд дине – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бали һинд дине" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ศาสนาฮินดูแบบบาหลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาฮินดูแบบบาหลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="بالینی ہندو مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالینی ہندو مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E5%B3%B6%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="巴厘島印度教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴厘島印度教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4850935#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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var(--color-base)">Variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Java" title="Hinduism in Java">Javanese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a> identified as Hindus</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of Hinduism in Indonesia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indian Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilisations" title="History of Indonesia">Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda kingdom">Sunda kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram/Medang kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li></ul> 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Hinduism in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Hinduism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TanahLot_2014.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TanahLot_2014.JPG/220px-TanahLot_2014.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TanahLot_2014.JPG/330px-TanahLot_2014.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/TanahLot_2014.JPG/440px-TanahLot_2014.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Lot" title="Tanah Lot">Tanah Lot</a> temple</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Balinese Hinduism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Hinduisme Bali</i>; <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>: <span lang="ban">ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬯᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᬾᬩᬮᬶ</span>, <i>Hindusmé Bali</i>), also known in Indonesia as <i>Agama Hindu Dharma</i>, <i>Agama Tirtha</i>, <i>Agama Air Suci</i> or <i>Agama Hindu Bali</i>, is the form of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> practised by the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bps_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bps-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese people</a> residing on the island, and represents a distinct form of Hindu worship incorporating local <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead#Indian_Subcontinent" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor worship</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a></i>, and reverence for <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> saints or <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattava</a></i>. </p><p>The population of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian islands</a> is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (87%).<sup id="cite_ref-britindonesiareli_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britindonesiareli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island of Bali is an exception where about 87% of its people identify as Hindu (about 1.7% of the total Indonesian population).<sup id="cite_ref-britindonesiareli_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britindonesiareli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1945 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution of Indonesia</a> guarantees freedom of religion to all citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, states Michel Picard, an anthropologist and scholar of Balinese history and religion, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs</a> came under the control of conservatives who severely constrained an acceptable definition of a "religion".<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion, the past ministry defined "religion" as one that is <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>, has codified religious law and added several requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, Indonesia denied rights of citizenship (such as the right to vote) to anyone not belonging to an officially recognized religion.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Balinese Hinduism has been formally recognized by the Indonesian government as one of the official religions practised in Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg/220px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg/330px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg/440px-C%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie_au_temple_de_Goa_Lawah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ceremony in Goa Lawah Temple, Bali</figcaption></figure> <p>Hindu influences reached the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a> as early as the first century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-jgonda_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgonda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mark1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical evidence is unclear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. Java legends refer to Saka-era, traced to 78 CE. Stories from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> have been traced in Indonesian islands to the 1st century, whose versions mirror those found in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jgonda_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgonda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Chandis</a></i> (temples) excavated in Java and western Indonesian islands, as well as ancient inscriptions such as the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Canggal_inscription" title="Canggal inscription">Canggal inscription</a> discovered in Indonesia, confirm the widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> lingam iconography, his companion goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a>, and other Hindu deities by about the middle to late 1st-millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Chinese records of <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Fa Hien</a> on his return voyage from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in 414 CE mention two schools of Hinduism in Java,<sup id="cite_ref-jgonda_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgonda-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Chinese documents from the 8th century refer to the Hindu kingdom of King Sanjaya as <i>Holing</i>, calling it "exceedingly wealthy," and say that it coexisted peacefully with the Buddhist people and Sailendra ruler in the <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Plain" title="Kedu Plain">Kedu Plain</a> of the Java island.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1400 CE, the kingdoms on the Indonesian islands were attacked by coast-based Muslim armies.<sup id="cite_ref-mark1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th and 16th centuries, this Muslim campaign led by Sultans targeted Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and various communities in the Indonesian archipelago, with each Sultan trying to carve out a region or island for control.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four diverse and contentious Islamic Sultanates emerged in north Sumatra (<a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>), south Sumatra, west and central Java, and southern Borneo (<a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence ended the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms and communities in many of the islands of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-mark1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, Hindus and Buddhists left and concentrated as communities on islands that they could defend, and the sultans allowed them a safe haven on <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> island. Hindus of western Java moved east and then to the island of Bali and the neighbouring small islands, thus starting Balinese Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-jfox_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfox-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this era of religious conflict and inter-Sultanate warfare was unfolding, and new power centres were attempting to consolidate regions under their control, European colonialism arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-jfox_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfox-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian archipelago was soon dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch colonial empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch colonial empire helped prevent inter-religious conflict,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Balinese_Hinduism#Dubious" title="Talk:Balinese Hinduism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and it slowly began the process of excavating, understanding and preserving Indonesia's ancient Hindu-Buddhist cultural foundations, particularly in Java and the western islands of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Jean_Gelman_Taylor_pp._21-83_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jean_Gelman_Taylor_pp._21-83-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon independence from Dutch colonial rule, Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia guaranteed freedom of religion to all its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, states Michel Picard, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion came under the control of Islamists who severely constrained the acceptable definition of a "religion".<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To be acceptable as an official Indonesian religion, the ministry defined "religion" as one that is monotheistic, has codified religious law, possesses a prophet and a Holy Book, amongst other requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balinese Hindus were declared as "people without a religion", and available to be converted. Balinese Hindus disagreed, debated, adapted, and declared their form of Hinduism to be monotheistic, and presented it in a form to be eligible for the status of "agama" under the 1952 amended articles.<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-picard_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To accomplish this, the Balinese Hindus initiated a series of student and cultural exchange initiatives between Bali and India to help formulate the core principles behind Balinese Hinduism (<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Catur Veda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a>). In particular, the political self-determination movement in Bali in the mid-1950s led to the joint petition of 1958 which demanded the Indonesian government recognize Hindu Dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-mramstedt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mramstedt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This joint petition quoted the following Sanskrit mantra from the Hindu scriptures:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Om tat sat ekam eva advitiyam<br /><br />Translation: Om, thus is the essence of the all-pervading, infinite, undivided one.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Joint petition by Hindus of Bali, 14 June 1958<sup id="cite_ref-mramstedt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mramstedt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The petition's focus on the "undivided one" was to satisfy the constitutional requirement that Indonesian citizens have a monotheistic belief in one God. The petitioners identified <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa</a> as the undivided one. In the Balinese language, this term has two meanings: "the Divine ruler of the Universe" and "the Divine Absolute Cosmic Law". This creative phrase met the monotheistic requirement of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion in the former sense, while the latter sense of its meaning preserved the central ideas of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> in ancient scripts of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-mramstedt_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mramstedt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bali became the only part of Indonesia to remain predominantly Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_beliefs">Key beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Key beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Trailokya</a></div> <p>Balinese Hinduism is an amalgamation of Hinduism with elements from Buddhism and pre-existing indigenous animist customs that permeated in the Indonesian archipelago before the arrival of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-nsimmonds_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsimmonds-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with the arts and rituals of the Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred to by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion as <i>Agama Hindu Dharma</i>, but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as <i>Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda,</i> and <i>Siwa-Buda.</i><sup id="cite_ref-mprm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mprm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i>Tirta</i> and <i>Trimurti</i> emanate from Indian Hinduism, corresponding to Tirtha (pilgrimage to spirituality near holy waters) and Trimurti (Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva) respectively. As in India, Hinduism in Bali grew with flexibility, featuring a diverse way of life. It includes many Indian spiritual ideas, cherishes the legends and beliefs of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana"><i>Puranas</i></a> and Hindu Epics, and expresses its traditions through a unique set of festivals and customs associated with a myriad of <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang"><i>hyangs</i></a> - the local and ancestral spirits, as well as forms of animal sacrifice that are not common in India.<sup id="cite_ref-mprm_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mprm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:423px;max-width:423px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acintya_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/150px-Acintya_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/225px-Acintya_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Acintya_Bali.jpg/300px-Acintya_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_in_Ubud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Altar_in_Ubud.JPG/265px-Altar_in_Ubud.JPG" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Altar_in_Ubud.JPG/398px-Altar_in_Ubud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Altar_in_Ubud.JPG/530px-Altar_in_Ubud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa</a> (left), the Divine Oneness and supreme god of Balinese Hinduism. Acintya is a part of temples, home shrines and ceremonies, remembered with a colourfully decorated stone seat, <i>Padmasana</i> (right).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener1995p51-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The general beliefs and practices of <i>Agama Hindu Dharma</i> as practised in Bali are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian laws that permit only monotheist belief under the national ideology of <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)"><i>panca sila</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-junemcdaniel_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia had a pantheon of deities and that tradition of belief continues in practice; further, Hinduism in Indonesia granted freedom and flexibility to Hindus as to when, how and where to pray.<sup id="cite_ref-syamashita_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, officially, the Indonesian government considers and advertises Indonesian Hinduism as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that comply with its national ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-junemcdaniel_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junemcdaniel-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syamashita_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesian school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one supreme being, Hindus offering three daily mandatory prayers, and Hinduism as having certain common beliefs that in part parallel those of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-syamashita_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar's contest whether these Indonesian government recognized and assigned beliefs to reflect the traditional Balinese Hindu beliefs and practices before Indonesia gained independence from Dutch colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-syamashita_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the Hindu beliefs officially recognized by the Indonesian Ministry of Religion include:<sup id="cite_ref-syamashita_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A belief in one supreme being called "Ida Sanghyang Widi Wasa", "Sang <a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> Tunggal", or "<a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Sang Hyang Acintya</a>".</li> <li>A belief that all of the gods are manifestations of this supreme being. This belief is the same as the belief of <a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a>, which also holds that the different forms of gods and goddesses, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> (Devi) are different aspects of the same Supreme Being. Shiva is also worshipped in other forms such as "Batara Guru" and "Maharaja Dewa" (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Mahadeva</a>).</li></ul> <p>The sacred texts found in <i>Agama Hindu Dharma</i> are the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Ramstedt_2003_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Ramstedt_2003-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the bases of Indian and Balinese Hinduism. Other sources of religious information include the Universal Hindu <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>). The epics <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> became enduring traditions among Indonesian believers, expressed in shadow puppets (<i><a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a></i>) and dance performances. As in India, Indonesian Hinduism recognizes four paths of spirituality, calling it <i>Catur Marga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-murdana_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murdana-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are <i>bhakti mārga</i> (path of devotion to deities), <i>jnana mārga</i> (path of knowledge), <i>karma mārga</i> (path of works) and <i>raja mārga</i> (path of meditation). Bhakti Marga has the largest following in Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-murdana_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murdana-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, like Hindus in India, Balinese Hindus believe that there are four proper goals of human life, calling it <i>Catur Purusartha</i> - <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (the pursuit of moral and ethical living), <i><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a></i> (the pursuit of wealth and creative activity), <i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a></i> (the pursuit of joy and love) and <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> (the pursuit of self-knowledge and liberation).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_and_deities">God and deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: God and deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:424px;max-width:424px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_(23).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ganesha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/200px-Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/300px-Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg/400px-Downtown_Ubud_Bali_Indonesia_-_panoramio_%2823%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="5078" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:218px;max-width:218px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wisnu on Garuda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG/216px-Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG/324px-Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG/432px-Garuda_Wishnu_Bali.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some of many Hindu gods and goddesses of Balinese Hinduism: Ganesha (left), Wisnu on Garuda (right).</div></div></div></div> <p>Balinese Hinduism includes the Indian trinity concept called <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> consisting of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li>Wisnu or <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li>Çiwa or Siwa or <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <p>In Balinese Hindu texts, the alternate tripartite concept of Shiva of Indian <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> is also found. This is usually referred in Balinese as "Siwa-Sadasiwa-Paramasiwa", where Shiva is the creator, the maintainer and the destroyer of cyclic existence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the traditional Hindu trinity, Balinese Hindus worship a range of gods and goddesses (<i><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Dewata</a></i> and <i>Batara-Batari</i>), as well others that are unique and not found in Indian Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Haeretal46_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeretal46-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Sang Hyang Widhi</a> literally means "Divine Order",<sup id="cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener1995p51-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a> ("Inconceivable")<sup id="cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener1995p51-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Sang Hyang Tunggal ("Divine Oneness"),<sup id="cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener1995p51-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the concept in Balinese tradition of Hinduism that parallels the metaphysical concept of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> among Indian Hindus. Ceremonies include an empty high-seated chair. It is also found at the top of the <i><a href="/wiki/Padmasana_(shrine)" title="Padmasana (shrine)">Padmasana</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Padmasana_(shrine)" title="Padmasana (shrine)">shrine</a> outside houses and temples. This is for Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman274_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman274-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethical_values">Ethical values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethical values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DailyTributeBali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DailyTributeBali.jpg/220px-DailyTributeBali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DailyTributeBali.jpg/330px-DailyTributeBali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/DailyTributeBali.jpg/440px-DailyTributeBali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Canang_sari" title="Canang sari">Canang sari</a></i> offerings</figcaption></figure> <p>The axiological ideas of Balinese Hinduism parallel those in Indian Hinduism. However, states Martin Ramstedt – a scholar of Hinduism in Southeast Asia, they are termed somewhat differently and passed on from one generation to the next as a community and at spiritual ceremonies. Unlike the Islamic schools in Indonesia and Hindu Ashrams in India, and in light of the official representation of Balinese Hinduism, the traditional precepts and values are acquired at home, rituals, and religious symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Ngurah_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngurah-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the symbolism connected with the sprinkling of "<i>tirtha</i>", or holy water that bridges the material and the spiritual, this water is first sprinkled overhead and is understood as "purification of <i>manah</i> (mind)", then sipped to be understood as "purification of <i>wak</i> (speech)", and then sprinkled over the body symbolizing "purification of <i>kaya</i> (attitude and behaviour)". Thus, states Ngurah Nala, the younger generation becomes "acquainted with the ethical values embodied in the concept of <i>Tri Kaya Parisudha</i>, or the attainment of a pure or good mind (<i>manacika</i>), pure or good speech (<i>wacika</i>), and pure conduct (<i>kayika</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-Ngurah_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ngurah-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_life">Birth and life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth and life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Samskara (rite of passage)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg/220px-Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg/330px-Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg/440px-Nelu_Bulanin_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The rite of <i>Nelu Bulanin</i></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a total of <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">thirteen ceremonies</a> concerned with life from conception until, but not including, <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">death</a>, each of which has four elements: placation of evil spirits, purification with holy water, wafting of the essence, and prayer. These ceremonies mark major events in a person's life, including <a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">puberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">grain feeding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman362363_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman362363-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A newborn baby is believed to represent the soul of an ancestor and is regarded as a god for the first 42 days of its life. However, the mother is regarded as impure and is not allowed to participate in any religious activities during this period. A baby must not touch the impure ground until it is 105 days old, halfway to the celebration of its first birthday according to the 210-day <a href="/wiki/Balinese_pawukon_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese pawukon calendar">Balinese <i>Pawukon</i> calendar</a>. Once it reaches its first birthday, the child's family will celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Otonan" title="Otonan">Otonan</a> birthday ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the child reaches <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, the six upper <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a> are filed until they are even.<sup id="cite_ref-Haeretal52_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeretal52-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman91_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman91-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_reincarnation">Death and reincarnation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and reincarnation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important ceremonies take place after death and result in the soul being freed to be eventually reincarnated. Unlike the death rites of other religions, the physical body is not the focus, as it is seen as nothing more than a temporary container of the soul and fit only for expedient disposal. In fact, the body must be burned before the soul can leave it completely. The cremation ceremony to bring this about can be extremely expensive because an elaborate ceremony is a way of showing respect for a soul destined to become a god with considerable powers over those left behind. Therefore, bodies are sometimes temporarily buried until the family can accumulate enough funds for cremation, although the bodies of priests or high-class families are <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">preserved above ground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haeretal53_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeretal53-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman116117_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman116117-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galungan_and_Kuningan">Galungan and Kuningan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Galungan and Kuningan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Galungan" title="Galungan">Galungan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deepavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepavali">Deepavali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/220px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/330px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg/440px-Nyepifest_auf_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ogoh-ogoh" title="Ogoh-ogoh">Ogoh-ogoh</a></i> procession on the eve of <i><a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The most important festival is <i>Galungan</i> (related to Deepavali), a <a href="/wiki/Diwali#Hinduism" title="Diwali">celebration of the triumph</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> over <i><a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a></i>. It is calculated according to the 210-day <a href="/wiki/Balinese_pawukon_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese pawukon calendar">Balinese <i>Pawukon</i> calendar</a> and takes place on the Wednesday (<i>Buda</i>) of the eleventh week (<i>Dunggulan</i>). According to tradition, the spirits of the dead descend from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, to return ten days later on <i>Kuningan</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nyepi">Nyepi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nyepi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nyepi" title="Nyepi">Nyepi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_New_Year%27s_days" title="Indian New Year's days">Hindu New Year's days</a></div> <p><i>Nyepi</i>, or the Day of Silence, makes the start of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Saka_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balinese Saka calendar (page does not exist)">Balinese <i>Saka</i></a> year and is marked on the first day of the 10th month, <i>Kedasa</i>. It usually falls in March.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman186187_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman186187-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_festivals">Other festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Watu_Gunung" title="Watu Gunung"><i>Watugunung</i></a>, the last day of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon calendar</a></i>, is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, goddess of learning. Although it is <a href="/wiki/Saraswati#In_Indonesia" title="Saraswati">devoted to books</a>, reading is not allowed. The fourth day of the year is called <i>Pagerwesi</i>, meaning "iron fence". It commemorates a battle between good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Eiseman184185_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eiseman184185-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varna_system">Varna system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Varna system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Balinese_caste_system" title="Balinese caste system">Balinese caste system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pedanda-Buddha_en_Pedanda-Istri_in_functie_Bali_TMnr_10001145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><i>Buda pedanda</i> with his wife</figcaption></figure> <p>Balinese caste structure has been described in early 20th-century European literature to be based on three categories – <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis"><i>triwangsa</i></a> (three classes) or the nobility, <a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija"><i>dwijati</i></a> (twice-born) in contrast to ekajati (once born) the common folks. Four statuses were identified in these sociological studies, spelled a bit differently from the caste categories for India:<sup id="cite_ref-boon_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boon-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin"><i>Brahmanas</i></a> – priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya"><i>Satrias</i></a> – knighthood</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya"><i>Wesias</i></a> – commerce</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra"><i>Sudras</i></a> – servitude</li></ul> <p>The <i>Brahmana</i> caste was <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">further subdivided</a> by these Dutch ethnographers into two: <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Shaivite_sampradayas" title="Sampradaya"><i>Siwa</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya#Buddha_sampradaya" title="Sampradaya"><i>Buda</i></a>. The <i>Siwa</i> caste was subdivided into five – <i>Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba,</i> and <i>Petapan.</i> This classification was to accommodate the observed marriage between higher caste <i>Brahmana</i> men with lower caste women. The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by these 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste system studies in British colonies</a> such as India.<sup id="cite_ref-boon_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boon-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processions_and_colors">Processions and colors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Processions and colors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Vaṃsa">Vaṃsa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg/220px-A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg/330px-A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg/440px-A_procession_with_offerings_entering_a_Hindu_temple_Bali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Procession with offerings entering a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> in Bali</figcaption></figure> <p>Bali has a caste system similar to the Indian system in its ancient form. In ancient India, caste was called <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i>, meaning the colouring of the neutral or transparent soul or the propensity of the soul to behave according to certain tendencies based on its innate nature. Based on this propensity people selected their profession. Later this process through erosion became a family lineage/birth-based system. This same system has been adopted in Bali and it is called '<a href="/wiki/Va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Vaṃsa"><i>Wangsa</i></a>' which is related to the professions of the ancestors. However, even in Bali today, irrespective of the profession of the individual, they claim to belong to their family wangsa. There are four basic wangsa or professions, known collectively as <i>caturwangsa</i>—all Balinese belong to this group. The top three wangsa are <i>Brahmana</i>, <i>Satria</i> (or <i>Ksatriya</i>) and <i>Wesia</i> (or <i>Wesya</i>), represent nobility, and are known as <i>triwangsa</i>. The fourth and most common wangsa is <i>Sudra</i>. </p><p>These wangsa groups are subdivided, and each has certain names associated with it. The teachers and priests, <i>Brahmanans</i>, have five subdivisions, and are said to be descended from one individual. Men and women have Ida as their first name. The <i>Ksatriya</i> are traditional rulers and warriors. Typical names of this wangsa are <i>"<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Dewa Agung</a>"</i>, "<i>Anak Agung"</i> and <i>"I <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Dewa</a>"</i>. The <i>Wesia</i> are considered to have been merchants of different kinds. The most common wangsa in Bali in terms of numbers is <i>Sudra</i> since 90% of Balinese Hindus belong to it; they make up the common people as farmers and others. The <i>Pandes</i> or Blacksmiths have a special 'clan' that is not mentioned in the Catur Wangsa group but is considered especially important for its skilled works and being the smiths of fire, <i>Dewa</i> <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> or <i>Dewa</i> <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dietary_law">Dietary law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dietary law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under no circumstances may Balinese Hindus consume the flesh of human, cat, monkey, dog, crocodile, mouse, snake, frog, certain poisonous fish, leech, stinging insect, crow, eagle, owl, or any other <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bali-Covarrubias_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bali-Covarrubias-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicken, fruit, vegetables and seafood are widely consumed. Hindus, especially those who belong to the varna (caste) of <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></i>, are forbidden to consume or even touch beef and rarely touch pork; additionally, they must not eat on the street or marketplace, drink alcohol, or taste offerings of such items.<sup id="cite_ref-Bali-Covarrubias_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bali-Covarrubias-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Bali_and_Indonesia">Outside Bali and Indonesia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Outside Bali and Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg/220px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg/330px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg/440px-Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta" title="Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta">Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Balinese Hindus built <a href="/wiki/Pura_Parahyangan_Agung_Jagatkarta" title="Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta">Pura Parahyangan Agung Jagatkarta</a>, the second largest temple in Indonesia after <a href="/wiki/Pura_Besakih" class="mw-redirect" title="Pura Besakih">Pura Besakih</a> in Bali, dedicated to Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Baduga_Maharaja" title="Sri Baduga Maharaja">King Sri Baduga Maharaja Sang Ratu Jaya Dewata</a> <a href="/wiki/Prabu_Siliwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabu Siliwangi">Prabu Siliwangi</a>. Pura Aditya Jaya is the largest temple in Indonesian capital <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least four Balinese Hindu temples exist in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Padmasana_(shrine)" title="Padmasana (shrine)">padmasana</a> exists in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ethnology,_Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg">Museum of Ethnology, Hamburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pura_Girinatha" title="Pura Girinatha">Pura Girinatha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a>, was built by Indonesian immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recently constructed <a href="/wiki/Pura_Tri_Hita_Karana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pura Tri Hita Karana">Pura Tri Hita Karana</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Erholungspark_Marzahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Erholungspark Marzahn">Erholungspark Marzahn</a> park in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Two temples exist in the <a href="/wiki/Pairi_Daiza#Other_attractions" title="Pairi Daiza">Pairi Daiza</a> botanical garden in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hinduism in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism">Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Kshatriya" title="Javanese Kshatriya">Javanese Kshatriya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Sutasoma" title="Kakawin Sutasoma">Kakawin Sutasoma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcdaniel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcdaniel_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDaniel, June (2013), A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as ‘People of the Book’. The Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit030">10.1093/jhs/hit030</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bps-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bps_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0">"Sensus Penduduk 2010 - Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut"</a> [2010 Population Census - Population by Region and Religious Affiliations] (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pusat_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pusat Statistik">Badan Pusat Statistik</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sensus+Penduduk+2010+-+Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsp2010.bps.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Ftabel%3Ftid%3D321%26wid%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaihu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Saihu, Saihu (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/article/view/8029">"Local Tradition and Harmony among Religious Adherents: the Dominant Culture of Hindu-Muslim Relation in Jembrana Bali"</a>. <i>Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama Dan Sosial Budaya</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 31–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15575%2Fjw.v5i1.8029">10.15575/jw.v5i1.8029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2502-3489">2502-3489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222901787">222901787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wawasan%3A+Jurnal+Ilmiah+Agama+Dan+Sosial+Budaya&rft.atitle=Local+Tradition+and+Harmony+among+Religious+Adherents%3A+the+Dominant+Culture+of+Hindu-Muslim+Relation+in+Jembrana+Bali&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-42&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222901787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2502-3489&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15575%2Fjw.v5i1.8029&rft.aulast=Saihu&rft.aufirst=Saihu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.uinsgd.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fjw%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britindonesiareli-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britindonesiareli_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britindonesiareli_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Religions">Indonesia: Religions</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-picard-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-picard_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Picard2004" class="citation book cs1">Michel Picard (2004). Martin Ramstedt (ed.). <i>Hinduism in Modern Indonesia</i>. Routledge. pp. 9–10, 55–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pages=9-10%2C+55-57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1533-6&rft.au=Michel+Picard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgonda-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jgonda_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgonda_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jgonda_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Gonda, Jan</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1">"The Indian Religions in Pre-Islamic Indonesia and their survival in Bali"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7YfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3. Southeast Asia, Religions</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Religions+in+Pre-Islamic+Indonesia+and+their+survival+in+Bali&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+3.+Southeast+Asia%2C+Religions&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=1-54&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX7YfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mark1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mark1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mark1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA557">Encyclopedia of Global Religion</a>, Volume 1, pages 557–558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Hall (2011), A History of Early Southeast Asia, Rowman & Littlefield, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742567610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742567610">978-0742567610</a>, Chapter 4 and 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Hall (2011), A History of Early Southeast Asia, Rowman & Littlefield, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742567610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742567610">978-0742567610</a>, pp. 122-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taufiq Tanasaldy, Regime Change and Ethnic Politics in Indonesia, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004263734" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004263734">978-9004263734</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhard Bowering et al., <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>, Princeton University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840">978-0691134840</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jfox-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jfox_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jfox_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Fox, <i>Indonesian Heritage: Religion and ritual, Volume 9 of Indonesian Heritage</i>, Editor: Timothy Auger; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9813018587" title="Special:BookSources/978-9813018587">978-9813018587</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger (2000), Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877790440" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877790440">978-0877790440</a>, pp. 516-517</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jean_Gelman_Taylor_pp._21-83-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jean_Gelman_Taylor_pp._21-83_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories, Yale University Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300105186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300105186">978-0300105186</a>, pp. 21-83 and 142-173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mramstedt-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mramstedt_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mramstedt_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mramstedt_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ramstedt (2003), Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700715336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700715336">978-0700715336</a>, pp. 9-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia, Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700715336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700715336">978-0700715336</a>, Chapter 4, pp. 56-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones11_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (1971) p11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs13-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs13_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ricklefs (1989) p13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsimmonds-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsimmonds_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Simmonds, Bali: Morning of the World, Periplus; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804843966" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804843966">978-0804843966</a>, pp. 41-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mprm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mprm_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mprm_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Picard and Rémy Madinier, The Politics of Religion in Indonesia - Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Religious Contention in Java and Bali, Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415613118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415613118">978-0415613118</a>, Chapter 5 and notes to the chapter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiener1995p51-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener1995p51_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_J._Wiener1995" class="citation book cs1">Margaret J. Wiener (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Kpbq-5J1ioC"><i>Visible and Invisible Realms: Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-88580-3"><bdi>978-0-226-88580-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visible+and+Invisible+Realms%3A+Power%2C+Magic%2C+and+Colonial+Conquest+in+Bali&rft.pages=51-55&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-88580-3&rft.au=Margaret+J.+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Kpbq-5J1ioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-junemcdaniel-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-junemcdaniel_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-junemcdaniel_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2010" class="citation journal cs1">McDaniel, June (1 August 2010). "Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam". <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 93–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.1.93">10.1525/nr.2010.14.1.93</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.atitle=Agama+Hindu+Dharma+Indonesia+as+a+New+Religious+Movement%3A+Hinduism+Recreated+in+the+Image+of+Islam&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-111&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2010.14.1.93&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syamashita-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syamashita_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shinji Yamashita (2002), Bali and Beyond: Explorations in the Anthropology of Tourism, Berghahn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571813275" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571813275">978-1571813275</a>, pp. 57-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Picard (2003), in Hinduism in Modern Indonesia (Editor: Martin Ramstedt), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700715336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700715336">978-0700715336</a>, pp. 56-72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Forge (1980), <i>Balinese Religion and Indonesian Identity, in Indonesia: The Making of a Culture</i> (Editor: James Fox), Australian National University; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0909596590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0909596590">978-0909596590</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Putu Setia (1992), Cendekiawan Hindu Bicara, Denpasar: Yayasan Dharma Naradha; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9798357008" title="Special:BookSources/978-9798357008">978-9798357008</a>, pp. 217-229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Ramstedt_2003-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Ramstedt_2003_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Ramstedt (2003), <i>Hinduism in Modern Indonesia</i>, Routledge; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700715336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700715336">978-0700715336</a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murdana-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murdana_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-murdana_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdana, I. Ketut (2008), BALINESE ARTS AND CULTURE: A flash understanding of Concept and Behavior, Mudra - JURNAL SENI BUDAYA, Indonesia; Volume 22, page 5-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ida Bagus Sudirga (2009), Widya Dharma - Agama Hindu, Ganeca Indonesia; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9795711773" title="Special:BookSources/978-9795711773">978-9795711773</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IGP Sugandhi (2005), Seni (Rupa) Bali Hindu Dalam Perspektif Epistemologi Brahma Widya, Ornamen, Vol 2, Number 1, pp. 58-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_M._Creese2016" class="citation book cs1">Helen M. Creese (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQpRDAAAQBAJ"><i>Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century: The Ethnographic Accounts of Pierre Dubois</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 226–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31583-9"><bdi>978-90-04-31583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+in+the+Early+Nineteenth+Century%3A+The+Ethnographic+Accounts+of+Pierre+Dubois&rft.pages=226-227&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31583-9&rft.au=Helen+M.+Creese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQpRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeretal46-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haeretal46_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haer et al (2000) p 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman274-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman274_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) p 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ngurah-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ngurah_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ngurah_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgurah_Nala2004" class="citation book cs1">Ngurah Nala (2004). Martin Ramstedt (ed.). <i>Hinduism in Modern Indonesia</i>. Routledge. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1533-6&rft.au=Ngurah+Nala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Ramstedt2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin Ramstedt (2004). <i>Hinduism in Modern Indonesia</i>. Routledge. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1533-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1533-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+Modern+Indonesia&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1533-6&rft.au=Martin+Ramstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman362363-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman362363_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) pp 362-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whatsnewindonesia.com/feature/bali/education/birth-hereditary-understanding-significance-balinese-otonan-ceremony">"Birth Hereditary: Understanding the Significance of the Balinese Otonan Ceremony"</a>. <i>whatsnewindonesia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whatsnewindonesia.com&rft.atitle=Birth+Hereditary%3A+Understanding+the+Significance+of+the+Balinese+Otonan+Ceremony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhatsnewindonesia.com%2Ffeature%2Fbali%2Feducation%2Fbirth-hereditary-understanding-significance-balinese-otonan-ceremony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeretal52-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haeretal52_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haer et al (2000) p 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman91-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman91_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeretal53-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haeretal53_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haer et al (2000), p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman116117-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman116117_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) pp. 116–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman186187-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman186187_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) pp 186–187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eiseman184185-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eiseman184185_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eiseman (1989) pp 184–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boon-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boon_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boon_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Boon1977" class="citation book cs1">James Boon (1977). <i>The Anthropological Romance of Bali 1597–1972: Dynamic Perspectives in Marriage and Caste, Politics and Religion</i>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21398-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21398-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21398-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthropological+Romance+of+Bali+1597%E2%80%931972%3A+Dynamic+Perspectives+in+Marriage+and+Caste%2C+Politics+and+Religion&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21398-1&rft.au=James+Boon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bali-Covarrubias-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bali-Covarrubias_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bali-Covarrubias_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguel_Covarrubias2015" class="citation book cs1">Miguel Covarrubias (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sthGCgAAQBAJ&q=Balinese+cuisine+beef+seldom+consumed&pg=PA87"><i>Island of Bali, Periplus classics</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462917471" title="Special:BookSources/9781462917471"><bdi>9781462917471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+of+Bali%2C+Periplus+classics&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781462917471&rft.au=Miguel+Covarrubias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsthGCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBalinese%2Bcuisine%2Bbeef%2Bseldom%2Bconsumed%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soulofjakarta.com/index.php?modul=Pura-Aditya-Jaya-Pura-Terbesar-di-Jakarta.html&id=MjgyNg==&kat=4">"Pura Aditya Jaya, Pura Terbesar di Jakarta"</a> (in Indonesian). SOUL OF JAKARTA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pura+Aditya+Jaya%2C+Pura+Terbesar+di+Jakarta&rft.pub=SOUL+OF+JAKARTA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoulofjakarta.com%2Findex.php%3Fmodul%3DPura-Aditya-Jaya-Pura-Terbesar-di-Jakarta.html%26id%3DMjgyNg%3D%3D%26kat%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5588">"CELEBRATION: Balinese Festival Finds Home in Germany"</a>. Hinduism Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CELEBRATION%3A+Balinese+Festival+Finds+Home+in+Germany&rft.pub=Hinduism+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D5588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalitimes.com/the-island/pastika-thanks-gusmao-over-dili-temple/">"Pastika Thanks Gusmao over Dili Temple"</a>. <i>The Bali Times</i>. 1 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bali+Times&rft.atitle=Pastika+Thanks+Gusmao+over+Dili+Temple&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebalitimes.com%2Fthe-island%2Fpastika-thanks-gusmao-over-dili-temple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pairidaiza.eu/en/activities/flower-temple">"The Flower Temple | Pairi Daiza"</a>. <i>www.pairidaiza.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105438/https://www.pairidaiza.eu/en/activities/pura-bunga-the-flower-temple">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pairidaiza.eu&rft.atitle=The+Flower+Temple+%7C+Pairi+Daiza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pairidaiza.eu%2Fen%2Factivities%2Fflower-temple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisonGranquist1999" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Julian; Granquist, Bruce (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balinesetemplesd00juli"><i>Balinese Temples</i></a>. Periplus Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-196-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-196-8"><bdi>978-962-593-196-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balinese+Temples&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-593-196-8&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Granquist%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalinesetemplesd00juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiseman1989" class="citation book cs1">Eiseman, Fred B. (1989). <i>Bali: Sekala & Niskala Volume I: Essays on Religion, Ritual, and Art</i>. Singapore: Periplus Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-03-0"><bdi>978-0-945971-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+Sekala+%26+Niskala+Volume+I%3A+Essays+on+Religion%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Art&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-945971-03-0&rft.aulast=Eiseman&rft.aufirst=Fred+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaerMorillotToh2000" class="citation book cs1">Haer, Debbie Guthrie; <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Morillot" title="Juliette Morillot">Morillot, Juliette</a>; Toh, Irene (2000). <i>Bali: A Traveller's Companion</i>. Editions Didier Millet Pte Ltd. Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-3018495" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-3018495"><bdi>978-981-3018495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+A+Traveller%27s+Companion&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet+Pte+Ltd.+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-981-3018495&rft.aulast=Haer&rft.aufirst=Debbie+Guthrie&rft.au=Morillot%2C+Juliette&rft.au=Toh%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobartRamseyerLeeman1996" class="citation book cs1">Hobart, Angela; Ramseyer, Urs; Leeman, Albert (1996). <i>The Peoples of Bali</i>. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17687-9"><bdi>978-0-631-17687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Bali&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17687-9&rft.aulast=Hobart&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft.au=Ramseyer%2C+Urs&rft.au=Leeman%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1971" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Howard Palfrey (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indonesiapossibl00jone"><i>Indonesia: The Possible Dream</i></a>. Hoover Institution Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-144371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-144371-0"><bdi>978-0-15-144371-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+The+Possible+Dream&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-15-144371-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Howard+Palfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findonesiapossibl00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1989" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (1989). <i>Bali: A Paradise Created</i>. Periplus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-28-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945971-28-3"><bdi>978-0-945971-28-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+A+Paradise+Created&rft.pub=Periplus&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-945971-28-3&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoadley1991" class="citation book cs1">Hoadley, M. C. (1991). <i>Sanskritic continuity in Southeast Asia: The ṣaḍātatāyī and aṣṭacora in Javanese law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: Aditya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskritic+continuity+in+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B8%8D%C4%81tat%C4%81y%C4%AB+and+a%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADacora+in+Javanese+law&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hoadley&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes-Freeland1991" class="citation book cs1">Hughes-Freeland, F. (1991). <i>Javanese visual performance and the Indian mystique</i>. <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: Aditya Prakashan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+visual+performance+and+the+Indian+mystique&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hughes-Freeland&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLokesh2000" class="citation book cs1">Lokesh, Chandra (2000). <i>Society and culture of Southeast Asia: Continuities and changes</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: International Academy of Indian Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+culture+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+Continuities+and+changes&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=International+Academy+of+Indian+Culture&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lokesh&rft.aufirst=Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCœdès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_C%C5%93d%C3%A8s" title="George Cœdès">Cœdès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=C%C5%93d%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> <i>Study of Sanskrit in South-East Asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+of+Sanskrit+in+South-East+Asia&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1979" class="citation book cs1">——————— (1979). <i>India and South-East Asia</i>. I.S.P.Q.S. History and Archaeology Series Vol. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7018-046-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7018-046-5"><bdi>81-7018-046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+South-East+Asia&rft.pub=I.S.P.Q.S.+History+and+Archaeology+Series+Vol.+6&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=81-7018-046-5&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaigorō_Chihara1996" class="citation book cs1">Daigorō Chihara (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiUTOanLClcC"><i>Hindu-Buddhist Architecture in Southeast Asia</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10512-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10512-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Buddhist+Architecture+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10512-6&rft.au=Daigor%C5%8D+Chihara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiUTOanLClcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriati2016" class="citation book cs1">Ariati, Ni Wayan Pasek (2016). <i>The journey of the Goddess Durga: India, Java, and Bali</i>. Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177421521" title="Special:BookSources/9788177421521"><bdi>9788177421521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journey+of+the+Goddess+Durga%3A+India%2C+Java%2C+and+Bali&rft.pub=Aditya+Prakashan%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788177421521&rft.aulast=Ariati&rft.aufirst=Ni+Wayan+Pasek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalinese+Hinduism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&oldid=1255295586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balinese_Hinduism&oldid=1255295586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism_in_Bali" title="Category:Hinduism in Bali">Hinduism in Bali</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2017">Use dmy dates from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Balinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Balinese-language text">Articles containing Balinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from October 2024">Articles with disputed statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 04:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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