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Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox | David J. Sencer CDC Museum | CDC
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Sencer CDC Museum: In Association with the Smithsonian Institution</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Mobile Nav" id="mobilenav" class="sticky-top"> </nav> <!-- Global Above Feature --> <div class="container-fluid feature-area"> <div class="container"></div> </div> </header> <div class="container d-flex flex-wrap body-wrapper bg-white"> <main class="col-lg-9 order-lg-2" role="main" aria-label="Main Content Area"> <div class="row visual-element"> <div class="col"> </div> </div> <div class="section-nav-area"> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Section Nav" class="w-100 sticky-top"></nav> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col content "><div class="syndicate"><h1 id="content" class="page-title">Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox</h1></div> <div class="title-bar"> <a href="#print" class="print-link" aria-label="print this page" onclick="window.print()">Print</a> </div> <div class="mb-3 card tp-related-pages fourth-level-nav d-none"> <div class="card-header collapse-icon"> <a class="collapse-link float-right nav-minus fs0875" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapse_282366ec470ee6a02" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse_282366ec470ee6a02"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Minus</title> <path d="M19,13H5V11H19V13Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="h4">Related Pages</div> </div> <div class="card-body collapse show" id="collapse_282366ec470ee6a02"></div> </div> <div class="syndicate"> <div class="row "><div class="col-md-12"><div class="w-md-col4 float-md-right ml-md-3"><div class="card mb-3 "><img decoding="async" class="card-img-top img-fluid p-0 img-fluid" alt="This is a statue of Shapona, the West African God of Smallpox." title="Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox" src="/museum/images/history/shapona-large.jpg?_=99549"><div class="card-body image-with-caption"><p>This is a statue of Shapona, the West African God of Smallpox. Gift of Rafe and Ilze Henderson, 1995.014, CDCM Collection</p> </div></div></div> <div class="cdc-textblock"><p>Perhaps the most iconic object in the David J. Sencer CDC Museum is Shapona, the Yoruba god of smallpox. It represents the international effort to eradicate smallpox in the 1960s and 1970s.</p> <p>One of four in the CDC Museum collection, this Shapona is on display. The figure was commissioned along with several others in 1969 from a fetisheur from Abeokuta (near Lagos) shortly before the May Inter-regional Seminar on Smallpox Eradication held in Lagos.</p> <p>It is a unique carved wooden figure upon which are layered meaningful objects such as monkey skulls, cowrie shells, and fur. Yoruba legend held that the supreme god delegated authority over various kingdoms of the world to his two sons. To his second born son, Shango, he gave control of the sky ; but to his eldest, Shapona, he gave control of the earth, who nourished man by giving him all the grains of the earth, but when he punished, he caused those grains men had eaten to come out on their skins (Challenor 1971, 57-59). Thus, smallpox was an indication of divine displeasure. Formal worship of Shapona was highly controlled by specific priests in charge of shrines to the god. People believed that if angered, the priests were believed capable of causing smallpox outbreaks themselves. Although the British colonial rulers banned the worship of Shapona in 1907 because they suspected the priests of deliberately spreading smallpox, the god continued to be worshipped.</p> <p>In the 1960s and 1970s, WHO and CDC vaccination teams in Dahomey, Togo, and western Nigeria encountered some cultural resistance from Shapona worshippers who thought they were being asked to make war on one of their own deities. Ultimately, these cultural challenges were met and overcome in this part of Africa as well as other parts of the world. Don Millar, Director of the Smallpox Eradication Program, wrote in a 1969 memo to Smallpox Eradication Program personnel, “Immediately after Christmas, George Lythcott came in for two days of consultation, bearing with him a gift of great import from Rafe and Ilze Henderson – an authentic Soponna [sic] fetish of the Babaligbo cult of Aebokuta, Western Nigeria. Rafe’s comment which accompanied the fetish, ‘In hopes this will soon be a relic of the past’.” Eleven years later, in 1980, the World Health Organization officially declared smallpox eradicated.</p> </div><div class="row-fluid"> <div class="vc_empty_space"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner"></span></div> </div> </div></div><div class="row "><div class="col-md-12"><div class="card mb-3"><div class="card-header h4 bg-primary">Enrichment Modules</div></div><div id="accordion-1" class="accordion indicator-plus accordion-white mb-3" role="tablist"><div class="card bar"><div class="card"><button class="card-header collapsed" tabindex="0" role="tab" id="accordion-1-card-1" data-target="#accordion-1-collapse-1" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" data-controls="accordion-1-collapse-1"> <span class="card-title btn btn-link"> <span>SEE</span> </span> </button> <div aria-labelledby="accordion-1-card-1" class="collapse d-print-block collapsed" id="accordion-1-collapse-1" role="tab"> <div class="card-body"><div class="cdc-textblock"><p><u>Take a closer look:</u></p> <ul> <li>View two additional <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=15226">Shapona statues</a> in the CDC Museum collection, <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=8004">each uniquely carved</a>.</li> <li>View historic images of a <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=10363">map of Western Africa</a> and <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=10364"> Donald Millar</a> holding a Shapona statue.</li> <li>Check out historic photographs of the Nigerian Smallpox Vaccination Team in 1967 <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=13247">studying strategies</a> and <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=13246">discussion implementations</a>, along with a glimpse of a <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=14274">Nigerian smallpox laboratory</a> in the 1960s.</li> <li>View the <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=7073">Ped-O-Jet</a> in use and a <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=7076">vaccination queue</a> in Benin, which was formerly the country of Dahomey.</li> <li>View 1970s captures of <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=13258"> Donald Henderson</a> outside the Bangladesh National Smallpox Eradication Program Center and <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=16266">Dr. William Foege</a> on assignment in the Indian State of Bihar.</li> <li>Learn more about <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html">smallpox</a> and the variola virus, as well as <a href="/mpox/">other poxvirus diseases</a>.</li> <li>Take a look at a <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=2291">transmission electron microscope image</a> of a tissue section containing variola virus particles and a <a href="https://phil.cdc.gov/Details.aspx?pid=16931">photomicrograph</a> showing a skin specimen infected with the smallpox variola virus.</li> </ul> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="card bar"><div class="card"><button class="card-header collapsed" tabindex="0" role="tab" id="accordion-1-card-2" data-target="#accordion-1-collapse-2" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" data-controls="accordion-1-collapse-2"> <span class="card-title btn btn-link"> <span>HEAR</span> </span> </button> <div aria-labelledby="accordion-1-card-2" class="collapse d-print-block collapsed" id="accordion-1-collapse-2" role="tab"> <div class="card-body"><div class="cdc-textblock"><p><u>From the source:</u></p> <ul> <li>Find <a href="https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/items/browse?type=17&collection=1&sort_field=Dublin+Core%2CTitle" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="org">oral histories<span aria-label="external icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-external x16 fill-external" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> about smallpox, along with historic photographs and original documents, from <a href="https://www.globalhealthchronicles.org/smallpox-eradication" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="org">Global Health Chronicles<span aria-label="external icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-external x16 fill-external" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span></a>, a CDC Museum/Emory University collaboration.</li> <li>Learn all about CDC’s <a href="/rabies/">Rabies Branch</a>.</li> </ul> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="card bar"><div class="card"><button class="card-header collapsed" tabindex="0" role="tab" id="accordion-1-card-3" data-target="#accordion-1-collapse-3" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" data-controls="accordion-1-collapse-3"> <span class="card-title btn btn-link"> <span>REFLECT</span> </span> </button> <div aria-labelledby="accordion-1-card-3" class="collapse d-print-block collapsed" id="accordion-1-collapse-3" role="tab"> <div class="card-body"><div class="cdc-textblock"><p><u>Then and now:</u></p> <ul> <li>In the 1960s and 1970s, WHO and CDC vaccination teams did not — initially, at least — take into account the impact that the vaccine program would have on local culture and religion. Read about important lessons CDC learned regarding <a href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/88103">international collaboration</a> during an outbreak and, most importantly, <a href="https://npin.cdc.gov/pages/cultural-competence">cultural competence</a>.</li> <li>Explore the contributions of CDC to smallpox eradication in this <a href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21534">CDC and the smallpox crusade</a>.</li> <li>Take a close look at historic Smallpox Eradication Program reports: <ul> <li><a href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21488">Volume IV, No. 1</a> (January 7, 1970)</li> <li><a href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21490">Volume V, No. 2</a> (January 30, 1970)</li> <li>Read about lessons learned from the Smallpox Eradication Campaign in this <a href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/15522">1998 report</a> written by Dr. William Foege, Chief of the CDC Smallpox Eradication Program.</li> </ul> </li> <li>View a comprehensive timeline of the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/pdfs/Smallpox-Timeline.pdf" target="_blank">spread and eradication of smallpox<span aria-label="pdf icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-pdf x16 fill-pdf" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="file-details"></span></a> — spanning 3<sup>rd</sup> Century BCE to the 20<sup>th</sup>.</li> <li>Learn more about the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html">history of smallpox</a> and the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00049694.htm">last known case of smallpox</a>.</li> <li>Read about the <a href="https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox#tab=tab_3" class="tp-link-policy" rel="noreferrer" data-domain-ext="int">WHO response to smallpox<span aria-label="external icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-external x16 fill-external" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span></a>.</li> </ul> </div></div> </div></div></div><div class="card bar"><div class="card"><button class="card-header collapsed" tabindex="0" role="tab" id="accordion-1-card-4" data-target="#accordion-1-collapse-4" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" data-controls="accordion-1-collapse-4"> <span class="card-title btn btn-link"> <span>DO</span> </span> </button> <div aria-labelledby="accordion-1-card-4" class="collapse d-print-block collapsed" id="accordion-1-collapse-4" role="tab"> <div class="card-body"><div class="cdc-textblock"><p><u>Give it a try:</u></p> <ul> <li>Looking to take your smallpox knowledge a step further? Check out CDC’s Yellow Book chapter covering <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/smallpox-other-orthopoxvirus-associated-infections">smallpox & other similar infections</a>.</li> <li>Explore smallpox with these coloring sheets: <ul> <li><a href="/museum/pdf/shapona_do_coloring_sheet-1.pdf" target="_blank">A public health official handles an official smallpox sample <span aria-label="pdf icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-pdf x16 fill-pdf" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="file-details">[PDF – 414 KB]</span></a></li> <li><a href="/museum/pdf/shapona_do_coloring_sheet-2.pdf" target="_blank">A ped-o-jet used for mass-vaccination procedures <span aria-label="pdf icon" class="sr-only" role="img"></span><span class="fi cdc-icon-pdf x16 fill-pdf" alt="" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="file-details">[PDF – 443 KB]</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> 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Sencer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </nav> <div class="col-12 mt-5"> <div class="card mb-3"><div class="card-header h4 bg-primary">Museum Info</div><div class="card-body bg-white"><ul class="block-list"> <li> <strong>Hours</strong> <p> Monday: 9am-5pm <br> Tuesday: 9am-5pm <br> Wednesday: 9am-5pm <br> Thursday: 9am-7pm <br> Friday: 9am-5pm <br> <em>Closed weekends & federal holidays</em> </p></li> <li> <strong>Admission & Parking</strong> <p> Always Free <br> Government–issued photo ID required for adults over the age of 18 <br> Passport required for non-U.S. citizens </p></li> <li>Weapons are prohibited. <br> All vehicles will be inspected. </li> <li> <strong>Location</strong> <p> 1600 Clifton Road NE <br> Atlanta, GA 30329 </p></li> <li> <strong>Phone</strong> <p> 404-639-0830 </p></li> <li> <strong>Tour Questions</strong> <p> <a href="mailto:museumtours@cdc.gov">museumtours@cdc.gov</a> </p></li> </ul> </div></div> <div class=""><div class="card tp-gov-d mb-3"> <div 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