Editorial policies - Citations | Springer | Springer

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" > <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/css/styles.css"/> <title> Editorial policies - Citations | Springer | Springer — International Publisher </title> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/public/images/springer-icon.svg"/> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ hotjarSiteId: 1381312, gaUniversalTrackingId: "UA-10576520-2", }); </script> <script src="https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-latest.js"></script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://collect.springer.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-54556ZX');</script>  <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> </head> <body> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">skip to context</a> <header class="c-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__brand"> <a href="/" itemprop="url" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - / - Springer home" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <img alt="Springer home" itemprop="logo" role="img" src="/public/images/springer-logo.svg"> </a> </div> <ul class="c-header__menu"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/springerlinkshop" class="c-header__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/springerlinkshop - SpringerLink shop" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> SpringerLink shop <svg class="u-icon u-ml-4" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="/public/images/shop.svg#i-shop"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <nav class="c-header__nav"> <ul class="c-header__nav-menu"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="/gp/subjects" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/subjects - Subjects" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Subjects</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="#services" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - #services - Services" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Services</a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a href="/gp/about-springer" class="c-header__link c-header__link--nav" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer - About Us" data-track-category="header links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </header> <main class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-64" id="main" tabindex="-1"> <div class="u-mt-32 l-with-sidebar" style="--with-sidebar--gap: 4rem;"> <div class="main" style="--with-sidebar--min: 55%"> <div data-title="Citations" class="block" id="id-49260" data-type="local/article" lang="en"> <article> <h1> Citations </h1> <div class="c-content"><p class="align--justify">Research articles and non-research articles (e.g. Opinion, Review, and Commentary articles) must cite appropriate and relevant literature in support of the claims made. Excessive self-citation, coordinated efforts among several authors to collectively self-cite, gratuitous and unnecessary citation of articles published in the journal to which the paper has been submitted, and any other form of citation manipulation are inappropriate. </p> <p class="align--justify">Citation manipulation will result in the article being rejected, and may be reported to authors’ institutions.  Similarly, any attempts by peer-reviewers or editors to encourage such practices should be reported by authors to the publisher. </p> <p>Authors should consider the following guidelines when preparing their manuscript: </p> <ul> <li>Any statement in the manuscript that relies on external sources of information (i.e. not the authors' own new ideas or findings or general knowledge) should use a citation.</li> <li>Authors should avoid citing derivations of original work. For example, they should cite the original work rather than a review article that cites an original work.</li> <li>Authors should ensure that their citations are accurate (i.e. they should ensure the citation supports the statement made in their manuscript and should not misrepresent another work by citing it if it does not support the point the authors wish to make).</li> <li>Authors should not cite sources that they have not read.</li> <li>Authors should not preferentially cite their own or their friends’, peers’, or institution’s publications.</li> <li>Authors should avoid citing work solely from one country.</li> <li>Authors should not use an excessive number of citations to support one point.</li> <li>Ideally, authors should cite sources that have undergone peer review where possible.</li> <li>Authors should not cite advertisements or advertorial material.   </li> </ul></div> </article> </div> </div> <aside class="sidebar l-with-sidebar__sidebar" style="--with-sidebar--basis: 454px"> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49261" data-type="local/menuBox" lang="en"> <nav class="c-box" aria-labelledby="title-49261"> <h2 id="title-49261" class="c-box__heading" aria-level="2"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="menu links" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> Editorial Policies </a> </h2> <ul class="c-box-links"> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/appeals-and-complaints" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/appeals-and-complaints - Appeals and Complaints" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Appeals and Complaints </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles - Authorship Principles" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Authorship Principles </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/biosafety-biosecurity" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/biosafety-biosecurity - Biosafety and Biosecurity" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Biosafety and Biosecurity </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item c-box-links__item--current"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/citations" aria-current="page" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/citations - Citations" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Citations <svg class="u-icon u-ml-8" width="22" height="22" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="/public/images/icons/arrow-left.svg#i-arrow-left"></use> </svg> </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/competing-interests-policy - Competing Interests" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Competing Interests </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-standards-for-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/complementary-and-alternative-medicine-standards-for-research - Complementary and Alternative Medicine Standards for Research" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Complementary and Alternative Medicine Standards for Research </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles#toc-49271" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/authorship-principles#toc-49271 - Confidentiality" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Confidentiality </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions - Corrections and Retractions" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Corrections and Retractions </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/data-availability-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/data-availability-statement - Data Availability Statement" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Data Availability Statement </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/ethical-responsibilities-of-authors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/ethical-responsibilities-of-authors - Ethical responsibilities of authors" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Ethical responsibilities of authors </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/informed-consent" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/informed-consent - Informed Consent" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Informed Consent </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/portable-peer-review" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/portable-peer-review - Portable Peer Review" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Portable Peer Review </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/predatory-journals-and-references" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/predatory-journals-and-references - Predatory Journals and References" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Predatory Journals and References </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/preprint-sharing" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/preprint-sharing - Preprint Sharing" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Preprint Sharing </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/peer-review-policy-process" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/peer-review-policy-process - Policy, Process and Guidance for Peer Reviewers" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Policy, Process and Guidance for Peer Reviewers </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions#toc-49262" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springer.com/gp/editorial-policies/corrections-and-retractions#toc-49262 - Removal of Published Content" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Removal of Published Content </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-animals-and-their-data-or-biological-material" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-animals-and-their-data-or-biological-material - Research involving animals, and their data or biological material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research involving animals, and their data or biological material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-and-or-animal-participants" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-and-or-animal-participants - Research Involving Human Participants, their Data or Biological Material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research Involving Human Participants, their Data or Biological Material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-embryos" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-human-embryos - Research Involving Human Embryos" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research Involving Human Embryos </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-palaeontological-and-geological-material" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/research-involving-palaeontological-and-geological-material - Research involving palaeontological and geological material" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Research involving palaeontological and geological material </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/sex-and-gender-in-research-sager-guidelines" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/sex-and-gender-in-research-sager-guidelines - Sex and Gender in Research (SAGER Guidelines)" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Sex and Gender in Research (SAGER Guidelines) </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/standards-of-reporting" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/standards-of-reporting - Standards of Reporting" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Standards of Reporting </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/utilization-of-plants-algae-fungi" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/utilization-of-plants-algae-fungi - Utilization of plants, algae, fungi" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Utilization of plants, algae, fungi </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49286" data-type="local/menuBox" lang="en"> <nav class="c-box" aria-labelledby="title-49286"> <h2 id="title-49286" class="c-box__heading" aria-level="2"> Resources </h2> <ul class="c-box-links"> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/statistics-guide/19315188" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/statistics-guide/19315188 - Statistics Guide" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Statistics Guide </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/interactive-course/17768870" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/interactive-course/17768870 - Interactive course" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Interactive course </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/springer-s-guide-on-publishing-ethics/17769794" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/springer-s-guide-on-publishing-ethics/17769794 - Springer’s guide on publishing ethics" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Springer’s guide on publishing ethics </span> </a> </li> <li class="c-box-links__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies/book-and-proceedings-policies/19825196" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies/book-and-proceedings-policies/19825196 - Book and Proceedings policies" data-track-category="menu item" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> Book and Proceedings policies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div data-title="Untitled" class="block" id="id-49291" data-type="local/card" lang="en"> <div class="c-card"> <div class="c-card__image"> <img src="https://resource-cms.springernature.com/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/18105974/data/v3" alt="Dora"> </div> <div class="c-card__body"> </div> </div> </div> <div data-title="Your ORCID iD – As unique as you" class="block" id="id-49293" data-type="local/card" lang="en"> <div class="c-card"> <div class="c-card__image"> <img src="https://resource-cms.springernature.com/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/12238200/data/v4" alt="Picture1"> </div> <div class="c-card__body"> <h3 class="c-card__title"> <a class="c-card__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/orcid?utm_source=springer&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=RMarketing&utm_campaign=AEXS_1_CB02_GL_ORCID-Springer_teaser - Your ORCID iD – As unique as you" data-track-category="card" data-track-label="gp/editorial-policies/citations" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/orcid?utm_source=springer&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=RMarketing&utm_campaign=AEXS_1_CB02_GL_ORCID-Springer_teaser"> Your ORCID iD – As unique as you </a> </h3> <div class="c-card__summary"><p>This persistent ID distinguishes you from every other researcher. Automated linkages between you and your publications or reviews ensure that your work is recognized. Your achievements will never be confused with a colleague’s work.<br></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="c-dropdowns" id="dropdowns"> <div class="c-dropdowns__container"> <div class="c-dropdown" id="services" tabindex="-1"> <h2 class="c-dropdown__title">Services</h2> <ul class="c-dropdown__list"> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/advertisers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/advertisers - Advertisers" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Advertisers</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/authors-editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors - Authors & Editors" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Authors & Editors</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/booksellers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/booksellers - Booksellers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Booksellers (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/reviewers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/reviewers - Book Reviewers" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Book Reviewers</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers - Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/about-springer/media" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer/media - Journalists" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Journalists</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians - Librarians (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Librarians (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/open-access - Open Access & Springer" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Open Access & Springer</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Editorial Policies</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/rights-permissions" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/rights-permissions - Rights & Permissions" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Rights & Permissions</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/partners" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/partners - Societies & Publishing Partners" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Societies & Publishing Partners</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/agents" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/agents - Subscription Agencies (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Subscription Agencies (SpringerNature)</a> </li> <li class="c-dropdown__item"> <a href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help & Contact" data-track-category="dropdown links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Help & Contact</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__section"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__container"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu"> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Publish with us</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/authors-editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors - Authors" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Authors</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/authors-editors/journal-author" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/authors-editors/journal-author - Journal authors" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Journal authors</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/editorial-policies - Editorial Policies" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Editorial Policies</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/open-access - Open access & Springer" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Open access & Springer</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Discover content</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/ - SpringerLink" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">SpringerLink</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/books/a/1 - Books A - Z" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Books A - Z</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1 - Journals A - Z" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Journals A - Z</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/video" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/video - Video" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Video</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">Other services</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/lecturers - Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Instructors & lecturers (SpringerNature)</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians - Librarians (SpringerNature)" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Librarians (SpringerNature)</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/partners" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/partners - Societies & Publishing Partners" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Societies & Publishing Partners</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/advertisers" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/advertisers - Advertisers" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Advertisers</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="https://link.springer.com/shop/springer/titles/en-eu/" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://link.springer.com/shop/springer/titles/en-eu/ - SpringerLink shop" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">SpringerLink shop</a> </dd> </dl> </div> <div class="c-publisher-footer__menu-group"> <dl class="c-publisher-footer__list"> <dt class="c-publisher-footer__heading">About Springer</dt> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/about-springer" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer - About us" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">About us</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help & Support" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Help & Support</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/help/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help/contact - Contact us" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Contact us</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/about-springer/media/press-releases" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/about-springer/media/press-releases - Press releases" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Press releases</a> </dd> <dd class="c-publisher-footer__item"> <a class="c-publisher-footer__link " href="/gp/imprint/610056" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/imprint/610056 - Impressum" data-track-category="publisher footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Impressum</a> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-corporate-footer"> <div class="c-corporate-footer__container"> <nav> <ul class="c-corporate-footer__links"> <li> <button class="c-corporate-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences">Your Privacy Choices / Manage Cookies</button> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility - Accessibility statement" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/privacy-policy" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/privacy-policy - Privacy policy" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa - Your US State Privacy Rights" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Your US State Privacy Rights</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/standard-terms-and-conditions-of-business" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/standard-terms-and-conditions-of-business - Terms and conditions" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li> <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="/gp/help" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - /gp/help - Help and support" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations">Help and support</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp" class="c-corporate-footer__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="click - https://www.springernature.com/gp - Springer Nature logo" data-track-category="corporate footer links" data-track-label="/gp/editorial-policies/citations"> <img src="/public/images/springernature-logo.svg" alt="Springer Nature logo" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-corporate-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2023 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x;" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" title="Google Tag Manager"></iframe> </noscript> <script type="module" src="/public/js/bundle.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Editorial policies - Citations | Springer | Springer — International Publisher