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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss National Library</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek" title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7r%C9%99_Milli_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="İsveçrə Milli Kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveçrə Milli Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Швейцарская нацыянальная бібліятэка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Швейцарская нацыянальная бібліятэка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalna_biblioteka_%C5%A0vicarske" title="Nacionalna biblioteka Švicarske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacionalna biblioteka Švicarske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Švýcarská národní knihovna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švýcarská národní knihovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek" title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελβετίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελβετίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Suiza" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca Nacional de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_Svislando" title="Nacia Biblioteko de Svislando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Biblioteko de Svislando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کتابخانه ملی سوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه ملی سوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_suisse" title="Bibliothèque nationale suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque nationale suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="스위스 국립도서관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스 국립도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Շվեյցարիայի ազգային գրադարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեյցարիայի ազգային գրադարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_svizzera" title="Biblioteca nazionale svizzera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca nazionale svizzera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="הספרייה הלאומית של שווייץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הספרייה הלאומית של שווייץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBkxaneya_Netewey%C3%AE_ya_Sw%C3%AEsrey%C3%AA" title="Pirtûkxaneya Neteweyî ya Swîsreyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûkxaneya Neteweyî ya Swîsreyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Nationalis_Helvetica" title="Bibliotheca Nationalis Helvetica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bibliotheca Nationalis Helvetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المكتبه الوطنيه السويسريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المكتبه الوطنيه السويسريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek" title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szwajcarska_Biblioteka_Narodowa" title="Szwajcarska Biblioteka Narodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szwajcarska Biblioteka Narodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_naziunala_svizra" title="Biblioteca naziunala svizra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Biblioteca naziunala svizra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Швейцарская национальная библиотека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Швейцарская национальная библиотека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveitsin_kansalliskirjasto" title="Sveitsin kansalliskirjasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sveitsin kansalliskirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Швейцарська національна бібліотека – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Швейцарська національна бібліотека" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" title="瑞士國家圖書館 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑞士國家圖書館" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q201787#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swiss_National_Library&params=46.9414066_N_7.4497034_E_type:landmark_region:CH-BE_source:googleearth"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°56′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°26′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.94140660°N 7.44970340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.94140660; 7.44970340</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Swiss National Library</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Bibliothèque nationale suisse</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Biblioteca nazionale svizzera</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Romansh-language text"><i lang="rm">Biblioteca naziunala svizra</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/300px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/450px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg/600px-Logo_der_Schweizerischen_Eidgenossenschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg/300px-Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg/450px-Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg/600px-Swiss_National_Library_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7151" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Swiss National Library building in Bern</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="14" data-overlays="["_ffd5bb57a928769c45797fa8dd615d8d98f4ac9f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Swiss_National_Library&revid=1252909170&groups=_ffd5bb57a928769c45797fa8dd615d8d98f4ac9f" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,14,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Swiss_National_Library&revid=1252909170&groups=_ffd5bb57a928769c45797fa8dd615d8d98f4ac9f 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swiss_National_Library&params=46.9414066_N_7.4497034_E_type:landmark_region:CH-BE_source:googleearth"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°56′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">7°26′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.94140660°N 7.44970340°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.94140660; 7.44970340</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1895<span class="noprint"> (129 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1895</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference to legal mandate</th><td class="infobox-data">Law about the Swiss National Library (available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c432_21.html">German</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/c432_21.html">French</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/c432_21.html">Italian</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Collection</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Items collected</th><td class="infobox-data">books, journals, newspapers, magazines, maps, <a href="/wiki/Official_publications_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Official publications of Switzerland">official publications</a>, posters, drawings and manuscripts</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">5.1M items</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria for collection</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Helvetica</i>: publications published in Switzerland or written by Swiss authors or concerning Switzerland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No, but agreements with publishers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Access and use</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Access requirements</th><td class="infobox-data">Reading rooms: free. <br />Registration for lending: be Swiss resident or citizen over 18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Circulation</th><td class="infobox-data">78,000 (2007)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">32.9M <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss francs</a> (2008, incl. internal federal costing; $31.8M, 2nd quarter 2008)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data">Ms. Marie-Christine Doffey (since 2005)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">146 <a href="/wiki/Full-time_equivalent" title="Full-time equivalent">FTE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home.html">nb.admin.ch</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Swiss National Library </b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek</i>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bibliothèque nationale suisse</i>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Biblioteca nazionale svizzera</i>, <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: <i lang="rm">Biblioteca naziunala svizra</i>) is the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of Switzerland. Part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Culture" title="Federal Office of Culture">Federal Office of Culture</a>, it is charged with collecting, cataloging and conserving information in all fields, disciplines, and media connected with Switzerland, as well as ensuring the widest possible accessibility and dissemination of such data. </p><p>The Swiss National Library is intended to be open to all and, by the breadth and scope of its collection, aims to reflect the plurality and diversity of Swiss culture. It is a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance">heritage site of national significance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 28, 1894, an Act of Council created the library with the responsibility of collecting "Helvetica": all publications relating to the Swiss and Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 352">: 352 </span></sup> In 1899, the library opened to the public in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Archives" title="Swiss Federal Archives">Federal Archives</a> building. In 1931, the library moved to a newly-constructed building on Hallwylstrasse.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building was designed in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modernist style</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a> and is a listed historic monument.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, a plan was made to construct underground stacks and modernize the building. The first underground stack opened in 1997 and holds books, literary archives, and special collections. The second underground stack opened in 2009 and holds newspapers and periodicals. The library expects it will have reserve storage capacity until 2038.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1994 and 2001, the library building was renovated to modernize and extend it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_D%C3%BCrrenmatt_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel">Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel</a>, a museum of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a>'s works, opened as a unit of the library in <a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swiss National Library collection includes an extensive collection of books, newspapers, maps and atlases, official publications and printed music. The National Library's book collection contains the entire output of Swiss publishers in all languages and adds almost 15,000 new publications in a given year. There is no <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">legal deposit</a> law in place but rather an agreement with Swiss publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, the library held 4.8 million publications.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg/220px-Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg/330px-Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg/440px-Swiss_National_Library_Reading_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Swiss National Library main reading room</figcaption></figure> <p>Special collections that are housed at the National Library include the Lüthi Bible Collection, musical estates, the Archives of the New Helvetic Society and many more collections on topics including library science, press and radio, politics, sports, science and genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Library has an extensive poster collection as part of its Prints and Drawings department that covers Swiss poster production.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poster collection includes the Claude Kuhn Archive, which features over 350 posters created by the Bernese artist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg/220px-Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg/330px-Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg/440px-Schweizerische_Nationalbibliothek_-_Magazin_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Stacks at the National Library</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901, the library published the first volume of the <i><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Book" title="Swiss Book">Swiss Book</a></i>, the national bibliography of Switzerland. Editions are published each year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 215">: 215 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, the Swiss Union Catalog was formed to create a central catalog for all Swiss libraries. In 1979, the National Library took over the catalog's management from the Swiss Librarians' Association. In 2010, with the advent of digital catalogs, the service closed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1995,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the library has housed the ISSN Centre Switzerland which assigns <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSNs</a> to Swiss serial publications.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Literary_Archives" title="Swiss Literary Archives">Swiss Literary Archives</a> were established as division of the National Library to collect literary estates and archives.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Sound_Archives" title="Swiss National Sound Archives">Swiss National Sound Archives</a> came under the organization of the library.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, the library created Swiss Press Online, an online archive of digitized Swiss newspapers in its collection. This was upgraded in 2018 to the successor service <a href="/wiki/E-newspaperarchives.ch" title="E-newspaperarchives.ch">e-newspaperarchives.ch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Regamey2021_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regamey2021-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Quarto</i> is the journal of the Swiss National Library and focuses on a different one of Switzerland's four literatures (German, French, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>) with texts and essays on the featured literature. The journal is published once or twice each year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staatsarchiv_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Staatsarchiv Zürich">Staatsarchiv Zürich</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api3.geo.admin.ch/rest/services/kgs/MapServer/ch.babs.kulturgueter/649/extendedHtmlPopup">"Kulturgüterschutzinventar mit Objekten von nationaler Bedeutung"</a>. <i>api3.geo.admin.ch</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=api3.geo.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Kulturg%C3%BCterschutzinventar+mit+Objekten+von+nationaler+Bedeutung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi3.geo.admin.ch%2Frest%2Fservices%2Fkgs%2FMapServer%2Fch.babs.kulturgueter%2F649%2FextendedHtmlPopup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+National+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropf1974" class="citation journal cs1">Kropf, Linda Stoddart (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25540589">"The Swiss National Library: It's [sic] History, Collection and Prospects"</a>. <i>The Journal of Library History</i>. <b>9</b> (4): 352–360. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-3650">0275-3650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25540589">25540589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Library+History&rft.atitle=The+Swiss+National+Library%3A+It%27s+%5Bsic%5D+History%2C+Collection+and+Prospects&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=352-360&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25540589%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0275-3650&rft.aulast=Kropf&rft.aufirst=Linda+Stoddart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25540589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+National+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/about-us/history.html">"History"</a>. <i>Swiss National Library NL</i>. 27 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+National+Library+NL&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.admin.ch%2Fsnl%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+National+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/ueber-uns/geschichte/architektur.html">"Architecture"</a>. <i>Swiss National Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+National+Library&rft.atitle=Architecture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.admin.ch%2Fsnl%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fueber-uns%2Fgeschichte%2Farchitektur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+National+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-28467.html">"The Swiss National Library opens its new underground stacks"</a>. <i>Swiss National Library</i>. 20 Aug 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+National+Library&rft.atitle=The+Swiss+National+Library+opens+its+new+underground+stacks&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ch%2Fgov%2Fen%2Fstart%2Fdocumentation%2Fmedia-releases.msg-id-28467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+National+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home/ueber-uns/geschichte/architektur.html">"Architecture"</a>. <i>Swiss National Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_libraries_of_Europe" title="Template:National libraries of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_libraries_of_Europe" title="Template talk:National libraries of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_libraries_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National libraries of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_libraries_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National libraries</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Albania" title="National Library of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_National_Library" title="Andorra National Library">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Armenia" title="National Library of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Library of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Belarus" title="National Library of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS._Cyril_and_Methodius_National_Library" title="SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_in_Zagreb" title="National and University Library in Zagreb">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Library" title="Cyprus Library">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Estonia" title="National Library of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Georgia" title="National Parliamentary Library of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Greece" title="National Library of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Sz%C3%A9ch%C3%A9nyi_Library" title="National Széchényi Library">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Iceland" title="National and University Library of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Ireland" title="National Library of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Libraries_of_Italy" title="National Libraries of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kazakhstan" title="National Library of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Latvia" title="National Library of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_State_Library" title="Liechtenstein State Library">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas_National_Library_of_Lithuania" title="Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Luxembourg" title="National Library of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Malta" title="National Library of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Moldova" title="National Library of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Notari_Library" title="Louis Notari Library">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Montenegro" title="National Library of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_%22St._Kliment_of_Ohrid%22" title="National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Norway" title="National Library of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Poland" title="National Library of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Portugal" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Romania" title="National Library of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Serbia" title="National Library of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Library" title="Slovak National Library">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_University_Library_of_Slovenia" title="National and University Library of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden" title="National Library of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Turkey" title="National Library of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_National_Library_of_Ukraine" title="Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen_Hall_Library" title="Linen Hall Library">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales" title="National Library of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kosovo" title="National Library of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="National Library of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="National Library of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Heritage" title="Manx National Heritage">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Library_of_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Library of Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Library" title="European Library">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201787#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201787#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201787#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121725391">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305117129">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10171799-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2007002672">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871413t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11871413t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schweizerische Landesbibliothek"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20010711394&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20070826003&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX134384">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/475162">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90232065">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=225635">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/7503">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267844805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05100556?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/CH-000001-5">ISIL</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/CH-002157-5">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026471817">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010351">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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